Chapter 5

Assoc Prof Dr. Zeeshan Zahid

Ohmic resistance of N turn loop is
Na  Rp  … (1)
Rohmic = Rs  + 1
b  Ro 
where Rs is surface impedance Rp is proximity resist.
Ro is Ohmic resistance/m

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In closely spaced wires, magnetic field of one wire
affects the current flow in the other
Proximity effect increases the loss resistance of wires
in addition to skin effect

(Skin effect) (Proximity effect)

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Assoc Prof Dr. Zeeshan Zahid, EE 344, MCS
 Find the radiation efficiency of a single-turn and an
eight-turn small circular loop at f = 100 MHz. The
radius of the loop is λ/25, the radius of the wire is
10−4λ, and the turns are spaced 4 × 10−4λ apart.
Assume the wire is copper with a conductivity of
5.7×107 (S/m) and the antenna is radiating into free
space.
Solution:
Loss resistance for single turn is given by

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Assoc Prof Dr. Zeeshan Zahid, EE 344, MCS
From example 5.1 Rr (single) = 0.788 Ω and Rr
(8 turn) = 50 Ω
Radiation efficiency is

Conduction resistance by equation (1)

For N = 8 and c/b = 2, Rp/Ro = 0.38 (See graph)

Note that RL has also increased (ohmic losses) 19

Assoc Prof Dr. Zeeshan Zahid, EE 344, MCS
 The radius of a small loop of constant current is λ/25.
Find the physical area of the loop and compare it with
its maximum effective aperture.
Solution:
S (physical) = πa2 = π(λ/25)2 = πλ2/625 = 5.03×10−3λ2

3 2
A em = = 0.119 2
8
A em
= 23.66
S
Electrically the loop is 24 times larger than its size

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Assoc Prof Dr. Zeeshan Zahid, EE 344, MCS
Equivalent circuit for transmitting mode is shown
Zin = Rin + j Xin = (Rr+RL)+j(XA+Xi)
XA is external inductive reactance = ωLA
Xi is internal high frequency reactance = ωLi
Cr is in parallel to resonate the antenna
Cr is selected to compensate the imaginary part of Zin
Cr = (1/ω) Xin/(Rin2+Xin2)
a o
Li =
b 2
  8a  
L A = oa ln   − 2
  b  
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Loop antenna is often used as receiving antenna
Open circuit voltage at antenna Voc = j a2Bzi
Voc = j a2 ( oHi cos i sini )
= jk o a2 (Ei cos i sini )
Mistake in eq. (5.40)
Vector effective length cos(ψi) is not required
le = aˆ  le = aˆ  jk oS(sini ) See prob. 5-31
â Ei E
cos( ) = =
| Ei | | Ei |
E
| Ei |=
cos( )
Voc
le =
E

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Current distribution is not purely sinusoidal (feed gap)
Non uniform current can be approx. by Fourier series
Complete analysis of fields is very complex
Numerical and experimental approach is preferred
 2 a 
Wire size is selected by using a factor  = 2ln  
Ω is generally selected as 8, 9, 10, 11, 12  b 
Maximum directivity is 4.5 dB, when C = 1.4λ
Loop with C = λ is as famous as λ/2 dipole
Numerical results are plotted in next slide

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Assoc Prof Dr. Zeeshan Zahid, EE 344, MCS
Current distribution on loop antenna

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Assoc Prof Dr. Zeeshan Zahid, EE 344, MCS
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Assoc Prof Dr. Zeeshan Zahid, EE 344, MCS
 26
Assoc Prof Dr. Zeeshan Zahid, EE 344, MCS
Design frequency = 3 GHz (λ = 10 m)
Circumference = 10.68 cm (radius = 1.7 cm)
Wire radius = 0.35 mm (Ω = 10)
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Assoc Prof Dr. Zeeshan Zahid, EE 344, MCS
Results (Zin = 136.7 - 25.45j)

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Assoc Prof Dr. Zeeshan Zahid, EE 344, MCS
38.9 dB

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 t

L-Type matching network Using feed loop

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Assoc Prof Dr. Zeeshan Zahid, EE 344, MCS
Small loop design is based on equations of Rr, Do,
Aem, Cr, and Zin
There can be many ways to accomplish a design
For non uniform current distributions, use graphs of
Directivity, Rin and Rr
 2 a 
Wire size is selected by the factor  = 2ln  
Ω is generally selected as 8, 9, 10, 11, 12  
b

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Assoc Prof Dr. Zeeshan Zahid, EE 344, MCS
 Design a resonant loop antenna to operate at 100
MHz so that the pattern maximum is along the axis of
the loop. Determine radius of the loop and that of the
wire (in meters), the axial directivity (in dB), and the
parallel lumped element (capacitor in parallel or
inductor in series) that must be used in order to
resonate the antenna.
Solution:
Choosing Ω = 12, (graph: Loop is resonant at 1.125λ)
Since λ = 3m then C = 1.125(3) = 3.375 m
Loop radius = a = 3.375/2π = 0.5371 m
 2 a  a −3
 = 2ln   = 64.2077 b = 8.365  10 m
 b  b 32
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Assoc Prof Dr. Zeeshan Zahid, EE 344, MCS
The End