Transmission Line Theory

(Waves on guided media)

Chapter 2
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Assoc Prof Dr. Zeeshan Zahid, EE 343, MCS
2.2 Field Analysis of Trans. Lines
 Characteristic parameters can be obtained by using the
field analysis of transmission line
Rs
R = 2  H • H dl
*

| Io |


*
L= 2
H • H ds
| Io |


*
C= 2
E • E ds
| Vo |
 ''

*
G= 2
E • E ds
| Io |
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Assoc Prof Dr. Zeeshan Zahid, EE 343, MCS
 Ex 2.1 Transmission Line Parameters
 The fields of traveling TEM waves inside a coaxial
cable can be written as
Vo e − z I o e − z
E= a H = a
 ln(b / a) 2
determine R, L, G and C.

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Assoc Prof Dr. Zeeshan Zahid, EE 343, MCS
 Ex 2.1 Transmission Line Parameters
 Solution

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Assoc Prof Dr. Zeeshan Zahid, EE 343, MCS
Wave equation, Impedance and Power Flow
 2 E
 Equation for Eρ can be written as +  2  E = 0
z 2
where  = −    =   =  LC
2 2

Vo e − z I o e − z
Also E= a H = a
 ln(b / a) 2
Vo E ln(b / a )  ln(b / a)
 The characteristic impedance Z o = = =
Io 2 H  2
 It can be shown that
1  1
P =  E  H .ds = Vo I o
2s 2

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 Practical Note
 Anatomy of coaxial cable and its connector

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Assoc Prof Dr. Zeeshan Zahid, EE 343, MCS
 Coaxial Cable Specs. Sheet

RG = Radio Guide 7
Assoc Prof Dr. Zeeshan Zahid, EE 343, MCS
Choosing the Correct Cable for TV
 Analog TV & CCTV
RG59/U Acceptable performance on cable length <225 m.
RG6/U For cable length 225 m to 545 m.
RG11/U For cable length greater than 545 m.

 DTV, CATV, SATV, MATV

RG6/U Standard cable for these applications
RG11/U Recommended for long cable runs

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Assoc Prof Dr. Zeeshan Zahid, EE 343, MCS
2.3 The Terminated Lossless Tx Line
 Consider a lossless line terminated at arbitrary load ZL
 The incident wave from source is Vo + e − j  z
 When ZL ≠ Zo the wave will be reflected from load
 The total voltage & current can be written as
+ − j z − j z Vo + − j  z Vo − j  z
V ( z ) = Vo e + Vo e I ( z) = e − e
Zo Zo
…(1) …(2)

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Assoc Prof Dr. Zeeshan Zahid, EE 343, MCS
 The load impedance at z = 0 will be
+ −
V (0) V + V
ZL = = o + o− Zo
I (0) Vo − Vo
 Separating Vo- from above equation we can write
Z L − Zo + Z L − Zo
−
Vo = Vo =
Z L + Zo Z L + Zo
 The reflection coefficient ‘Γ’ is the ratio of Vo-/Vo+
 The voltage and current waves can be written as
V ( z ) = Vo + e − j  z + e j  z 
Vo + …(3)
I ( z) = e − j  z − e j  z 
Zo 10
Assoc Prof Dr. Zeeshan Zahid, EE 343, MCS
 The above equations describe standing waves (inc.+ refl.)
 For matched load, Γ = 0 and there is no reflected wave
 To find time average power flow along the line
1 
Pav = Re[V ( z ) I ( z ) ]
2
1 | Vo + |2
= Re{1 − e −2 j  z + e 2 j  z − |  |2 }
2 Zo
1 | Vo + |2
= [1− |  |2 ] = Pin − Pin |  |2
2 Zo
 Which is a constant, (incident – reflected powers)
 The above discussion assumes that generator is matched
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Assoc Prof Dr. Zeeshan Zahid, EE 343, MCS
 The return loss is defined as RL=Pin/Pr=-20log|Γ| (dB)
 If Γ=0, RL is ∞ dB and |Vo+| is a constant, (flat line)
 If Γ=1 (total reflection), RL= 0 dB, (standing waves)
 From eq. (3), magnitude of voltage on a mismatched line
will be
V ( z ) = Vo + e − j  z + Vo − e j  z
+ −2 j  l + j ( − 2  l )
V ( z ) =| Vo ||1 + e
|=| Vo ||1+ |  | e | …(4)
 Its maxima and minima occurs when e j ( − 2  l ) is 1 and -1
 The measure of mismatch of a line is Voltage Standing
Wave Ratio (VSWR) defined as
Vmax 1+ |  | SWR [1, ∞]
VSWR = =
Vmin 1− |  | 12
 Standing Waves

http://www.walter-fendt.de/ph14e/stwaverefl.htm
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Assoc Prof Dr. Zeeshan Zahid, EE 343, MCS
The End