Transmission Lines and

Waveguides

Chapter 3
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Asst Prof Dr. Zeeshan Zahid, EE 343, MCS
Applications of Waveguides

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Applications of Waveguides

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 Introduction
 Wave guiding structures are transmission line, hollow
metallic pipes and dielectric substrates
 In 1897, Lord Reyleigh mathematically verified the
propagation of waves in hollow waveguides
 In 1932, G. South-worth verified it experimentally
 Transmission lines can support TEM waves
 The α on transmission lines increases as f
 Waveguides (consisting of single conductor) support TE
or TM waves not TEM waves
 TE & TM waves have specific cutoff frequency
 Waveguides act as high pass filters for these modes
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Asst Prof Dr. Zeeshan Zahid, EE 343, MCS
3.1 General Solutions For TEM, TE &
TM Waves
 General solutions to Maxwell’s equations for trans. line
or waveguide of arbitrary cross section
 Consider a lossless and source free waveguide placed
along z-axis

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Asst Prof Dr. Zeeshan Zahid, EE 343, MCS
  Maxwell’s equations can be written in its components as

  E = − j H   H = j E

(1)… Ez + j  E = − j H H z

+ j  H y = j Ex …(4)
y x
y x

Ez H z
(2)… − j  Ex − = − j H y − j H x − = j E y …(5)
x x
E y Ex H y H x
(3)… − = − j H z − = j Ez …(6)
x y x x

 E z ( x , y , z ) = ez ( x , y ) e − j  z ∂/ ∂z is replaced by jβ
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Asst Prof Dr. Zeeshan Zahid, EE 343, MCS
 Components of E & H are not independent
 The six equations can be solved in terms of Ez & Hz
 Using equations (1) and (5) we can write
j  Ez H z 
H x = 2   − 
kc  y x 
j  Ez H z 
H y = − 2   + 
kc  x y  …(7)
j  Ez H z 
Ex = − 2   +  
kc  x y 
j  Ez H z 
Ey = 2  − + 
(Dispersion relation)
 where kc 2 = k 2 −  2
kc  y x 
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Asst Prof Dr. Zeeshan Zahid, EE 343, MCS
 TEM Waves
 TEM waves are characterized by Ez = Hz = 0
 Using it in equations (1) and (5) we can write

 2 E y =  2  E y
 =k
 kc 2 = k 2 −  2
kc = 0 (or fc = 0) cutoff wave number
 Using wave equation  2 2 2 2
 Ex + k Ex = 0  2 + 2 + 2 + k  Ex = 0
 x y z
2 2

 2 2 
As ∂2/ ∂z2 = -β2 = -k2  2 + 2  Ex = 0
Asst Prof Dr. Zeeshan Zahid, EE 343, MCS
 x y  8
 TEM waves satisfy Laplace’s equation xy Ex = 0
 2

 TEM mode behaves like static fields between conductors

 TEM waves exist between two or more conductors
 A closed single conductor cannot support TEM waves
 Coaxial cable supports it because of central conductor
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 Wave impedance is defined using H = (aˆ z  E )
Z
 Using (1) and (5), ZTEM = Ex/Hy = √µ/ε = η (freq. indep.)
 Analyze TEM waves using Laplace’s equation
(given in the book)

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Asst Prof Dr. Zeeshan Zahid, EE 343, MCS
The End

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