Transmission Line Theory

(Waves on guided media)

Chapter 2
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Assoc Prof Dr. Zeeshan Zahid, EE 343, MCS
 Introduction
 For efficient point to point transmission the source
energy must be guided
 Transmission lines support 300 MHz to 3 GHz
 Transmission line is a distributed parameter network,
where voltage and current may vary over its length
 We will study V & I waves guided by transmission lines
 Characteristics of TEM waves on transmission line are
the same as in dielectric media
 Most common lines that can support TEM waves are
(1) Coaxial lines (2) Two wire lines (3) Parallel plate
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Assoc Prof Dr. Zeeshan Zahid, EE 343, MCS
Types of Transmission Lines

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Assoc Prof Dr. Zeeshan Zahid, EE 343, MCS
2.1 Lumped Element Circuit Model
 Derive the equation governing V & I behavior on
transmission line
 Consider an infinitesimal segment of length ∆z
 It can be modeled as a lumped element circuit as shown

RDz LDz

GDz CDz

z
Dz
Dz
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Assoc Prof Dr. Zeeshan Zahid, EE 343, MCS
 R is due to finite conductivity of two wires (Ω/m)
 L represents self inductance of two wires (H/m)
 G is dielectric loss in material between conductors (S/m)
 C is due to close proximity of two conductors (F/m)
 In general, any length of wire will be the cascade of the
following network
I(z,t) RDz LDz I(z+Dz,t)

+
+ V(z+Dz,t)
GDz CDz
V(z,t) -
-
z

z Assoc Prof Dr. Zeeshan Zahid, EE 343, MCS z+Dz 5

 Applying KVL on the circuit we get
i ( z , t )
v( z , t ) − RDzi ( z , t ) − LDz − v( z + Dz , t ) = 0
t
 Applying KCL on the circuit we get
v( z + Dz , t )
i ( z , t ) − GDzv( z + Dz , t ) − C Dz − i ( z + Dz , t ) = 0
t
 Dividing both equations by ∆z and applying limit 0
v( z , t ) i ( z , t )
= − Ri ( z , t ) − L
z t Transmission line /
Telegrapher’s Equations
i ( z , t ) v( z , t )
= −Gv( z , t ) − C
z t
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Assoc Prof Dr. Zeeshan Zahid, EE 343, MCS
  In time harmonic form, the eqs. can be written as
dV ( z )
v( z , t ) = Re V ( z )e jt
 dz
= −( R + j L) I ( z ) …(a)
i ( z , t ) = Re I ( z )e jt  dI ( z )
= −(G + jC )V ( z ) …(b)
dz
 The two equations can be solved simultaneously to give
d 2V ( z ) …(1)
2
−  2
V ( z) = 0
dz
d 2 I ( z) …(2)
2
−  2
I ( z) = 0
dz
where propagation constant (γ) is defined as
 = ( R + j L)(G + jC )
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Assoc Prof Dr. Zeeshan Zahid, EE 343, MCS
 Alternate method: V & I across trans. line of length dz
dV
= − IZ …(c)
dV = − IZdz dz
dI = −VYdz dI …(d)
= −VY
dz
 Where Z = R + jωL and Y = G + jωC
 Take derivative of eq. (c) and put in (d) to get
d 2V …(1)
2
− ZYV = 0
dz
d 2I
2
− ZYI = 0 …(2)
dz
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Assoc Prof Dr. Zeeshan Zahid, EE 343, MCS
 The solution of eqs. (1) and (2) can be written as
V ( z ) = Vo + e − z + Vo − e z …(3)
I ( z ) = I o + e −  z + I o − e z …(4)
 Using eq. (3) in eq. (a) dV ( z ) = −( R + j L) I ( z ) we get
dz

I ( z) = [Vo + e − z − Vo − e z ]
R + j L
 Comparing with Ohm’s law, characteristic impedance is
Vo R + j L R + j L …(5)
Zo = = =
Io  G + jC
Vo + − z Vo −  z
I ( z) = e − e
Zo Zo
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Assoc Prof Dr. Zeeshan Zahid, EE 343, MCS
The End