Transmission Line Theory

(Waves on guided media)

Chapter 2
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Assoc Prof Dr. Zeeshan Zahid, EE 343, MCS
  = ( R + j L)(G + jC ) v( z , t ) = Re V ( z )e jt 
 γ is generally complex  =  + j  i ( z , t ) = Re I ( z )e jt 
 Here α and β are real +ve numbers
 α is called attenuation constant (Np/m)
 β is called phase constant (rad/m)
 Therefore, V ( z ) = Vo + e − z + Vo − e z
V ( z ) = Vo + e − ( + j  ) z + Vo − e( + j  ) z
V ( z ) = Vo + e − z e − j  z + Vo − e z e j  z
v( z , t ) = Vo + e − z cos(t −  z ) + Vo + e z cos(t +  z )

 Wave behavior is completely described by α, β, vp & Zo

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Assoc Prof Dr. Zeeshan Zahid, EE 343, MCS
 v( z , t ) = Vo + e − z cos(t −  z ) + Vo + e z cos(t +  z )

Forward travelling Backward travelling

wave wave

 Wavelength λ on the line is 2π/β

 The phase velocity vp = ω/β = f λ (recall c=f λ)

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Assoc Prof Dr. Zeeshan Zahid, EE 343, MCS
 Video Demonstration
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ozeYaikI11g

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Assoc Prof Dr. Zeeshan Zahid, EE 343, MCS
Characteristics of Lossless Line
 For lossless line R = G =0, in this case γ is modified as
 = ( R + j L)(G + jC )  =  + j  = j LC
where
 = 0,  =  LC
L
 The characteristic impedance (eq. 5) Z o =
C
2
2
 Wavelength  = =
  LC
 1
 Phase Velocity v p = =
 LC
5
Assoc Prof Dr. Zeeshan Zahid, EE 343, MCS
2.7 Low Loss Transmission Lines
 All practical lines are lossy due to finite σ
 Consider the case of low loss lines (R<< ωL, G<<ωC)
 γ can be re-written as
 R  G 
 = j LC 1 + 1 + 
 j L  j C 
 Simplifying the expression using approximation we get
 R G 
  j LC 1 − j  + 
  L C 
 Using Taylor expansion
 j R G 
  j LC 1 −  + 
 2   L  C  6
 We get α (real part) and β (imag. part) as
1 C L
  R +G 
2 L C
   LC
 The characteristic impedance will be
R + j L L
Zo = 
G + jC C
 The equations are high frequency low loss approximation

Assoc Prof Dr. Zeeshan Zahid, EE 343, MCS 7

 Distortion and Dispersion
 Distortion occurs when different freq. components of a
signal experience different attenuation
 Distortion less line is lossy, where all freq. components
attenuate identically, i.e. α is constant
 Dispersion occurs when different frequency components
travel with different velocities
 Line is dispersion-less, β is a linear function of frequency
 Oliver Heaviside proposed a condition (R/L = G/C) that
leads to both constant α and vp

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Assoc Prof Dr. Zeeshan Zahid, EE 343, MCS
 Using the condition (R/L = G/C), γ can be written as
 RC 
 =  + j  = ( R + j L )  + jC 
 L 
C
= ( R + j L )
L
where C
=R (ω independent)
L
 =  LC (Linear function of ω)

L
 Expression of Zo remains
C
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Assoc Prof Dr. Zeeshan Zahid, EE 343, MCS
The End