EE750

Advanced Engineering Electromagnetics

Lecture 3

1
Special Cases in Maxwell’s Equations.

• With no sources, Maxwell’s Equations are written as

∂B ∂D
(∇ × E) = − , (∇ × H ) = J c +
∂t ∂t

• In Cartesian coordinates we have

∂ Ez ∂ Ey ∂ Bx ∂Hz ∂Hy ∂ Dx
− =− − = Jx +
∂y ∂z ∂t ∂y ∂z ∂t
∂ Ex ∂ Ez ∂ By ∂Hx ∂Hz ∂ Dy
− =− − = Jy+
∂z ∂x ∂t ∂z ∂x ∂t
∂ Ey ∂ Ex ∂ Bz ∂Hy ∂Hx ∂ Dz
− =− − = Jz +
∂x ∂y ∂t ∂x ∂y ∂t

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Special Cases (Cont’d)

• For a 1D case, the fields depend only on one coordinate

(e.g. a uniform plane wave traveling in the x direction)

• For example, if ∂/∂y= ∂/∂z=0

∂ Ez ∂ By , ∂ H y = J z + ∂ D z (propagation in –ve x)
− =−
∂x ∂t ∂x ∂t
or
∂ Ey ∂ Bz , ∂Hz ∂ D y (propagation in +ve x)
=− − = Jy+
∂x ∂t ∂x ∂t

Notice that these two systems are decoupled

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 Special Cases (Cont’d)

• For the 2D problems, the fields depend only on two

coordinates (e.g. TE10 mode in waveguides)
• For example, if ∂/∂y=0
TEy TMy
∂Hy ∂ Dx ∂ Ey ∂ Bx
− = Jx + − =−
∂z ∂t ∂z ∂t
∂ Ex ∂ Ez ∂ By ∂Hx ∂Hz ∂ Dy
− =− − = Jy+
∂z ∂x ∂t ∂z ∂x ∂t
∂Hy ∂ Dz ∂ Ey ∂ Bz
= Jz + =−
∂x ∂t ∂x ∂t

Notice that the two systems are decoupled

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 Transient Response of a Transmission Line
L

∆x

• Cd capacitance per unit length F/m

Ld inductance per unit length H/m
u velocity of propagation
• After time ∆t, the disturbance traveled a distance ∆x.
A charge ∆Q=Cd ∆x Vs been transferred. It follows that
i=∆Q/∆t i=Cd Vs (∆x/ ∆t)= Cd Vs u
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 Transient Response of a TL (Cont’d)

• The flow of current establishes a flux Φ associated with

line inductance through Φ=Ld ∆x i= Ld ∆x Cd Vs u
• Using Faraday’s law we have
Vs=∆Φ/ ∆t =LdCdVsu2 LdCdVsu2=1.0
1
u= m/s
C d Ld
Cd
• It follows that i= Cd Vs u=Vs
Ld
incident voltage Vs
Zo = = = Ld Ω
incident current i Cd

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 Open-Ended Transmission Line
τ = l/u
t1 < τ

t1 < τ

• After time τ, the incident voltage and current waves

reach the open end. A reflected current wave of
amplitude I r = − V s / Z o is initiated to make the total
current at the open end zero
• It follows that for an open-ended transmission line we
i
have V = V s , I
i
= V s / Z o and V r= V s, I r = − V s / Z o

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 Thevenin Equivalent of a Transmission Line

• The open circuit voltage is 2V i (open-ended line)

• The equivalent resistance is Zo
• This Thevenin equivalent is valid only for limited time
period where no reflections takes place on the line
(same V i)

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 Example on Utilizing Thevenin’s Equivalent of a TL

R
• Using Kirchtoff’s voltage law we have V = 2 V
i

R + Zo
• But V=V i+V r V r= V -V i
R  R - Zo  i
V
r
= 2 V
i
−Vi V = 
r
 V = Γ V i
R + Zo  R + Zo 
• For open circuit termination R=∞, Γ=1, V r= V i
• For short circuit termination R=0, Γ=-1, V r= -V i

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 Sinusoidal Steady-State Response of a TL
• Remember that for a steady-state sinusoidal analysis
we need only the amplitude and phase at each point on
the line V ( x, t ) = Re(V exp( jωt ))
L d ∆x

I (x) I ( x + ∆x)

V (x) C d ∆x V ( x + ∆x)

x + ∆x

• Applying KVL, we get V ( x) − V ( x + ∆x) = jω Ld ∆xI ( x)

Leading to − ∂V ( x) = jω Ld I ( x)
∂x
• Applying KCL we get I ( x) − I ( x + ∆x) = jω C d ∆xV ( x)
∂I ( x)
Leading to − = jω C d V ( x)
∂x
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 Sinusoidal Steady State of a TL (Cont’d)

• Differentiating to eliminate the current term we get

∂ V ( x)
2
= − ω 2
C
Ld d V ( x ) = − β 2
V ( x)
∂x 2

V ( x) = V i exp(− jβx) + V r exp( jβx)

• Similarly I ( x) = I i exp(− jβx) + I r exp( jβx)

• Using the telegapher’s differential equations we can
show that I i = V i / Z o and I r = − V r / Z o
• It follows that V ( x) = V i exp(− jβx) + V r exp( jβx)
and I ( x) = (V i / Z o)exp(− jβx) − (V r / Z o)exp( jβx)

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 ABCD Matrix of a TL Section
• At x=0, we have V (0) = V i + V r and I (0) = (V i / Z o) − (V r / Z o)
• Expressing the solutions in terms of the amplitudes at
x=0, we get

V ( x)  cos( βx) − j Z o sin( βx) V (0)

 =   
 I ( x)  − j sin( βx) / Z o cos( βx)   I (0) 

V (0)  cos( βx) j Z o sin( βx)  V ( x)

 =   
 I (0)   j sin( βx) / Z o cos( βx)   I ( x) 
ABCD matrix of a TL section with length x
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 Discrete Models of Lumped Elements

• The lumped element is replaced by a section of a

transmission line
• Using these models the voltages and currents are obtained
only at discrete instants of time

∆l

• Cd∆l=C, Cd is the capacitance per unit length

 ∆t  1
2

• u=∆l/ ∆t=1/ Ld C d Ld =  
 ∆l  C d
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 Discrete Models of Lumped Elements (Cont’d)
Ld ∆t ∆t
• Zc = = =
C d C d ∆l C
∆l =
(∆t )
2

• Le = equivalent (parasitic) inductance = Ld

C
• ∆t is selected small enough such that the parasitic
inductance is small

Modeling Steps:
1.Select ∆t, ∆l 2. evaluate Cd, Ld and Zc
3. Assume certain incident voltage at the kth time step
4. Use Thevenin’s equivalent to get the reflected voltages
5. Obtain incident impulses at the (k+1) time step
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 Discrete Models of Lumped Elements (Cont’d)
Zc

Open circuit

∆l

• Using a similar derivation Cd ∆l=C

u=∆l/(∆t/2)=1/ Ld C d, notice that ∆t is the round-trip time
 ∆t  1
2
∆
2
t
Ld =   =
 2∆l  C d 4C∆l
L ∆t
Zc = =
d

C d 2C
L e = L d ∆l =
(∆t )
2
= error inductance
4C
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 Example
• Evaluate the transient response of the shown circuit
i
Vk

s
Vk Vk
C

• Evaluate the current i k = (VkS − 2 V ik ) /( Z c + R)

• Evaluate the capacitor voltage V kC = 2 Vki + Z c i k
• Scattering: V kr = V kC − V ki
• Connection: Vki +1 = V kr
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 Example (Cont’d)

r
Vk
Zc
2 V ki
s
Vk C
Vk i
Vk +1 Open circuit

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 Example (Cont’d)

Try It!

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 Link Model of an Inductor

• Using similar derivation to that of the capacitor we have

Ld∆l=L
 ∆t  1
2
u = ∆l/∆t = 1 / Ld C d Cd =  
L  ∆l  L d
L
ZL = =
d

C d ∆t
Error capacitance Ce=Cd∆l=(∆t)2/L

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 Stub Model of an Inductor
ZL

L short circuit

∆l
• Using similar derivation we have
Ld∆l=L
 ∆t  1
2

u = ∆l/ (∆t/ 2) = 1 / Ld C d Cd =  
 ∆l  4 L d
L 2L
ZL = =
d

C d ∆t

Error capacitance Ce=Cd∆l=(∆t)2/(4L)

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 Example
• Evaluate the transient response of the shown circuit

Try It!

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 Example (Cont’d)

r
V k
ZL

V k +1 = − V k
i r

• Evaluate the current i k = (VkS − 2 V ik ) /( Z L + R)

• Evaluate the inductor voltage V kC = 2 Vki + Z L i k
• Scattering: V kr = V kC − V ki
• Connection: V i
k +1
= − V kr

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