Electrical Boundary Conditions

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an2 is a unit vector normal to the interface from region 2 to region1
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Electric Field Boundary Conditions:

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Magnetic Field Boundary Conditions:

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 K=Js

K=Js

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 Dielectric- dielectric boundary conditions
Dielectric materials are dominated by “bound” rather than “free’’
charges (E-fields causes +ve and –ve charges of molecules to separate
and form dipoles throughout the material interior
Therefore, the free charge density ρsand the surface current density Js
are zero
ε1En1= ε2En2
B t1 Bt2
=
µ1 µ2
•The normal component of B is
continuous across the interface while the
tangential component of E is continuous
across the interface
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Conductor-dielectric boundary conditions

n ⋅ Dn1 = ρ s

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Conductor-free space boundary conditions

D1 t = ε 0 E 1 t = 0
D1n =ε 0 E1n = ρ s

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(Not Yet)

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 Electrodynamics
• Electrostatic charges electrostatic fields
• Steady currents (motion of electric charges with uniform velocity
magnetostatic fields
• Time varying currents electromagnetic fields

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Changing Magnetic Field → Current and
Voltage

B, H

N S

Current

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 Faraday’s Law
B, H

N S

Φmagnetic = total magnetic “flux” = ∫∫B.ds

VLOOP = -∫E.dl

Faraday’s Law : Rate of change of magnetic flux through

a loop = emf (voltage) around the loop
d Φ mag dB
∫ E.dl = − = − ∫∫ .ds
loop dt surface dt
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 Lenz’s Law
B, H
&
N S

Iinduced

V-, V+

Lenz’s Law emf appears and current flows that creates a

magnetic field that opposes the change – in this case an
increase – hence the negative sign in Faraday’s Law.

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 Lenz’s Law
B, H

& N S

Iinduced

V+, V-

Lenz’s Law emf appears and current flows that creates a

magnetic field that opposes the change – in this case an
decrease – hence the negative sign in Faraday’s Law.

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In summary: Faraday’s Law- Integral Form

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Faraday’s Law-Differential Form

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 Maxwell's Equations … Completed!

Gauss (D) ∫∫ D.ds = ∫∫∫ ρ dV ∇.D = ρ

Gauss(B) ∫∫ B.ds = 0 ∇.B = 0
⎛ ∂D ⎞ ∂D
Ampere ∫ H.dl = ∫∫ ⎜ JC + ⎟.ds ∇ × H = JC +
⎝ ∂t ⎠ ∂t
⎛ ∂B ⎞ ∂B
Faraday ∫ E.dl = − ∫∫ ⎜ ⎟.ds ∇ × E =−
⎝ ∂t ⎠ ∂t
Displacement
current density
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Time Harmonic fields and their phasor
representation

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• In general, a phasor could be a scalar or vector.

• If a vector E (x, y, z, t) is a time-harmonic field, the phasor form of

E is Es (x, y, z); the two quantities are related as E = Re (Es e jωt)

If E = Eocos(ωt -βx)ay, we can write E as: E = Re (Eoe -j βx ay e jωt )

Es = Eo e -j βx ay phasor form

Notice that
∂E ∂
= Re( Es e jωt ) = Re( jωEs e jωt )
∂t ∂t
∂E
→ j ωE s
∂t
Es
∫ E∂t → jω
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• Maxwell’s equations in terms of vector field phasors (E, H) and source
phasors (ρ, J) in a simple linear, isotropic and homogeneous medium are:

∇× Es = − jωµHs ∫ E ⋅ dl = − jω∫ µH ⋅ dS
L
s
s
s

∇× Hs = Js + jωεEs ∫ H ⋅ dl = ∫ J ⋅ dS + jω∫ εE ⋅ dS
L
s
s
s
s
s

ρvs ρvs
∇⋅ Es =
ε ∫S Es⋅dS = ∫v ε dv
∇⋅ Hs = 0 ∫ H ⋅ dS = 0
S
s

From the table, note that the time factor e jωt disappears because it is
associated with every term and therefore factors out, resulting in time
independent equations
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Plane Wave Equations

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Electromagnetic wave equation in free
space (coupling between E and H)

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 Waves in General
• A wave is a function in both space and time.
• The variation of E with both time and space variable z, we may
plot E as a function of t by keeping z constant and vice versa.

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Another representation of a plane wave

+ jω t
E ( z , t ) = Re[ E ( z ) e
x
0
x ]
j (ωt − β o z )
or = Re[ E e 0
x ]
or = E cos( ω t − β o z )
0
x
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