SVCE TIRUPATI

COURSE MATERIAL

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES AND

SUBJECT
TRANSMISSION LINES (19A04401)

UNIT 2

COURSE B.TECH

DEPARTMENT ECE

SEMESTER 22

PREPARED BY MS. D Srilatha

(Faculty Name/s) Assistant Professor

Version V-1

PREPARED / REVISED DATE 08-05-2021

BTECH_ECE-SEM 22
SVCE TIRUPATI

TABLE OF CONTENTS – UNIT I

S.No. CONTENTS PAGE No.
1 COURSE OBJECTIVES 1
2 PREREQUISITES 1
3 SYLLABUS 1
4 COURSE OUTCOMES 1
5 CO - PO/PSO MAPPING 2
6 LESSON PLAN 2
7 ACTIVITY BASED LEARNING 2
8 LECTURE NOTES 3
2.1 Biot-Savart's law 3
2.2 Ampere's circuital law 4
2.3 Applications of Ampere's circuital law 4
2.4 Magnetic flux density 10
2.5 Maxwell's two equations for Magnetostatic fields 11
2.6 Magnetic scalar and vector potentials 11
2.7 Forces due to magnetic fields 12
2.8 Magnetic dipole 15
2.9 Inductances 17
2.10 Magnetic energy 18
2.11 Faraday's law 20
2.12 Transformer emf 21
2.13 Inconsistency of Ampere's law & Displacement 23
current density
2.14 Maxwell's equations for time-varying fields 24
2.15 Maxwell's equations in different final forms and their 24
word statements
9 PRACTICE QUIZ 26
10 ASSIGNMENTS 27
11 PART A QUESTIONS & ANSWERS (2 MARKS QUESTIONS) 28
12 PART B QUESTIONS 29

BTECH_ECE-SEM 22
SVCE TIRUPATI

13 SUPPORTIVE ONLINE CERTIFICATION COURSES 30

14 REAL TIME APPLICATIONS 30
15 CONTENTS BEYOND THE SYLLABUS 31
16 PRESCRIBED TEXT BOOKS & REFERENCE BOOKS 31
17 MINI PROJECT SUGGESTION 31

BTECH_ECE-SEM 22
SVCE TIRUPATI

1. Course Objectives
The objectives of this course is to
1. Introduce fundamentals of static and time varying electromagnetic fields.
2. Teach problem solving in electromagnetic fields using vector calculus.
3. Demonstrate wave concept with the help of Maxwell's equations.
4. Introduce concepts of polarization and fundamental theory of
electromagnetic waves in transmission lines and their practical
applications.
5. Analyze reflection and refraction of electromagnetic waves propagated
in normal and oblique incidences.

2. Prerequisites
Students should have knowledge on
1. Physics for Electronics Engineering
2. Engineering Mathematics

3. Syllabus
UNIT II
Biot-Savart law, Ampere's circuital law and applications, Magnetic flux
density, Maxwell's two equations for magneto static fields, Magnetic
scalar and vector potentials, Forces due to Magnetic fields, Magnetic
dipole, Ampere's force law, Inductances and Magnetic energy, Faraday's
law and transformer e.m.f, Inconsistency of Ampere's law and
displacement current density, Maxwell's equations for time varying fields,
Maxwell's equations in differential final forms and word statements.

4. Course outcomes
The outcome of this course is to
1. Understand basic laws of static magnetic field.
2. Derive the Maxwell's equations for magnetic fields.
3. Solve problems applying laws of magneto statics.
4. Derive the Maxwell's equations for electromagnetic fields.

1| E M T L - U N I T - 2
BTECH_ECE-SEM 22
SVCE TIRUPATI

5. CO-PO / PSO Mapping

DSD PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12 PSO1 PSO2

CO1 3 3 2 2 3 3

CO2 3 3 2 2 2 3

CO3 3 3 2 2 2 3

CO4 3 3 2 2 3 3

6. Lesson Plan
Lecture Weeks Topics to be covered References
No.
1 Biot-Savart Law and Ampere's Circuital Law T1, T2
2 Applications of Ampere's Circuital law
1
3 Magnetic Flux Density and Maxwell's Two T1, T2
Equations for Static Magnetic Fields
4 Magnetic Scalar and Vector Potentials T1, T2
5 Forces due to Magnetic Fields, Ampere's Force
2
Law and Magnetic Dipole
6 Inductances and Magnetic Energy T1, T2
7 Faraday's Law and Transformer EMF T1, T2
8 Inconsistency of Ampere's Law and
Displacement Current Density
3
9 Maxwell's Equations for Time-Varying Fields, T1, T2
Maxwell's Equations in different final forms and
word statements

7. Activity Based Learning

1. Quiz.
2. Power point presentations.

2| E M T L - U N I T - 2
BTECH_ECE-SEM 22
SVCE TIRUPATI

8. Lecture Notes
2.1 Biot-Savart's Law
Biot-Savart's law states that the differential magnetic field intensity dH
produced at a point P by the differential current element Idl is proportional to
the product Idl and the sine of the angle between the element and the line
joining P to the element and is inversely proportional to the square of the.

dH

dH =

Where k is the constant of proportionality and in SI units k=

Figure 1.1: Magnetic field intensity due to a current element

dH =

In vector form d = =

The direction of dH can be determined by the right hand rule with the
right hand thumb pointing in the direction of the current and the right hand
fingers encircling the wire in the direction of dH.

3| E M T L - U N I T - 2
BTECH_ECE-SEM 22
SVCE TIRUPATI

2.2 Ampere's Circuital Law

Ampere's circuital law states that the line integral of H around a closed
path is the same as the net current Ienc enclosed by the path.

= Ienc
Ampere's law is a special case of Biot-Savart's law. By applying Stokes theorem
to the above equation

= Ienc

=
Comparing both sides, we can write

The above equation is called "Differential or Point form of Maxwell's third

equation for Static Magnetic fields".

Magnetostatic field is not conservative because

2.3 Applications of Ampere's Circuital Law

1. Magnetic Field Intensity due to an Infinite Line current:
Consider an infinitely long filamentary current I along z-axis as shown in
figure below.

Figure 2.2: H due to an infinite line current

4| E M T L - U N I T - 2
BTECH_ECE-SEM 22
SVCE TIRUPATI

To determine magnetic field intensity at point P, we choose a closed path that

passes through the point P. This path on which Ampere's law is to be applied is

known as an Amperian path. is constant provided is constant. This path

encloses the whole current I. Therefore according to Ampere's law

I= = =
or

2. Magnetic Filed Intensity due to an Infinite Sheet of Current

Consider an infinite current sheet in the Z=0 plane as shown below.

Figure 2.3: Magnetic field intensity due to infinite sheet current

5| E M T L - U N I T - 2
BTECH_ECE-SEM 22
SVCE TIRUPATI

The sheet has a uniform current density = Ky A/m. The closed path 1-2-

3-4- is the Amperian path. Applying Ampere's law to this rectangular Amperian
path

= Ienc

and Ienc = ky b and = 2H0b

2H0b = ky b

=> H0 = or

In general for an infinite sheet of current with current density A/m,

magnetic field intensity

Where is the unit normal vector directed from the current sheet to the point

of interest.
3. Magnetic Field Intensity due to an Infinitely Long Coaxial Transmission
Line
Consider an infinitely long transmission line consisting of two concentric
cylinders having their axes along the z-axis. The cross section is shown below.

Figure 2.4: Cross sectional view of coaxial transmission line

6| E M T L - U N I T - 2
BTECH_ECE-SEM 22
SVCE TIRUPATI

The coaxial transmission line carries a total current I in positive z direction (+

) through the inner conductor and in the negative z direction (- ) through the

outer conductor. Assume uniform current densities in both conductors of the

coaxial transmission line. We use Ampere's law to determine the magnetic field
everywhere.
Let be the current density of the inner conductor of the coaxial line.

= ; Ai is the surface area of the inner

conductor, which is equals to .

= = Ji ; where Ji = І І=

Similarly be the current density of the outer conductor of the coaxial line.

; where A0 = (c2 -b2) is the surface area.

= ; where J0 =

To determine the magnetic field everywhere, Ampere's law is applied on

circular paths in the four distinct regions for the coaxial transmission line.
1. Region within the inner conductor L1 (r<a)
2. Region between the conductors L2 (a<r<b)
3. Region within the outer conductor L3 (b<r<c)
4. Region outside the outer conductor L4 (r>c)
By symmetry, on all four of the integration paths, the magnetic field is uniform
and has only Ф component. Thus for each path, Ampere's law reduces to

7| E M T L - U N I T - 2
BTECH_ECE-SEM 22
SVCE TIRUPATI

= Ienc

= 2πr

2πr = Ienc or

or

The magnetic field in each region is proportional to the net current enclosed
by the path.
Case 1: Region within the inner conductor L1 (r<a)

Ienc = .

= . ds

= ds

=
Substituting Ji value in the above equation, we get

Ienc =

= for (r<a)

8| E M T L - U N I T - 2
BTECH_ECE-SEM 22
SVCE TIRUPATI

Case 2: Region between the conductors L2 (a<r<b)

Ienc = I
= = for (a<r<b)

Case 3: Region within the outer conductor L3 (b<r<c)

Ienc = I + =I+

= I - J0 (
Substituting the value of J0 in the above equation, we get

Ienc = I

= = for (b<r<c)

Case 4: Region outside the outer conductor L4 (r>c)

Ienc = I + (-I) = 0 = = 0 for (r>c)

Figure 2.5: Plot of HФ against r

9| E M T L - U N I T - 2
BTECH_ECE-SEM 22
SVCE TIRUPATI

2.4 Magnetic Flux Density

The magnetic flux density B is related to the magnetic field intensity H
according to the relation

Where μ0 is a constant known as the permeability of free space and is equal to

μ0 = 4π X 10-7 H/m

The magnetic flux through a surface 's' is given by

where is the magnetic flux in webers and is the magnetic flux density in

wb/m2 or Tesla.
Magnetic flux line is the path to which B is tangential at every point in a
magnetic field. Each flux line is closed and has no beginning or ending.
Magnetic flux lines are closed and do not cross each other regardless of
current direction.
Unlike electric flux lines, magnetic flux lines always close upon themselves.
Because "An isolated magnetic charge does not exist". Therefore the total flux
through a closed surface in a magnetic field must be zero.

The above equation is referred to as "the law of conservation of magnetic flux"

or "Gauss's law for magnetostatic fields". Applying divergence theorem to the
above equation :

10| E M T L - U N I T - 2
BTECH_ECE-SEM 22
SVCE TIRUPATI

The above equation is called "Differential or Point form of Maxwell's fourth

equation for Static Magnetic fields".

2.5 Maxwell's two equations for magneto static fields

1. = is the integral form of first Maxwell's

equation for static Magnetic fields.

is the point or differential form of first Maxwell's

equation for static Magnetic fields.

From this equation it is observed that Magnetostatic field is not
Conservative.

2. = 0 is the integral form of second Maxwell's equation

for static Magnetic fields.

is the point or differential form of second

Maxwell's equation for static Magnetic fields.

This equation is referred to as Law of conservation of magnetic flux or
Gauss's law for magnetostatic fields. And specified the non-existence of
magnetic monopole.

2.6 Magnetic Scalar and Vector Potentials

The magnetic potential could be scalar Vm or a vector A. To define Vm
and A involves recalling two important identities.

The above two equations must always hold for any scalar field v and vector
field A. The magnetic scalar potential Vm in amperes is related to as

=- only if =0
11| E M T L - U N I T - 2
BTECH_ECE-SEM 22
SVCE TIRUPATI

Magnetic scalar potential is defined only at =0 because

= = =0

and vm must satisfy the condition = 0 which is an vector identity.

vm also satisfies Laplace's equation, therefore

if =0.

To satisfy equations and

simultaneously a vector magnetic potential A is defined such that .

Where A is called magnetic vector potential measured in wb/m. And this

magnetic vector potential is equal to

2.7 Forces due to magnetic fields

There are at least three ways in which force due to magnetic fields can
be experienced. The force can be a) due to a moving charged particle in a B
field, b) on a current element in an external B field, or c) between two current
elements.

12| E M T L - U N I T - 2
BTECH_ECE-SEM 22
SVCE TIRUPATI

2.7.1 Force on a charged particle

The electric force Fe on a stationary or moving electric charge Q in an
electric field is given by Coulomb's experimental law and is related to the
electric field intensity E as

Q is positive if Fe and E have the same direction. A magnetic field can exert
force only on a moving charge. From experiments it is found that the magnetic
force Fm experienced by a charge Q moving with a velocity u in a magnetic
field B is

This clearly shows that Fm is perpendicular to both u and B.

Fe is independent of the velocity of the charge and can perform work on
the charge and change its kinetic energy. But Fm depends on the charge
velocity and is perpendicular to it. And Fm cannot perform work because it is at
right angles to the direction of motion of the charge and does not cause an
increase in kinetic energy of the charge. The magnitude of Fm is generally small
in comparison to Fe except at high velocities.
For a moving charge Q in the presence of both electric and magnetic
fields, the total force on the charge is fiven by

F = Fe + Fm
F = Q(E+uxB)
The above equation is called Lorentz force equation. It relates mechanical
force to electrical force.
2.7.2 Force on a current element
The convection current density is given by J = ρvu, and the relationships
between current elements if given by Idl = K dS = J dv. Combining these two
equations we can write Idl = ρvu dv = dQu.
Alternatively,
13| E M T L - U N I T - 2
BTECH_ECE-SEM 22
SVCE TIRUPATI

Hence Idl = dQu.

This shows that an elemental charge dQ moving with velocity u is equivalent to
a conduction current element Idl. Thus the force on a current element Idl in a
magnetic field B is

dF = Idl X B
If the current I is through a closed path L or circuit, the force on the circuit is
given by

The magnetic field produced by the current element Idl does not exert force
on the element itself. The B field that exerts force on Idl must be due to another
element. Therefore the B field in the above two equations must be external to
the current element Idl.
Instead of line current element Idl, if there are surface current element Kds
or a volume current element Jdv, then

2.7.3 Force between two current elements

Let us consider the force between two current elements I1dl1 and I2dl2.
According to Biot-Savart's law both the current elements produce magnetic
fields.

14| E M T L - U N I T - 2
BTECH_ECE-SEM 22
SVCE TIRUPATI

Figure 2.6: Force between two current elements

The force d(dF1) on element I1dl1 due to the field dB2 produced by element
I2dl2 is d(dF1) = I1dl1 X dB2
From Biot-Savart's law

Hence

The above equation is essentially the law of force between two current
elements and is analogous to Coulomb's law. The total force F1 is given by

The above equation is the Ampere's Force Law.

2.8 Magnetic Dipole

A bar magnet or a small filamentary current loop is usually referred to as a
magnetic dipole. Let us determine the magnetic field B at an observation
point P(r, θ, φ) due to a circular loop carrying current I as shown in fig below
15| E M T L - U N I T - 2
BTECH_ECE-SEM 22
SVCE TIRUPATI

Figure 2.7: Magnetic field due to a current loop

The Magnetic vector potential at P is

It can be shown that in the far field r>>a, so, that the loop appears small at the
observation point, A has only φ-component and it is given by

or

Where m = Iπa2 az, the magnetic moment of the loop, and az X ar = sin θ aφ.
The magnetic flux density due to a magnetic dipole at the point can be

determined from . And it is found to be

16| E M T L - U N I T - 2
BTECH_ECE-SEM 22
SVCE TIRUPATI

2.9 Inductances
A circuit or a closed conducting path carrying current I produces a
magnetic field B that causes a flux Ψ to pass through the each turn of the
circuit.

Figure 2.8: Magnetic field produced by a circuit

If the circuit has N identical turns, the flux linkage λ is defined as λ = NΨ. If
the medium surrounding the circuit is linear, the flux linkage λ is proportional to
the current I producing it.

i.e λ I
or λ = LI
Where L is the constant of proportionality called Inductance of the circuit. A
circuit or part of a circuit that has inductance is called Inductor. L is defined as
the ratio of magnetic flux linkage λ to the current I through the inductor.

Units of inductance is Henry or wb/A. This inductance is commonly referred to

as self-inductance, since the linkages are produced by the inductor itself.
17| E M T L - U N I T - 2
BTECH_ECE-SEM 22
SVCE TIRUPATI

Instead of having single circuit, if there are two circuits carrying current I 1
and I2 as shown, a magnetic interaction exists between the circuits.

Figure 2.9: Magnetic interaction between two circuits

Four fluxes are produced and they are Ψ11, Ψ12, Ψ21, Ψ22. For example Ψ12 is the
flux passing through circuit one due to I2 in circuit two.

We define M12, the mutual inductance as

Similarly M21 is given by

If the medium surrounding the circuits is linear then M12 = M21

2.10 Magnetic Energy

The magnetic energy in joules stored in an inductor in circuit theory is
given by

18| E M T L - U N I T - 2
BTECH_ECE-SEM 22
SVCE TIRUPATI

Consider a differential volume in a magnetic field as shown.

Figure 2.10: A differential volume in a magnetic field

Let the volume be covered with conducting sheets at the top and bottom
surfaces with current ΔI. We assume that the whole region is filled with such
differential volumes. Each volume has an inductance

where

therefore

or

19| E M T L - U N I T - 2
BTECH_ECE-SEM 22
SVCE TIRUPATI

The magnetostatic energy density wm in J/m3 is defined as

Hence

Thus the energy in a magnetostatic field in a linear medium is

or

2.11 Faraday's Law

According to faraday's experiments, a static field produces no current
flow but a time varying field produces an induced voltage in a closed circuit,
which causes a flow of current. This induced voltage is called electromotive
force or emf.
Faraday's law states that the induced emf Vemf or e in any closed circuit is
equal to the time rate of change of magnetic flux linkage by the circuit.

Where λ=NΨ is the flux linkage, N is the number of turns in the circuit and Ψ is
the flux through each arm. Negative sign shows that the induced voltge acts in
such a way as to oppose the flux producing it. This is Lenz's law.
Lenz's law states that the direction of current flow in the circuit is such that
the induced magnetic field produced by the induced current will oppose the

20| E M T L - U N I T - 2
BTECH_ECE-SEM 22
SVCE TIRUPATI

change in original magnetic field. Consider the electric circuit shown in figure
below.

Figure 2.11: A circuit showing emf producing fields Ef & Ee

In the circuit battery is the source of emf. The electrochemical action of the
battery results in an emf produced field Ef. Due to the accumulation of charge
at the battery terminals, an electrostatic field Ee = ▼v also exists. The total
electric field at any point is E = Ef + Ee.

Because Ee,

therefore,

This is because Ef & Ee are equal but opposite within the battery. It may also be
regarded as the potential difference between the battery's open circuited
terminals.

2.12 Transformer EMF

The variation of flux with time may be caused in three ways:
1. By having a stationary loop in a time-varying B field ( Transformer
emf)

21| E M T L - U N I T - 2
BTECH_ECE-SEM 22
SVCE TIRUPATI

2. By having a time-varying loop area in a static B field (Motional

emf)
3. By having a time-varying loop area in a time-varying B field.
Figure below shows a stationary conducting loop in a time-varying magnetic B
field.

Figure 2.12: Induced emf due to a stationary loop in a time-varying B field

This emf induced by the time-varying current in a stationary loop is also called
as Transformer emf in power analysis since it is due to transformer action. We
know

Applying stokes theorem to the middle term

For the two integrals to be equal, their integrands must be equal. Therefore,

The above equation is the one of the Maxwell's equations for time-varying
fields. It shows that time-varying electric fields are not conservative. This does
not imply that the principles of energy conservation are violated. The work
done in taking a charge about a closed path in a time-varying electric field is
due to the energy from the time-varying magnetic field.
22| E M T L - U N I T - 2
BTECH_ECE-SEM 22
SVCE TIRUPATI

2.13 Inconsistency of Ampere's law & Displacement current density

For static electromagnetic fields, we know

Taking divergence on both sides

But the divergence of curl of any vector field is zero. Therefore,

Which implies,

But from continuity of current equation, we know

Thus equations 1 and 2 are obviously incompatible for time-varying conditions.

This is called Inconsistency of Ampere's law.
Therefore we add a term Jd to the Ampere's circuital law.

Now,

and

This term Jd is called displacement current density. Finally,

23| E M T L - U N I T - 2
BTECH_ECE-SEM 22
SVCE TIRUPATI

The above equation is the modified Maxwell's equation for time-varying fields.
The insertion of Jd was one of the major contributions of Maxwell. Based on the
displacement current density, we define displacement current as

2.14 Maxwell's equations for time-varying fields

Final forms of Maxwell's equations for time-varying fields are shown in the
below table:

2.15 Maxwell's equations in different final forms and word statements

1. The total electric flux passing through any closed surface is equal to the
total charge in the volume enclosed by the closed surface.
Point form or differential form is

Integral form is

24| E M T L - U N I T - 2
BTECH_ECE-SEM 22
SVCE TIRUPATI

2. The electromotive force or emf around a closed path is equal to the

negative of the surface integral of the time rate of change of the magnetic
flux density over the surface bounded by the closed path.
Point form or differential form is

Integral form is

3. The net magnetic flux emerging from a closed surface is zero.

Point form or differential form is

Integral form is

4. The magnetomotive force or mmf around a closed path is equal to the

surface integral of conduction current density and displacement current
density over the surface bounded by the closed path.
Point form or differential form is

Integral form is

25| E M T L - U N I T - 2
BTECH_ECE-SEM 22
SVCE TIRUPATI

9. PRACTICE QUIZ
1. Static magnetic fields are
a) Non conservative
b) Conservative
c) Divergent
d) Convergent

2. Magnetic field intensity due to an infinite sheet of current is

a) H = (1/2) K X an)
b) H = (1/2) J X an)
c) H = (1/2) K . an)
d) H = (1/2) J . an)

3. Magnetic field intensity due to a long co-axial cable within the inner
conductor is
a) H = (I/2π) aφ
b) H = (I/2πr) ar
c) H = (Ir/2πa2) aφ
d) H = (Ia/2r) ar

4. Magnetic flux density B =

a) ξE
b) μJ
c) μK
d) μH

5. Which among the following equations prove that an isolated magnetic

charge does not exist
a) ▼. B = 0
b) ▼ . D = ρv
c) ▼ X E = 0
d) ▼ X H = J

6. Which among the following equations prove that static magnetic fields are not
conservative
a) ▼. B = 0
b) ▼ . D = ρv
c) ▼ X E = 0
26| E M T L - U N I T - 2
BTECH_ECE-SEM 22
SVCE TIRUPATI

d) ▼ X H = J

7. Magnetic scalar potential is defined only in the region where

a) J = K
b) E = 0
c) J = 0
d) B = 0

8. F = Q (E + u X B) is
a) Ampere's force equation
b) Lorentz's force equation
c) Biot-Savart's law
d) Maxwell's equation

9. ____ Law states that the induced emf in any closed circuit is equal to the time
rate of change of magnetic flux linkage
a) Ampere's law
b) Lenz's law
c) Faraday's law
d) Coulomb's law

10. The term Jd is called

a) Conduction current density
b) Displacement current density
c) Convection current deensity
d) None

10. ASSIGNMENTS
S.No Question BL CO
1 Find the magnetic field intensity everywhere due to a long co- 3 1
axial transmission line.
2 Discuss the forces due to magnetic fields. 2 2
3 Write down the final forms of Maxwell's equations along with 3 4
word statements.

27| E M T L - U N I T - 2
BTECH_ECE-SEM 22
SVCE TIRUPATI

11. Part A- QUESTION & ANSWERS

S.No Question& Answers BL CO

1 Define Magnetic flux density.

Ans: The magnetic flux density B is related to the magnetic

field intensity H according to the relation
1 1

. It is denoted by B and units are Wb/m2.

2 State Ampere’s circuital law.

Ans: The line integral of magnetic field intensity H around a 1 1

closed path is equal to the current enclosed by that path. ∫
∫ H . dL = I

3 What is rotational and irrotational vector field?

Ans: If curl of a vector field exists then the field is called 1 1

rotational. For irrotational vector field, the curl vanishes i.e.
curl is zero.

4 What is Lorentz force equation?

Ans: Lorentz force equation relates mechanical force to the
electrical force. It is given as the total force on a moving
charge in the presence of both electric and magnetic 1 1

fields.
F = Q(E+uxB)

5 Define current density.

1 1
Ans: Current density is defined as the current per unit area.
J= I/A A/m2
6 Define Magneto static energy density.
1 1
Ans: The magneto static energy density function is defined

28| E M T L - U N I T - 2
BTECH_ECE-SEM 22
SVCE TIRUPATI

as W = ½ μ H2 Joules.

7 State Biot-Savart's law.

Ans: Biot-Savart's law states that the differential magnetic

field intensity dH produced at a point P by the differential
current element Idl is proportional to the product Idl and 1 1
the sine of the angle between the element and the line
joining P to the element and is inversely proportional to the
square of the.

8 Write the Maxwell's two equations for static magnetic fields.

3 2
Ans: 1. ▼ X H = J and 2. ▼ . B = 0

9 Define magnetic dipole.

Ans A bar magnet or a small filamentary current loop is

1 1
usually referred to as a magnetic dipole.

10 Define Inductance.

Ans: Inductance is defined as the ratio of magnetic flux

1 1
linkage λ to the current I through the inductor.

L = λ/I wb/m or H

11 State Lenz's law.

Ans: Lenz's law states that the direction of current flow in

1 1
the circuit is such that the induced magnetic field
produced by the induced current will oppose the change
in original magnetic field.

12. PART B- QUESTIONS

S.No Question BL CO

1 Determine the magnetic field intensity due to an infinite 2 1

current element.

29| E M T L - U N I T - 2
BTECH_ECE-SEM 22
SVCE TIRUPATI

2 Find the force between two current elements. 3 1

3 Find the magnetic field intensity everywhere due to a long

co-axial transmission line.
3 1

4 Write short note on magnetic scalar and vector potentials. 3 1

5 Determine magnetic flux density due to a magnetic 2 1

dipole.
6 Explain and derive an expression for magnetic energy. 2 1

7 What is inconsistency of ampere's law and find an 2 2

expression for displacement current density?
8 Write down the final forms of Maxwell's equations and their 3 4
word statements.

13. SUPPORTIVE ONLINE CERTIFICATION COURSES

1. Electromagnetic theory by Prof. Pradeep Kumar, conducted by IIT
Kharagpur - 12 weeks.

14. REAL TIME APPLICATIONS

S.No Application CO
1 Magnetic Resonance imaging

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a medical imaging technique

used in radiology to form pictures of the anatomy and the
physiological processes of the body. MRI scanners use strong
magnetic fields, magnetic field gradients, and radio waves to 1
generate images of the organs in the body. MRI does not involve X-
rays or the use of ionizing radiation, which distinguishes it from CT
and PET scans. MRI is a medical application of nuclear magnetic
resonance (NMR) which can also be used for imaging in other NMR
applications, such as NMR spectroscopy.
2 MRAM 1

30| E M T L - U N I T - 2
BTECH_ECE-SEM 22
SVCE TIRUPATI

MRAM stands for "Magneto-resistive Random Access Memory". In this

technology, magnetic states are used for storing data instead of
electrical charges

15. CONTENTS BEYOND THE SYLLABUS

1. Torque on a Magnetic Dipole
2. How to Build electric magnet

16. PRESCRIBED TEXT BOOKS & REFERENCE BOOKS

Text Books:
1. Matthew N.O. Sadiku, "Elements of Electromagnetics" 4th edition, Oxford
Univ. Press, 2008.
2. William H Hayt Jr. and John A. Buck, " Engineering Electromagnetics", 7th
edition, TMH, 2006.
References:
1. E.C. Jordan and K.G. Balmain, "Electromagnetic waves and radiating
systems" 2nd edition, PHI, 2000.
2. John D. Krauss, "Electromagnetics", 4th edition, McGraw-Hill Publications,
1999.
3. Electromagnetics, Schaum's outline series, 2nd edition, Tata McGraw-Hill
Publications, 2006.

17. MINI PROJECT SUGGESTION

1. Gauss Accelerator
2. Startram
3. Metal Detector

31| E M T L - U N I T - 2
BTECH_ECE-SEM 22