4 MSC AFM Governing Equation

College of
Engineering
Governing Equations
Postgraduate/ Academic Year 2023 – 2024/ Spring Semester
Asst. Prof. Dr. Saeed Rekani

Advanced Fluid Mechanics
Governing Equations
The governing equations for fluid flow are required to predict the ways in which fluid
flows in a given situation.
The governing equations for the fluid flow are the continuity (conservation of mass) and
momentum also known as Navier-Stoke equations (conservation of momentum)
equations. For fluid flow involving heat transfer, another set of governing equations is
required (conservation of energy).
All flow situations are subjected to the following relations
1. Newton’s law of motion.
2. The continuity relation.
3. The 1st and 2nd law of thermodynamics
4. Boundary conditions

Conservation of mass
Conservation of mass based on the control volume theorem,
dN 
 
=   dV +   v  dA General equation of … (1)
dt t control volume approach
c.v c.s
Let N = m
N m
Then  = = = 1
m m
Substituting N = m and  = 1 in the equation (1)

dm 
dt
=
t 
c.v
 dV +

c.s
 v  dA
For conservation law of mass

dm
= 0
dt

For an infinitesimal control volume

t 
c.v
 dV +

c.s
 v  dA = 0 … (2)
Fig. 1 Mass flow through the x faces of the infinitesimal control volume

Consider an infinitesimal fixed control volume of fluid of sides dx , dy and dz as shown in

Fig. 1. The velocities in x, y and z directions are u, v and w respectively. The mass flows in
the center of the infinitesimal fixed control volume of fluid in the x-direction is then u
and the corresponding mass flows in y- and z-direction is v and w , so the mass flows
through each face of the infinitesimal fixed control volume can be written in terms of the
mass flows in the center of control volume by using Taylor series.
 ( u ) dx 1  2 ( u )  dx  2
 
( u )center of right face
= u + +  2
… (3)
x 2 2!  x2  
The mass of the fluid entering the control volume, terms of second order and higher are
neglected, is
  ( u ) dx    ( v ) dy    ( w ) dz 
in

m   u −
  x 2 

 dydz +  v −  y
 2 

 dxdz +  w −  z
 2  dxdy

… (4)

The mass of the fluid leaving the control volume, terms of second order and higher are
neglected, is
  ( u ) dx    ( v ) dy    ( w ) dz 

out

m   u +
  x 2 

 dydz +  v +  y
 2 

 dxdz +  w +
  z 2  dxdy

… (5)
And the increase in the mass of the control volume equal to

(  dxdydz) … (6)
t
Substituting equations (4), (5) and (6) into (2) and simplifying where most terms
disappear in equation (2) becomes
  ( u )  ( v )  ( w )
(  dxdydz ) + dxdydz + dxdydz + dxdydz = 0
t x y z
… (7)

The continuity equation and also known as the differential equation for mass
conservation can be obtained by dividing the equation (7) by ( dxdydz) ,
Continuity equation
  ( u )  ( v )  ( w ) Three-dimensional flow with … (8)
+ + + = 0
t x y z compressible, unsteady
Since  = i  + j  + k  , and the velocity vector v = iu + jv + kw , the

x y z
equation (8) can be written in the vector form as
 … (9)
+   ( v ) = 0
t
For steady flow of incompressible fluid, the continuity equation simplifies to
 v = 0

Continuity equation (one-dimensional steady flow)

=0 =0
dm 
dt
=
t 
c.v
 dV +

c.s
 v  dA

c.s
 v dA = 0
or
 v A = constant
i.e
1 v1 A1 = 2 v2 A2
Mass entering at section (1) = Mass leaving at section (2).
m1 = m2 mass flow rate Kg sec
Then
 i vi Ai =  o vo A o
For incompressible flow  = constant

v1 A1 = v2 A 2 = Q flow rate (Discharge) m3 sec

Highlights: Conservation of mass (Continuity equation )


t 
c.v
 dV +

c.s
 v  dA = 0
Rate of increase Net influx of mass

of mass in C.V
Differential form of the continuity Equation
  ( u )  ( v )  ( w )
+ + + = 0
t x y z
Vector

+   ( v ) = 0
t
Tensor
  ( vi )
+ = 0
t  xi
Alternative form of continuity equation
D
+  (  v ) = 0
Dt
Highlights: Conservation of mass (Continuity equation )
Continuity equation in Cartesian coordinates

   
+ ( u ) + ( v ) + ( w ) = 0
t x y z
Continuity equation in Cylindarical coordinates

 1  1  
+ ( r)
r v + ( )
v + ( vz ) = 0
t r r r  z
Continuity equation in Spherical coordinates

 1   
t
+ 2
r r
(
r2vr +
1
)
r sin  
( 
v sin  ) +
1
r sin  
v  ( ) = 0

Example
Consider steady flow of water through the device shown in the diagram. The areas are:
A1 = 0.02 m 2, A 2 = 0.05 m 2, and A 3 = A 4 = 0.04 m 2 . The mass flow rate
out through section (3) is given as 56.7 kg s . The volume flow rate in through section
(4) is given as 0.03 m3 s, and v1 = 3i m s. If properties are assumed uniform across all
inlet and outlet flow sections, determine the velocity at section (2).
Solution 4
y

t 
c.v
 dV +

c.s
 v  dA = 0 1
x

For steady state = 0 3
t
2

c.s
 v  dA = 0

Solution (Continued)

c.s
 v  dA =

A1
 v  dA +

A2
 v  dA +

A3
 v  dA +

A4
 v  dA = 0
A1
 v  dA = − V1A1 4
y
x
1
A3
 v  dA = m3
A4
 v  dA = − Q4 2
 − V1A1 + V2A 2 + m3 − Q4 = 0
− (1000) (3) (0.02) + (1000) V2 (0.05) + (56.7) − (1000) (0.03 ) = 0

V2 = 0.666 m s
There fore section (2) is outflow (positive)
Conservation of momentum
Conservation of momentum equations are derived by applying Newton’s second law of
fluid motion. Conservation of momentum based on the control volume theorem,
N mv
Let N = mv   = = = v
m m
The general equation become
d ( mv ) 
dt
=
t 
c.v
 vdV +

c.s
 v v  dA
 ( mv )
 F =
t
+ 
out
v dm − 
in
v dm
The above equation is in vector form in space coordinates ( x, y,z)
X - component

 Fx =
t
( mvx )c.v + out
vx dm − in
vx dm

Conservation of momentum
Similarly in y – direction

 Fy =
t
( mv y )
c.v
+ 
out
v y dm −  in
v y dm
z – direction

 Fz =
t
( mvz )c.v + 
out
vz dm −  in
vz dm

For steady state = 0
t
F =  ( mv ) −  ( mv )
out in
If we have only one inlet and one outlet
F = m ( vout − vin )

Example
A water jet of velocity Vj impinges normal to a flat plate which moves to the right at
velocity Vc, as shown in figure below. Find the force required to keep the plate moving at
constant velocity if the jet density is 1000 kg/m3, the area jet area is 3 cm2, and Vj and Vc
are 20 m/s and 15, respectively, neglect the weight of the jet and plate, and assume
steady flow with respect to the moving plate with jet splitting into equal upward and
downward half-jet.

Solution
0
d ( mv ) 
 F =
dt
=
t   vdV +
  v v  dA
c.v c.s
(
− Fx = Qr Vr2x
0
− Vr1x )
− Fx = − Qr Vr1
Vr = Vj − Vc = 20 − 15 = 5 m s
Q = Vr A = 5  3  10−4 = 0.0015 m 3 s
Fx = Qr Vr = (1000) (0.0015) (5) = 7.5 N

Conservation of energy
N em
Let N = E = em   = = = e e = energy per unit mass
m m
dE 

dt
=
t 
c.v
e  dV +

c.s
e  v  dA
But the first law of thermodynamics is a statement of conservation of energy. Recall that
the system formulation of the first law
Q − W = E2 − E1 = dEsystem
dE 
Q − W =
dt  system

Q − W =
t 
c.v
e  dV +

c.s
e  v  dA
Now
W = Ws + Wf

W = Ws + Wf
Ws = Shaft work
Wf = Fluid work =  pdV
Thus
dWf  
dt
=
t  pdV =
t  p LdA =

c.s
p v  dA
dQ dWs 

dt
−
dt
=
t 
c.v
e  dV +

c.s
e  v  dA +

c.s
p v  dA
 p 
Q − Ws =
t 
c.v
e  dV +

c.s


+ e   v  dA

The general
energy equation


For steady state = 0
t
p 
 Q − Ws =

c.s


+ e   v  dA

 p  p  
Q − Ws = m  + e  −  + e 
Where  
 out  in 
Q
= heat per unit mass
m
Ws
= work per unit mass
m
v2
since e = u + gz +
2
p v2  p v2 

q − ws =  + u + gz + 
−  + u + gz +
   
 2  out  2  in
Conservation of momentum (Continued)
The derivation will be carried out with more details of the total forces acting on the
control volume which are body forces and surface forces for viscous unsteady,
compressible, three-dimensional flow then simplification may be applied to obtain a
suitable equation for non-viscous or steady, or incompressible flow.
Let N = mv
N mv
Then  = = = v
m m
Substituting N = mv and  = v in general equation of control volume approach
d ( mv ) 
dt
=
t 
c.v
vdV +

c.s
 vv  dA … (10)
Newton’s second law states that the sum of external forces acting on a moving system is
equal to the time rate of change of momentum of the system.
… (11)

d
F = ( mv )
dt
Now, we are going to write the system formulation of Newton’s law in control volume
formulation.
d ( mv ) 
 F =
dt
=
t c.v
vdV +  mv −  mv
out in
… (12)
The element is so small that the volume integral simply reduces to a derivative term
 
t 
c.v
vdV 
t
( v ) dxdydz … (13)
The momentum flows occur on the faces of the infinitesimal fixed control volume of fluid,
three inlets and three outlets. Fig. 1, shows only the x - component to avoid cluttering up
the drawing.
  ( uv ) dx    ( vv ) dy   
 w −  ( wv ) dz dxdy
in

mv   uv −
 x 2 
dydz + 


vv −
y 2
 dxdz + 
 z 2  … (14)
  ( uv ) dx     
 vv +  ( vv ) dy  dxdz +  w +  ( wv ) dz dxdy

out
mv   uv +
 x 2
 dydz + 
 y 2
 
 z 2

… (15)

Substituting equations (13), (14) and (15) into equation (12) and simplifying where most
terms disappear, equation (12) becomes
     
 F =  
 t
( v ) +
x
( uv ) +
y
( vv ) +
z
( wv ) dxdydz … (16)

Split up the vector relation in brackets
   
( v ) + ( uv ) + ( vv ) + ( wv )
t x y z
    v  v  v  v 
= v  
+   ( v ) +   + u + v + w  … (17)
 t   t x y  z 

The terms on the right hand side contain the continuity equation, +   ( v ) = 0
t
which vanished. The term in parathesis is the total accelertion
v v v v dv
+ u + v + w = … (18)
t x y z dt

Thus equation (16) can be reduced to

dv
F =  dxdydz … (19)
dt
Express the total force as the sum of body forces and surface forces
 
dv
Fbody + Fsurface =  dxdydz … (20)
dt
The forces acting on the control volume are body forces and surface forces. The body
forces act on the mass within the control volume. The body forces are gravity, centrifugal,
coriolis (a result of centripetal force on a fluid mass moving with a velocity radially
outward in a rotating plane), magnetism and electric potential forces. The surface forces
are hydrostatic pressure and viscous stresses ( ij ) which acting on the control surface
sides arise from motion with velocity gradients.
− p +  yx zx 
 xx 
 
ij =  xy − p + yy zy  … (21)
 
   − p +  
 xz yz zz 
Stresses subscript notation is

shown in Fig. 2.
Fig. 2 Stress components on the faces of an infinitesimal control volume
Fig. 3 The surface force components in x – direction of an infinitesimal control volume.

Only the x - directed stresses are shown in Fig. 3 to avoid cluttering up the drawing. The
stresses’ gradients (or differences) cause a net force on the infinitesimal fixed control
surface. For example, the force on the left face ( xxdydz) is balanced by the force on
the right face ( xxdydz) leaving the net force ( ( xx  x ) dxdydz) on the right face;
therefore, in the x - direction the net surface force is
    
dFx,surfaces 
=  ( xx ) + ( yx ) + ( zx ) dxdydz … (22)
 x y z 
From the equation (22) the surface force in the x - direction is proportional to the control
volume. Since the surface force is pressure and viscous forces equation (22) can be
written as
dFx p   
dV
= −
x
+
x
( xx ) +
y
( yx ) +
z
( zx ) … (23)

Similarly, for the y and z directions, the net surface forces per unit volume on the control
surface are
dFy p   
dV
= −
y
+
x
( xy ) y ( yy ) z ( zy )
 +  + … (24)
dFz p   
dV
= −
z
+
x
( xz ) +
y
( yz ) +
z
( zz ) … (25)
Now, multiply equations (23), (24) and (25) by i, j and k respectively, and add to get the
net vector surface force expression as follows
 dF   dF 
  = − p +   … (26)
 dV  
  surface  dV  viscous

Where the viscous force are
 dF    yx  
  = i xx
+ + zx 
 dV   z 
  viscous  x y
 xy yy zy 

+ j + +  … (27)
  x  y z 
  yz zz 
+k  xz
+ + 
  x  y  z 
Equation (27) can be written in divergence form
 dF 
  =   ij … (28)
 dV 
  viscous
 dF 
  = − p +   ij
 dV  … (29)
  surface

where the viscous stress tensor acting on the infinitesimal control volume is
 xx yx zx 

 
ij =  xy yy zy  … (30)
 xz yz zz 

The surface force is the pressure-gradient vector plus the divergence of viscous-stress
tensor. Substituting equations (20) and (29) into equation (19), to get the basic differential
momentum equation for an infinitesimal element.
dv
 = − p +   ij + f … (31)
dt
 dv 
Where (f) is the body force per unit volume and   is the acceleration vector of the

 dt 
flow, which is the total time derivative of the velocity vector.
dv du dv dw
= i + j + k … (32)
dt dt dt dt

Each velocity component u, v and w is a function of x, y, z and t variables, to get the time
derivative of these velocity components we need to use the chain rule.
du ( x, y,z, t ) u u dx u dy u dz
= + + + … (33)
dt t x dt y dt z dt
dx dy dz
Since = u, = v and = w are local velocity components, equation (33)
dt dt dt
can be written as
du u u u u … (34)
= + u + v + w
dt t x y z
dv dw du dv dw
Similarly for and components. Summing , and into a vector
dt dt dt dt dt
to get the local acceleration.
dv v v v v v
= + u + v + w = + ( v  ) v … (35)
dt t x y z t
Substituting equation (35) into equation (31)

v
 +  ( v  ) v = − p + ij + f … (36)
t
Equation (36) is, so brief and compact, a vector equation. Therefore, writing out the
components of the equation terms, it is required to illustrate the momentum equation.
 u u u  u  p xx yx zx

 + u + v + w = − + + + + fx … (37)

 t x y  z x x y z
 v v v  v  p xy yy zy

 + u + v + w  = − + + + + fy … (38)
  t  x  y  z   y  x  y  z
 w w w  w  p xz yz zz

 + u + v + w = − + + + + fz
 … (39)
 t x y z z x y z
The above equations are the differential momentum equations, and they are the
equations of motion. However, these equations are not ready to use. The viscous stresses
are required to be written in terms of velocity components.

The velocity of fluid particles v may translate, rotate or deform, in general, it will do all
three and the velocity gradient results from distortion and rigid body rotation of the
particles.
We can decompose this particle's motion into four components: translation, in which the
particle moves from one point to another; rotation of the particle, which can occur about
any or all of the x, y or z axes; linear deformation, in which the particle's sides stretch or
contract; and angular deformation, in which the angles (which were initially 90° for our
particle) between the sides change. The velocity gradient can be decomposed into
symmetric and asymmetric parts. A general formula for a sum of a symmetric strain
tensor and asymmetric vorticity tensor parts is
ui 1  ui uj  1  ui uj 

=  +  +  − 
xj 2  xj xi  2  xj xi 
Symmetric unsymmetric
gives deformation gives rotation
strain tensor vorticity tensor

Shear stress
If the tensile stress at a surface is in the direction of the + ve axis, then shear stress on the
same surface is + ve.
 
y   +  y y
 y 
  y 
  yx 
 y
 yx +
 y 
 
 x + x x
x  x 
 
xy   xy 
 + x
 xy
yx  x 
y
x

Strain at a point (rate of strain)

Fluid line: it is the line which is attached to the same fluid particles always.
x = Linear strain in x − direction per second
change of length of fluid line per unit time

x =
Original length of fluid line
Now length per unit time is speed and the length of the line changes only if the two ends
move in different speeds
 
 u +  u x
y x = length of fluid line
− u
x u
x =   → x =
x x x
Similarly
 
u  u +  u x
 x 
v w  
y = and z =
y z x

Strain at a point (rate of strain)

Now
u v w
x + y + z = + + =  v
x y z
change of volume per unit time

  v =
volume
 v = 0 (steady state incompressible flow )

Shear deformation ( ij )

If there is a velocity gradient in a direction other than the direction of motion shear strain
and rotation can occur.
xy is the average rate of the change of the angle between two orthogonal fluid lines in
x-y direction. xy is shear strain rate in x-y diection.
1  d d 
xy = +
2  dt dt 
u
Since the dt is so small the angle d will be so small u + y
y
Therefore, d nearly equal to tan d so; y
 v x  d
d   y
=  x  = v
dt x x
d
Similarly
 u  x v
 y y  v + x
d   = u x
=
dt y y x
Shear deformation ( ij )
1  d d 
xy = 
 dt + dt 
2  
1  v  u 
xy =  +
 
2   x y
Similarly
Shear strain rate in y-z plane ( yz ) and x-z plane ( xz )
1  w  v  1  u  w 
yz =  + xz = 

 
  z + x
2  y z  2  

Angular velocity ( ij )

If there is a velocity gradient in a direction other than the direction of motion shear strain
and rotation can occur.
xy is the angular velocity about the z axis as the average rate of counterclockwise
turning of two lines expressed as in x-y direction.

1  d d 
xy = − u
2  dt dt  u + y
y
Since the dt is so small the angle d will be so small
d
Therefore, d nearly equal to tan d so;
y
 v  v
 x dt v + x
v d
d  tan ( d ) =   x  = dt x
x
x x
Similarly
 u 
 y dt

y u
d  tan ( d ) =   = dt
y y
Angular velocity ( ij )

1  d d 
xy = −
2  dt dt 
1   v  u 
xy = −
2   x  y 
Similarly
Angular velocity in y-z plane ( yz ) and x-z plane ( xz )
1   w  v  1   u  w 
 yz = −  = −
2   y  z  xz
2   z  x 
The angular velocity vector.
 = xi + yj + zk
1  w  v  1   u  w  1   v  u  1
 =  − i + − j + − k =  v
   z   
2   y  z  2   x  2   x  y  2
The vorticity is preferred over angular velocity in fluid mechanics
 = 2 = curl v =   v

The velocity gradient may be written in components forms as

u 1  u  u  1  u  u  … (40)
=  + +  − = xx + xx
x  x  x   x  x 
2  2 
v 1   v  u  1   v  u 
=  +  +  − = yx + yx … (41)
x 2  x y 2  x  y 
w 1   w  u  1   w  u 
= + +  − = zx + zx … (42)
x 2   x  z  2  x  z 
Similarly
u 1   u  v  1   u  v 
=  +  +  −  = xy + xy … (43)
y 2  y x 2  y x
v 1   v  v  1   v  v 
= + +  − = yy + yy … (44)
y 2   y  y  2  y  y 
w 1   w  v  1   w  v 
=  +  +  −  = zy + zy … (45)
y 2  y  z 2  y  z

Also
u 1  u  w  1  u  w 
=  + +  − = xz + xz
z  z  x   z  x 
… (46)
2  2 
v 1   v  w  1   v  w 
=  +  +  −  = yz + yz … (47)
z 2  z y 2  z y
w 1  w  w  1  w  w 
=  + +  − = zz + zz … (48)
z  z  z   z  z 
2  2 
We can see that
xy = yx, xz = zx, yz = zy
and
xx = yy = zz = 0

The asymmetric part represents fluid rotation without deformation. The deformation rate
of a fluid is represented by the symmetric part. The viscous stress depends only on the
deformation rate of a fluid. Fluid deformation generates shear stresses.
Where the symmetric strain (deformation) rate tensor is
 u 1  u  v  1  u  w  
  + 

 x
   z +  x  

 2  y x 2 
 xx xy xz  



  1  v  u  v 1   v  w  
ij =  yx yy yz  =   + +
  2     … (49)
      x  y  y 2  z y 
zy zz 
 zx  
1  w
  u  1   w  v  w 
  x +  +  
2
   z  2  y  z z 

The viscous stresses for a Newtonian fluid are directly proportional to the coefficient of
viscosity and the element strain rates. The generalization of  =  ( d dt ) =  ( du dy )
to three-dimensional viscous flow is

u 
xx = 2 +   v 
x 




v 
yy = 2 +   v 
y 




w 
zz = 2 +   v 
z 


 … (50)
 u 
  v  
xy = yx =  +  
  y x 




 w  u  
xz = zx 
=  + 
  x  z  




 v  w  
 
yz = zy =  +  
  z  y  

Substituting the above equations of ( ij ) into equations (37), (38) and (39) gives the
differential momentum equation for a Newtonian fluid (the Navier-Stokes equations) for
the compressible flow.
 u u u  u  p   u 
  + u + v + w  = − +  2 +   v 

 t x y  z x x  x 
… (51)
    u  v       u  w  
+ 
  +  +   +  + fx
 y    y  x    z    z  x  
 v v v  v  p    u  v  
  + u + v + w = − +   +
    
 t x y  z y x    y  x 
 … (52)
  v 
 +    v
  w  
+  2 +   v    +   + fy
y  y  z    z  y 
 w w w  w  p    u  w  
  + u + v + w = − +  
  z + 
 t x y z  z x    x  
  v … (53)
    w     
 2  w +   v + fz
+   +   +  
y   z y  z  z 

For incompressible flow (   v = 0) and hence ( ij = 2 ij ) , Substituting these

into equations (51), (52) and (53) gives the differential momentum equation for a
Newtonian fluid (the Navier-Stokes equations) for the incompressible flow.
 u u u  u  p   2u  2u  2u 

 + u + v + w 
 t  x  y  z  = −  x +    x2 +  y2 +  z2  + fx … (54)
   
 v v v  v  p   2v  2v  2v 

 + u + v + w 
 t  x  y  z  = −  y +    x2 +  y2 +  z2  + fy … (55)
   
 w w w  w  p   2w  2w  2w 

 + u + v + w 
 t  x  y  z  = −  z +    x2 +  y2 +  z2  + fz … (56)
   
The vector form for these equations
v
 +  ( v   ) v = − p +   ij + g … (57)
t
Highlights: Conservation of momentum (Navier – Stokes equations)
The Navier – Stokes equations for Constant (  and  ) in Cartesian, Cylindrical, and
Spherical coordinates.
Cartesian coordinates:-
X − direction
 u u u u  p  2u 2u 2u 
 + u + v + w  = − x + gx +   2 + 2
+ 2
 t x y z   x y z 
Y − direction
 v v v v  p  2v 2v 2v 
 + u + v + w  = − + g y +   2 + 2
+ 2
 t x y z  y  x y z 
Z − direction
 w w w w  p  2w 2w 2w 
 + u + v + w  = − + gz +   2 + 2
+ 2
 t x y z  z  x y z 

Cylindrical coordinates:-
r − direction
 vr vr v  vr v2 vr 

 + vr + − + vz 
 t r r  r z 
p   1   1 2vr 2 v  2vr 
= gr − +   (rvr )  + 2 2 − 2 + 2 
r  r  r r  r  r  z 
 − direction
 v v  v v  v v v  
   + vr +  + r  + vz 
 t r r  r z 
1 p   1   1 2v  2 vr 2v  

= g − +   (rv )  + 2 2 + 2 + 2 
r   r  r r  r  r  z 
Z − direction
 v vr v vz vz 

  z + vr +  + vz 
 t r r  z 
p  1   vz  1 2vz 2vz 

= gz − +  r  + 2 2
+ 2 
z  r r  r  r  z 
Spherical coordinates:-
r − direction
 v vr v  vr v vr v2 + v2 

r
 + vr + + − 
 t r r  r sin   r 
 
p  2v 2 v  2 2 v  
= − + gr +   2vr − 2r − 2 − 2 v  cot  − 2 
r  r r  r r sin   
 − direction
 v v  v  v  v v  vr v  v2 cot  

 + vr + + + − 
 t r r  r sin   r r 
 
1 p  2 vr v 2 cos  v 
= − + g +   2v  − 2 − 2  2 − 2 
r   r  r sin  r sin2   
 − direction
 v  v  v v  v v  v  vr vv 
 + vr +  + + + cot  
 t r r  r sin   r r 
1 p  v 2 vr 2 cos  v 
= − + g +   2v  − 2 + + 
r sin    r sin2  r2 sin   r2 sin2   

Example
Liquid flow down an inclined plane surface in a steady, fully developed laminar film of
thickness h.
y
x u

Find
(a) Continuity and Navier-Stokes equations simplified to model this flow field.
(b) Velocity profile.
(c) Shear stress distribution.
(d) Volume flow rate per unit depth of surface normal to diagram.
(e) Average flow velocity.
(f) Film thickness in terms of volume flow rate per unit depth of surface normal to
diagram.
(g) Volume flow rate in a film of water 1 mm thick on a surface 1 m wide, inclined at 15 o
to the horizontal.

Solution
Assumptions: (1) Fully developed, so no properties vary in the x-direction  x = 0
(2) 2D flow
(3) Laminar
(4) Steady flow (given).
(5) Incompressible flow;  = constant
(a) Governing equations written for incompressible flow with constant viscosity are
0 (1) 0 (2)
u v w
+ + = 0
x y z
X − direction
 u 0 (4) 0 (1) 0 (2)  0(atm)  2 0 (1) 2 2
0 (2) 
u 0(1) u u p  u  u  u
 + u + v + w  = − + gx +   2 + + 
 t x y z  x  x y 2
z 2 
   
Y − direction
 v 0 (4) 0 (1) 0 (2)   2 0 (1) 2
0 (1)
2
0 (2) 
v 0 (1) v v p  v  v  v
 + u + v + w  = − + g y +   2 + + 
 t x y z  y  x y 2
z 2 
   
Z − direction
 w 0 (4) 0 (2) 0 (2) 0 (2)   2 0 (2) 2
0 (2)
2
0 (2) 
w w w p 0 (2)  w  w  w
 + u + v + w  = − + gz +  2 + + 
 t x y z  z  x y 2
z 2 
   
2
 u
0 = gx + 
y2
(b) Velocity profile.

2u
0 = g sin  +  2
y
2u sin 
= −  g
y2 
Integrating
u sin 
= − g y + c1
y 
integrating
sin  y2
u = − g + c1y + c2
 2
B.C.
at y = 0, u = 0 → c2 = 0
u sin 
at y = h, = 0 → c1 = g h
y 
sin  y2 sin 
u = − g + g hy
 2 
sin   y2 
u = g  hy − 
  2 
(c) Shear stress distribution.

du
xy =  = g sin  ( h − y )
dy
(d) Volume flow rate per unit depth of surface normal to diagram.
h
Q =
 A
u dA =

0
u b dy
h
h sin   y2  sin   hy2 y3 
Q =
0
ub dA = g
 
 hy −
2 
 b dy = g

b
 2
−
6

0
sin  h3
Q = g b
 3
(e) Average flow velocity.
Q = AV
Q sin  h2
V = = g
bh  3

(f) Film thickness in terms of volume flow rate per unit depth of surface normal to
diagram. 13
 3Q 
h =  
 g sin  b 
(g) Volume flow rate in a film of water 1 mm thick on a surface 1 m wide, inclined at 15o
to the horizontal.
if h = 1 mm thick, b = 1 m wide,  = 15o
sin  h3
Q = g b
 3
Q =  999 3 
kg  9.81 m  sin 15 ( o)
( )
1 m
(0.001 m ) 3
 
 m   s2  1  10−3 kg  3
 
 m.s 
m3 L
Q = 0.000846 = 0.846
s s
Example
A viscous liquid fills the annular gap between vertical concentric cylinders. The inner
cylinder is stationary, and the outer cylinder rotates at constant speed. The flow is
laminar. Simplify the continuity, Navier-Stokes, and tangential shear stress equations to
model this flow field. Obtain expressions for the liquid velocity profile and the shear stress
distribution. Compare at the surface of the inner cylinder with that computed from a
planar approximation obtained by “unwrapping” the annulus into a plane and assuming a
linear velocity profile across the gap. Determine the ratio of cylinder radii for which the
planar approximation predicts the correct shear stress at the surface of the inner cylinder
within 1 percent.

Example
Find
(a) Continuity and Navier-Stokes equations simplified to model
this flow field.
(b) Velocity profile in the annular gap.
(c) Shear stress distribution in the annular gap.
(d) Shear stress at surface of the inner cylinder.
(e) Comparison with “planar” approximation for constant shear
stress in the narrow gap between cylinders.
(f) Ratio of cylinder radii for which the planar approximation
predicts shear stress within 1 percent of the correct value.
Solution
Assumptions:
(1) Steady flow; angular speed of outer cylinder is constant.
(2) Incompressible flow.
(3) No flow or variation of properties in the z direction; vz = 0 and  z = 0
(4) Circumferentially symmetric flow, so properties do not vary with , so   = 0
(5) Streamline parallel to the wall
(a) The continuity equitation for incompressible flow with constant viscosity are
0
1 
r r
(rvr ) +
1 
r 
( v ) +

z
( )=0
vz
0
Navier-Stokes equations
r − direction
 v 1 v
5
v vr
4
v2 v
3
  r + vr r +  − + vz r 
 t r r  r z 
 
 4 4 3
( )
2
p   1  r v 5  + 1  vr 2 v  2vr 
+ 
0
=  gr −  r  − 2 +
r  r  r r  r2 2 r  z2 
 
 − direction
 v 1 5 v  v  v 
4
vr v 
5
v  
3

 + vr + + + vz 
 t r r  r z 
 
4  2
4 4 3
1 p     2 v 2v  
(rv )  + 2 2 + 2 r
1 1 v
+ 
0
=  g −  +
r   r  r r  r  r  z2 
 
Z − direction
 v 1 5 vr v  vz
4
vz 
3
z
 + vr + + vz 
 t r r  z 
 
  v 3  2
3
2
3
p 1  1  v  v
= gz − +  r z  + 2 z
+ z 
z  r r   2
z 
2
  r  r 

(b) Velocity profile in the annular gap.
  1 
0 =   (rv )  
 r  r r 
 1   = 0
 ( rv )
 
r  r r 
Integrating
1 
(rv ) = C1
r r

(rv ) = rC1
r
Integrating
r2 r 1
rv  = C1 + C2 or v = C1 + C2
2 2 r
Boundary condition
v  = R2 at r = R2
v = 0 at r = R1
Substituting
R2 1
R2 = C1 + C2
2 R2
R1 1
0 = C1 + C2
2 R1
After considerable algebra
2 − R12
C1 = 2
and C2 = 2
R  R 
1 −  1 1 −  1
 R2   R2 
Substituting into the expression for v 
r R12 r
v = 2
− 2
R  R 
1 −  1 1 −  1
 R2   R2 
R1  r R1 
v = 2 
− 
R   1 R r 
1 −  1
 R2 
(c) Shear stress distribution in the annular gap.

 
 
d  v  d  R1  1 R1  
r = r   = r  − 2 
dr  r  dr   R 
2
R
 1 r 
1 − 1
   
  R2  
R1  R1  2R12 1
r = r 2 ( − 2)  − 3
=  2 2
 R1   r   R1  r
1 −   1 −  
R
 2  R2 
(d) Shear stress at surface of the inner cylinder.
At the surface of the inner cylinder, r = R1
2
surface =  2
R 
1 −  1
 R2 

(e) Comparison with “planar” approximation for constant shear stress in the narrow gap
between cylinders.
For a “Planar” gap
v R2
planar =  = 
y R2 − R1

planar = 
R1
1 −
R2
From the shear stress at the surface
2  2
surface =  =  
 R1   R1  R1 R1
1 − 1 +
1 −  1 +  R2 R2
 R 2  R2
Thus
surface 2
=
planar R
1 + 1
R2

(e) Ratio of cylinder radii for which the planar approximation predicts shear stress within
1 percent of the correct value.
For 1 percent accuracy
2
1.01 =
R1
1 +
R2
Or
R1 1
= (2 − 1.01) = 0.98
R2 1.01
The accuracy is met when the gap width is less than 2 percent of the cylinder radius.


4 MSC AFM Governing Equation

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College of

Postgraduate/ Academic Year 2023 – 2024/ Spring Semester

Asst. Prof. Dr. Saeed Rekani

Asst. Prof. Dr. Saeed Rekani

All flow situations are subjected to the following relations

1. Newton’s law of motion.

2. The continuity relation.

3. The 1st and 2nd law of thermodynamics

Asst. Prof. Dr. Saeed Rekani

Substituting N = m and  = 1 in the equation (1)

For conservation law of mass

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For an infinitesimal control volume

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Consider an infinitesimal fixed control volume of fluid of sides dx , dy and dz as shown in

Asst. Prof. Dr. Saeed Rekani

Asst. Prof. Dr. Saeed Rekani

Since  = i  + j  + k  , and the velocity vector v = iu + jv + kw , the

For steady flow of incompressible fluid, the continuity equation simplifies to

Asst. Prof. Dr. Saeed Rekani

Continuity equation (one-dimensional steady flow)

For incompressible flow  = constant

Asst. Prof. Dr. Saeed Rekani

Highlights: Conservation of mass (Continuity equation )

Rate of increase Net influx of mass

Highlights: Conservation of mass (Continuity equation )

Continuity equation in Cartesian coordinates

Continuity equation in Cylindarical coordinates

Continuity equation in Spherical coordinates

Asst. Prof. Dr. Saeed Rekani

Asst. Prof. Dr. Saeed Rekani

 − V1A1 + V2A 2 + m3 − Q4 = 0

− (1000) (3) (0.02) + (1000) V2 (0.05) + (56.7) − (1000) (0.03 ) = 0

fluid motion. Conservation of momentum based on the control volume theorem,

The above equation is in vector form in space coordinates ( x, y,z)

Asst. Prof. Dr. Saeed Rekani

If we have only one inlet and one outlet

Asst. Prof. Dr. Saeed Rekani

Asst. Prof. Dr. Saeed Rekani

Fx = Qr Vr = (1000) (0.0015) (5) = 7.5 N

Asst. Prof. Dr. Saeed Rekani

Asst. Prof. Dr. Saeed Rekani

Wf = Fluid work =  pdV

Asst. Prof. Dr. Saeed Rekani

Conservation of momentum (Continued)

Asst. Prof. Dr. Saeed Rekani

Asst. Prof. Dr. Saeed Rekani

Thus equation (16) can be reduced to

Stresses subscript notation is

Fig. 2 Stress components on the faces of an infinitesimal control volume

Fig. 3 The surface force components in x – direction of an infinitesimal control volume.

Asst. Prof. Dr. Saeed Rekani

Asst. Prof. Dr. Saeed Rekani

Where the viscous force are

Equation (27) can be written in divergence form

Asst. Prof. Dr. Saeed Rekani

 xx yx zx 

Asst. Prof. Dr. Saeed Rekani

Asst. Prof. Dr. Saeed Rekani

Asst. Prof. Dr. Saeed Rekani

ui 1  ui uj  1  ui uj 

Asst. Prof. Dr. Saeed Rekani

Asst. Prof. Dr. Saeed Rekani