ELS2201: Electromagnetics

Week 3
• Divergence Theorem
• Maxwell’s First Equation

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4/29/2019 GDE/ELS2201 - Electromagnetics 1
 The Vector Operator  and The Divergence
Theorem
 Divergence is an operation on a vector yielding a scalar, just like the dot product.
 We define the del operator  as a vector operator:

  
 ax  a y  az
x y z
 Then, treating the del operator as an ordinary vector, we can write:

    
  D   a x  a y  a z   ( Dxa x  Dy a y  Dz a z )
 x y z 
Dx Dy Dz
D   
x y z
Dx Dy Dz
div D =   D =  
x y z
 The Vector Operator  and The Divergence
Theorem
 The operator does not have a specific form in other coordinate systems than rectangular
coordinate system.
 Nevertheless,

1  1 D Dz
D  (  D )   Cylindrical
    z

1  2 1  1 D
  D  2 (r Dr )  (sin  D )  Spherical
r r r sin   r sin  
 The Vector Operator  and The Divergence
Theorem
 We shall now give name to a theorem that we actually have obtained, the
Divergence Theorem:

 D  dS  Q  
S vol
v dv    Ddv
vol

 The first and last terms constitute the divergence theorem:

 D  dS  
S vol
 D dv

“The integral of the normal

component of any vector field
over a closed surface is equal to
the integral of the divergence of
this vector field throughout the
volume enclosed by the closed
surface.”
 The Vector Operator  and The Divergence
Theorem
 Example
Evaluate both sides of the divergence theorem for the field
D = 2xy ax + x2 ay C/m2 and the rectangular parallelepiped formed by the planes x = 0
and 1, y = 0 and 2, and z = 0 and 3.

 D  dS  
S vol
 D dv Divergence Theorem
3 2 3 2
 S
DS  dS  
0 (D) 0 x 0  ( dydz a x )    (D)
0 0 x 1  ( dydz a x )
3 1 3 1
   (D) y 0  (dxdz a y )    (D) y 2  (dxdz a y )
0 0 0 0

But ( Dx ) x 0  0, ( Dy ) y 0  ( Dy ) y 2

3 2 3 2
D S
S  dS  
0 
0
( Dx ) x1 dydz  
0 
0
2ydydz  12 C
The Vector Operator  and The Divergence
Theorem
 
D = (2 xy)  ( x 2 )  2 y
x y
3 2 1
vol
  D dv  
z 0  
y 0 x 0
(2 y )dxdydz
2 2
 x0 y
1 3
z0
0

 12 C

  D  dS    D dv  12 C
S vol