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Objective Type Question Of

Transmission and Distribution
May 12, 2020
100 Most Important MCQ Of Transmission and Distribution | Electrical Engineering
Multiple choices Question
Ques 1. By which of the following method electric power may be transmitted from
one location to another location?
1. UnderGround System
2. Overhead system
3. Both 1 and 2
4. None of the above
Hide Explanation
Answer 3. Both 1 & 2
Explanation: Electrical power is generally transmitted by two methods i.e
underground transmission and overhead transmission

Ques 2. Which of the following transmission line have more initial cost?
1. Overhead Transmission
2. Underground transmission
3. Both have almost the same initial cost
4. None of the above
Hide Explanation

Answer 2. Underground Transmission line

Explanation:
 The underground cable can be 2-3 times more expensive than the overhead
cable.
 As the voltage level increases the cost of insulation is increased therefore the
underground cable is restricted to low and medium voltages.

Ques 3. Name the cable or conductor which connects the distributor to the consumer
terminals.
1. Service Mains
2. Distributor
3. Feeders
4. None of the above
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Hide Explanation

Answer 1. Service Mains

Explanation:
 Service Mains: The service mains conductors form connecting links between
distributors and metering points at the consumer terminal.
 The area of connection of a sub-main conductor is greater than the service
mains.

Ques 4. Which of the following materials are not used for the transmission and
distribution of electrical power?
1. Copper
2. Aluminum
3. Tungsten
4. Steel
Hide Explanation

Answer 3. Tungsten
Explanation:
 The resistance of tungsten is very high, more the resistance more the losses,
therefore, tungsten is never used for transmission and distribution purposes.

Ques 5. The usual spans with R.C.C. poles are

1. 40—50 metres
2. 60—100 metres
3. 200 – 300 meters
4. 80 – 150 meters
Hide Explanation
Answer 4. 80 – 150 meters
Explanation:
Reinforced concrete pole(R.C.C Pole)
 The Reinforced concrete pole (R.C.C) is usually called as Concrete pole and
they are used for system voltage up to 33kV.
 The minimum overall length of the R.C.C pole should be six meters.
 The span length of R.C.C is between 80 – 200 meters because they are stronger
and more durable.
 They are free from corrosion hence poles have a longer life but these are very
bulky in sizes.
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Ques 6. Which of the following are the constants of the transmission lines?
1. Inductance
2. Capacitance
3. Resistance
4. Conductance
5. All of the above
Hide Explanation

Answer 5. All of the Above

Explanation:
a b c d constants of the transmission line( Primary line constants)
 The line constants are parameters that describe the characteristics of conductive
transmission lines.
 The primary line has following constants
 R = Resistance per unit length Ω
 L = Inductance per unit length (Henry) H
 C = Capacitance per unit length (Henry) H
 G = Conductance per unit length ℧
 All these constants are independent of frequency, therefore, they are called as
primary constants and these constants are measured by considering both the
wires of the transmission lines.
 R and L elements are in series with the line (because they are properties of the
conductor) and C and G are elements shunting the line (because they are
properties of the dielectric material between the conductors).
 G represents leakage current through the dielectric and in most cables is very
small.

Ques 7. The phenomenon of rising in voltage at the receiving end of the open-
circuited or lightly loaded line is called as
1. Roman Effect
2. Skin Effect
3. Corona Effect
4. Ferranti Effect
Hide Explanation

Answer 4. Ferranti Effect

Explanation:
Ferranti Effect
 The phenomenon of the rise of voltage at the receiving end of an open-circuited
or lightly loaded transmission line is called as the Ferranti effect.
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 The receiving end voltage becomes more than the sending end voltage.
 The Ferranti effect occurs in medium and long transmission lines.
 The Ferranti Effect will be more pronounced the longer the line and the higher
the voltage applied. The relative voltage rise is proportional to the square of the
line length.
 The Ferranti effect is much more pronounced in underground cables, even in
short lengths, because of their high capacitance.

Ques 8. Low tension cables are meant for use up to

1. 1 kV
2. 5 kV
3. 10 kV
4. 33 kV
Hide Explanation
Answer 1. 1 kV
Explanation: Low voltage cables with a range up to 1 kV are used for energy
distribution from the last transformer station to the customer.

Ques 9. The operating voltage of high tension cables is up to

1. 1 – 11 kV
2. 11 – 20 kV
3. 11 – 33 kV
4. above 33 kV
Hide Explanation

Answer 1. 1 – 11 kV
Explanation:
 High tension cables are used for three-phase medium. These consist of three
core belted type cable with separated insulation for each core.
 The paper insulation is provided for high-tension cables.
 The operating voltage of high tension cable is up to 11kV.

Ques 10. The operating voltage of super tension cable is

1. 1 – 11 kV
2. 11 – 33 kV
3. 33 – 66 kV
4. Above 66 kV
Hide Explanation
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Answer 2. 11- 33 kV
Explanation:
Super tension cables are used upto the voltage level of 33 kV. They are further
classified into 3 types

1.
1. H – type or screened cables
2. SL type cables
3. HSL types cables
Ques 11. The operating voltage of Extra high tension cable is upto
1. 11 kV
2. 33 kV
3. 66 kV
4. Above 66 kV
Hide Explanation

Answer 3. 66 kV
Explanation:
 Three core cables are generally used for voltages upto 33 Kv but beyond that
weight and size of the three core cables is not economical and nor practical.
 Extra high tension cable can be of 2 types
1. Oil-filled cables
2. Gas pressure cables

Ques 12. Which of the following methods is used for laying of underground cables?
1. Direct laying
2. Solid system
3. Draw-in-system
4. All of the Above
Hide Explanation

Answer 4. All of the Above

Explanation:
Methods of Laying underground Cables
 Generally, there are three methods of laying an underground cable
1. Direct laying
2. Solid system
3. Draw-in-system
Direct laying Method
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 In this method, a trench of 1.5 meters is dug and it is covered with a layer of
fine sand to restrict the entry of moisture from the ground.
 The cable is laid over the sand-belt after that cable is covered with another
layer of sand.
 Then the trench is covered with bricks and stones to protect the cables from
mechanical injury.
 This method of laying underground cables is clean, safe and very cheap in
comparison with the other two methods
 The main disadvantages of this method are high initial cost and the alternation
of the cable network is difficult.
Draw-in System Method
 In congested areas where excavation is expensive and inconvenient this system
of the laying of underground cables is often adopted.
 This method of cable laying is most suitable for short length cable routes such
as in workshops, railway bridge crossing, road crossing where frequent digging
is costlier or impossible.
Solid system Method
 This method of laying underground cables is rarely used because of its high
cost.
 In this system, the cable is laid in open pipes or troughs dug out in the earth
along the cable route.
 The troughing is of cast iron or treated wood and it is filled with bituminous
after cables are laid.
 The advantage of this method is that the cables are protected mechanically and
from chemical reactions due to impurities in the soil.
 The disadvantages of this method are
1. laying and repair require more time
2. laying and repair cannot be carried out in the rainy season.

Ques 13. Which of the following is the source of heat generation in the cables?
1. Dielectric losses in cable insulation
2. Conductor losses
3. Sheath loses
4. All of the above
Hide Explanation
Answer 4. All of the above Explanation:
Explanation:
Cable Losses
 In a cable, if the rate of heat generation is more than the rate of heat dissipation
than the temperature of cable increases.
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 The three main sources of heat generation in a cable are:

1. Dielectric losses in cable insulation
2. Conductor losses
3. Sheath loses
Dielectric losses
 Dielectric losses consist of losses due to leakage through cable insulation and
losses caused by dielectric polarization under AC stresses.
 These losses depend upon the voltage, frequency, and permittivity of the
material.
 The dielectric losses are more profound in the HV and EHV transmission
cables.
Conductor losses
Conductor losses I2R loses depends upon the RMS current I and effective AC
resistance of the cable conductor Rac
Sheath Losses
When the alternating current flows in the cable it produces a pulsating magnetic field.
This pulsating field links with the lead sheath and induced current in it. This sheath
current produces sheath losses.

Ques 14. Due to which of the following reasons the cables should not be operated too
hot?
1. The oil may lose its viscosity and it may start drawing off from higher levels
2. Expansion of the oil may cause the sheath to burst
3. Unequal expansion may create voids in the insulation which will lead to
ionization
4. Unequal expansion may create voids in the insulation which will lead to
ionization
5. All of the above
Hide Explanation
Answer 5. All of the above
Cables should not operate too hot for the following reasons

1. Voids may be created in the insulation due to unequal expansion; this will lead
to ionization.
2. Owing to the rapid increase of dielectric losses with temperature, the thermal
instability may arise.
3. The sheath may burst due to the expansion of oil.
4. The oil may lose its viscosity and may start draining off from higher levels.
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Ques 15. Besides a method of trial and error, which of the following methods is
employed for the solution of network problems in an interconnected system?
1. Kirchhoff’s laws
2. Superposition of currents
3. Thevenin’s theorem
4. All of the above
Hide Explanation

Answer 5. All of the above

 With the increase in voltage levels and the interconnection of power grids,
power systems became much more complicated. It was necessary to find an
accurate way to calculate the active power and reactive power that flows in the
lines
 The Network Model of interconnected power systems in the power flow study
includes the representation of generators as complex power sources, loads as
complex power demands and transmission lines as a Π network consisting of
series admittance and line charging admittances.
 As the AC power system is a nonlinear system, the simple Ohm’s Law is not
suitable. Using Kirchhoff’s s Law, electrical engineers wrote active power and
reactive power balancing equations for all nodes of the system. They are power
balancing equations, also called power flow equations. The equations are able
to mathematically represent the power network.
 The Mathematical Model for the study is a set of nonlinear simultaneous
algebraic equations. Network equations in the study can be formulated by using
either the Zbus or Ybus matrices. However, Ybus is preferred, as the matrix has
more number of zero elements or has more ‘sparsity’. This enables fast
solutions using only the non-zero entries.
 Either the Gauss-Seidel or the Newton—Raphson iterative method is used to
solve non-linear algebraic equations. While the former method is used for
small-sized power systems, the latter finds application in the study of large-
sized systems. Newton Raphson’s method is one of the effective ways to solve
the equations. As the study is conducted under steady-state conditions of the
system an only a single phase-based positive sequence network is considered
and all numerical values are given as per unit values.
 Thevenin’s and superposition’s theorems are very useful in the calculation of
currents and voltages due to short-circuit faults in power system networks.

Ques 16. A booster is a

1. Synchronous generator
2. Shunt-wound generator
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3. Series wound generator

4. None of the above
Hide Explanation
Answer 3. Series wound generator
Explanation:
 A booster is a series-wound generator that is inserted into the circuit to increase
the DC voltage level so that the excessive voltage drop in the feeder can be
compensated.
 A booster may be defined as a dynamo-electric machine, the armature of which
is connected in series with a circuit. its generated e.m.f. being added to or
subtracted from that of the circuit pending upon the polarity of its excitation.
 Boosters may be driven by any form of a prime mover but are generally direct-
connected to a motor taking current from constant-potential means.
 The primary use of a booster is to raise the voltage of a generator or of a
section of the bus bars of a central station by an amount sufficient to
compensate the ohmic drop in a feeder supplying distant load. in case the load
is of such character as to require the same voltage as receiving devices at or
near the source of supply. Since the line drop is directly proportional to the
current, the voltage of the booster should also be proportional to the current.

Ques 17. Which of the following D.C. distribution system is the simplest and lowest
in first cost?
1. Radial system
2. Inter-connected system
3. Ring system
4. Any of the above
Hide Explanation

Answer 1. Radial system

Explanation:
Radial System
 A radial system is an electric transmission system that supplies power from the
main generating station to the various sub-station.
 From the substation, the power line is connected to the distribution transformer
where the voltage is step-down to the value required by the customers.
Advantages of Radial System
1. The initial cost is low.
2. Useful when the generating capacity is low.
3. Preferred when the station is located in the center of the load.
Disadvantages of Radial System
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1. When the load on the distributor changes, the consumers at the distant end of
the distributor face serious voltage fluctuations.
2. This system is least reliable because there is no guarantee of continuous service
because no backup distribution system is provided.

Ques 18. Which of the following faults is most likely to occur in cables?
1. Breakdown of cable insulation
2. Cross or short-circuit fault
3. Open circuit fault
4. All of the above
Hide Explanation

Answer 4. All of the above

Most of the distribution and part transmission of electrical power is nowadays carried
out through underground cables because of several advantages over the over-head
system. Many times locating a fault becomes a difficult task because the cable is
hurried under the ground and is not accessible. The faults which are most likely to
occur are :

1. Ground fault: A breakdown of the insulation of the cable which allows current
to flow from core to earth or to cable sheath.
2. Short circuit fault: A cross or short circuit between two cables or between two
cores of a multicore cable.
3. Open circuit: Where the conductor becomes broken or a joint pulls-out. The
method for locating an open circuit fault differs from those used for the other
two faults. Amongst various methods used for localizing cable faults. Murray
loop test is very common and is described here.
Ques 19. The voltage of the single-phase supply to residential consumers is
1. 110 V
2. 230 V
3. 440 V
4. Any of the above
Hide Explanation

Answer . 2. 230 V
Explanation:
 In India, a single-phase supply is a 230V supply through two wires and In
North America, a typical three-phase system will have 208 volts between the
phases and 120 volts between phase and neutral.
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Ques 20. The distributors for residential areas are

1. Three-phase four-wire
2. Three-phase three-wire
3. Single-phase
4. None of the above
Hide Explanation

Answer .1. Three-phase four-wire

Explanation:
 A four-wire system allows you to have phase voltages or line to ground
voltages. In a 3 phase 4 wire system, neutral wire carries return current in case
any fault occurs in the line there is more flexibility to keep the system running
since it may only affect one of the phases.
Ques 21. The conductors of the overhead lines are
1. Stranded conductors
2. Solid conductors
3. Both solid and stranded
4. None of the above
Hide Explanation
Answer .1. Stranded conductors
Explanation:
1. Stranded Conductors are widely used over solid conductors. Although there
seems to be more expensive than a solid conductor but offers many advantages
too, over the solid conductor.
2. The stranded conductor offers much surface area for flow of current that results
in the reduced diameter of the conductor for the same current carrying capacity.
3. As the Stranded conductor offers much surface area so the overall resistance of
the conductor is lesser than the same size solid conductor.
4. Eddy current losses are very much lesser than the solid conductor.
5. Stranded conductors are very suitable to an external environment and reduce
the risk of loose connection.
6. Stranded Conductors offer much flexibility hence have a longer life than the
solid conductor.

Ques 22. High voltage transmission lines use

1. Suspension insulators
2. Pin insulators
3. Any of the above
4. None of the above
Hide Explanation
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Answer .1. Suspension Insulator

Explanation:
Suspension Type Insulator
 With an increase in the line voltage (above 33 kV) the pin insulator becomes
heavy and complicated.
 Suspension type Insulator consists of a Number of porcelain discs connected in
series with the metallic links to form a chain and the line conductor is carried
by the bottom-most insulator.\
Advantages of Suspension Type Insulator
1. Each disc is designed for low voltage i.e for 11 kV. Therefore by connecting
the number of an individual disc in series, the insulator can be designed for any
system voltage. For e.g 33 kV working voltage will require 3 individual discs.
2. Mechanical stress on the string is very low.
3. Line conductors are less affected by lightning.
4. If anyone of the insulators fails it can be replaced easily and at a very low cost.
5. It is more economical than pin type insulator for high operating voltage.

Ques 23. Multicore cables generally use

1. Square conductors
2. Rectangular conductors
3. Sector-shaped conductors
4. Circular conductors
Hide Explanation
Answer .3. Sector-shaped conductors
Explanation:
Sector-shaped conductors
A sector conductor is a stranded conductor whose cross-section is approximately the
shape of a sector of a circle. A multiple conductor insulated cable with sector
conductors has a smaller diameter than the corresponding cable with round
conductors.

Ques 24. The material commonly used for insulation in high voltage cables is
1. Rubber
2. Paper
3. Lead
4. Any of the above
Hide Explanation
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Answer .2. Paper

Explanation:
 Cables for power distribution of 10 kV or higher may be insulated with oil and
paper, and are run in a rigid steel pipe, semi-rigid aluminum or lead sheath.
 An extruded lead sheath over the paper cable was required to ensure that the
paper remained absolutely dry.

Ques 25. Overhead lines generally use

1. A.C.S.R. conductors
2. Copper conductors
3. Aluminum conductors
4. Any of the above
Hide Explanation

Answer .1. A.C.S.R. conductors

Explanation:
Aluminium-conductor steel-reinforced cable(A.C.S.R. conductors)
 Aluminum conductor steel-reinforced cable (ACSR) is a type of high-capacity,
high-strength stranded conductor typically used in overhead power lines.
 The outer strands are high-purity aluminum and the center strand is the steel for
additional strength to help support the weight of the conductor.
 Steel has higher strength than aluminum which can allow increased mechanical
tension to be applied on the conductor.
Ques 26. The power factor of industrial loads is generally
1. Unity
2. Lagging
3. Leading
4. Any of the above
Hide Explanation
Answer . 1. Lagging
Explanation:
Generally industrial loads include inductive motor coil,

 Industrial wiring systems are very inductive because they contain many
inductive machines and circuits., such as electric motors, transformers, welding
plants, and discharge lighting.
 The inductive nature of the industrial load causes the current to lag behind the
voltage and creates a lagging power factor.
 The power factor is the percentage of current in an alternating current circuit
that can be used as energy for the intended purpose. A power factor of say 0.7
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indicates that 70% of the current supplied is usefully employed by the industrial
equipment.
 An inductive circuit, such as that produced by an electric motor, induces an
electromagnetic force that opposes the applied voltage and causes the current
wave to lag the voltage wave, therefore, they have lagging power factor.
Ques 27. The material generally used for the armour of high voltage cables is
1. Copper
2. Brass
3. Aluminum
4. Steel
Hide Explanation

Answer .4. Steel

Explanation:
 Steel wire armored cable, commonly abbreviated as SWA, is a hard-wearing
power cable designed for the supply of mains electricity.
 It is one of a number of armored electrical cables – which include 11 kV Cable
and 33 kV Cable – and is found in underground systems, power networks, and
cable ducting.
 Armour Steel wire armor provides mechanical protection, which means the
cable can withstand higher stresses, be buried directly, and used in external or
underground projects.

Ques 28. In transmission lines, the cross-arms are made of

1. Steel
2. Wood
3. R.C.C
4. Either Steel or Wood
Hide Explanation

Answer .4. Either Steel or Wood

Explanation:
 Cross arms are either made up of wood or steel angle sections.
 Cross arms are installed at the top of the pole for holding the insulator on which
the conductors are fastened.
 If the cross arms are fixed in the center of the pole then it is simply called cross
arms.
 If the cross arms are fixed on the side of the pole then it is termed as side cross
arms.
 For the three-phase line, U shaped Cross arms are used.
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Ques 29. Transmission line insulators are made of

1. Porcelain
2. Glass
3. Composite Polymer
4. Any of the above
Hide Explanation

Answer.4. Any of the above

Explanation:
 Insulators used for high-voltage power transmission are made from glass,
porcelain or composite polymer materials.
 Porcelain insulators are made from clay, quartz, or alumina and feldspar, and
are covered with a smooth glaze to shed water.
 Porcelain has a dielectric strength of about 4–10 kV/mm.
 Glass has higher dielectric strength, but it attracts condensation and the thick
irregular shapes needed for insulators are difficult to cast without internal
strains.

Ques 30. The material commonly used for sheaths of underground cables is
1. Lead
2. Rubber
3. Copper
4. Iron
Hide Explanation

Answer.1. Lead
Explanation:
 The insulator conductors are covered with the lead sheath. This provides
additional mechanical strength and also protects the cable from moisture.
 Note: The most common material used as the sheath in today’s cables is Poly-
Vinyl-Chloride or PVC. Earlier days, the lead was used as the sheath.
Ques 31. The spacing between phase conductors of a 220 kV line is approximately
equal to
1. 2 m
2. 3 m
3. 6 m
4. 10 m
Hide Explanation
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Answer.3. 6 m
Explanation:
According to the Electrical safety rule, the spacing between the phase conductor of
220 kV is 6m.

Ques 32. The minimum clearance between the ground and a 220 kV line is about
1. 1 m
2. 7 m
3. 10 m
4. 5 m
Hide Explanation
Answer.2. 7 m
Explanation:
According to the Electrical safety rule, the minimum clearance between the ground
and a 220 kV line is about 7m.

Ques 33. In a D.C. 3-wire distribution system, balancer fields are cross-connected in
order to
1. Boost the generated voltage
2. Equalize voltages on the positive and negative outers
3. Balance loads on both sides of the neutral
4. Make both machines run as unloaded motors
Hide Explanation

Answer.2. Equalize voltages on the positive and negative outers

Explanation:
 The purpose of the Balancer is to redress the voltage on the positive and
negative outer.
 Let us suppose P and Q are the armatures of 2 DC machines which
are connected in series across the outers and the field being cross-connected.
 Out of balance load makes the DC machine works automatically as a motor or
generator in order to compensate voltage drop or rise.
 The balancer connected to lightly load side always work as the motor while that
connected to a heavily loaded side act as the generator.
 The energy is always transferred from the lightly loaded side to heavily loaded
side.
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Ques 34. In a D.C. 3-wire distributor using balancers and having unequal loads on the
two sides
1. Balancer connected to lightly- loaded side runs as a motor
2. Balancer connected to heavily- loaded side runs as a motor
3. Both balancers run as motors
4. Both balancers run as generators
Hide Explanation
Answer.1. Balancer connected to lightly- loaded side runs as a motor
Explanation:
Check the above question i.e question number 33.

Ques 35. A uniformly-loaded D.C. distributor is fed at both ends with equal voltages.
As compared to a similar distributor fed at one end only, the drop at the middle point
is
1. One-half
2. One-third
3. One-fourth
4. Twice
Hide Explanation
Answer.3. One-fourth
Explanation: Expression of DC distributor will be explained in the theory section.

Ques 36. As compared to a 2-wire D.C. distributor, a 3-wire distributor with same
maximum voltage to earth uses only
1. 31.25 percent of copper
2. 66.7 percent of copper
3. 33.3 percent of copper
4. 125 percent of copper
Hide Explanation
Answer.3. 33.3 percent of copper
Explanation: Expression of DC distributor will be explained in theory section.

Ques 37. For an overhead line, the surge impedance is taken as

1. 20-30 ohms
2. 400 – 600 ohms
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3. 70—80 ohms
4. 100—200 ohms
Hide Explanation

Answer.2. 400 – 600 ohms

Explanation:
Surge Impedance
 In power system, the characteristic impedance is sometimes referred to as surge
impedance.
 It is defined as the √Z/Y where
Z = series impedance of line
Y = shunt admittance of the line
 For a lossless line, the surge impedance reduces to √(L/C) a pure resistance.
 Its value is normally 400 to 600 ohms for an overhead line while for
underground cable its value is typically between 40 to 60 ohms.

Ques 38. The presence of ozone due to corona is harmful because it

1. Corrodes the material
2. Transfer energy to the ground
3. Gives odor
4. Any of the above
Hide Explanation

Answer.1. Corrodes the material

Explanation:
 Corona discharge is the ionization of air molecules due to high electrical
potentials. The ionization process creates a plasma which we call corona
discharge.
 The high energy ions that create this effect can rapidly deteriorate power
systems equipment.
 Corona discharge typically occurs at (non-smooth) surfaces because at these
points the electric field is the highest.

Ques 39. The power transmitted will be maximum when

1. Corona losses are minimum
2. Receiving end voltage is high
3. Reactance is high
4. Sending end voltage is high
Hide Explanation
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Answer.4. Sending end voltage is high

Explanation:
 In case if the sending end voltage is not more than the receiving end voltage
then the current start flowing in reverse direction i.e from receiving end to
sending end this phenomenon is called as the Ferranti effect.
 This occurs when the line is energized, but there is a very light load or the load
is disconnected.

Ques 40. A 3-phase 4 wire system is commonly used on

1. Primary transmission
2. Secondary transmission
3. Primary distribution
4. Secondary distribution
Hide Explanation

Answer.4. Secondary distribution

Explanation:
 At the local distribution centres, there are step-down distribution transformers.
 The voltage level of 6.6 kV and 11 kV are further step-down to 400 V for an
industrial region and 240 V to domestic or household region.
 This uses 3 phase 4 wire system and the voltage between any two lines is 400
Volt and the voltage between any of the three-line and neutral is 230 V.
Ques 41. Corona discharge occurs more in
1. Humid Weather
2. Hot weather
3. Cold Weather
4. Any of the above
Hide Explanation

Answer.1. Humid Weather

Explanation:
 In humid condition, there is more water droplet in the atmosphere this water
droplet increases the electric field on the surface of the conductor hence corona
is generated.
 The high humidity decreases the breakdown strength of the air surrounding the
conductor which further decreases the intensity of the discharge.
 This electric field accelerates the free electron charge in the air surrounding the
conductor.
 This causes an avalanche which is called the corona discharge.
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Ques 42. Which of the following relays are used on long transmission lines?
1. Impedance Relay
2. Mho’s Relay
3. Differential Relay
4. Reactance Relay
Hide Explanation

Answer.2. Mho’s Relay

Explanation:
Why is Mho’s Relay used for Long Transmission Line?
 Mho relay comes in the category of the distance relay protection scheme.
 The mho type relay is most suited for long lines because there are more chances
of severe synchronizing power surges on the system.
 It does not need any additional equipment to prevent tripping during these
surges.
 The mho relay occupies the least space on an R-X diagram for a given line
section and is, therefore, least affected by abnormal system conditions except
for the line faults.
 Since the mho relay is most affected by arc resistance, it is used for long lines.

Ques 43. Which of the following relay is used for short transmission line?
1. Impedance Relay
2. Mho’s Relay
3. Differential Relay
4. Reactance Relay
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Answer.4. Reactance Relay

Explanation:
Why is Reactance Relay used for Short Transmission Line?
 In short transmission lines, the most common fault is the line to ground fault
hence reactance type relay is used because more of the line can be protected at
high speed.
 The line to ground fault also causes arcing ground and the reactance relay is
practically independent of the arc resistance which may be large as compared
with the line impedance.

Ques 44. Which of the following relay is used for the protection of a medium
transmission line?
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1. Impedance Relay
2. Mho’s Relay
3. Differential Relay
4. Reactance Relay
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Answer.1. Impedance Relay

Explanation:
Why is Impedance Relay used for Medium Transmission Line?
 The impedance relay is less affected by synchronizing power surges as
compared to reactance relay and also this relay is less affected by arc resistance
as compared with the mho relay.
 This relay only operates when the voltage/current ratio becomes less than the
given value.
 The impedance relay is, therefore, used for protecting medium length
transmission lines.

Ques 45. The steel used in steel cored conductors is usually

1. Alloy steel
2. Stainless steel
3. Mild steel
4. High-speed steel
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Answer.3. Mild steel

Explanation:
 The conductor used for overhead transmission systems generally used
galvanized mild steel core (to provide tensile strength).
 The price of mild steel is relatively low hence for laying the network of
transmission lines around the city or state it is very cost-effective.

Ques 46. Which of the following characteristics should the line supports for
transmission lines possess?
1. High mechanical strength
2. Longer life
3. Low cost
4. All of the above
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Answer.4. All of the above

Explanation:
 Whether the transmission line is short, medium, or long it should have high
mechanical strength, long life, and low cost.

Ques 47. Which of the following voltage regulations is considered best?

1. 10%
2. 20%
3. 100%
4. 4%
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Answer.4. 4%
Explanation:
 In electrical engineering, particularly power engineering, voltage regulation is a
measure of the change in the voltage magnitude between the sending and
receiving end of a component, such as a transmission or distribution line.
 Voltage regulation describes the ability of a system to provide near-constant
voltage over a wide range of load conditions.
 A 4% voltage regulation will mean that when loaded, the voltage will fluctuate
4% according to its rated voltage.
 Means if you have a source with 240V on no-load it might drop to 236V when
supplying to a load.
 The lesser the number the better the voltage regulation since it stays close to
where you want it to be.

Qus 48. Skin effect is proportional to

1. Directly proportional to (Diameter of conductor)1/2
2. Inversely proportional to (Diameter of conductor)1/2
3. Directly proportional to (Diameter of conductor)2
4. Inversely proportional to (Diameter of conductor)2
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Answer.3. Directly proportional to (Diameter of conductor)2

Explanation:
Why is the skin effect proportional to the diameter of the conductor?
 In skin effect the eddy current causes the electron to be repelled towards the
outermost surface of the conductor.
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 Repelling the electron towards the outer surface of the conductor increase the
conductor resistance.
 The resistance of a conductor is defined as the resistivity of the conductor
multiplied by the length of the conductor, divided by the cross-sectional area.
R=ρl/a ………1
 For the cross-sectional area of a conductor:
a = πr2
since the diameter of a conductor is twice its radius, we can write
a = π(D/2)2
 Putting the value of a in equation number 1 we get
R=ρlπ/(D/2)2
 Thus the resistance of the conductor (R) would increase with a decrease of the
diameter (D).
 Skin effect is inversely proportional to the skin depth
skin depth = 1/√(πfµσ)
therefore skin effect ∝ √(πfµσ)
 Hence skin effect is directly proportional to the (Diameter of the conductor) 2

Ques 49. A conductor, due to sag between two supports, takes the form of
1. Catenary
2. Semi-circle
3. Triangle
4. Ellipse
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Answer.1. Catenary
Explanation:
 A catenary is a curve that an idealized hanging chain or cable assumes under its
own weight when supported only at its ends.
 The catenary curve has a U-like shape, superficially similar in appearance to a
parabola, but it is not a parabola.

Ques 50. By which of the following methods string efficiency can be improved?
1. Using long cross arm
2. Grading the insulator
3. Using a guard ring
4. Any of the above
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Answer.4. Any of the above

Explanation:
 The ratio of voltage across the whole string to the product of the number of
discs and the voltage across the disc nearest to the conductor is known as string
efficiency.
 String efficiency can be increased by the following method:
1. By using longer cross-arms: To increase the string efficiency we can
increase the arm length so that the ratio of shunt capacitance to mutual
capacitance decreases thereby increasing the string efficiency.
2. By grading the insulators: By grading the insulator the unit nearest the cross
arm should have the minimum capacitance (maximum capacitive reactance)
and as we go towards the power conductor the capacitance should increase.
Since the voltage is inversely proportional to capacitance, this method tends
to equalize the potential distribution across the units in the string.
3. By using a guard ring: Guard Ring is a metal ring that is electrically
connected to the conductor and surrounding the bottom insulator. Since
identical units are being used their mutual capacities are equal. Similarly,
the ground capacitances are equal. The design of the ring should be such
that this gives rise to the capacitances which will cancel exactly the
charging current in that particular section.