Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol.

8, 213241, 2008

ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD FROM A VERTICAL

ELECTRIC DIPOLE IN A FOUR-LAYERED REGION

L. Liu and K. Li
The Electromagnetics Academy
Zhejiang University
Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China

W. Y. Pan
China Research Institute of Radiowave Propagation
19 Qingda 1 Road, Qindao, Shandong 266071, China

AbstractIn this paper, the region of interest consists of a

perfect conductor, coated with the two layer dielectrics under the
air. The completed analytical formulas have been derived for the
electromagnetic eld due to a vertical electric dipole in the four-layered
region when both the source point and observation point are located
in the upper dielectric layer. Similar to the three-layered case, the
trapped surface wave, which is contributed by the sums of residues of
the poles, can also be excited eciently by a vertical electric dipole
in the four-layered region. The lateral wave is determined by the
integrations along the branch cuts.

1. INTRODUCTION

The electromagnetic eld of a dipole source in a layered region has

been visited by many investigators in the past decades [135]. In
the pioneering works by Wait [15], the Sommerfeld integrals for the
electromagnetic eld in the layered region were evaluated by using
asymptotic methods, contour integration, and branch cuts. Further
developments were carried out by other pioneers. In particular, the
electromagnetic elds due to horizontal and vertical electric dipoles in
the two- and three-layered media were treated by King et al. [813].
Lately, in a series of works by Li et al. [2022], the dyadic Greens
function technique is applied to examine the electromagnetic eld in a
four-layered forest environment.
214 Liu, Li, and Pan

In 1990s, Wait [14] and Mahmoud [16] wrote comments on

the work by King and Sandler [15] and regarded that the trapped
surface wave, varying as 1/2 in the far-eld region, should not be
overlooked at three-layered case. In the 2004 Collins paper [27], the
analysis supports the conclusions reached by Wait and Mahmoud.
Lately, several investigators have revisited the old problem and drawn
conclusions that the trapped surface wave, which is determined by
the sums of residues of the poles, can be excited eciently by a
dipole source in the presence of a three-layered region [3134]. It is
concluded, naturally, that the trapped surface wave can also be excited
eciently by a dipole source in the four-layered region. In the available
references [3134], the term being contributed by the sums of residues
of the poles, is named the surface wave, and the electromagnetic eld
of a point source in a multi-layered region is examined in detail.
In the former paper [36], the complete formulas are derived for the
electromagnetic eld of a vertical electric dipole in the presence of a
four-layered region. However, when both dipole source and observation
point are located in the second layer, because of multi-refection, the
problem becomes more complex. In what follows, we will attempt to
derive the completed formulas of the electromagnetic eld generated
by a vertical electric dipole in the four-layered region. The region
of interest consists of a perfect conductor, coated with the two layer
dielectrics under the air and both the source point and observation
point are located in the upper dielectric layer. In Section 2, the
integrated formulas of the electromagnetic eld are derived by using
Fourier transform technique. In Section 3, both the trapped surface
wave and the lateral wave are evaluated. It is noted that the trapped
surface wave and the lateral wave are determined by the residues of
the poles and the integrations of the branch cuts, respectively. In
Section 4, computations and discussions are carried out. It is concluded
that the far eld is determined primarily by the trapped surface wave
in the four-layered region when both the the dipole point and the
observation point are on or near the boundary between Regions 1 and
2. In Section 5, some conclusions are drawn.

2. THE INTEGRATED FORMULAS FOR THE

ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD BY USING FOURIER
TRANSFORM TECHNIQUE

The relevant geometry and Cartesian coordinate system are illustrated

in Fig. 1, where a vertical electric dipole in the z direction is located
at (0, 0, d). The space above the two-layered dielectrics is Region 0
(z h) occupied by the air. The upper dielectric layer is Region 1
Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 8, 2008 215

z
Region 0: k 0

( , , z)

h Vertical electric
Region 1: k 1
dipole at (0, 0, d)

x, y
0

l Region 2: k 2

Region 3: k 3

Figure 1. Geometry of a vertical electric dipole in the four-layered

region.

(0 z h) characterized by the permeability 0 and permittivity 1 .

The lower dielectric layer is Region 2 (l z 0) characterized by the
permeability 0 and 2 . The rest space is Region 3 (z l) occupied
by a perfect conductor or a dielectric characterized by the permeability
0 and permittivity 3 . With the time dependence of eit , Maxwell
equations can be written as follows:
 Ej = iBj (1)
kj2 Ej
 Bj = i + 0 J (2)

where

kj = 0 j ; j = 0, 1, 2, 3 (3)
J = zIdl(x)(y)(z d) (4)
is the externally maintained current in the active dipole.
The integrated formulas of the eld in the four-layered region may
be derived by using Fourier transform technique. Let
 
1 
E(x, y, z) = ei(x+y) E(, , z)dd. (5)
(2)2

Similar transforms apply to B and J. Then, it follows that

 
d 1x = i0 (z d)
+ 12 B (6)
dz 2
216 Liu, Li, and Pan
 
d jx = 0
+ j2 B (7)
dz 2

where j = kj2 2 2 , j = 0, 1, 2, 3 and Imj 0. The rest ve
jx .
components can be expressed in terms of B
jy
B jx
B
jx = i
E =i 2 (8)
2
kj z kj z
B jx
jy = i
E (9)
kj2 z
 
jz d 2 
E = + kj Bjx (10)
kj2 dz 2
jy 
B = B jx (11)

jz = 0.
B (12)
Because the dipole source is in Region 1, the solutions for the four
layers can be written as
0x = C3 ei0 z
B (13)
1x 0 i1 |zd|
B = C1 ei1 z + C2 ei1 z e (14)
21
2x = C4 ei2 z + C5 ei2 z
B (15)
3x = C6 ei3 z .
B (16)
The boundary conditions for the components B jx and E
jy lead to the
following equations.
0 i1 (hd)
C1 ei1 h + C2 ei1 h e = C3 ei0 h (17)
21
 
1 0 i1 (hd) 0
2 C1 ei1 h C2 ei1 h e = 2 C3 ei0 h (18)
k1 21 k0
0 i1 d
C1 + C2 e = C4 + C5 (19)
21
 
1 0 i1 d 2
2 C1 C2 + e = (C4 C5 ) (20)
k1 21 k22
C4 ei2 l + C5 ei2 l = C6 ei3 l (21)

3
C4 ei2 l C5 ei2 l 2 = C6 ei3 l 2 .
2
(22)
k2 k3
Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 8, 2008 217

With (21) and (22), we have

2 i2 l

3 i2 l

C4 e C5 ei2 l
= C4 e + C5 ei2 l
(23)
k22 k32
then,
2 3
2 2
k k3
C4 ei2 l = 22 i2 l
3 C5 e . (24)
+
k22 k32
With (17) and (18), we have
 
1 0 i1 (hd)
C1 ei1 h C2 ei1 h e
k12 21
 
0 0 i1 (hd)
= 2 C1 ei1 h + C2 ei1 h e (25)
k0 21
     
0 1 1 0 1 0 0 i1 (hd)
2 + 2 C2 ei1 h = 2 2 C1 ei1 h 2 2 e . (26)
k0 k1 k1 k0 k1 k0 21
Multiplying ei2 l to both sides of (19) leads to
 
0 i1 d i2 l

C1 +C2 e e = C4 ei2 l + C5 ei2 l

21
3
2

k22 k32 i2 l i2 l
=
2 3 e +e
C5 .
(27)
+
k22 k32
Similarly, multiplying ei2 l to both sides of (20) yields to
 
1 0 i1 d i2 l 2 i2 l i2 l

C1 C2 + e e = C4 e C5 e
k12 21 k22
3
2

2 k22 k32 i2 l i2 l
= 2 e e C5 . (28)
k2 2 + 3
k22 k32

From (27) and (28), it follows that

     
1 0 i1 d 2 3 2 3
2 C1 C2 + e 2 2 ei2 l + 2 + 2 ei2 l
k1 21 k k3 k k
   2   2 3 
2 0 i1 d 2 3 i2 l 2 3 i2 l
= 2 C1 +C2 e e 2+ 2 e . (29)
k2 21 k22 k32 k2 k3
218 Liu, Li, and Pan

Then, we write
 
1 3 1 k22 3 2
C1 i tan 2 l + 2 i 2 tan 2 l
k12 k32 k12 2 k3 k2
 
0 i1 d 1 3 1 k22 2 3
+ e 2 i 2 2 tan 2 l + i 2 tan 2 l 2
21 k1 k3 k1 2 k2 k3
 
1 3 1 k 2 2 3
= C2 2 i 2 2 2 tan 2 l + i 2 tan 2 l 2 . (30)
k1 k3 k1 2 k2 k3

In this paper, the case of interest is that Region 3 is a perfect conductor.

We assume
 
1 3 1 k22 1
m = lim 2 i 2 2 tan 2 l = 2 (31)
k3 k1 k3 k1 2 k1
 
3 2 2
n = lim 2 i 2 tan 2 l = i 2 tan 2 l (32)
k3 k3 k2 k2

(30) can be rewritten as

0 i1 d
C1 (m + n) + e (m n) = C2 (m n) (33)
21
     
1 0 i1 h 1 0 0 i1 (hd) 1 0
e C1 2 2 e = 2 + 2 ei1 h C2 . (34)
k12 k02 k1 k0 21 k1 k0
With (33) and (34), it is obtained readily.
0
C1 = Q (35)
21
where
(m n)
Q =    
0 1 1 0
m 2 + n 2 i tan 1 h m 2 + n 2
k0 k1 k k0
  1  
1 0 1 0
2 cos 1 d + i 2 sin 1 d + sin 1 d i cos 1 d tan 1 h .
k1 k0 k12 k02
(36)
Similarly,
0 i1 2h
C2 = e P (37)
21
Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 8, 2008 219

where
  
1 0
2 2 (m cos 1 d in sin 1 d) (1 i tan 1 h)
k k
P = 1  0     . (38)
0 1 1 0
m i tan 1 h + n i tan 1 h
k02 k12 k12 k02
Then, we have
1x = 0 i1 z 0 i21 h i1 z 0 i1 |zd|
B Qe e Pe e
21 21 21
0  i1 z 
= Qe + P ei1 (2hz) + ei1 |zd| . (39)
21
From the relations in (8)(12), we have

1y = 0  i1 z 
B Qe + P ei1 (2hz) + ei1 |zd| (40)
21
1z = 0
B (41)
 
1x = 0 Qei1 z P ei1 (2hz) ei1 |zd|
E (42)
2k12
 
1y = E
E 1x = 0 Qei1 z P ei1 (2hz) ei1 |zd| (43)
2
2k1
 
 d 2 1x
E1z = + k1 B
k12 dz 2
0 2  i1 z 
= 2 Qe + P ei1 (2hz) + ei1 |zd| . (44)
21 k1
It is now convenient to express the eld components in the cylindrical
coordinates , , z with the relations
x = cos , y = sin (45)
= cos  , = sin  (46)
and the integrated representations of the Bessel functions, viz.,
 2
in
Jn () = ei( cos +n) d. (47)
2 0

From (39)(44), using the Fourier integrals like (5) and the following
relations
E1 = E1x cos + E1y sin (48)
B1 = B1x sin + B1y cos (49)
220 Liu, Li, and Pan

the eld components in Region 1 may be written as follows:

 
i0 i1 |zd| 2
E1 = e J1 ()d Qei1 z 2 J1 ()d
4k12 0 0
 
i1 (2hz) 2
+ Pe J0 ()d (50)
0
 
0
i1 |zd| 1
E1z = 2 e 3
1 J0 () d+ Qei1 z 11J0 ()3 d
4k1 0 0
 
+ P ei1 (2hz) 11 J0 ()3 d (51)
0
 
i0
B1 = ei1 |zd| 2 11 J1 ()d + Qei1 z 2 11 J1 ()d
4 0 0
 
+ P ei1 (2hz) 2 11 J1 ()d (52)
0

where the upper sign in (50) is for the region z d, and the lower
sign for 0 z d. In order to see useful physical insights, and
(1) (2)
taking into account the relationship Hn () = Hn ()(1)n+1 , it
is convenient to rewrite the integrated formulas in the following forms.
(1) (2) (3)
E1 = E1 + E1 + E1 (53)
(1) (2) (3)
E1z = E1z + E1z + E1z (54)
(1) (2) (3)
B1 = B1 + B1 + B1 (55)

where


i
ei1 |zd| H1 ()2 d
(1) (1)
E1 = (56)
81

(2) i (1)
E1 = Qei1 z H1 ()2 d (57)
81

(3) i (1)
E1 = P ei1 (2hz) H1 ()2 d (58)
81

1
ei1 |zd| 11 H0 ()3 d
(1) (1)
E1z = (59)
81

1
Qei1 z 11 H0 ()3 d
(2) (1)
E1z = (60)
81

1
P ei1 (2hz) 11 H0 ()3 d
(3) (1)
E1z = (61)
81
Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 8, 2008 221

(1) i0 i1 |zd| 1 (1)
B1 = e 1 H1 ()2 d (62)
8

i0
Qei1 z 11 H1 ()2 d
(2) (1)
B1 = (63)
8

i0
P ei1 (2hz) 11 H1 ()2 d.
(3) (1)
B1 = (64)
8
It is seen that (56), (59), and (62) stand for the direct wave, which have
been evaluated in the monograph by King, Owens, and Wu [8]. When
k0 = k1 , the above formulas can be reduced to those for three-layered
case addressed in [29]. Obviously, the above integrals including the
(1)
Bessel functions Ji () or Hi () (i = 0, 1) with high oscillatory,
these integrals converge very slowly. It is necessary to evaluate the
above integrals including Q and P by using analytical techniques.

3. EVALUATIONS FOR THE INTEGRALS

(2) (3) (2) (3) (2)
In order to evaluate the six integrals E1 , E1 , E1z , E1z , B1 , and
(3)
B1 , it is necessary to shift the contour around the branch lines at
= k0 , = k1 , and = k2 . The conguration of the poles and the
branch cuts is shown in Fig. 2. The main tasks in this section are to
determine the poles and to evaluate the integrations along the branch
cuts 0 , 1 , and 2 .
The pole equation reads in the following form.
1 0 2 1
f () = 2 2 i 2 tan 2 l 2
k1 k0 k2 k1
 
12 0 2
i 4 tan 1 h i 2 2 tan 2 l tan 1 h = 0. (65)
k1 k0 k2

Comparing with the corresponding three-layered case as addressed

in [29], the pole equation becomes more complex. It will be analyzed
in the following four cases.
In the rst case of positive real with < k0 , then 0 , 1 , and 2
are positive real numbers. Then, we have
 
1 0 0 2 1 2 2
2 2 2 2 tan 2 l tan 1 h i 2 2 tan 2 l + 14 tan 1 h = 0. (66)
k1 k0 k0 k2 k1 k2 k1

Obviously, no pole exists in the interval < k0 .

222 Liu, Li, and Pan

Im ( )

0 1 2

Re ( )
0
*1 *2
k0 k1 k2

Figure 2. The conguration of the poles and the branch cuts.


In the second case with k0 < < k1 , 0 = i 2 k02 = i0 , 0 ,
1 , and 2 are positive real numbers. Then, we obtain

1 0 1 2 tan 2 l 0 2 tan 2 l tan 1 h 12 tan 1 h

2 2 = 0. (67)
k0 k1 k12 k22 k02 k22 k14

The poles can be determined by (67). 

In the third case with k1 < < k2 , i = i 2 ki2 = ii
(i = 0, 1). 0 , 1 , and 2 are positive real numbers. Then, we get

1 0 1 2 tan 2 l 0 2 1 2
2 2+ + 2 2 tan 2 l tanh 1 h 4 tanh 1 h = 0. (68)

k1 k0 k12 k22 k0 k2 k1

The poles can be determined by (68). 

In the fourth case with > k2 , i = i 2 ki2 = ii (i = 0, 1, 2).
0 , 1 , and 2 are positive real numbers. Then, we write

      2
21 02 21 22 tanh 2 l 02 22 tanh 2 l tanh 1 h 41 tanh 1 h = 0.(69)
k1 k0 k1 k2 k0 k2 k1

From (69), it is found that no pole existed in the interval > k2 .

Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 8, 2008 223

From the above analysis, it is concluded that the poles may exist in
the intervals k0 < j < k2 , which can be determined by using Newton
(2) (3)
method as addressed in [29]. Then, the integrals E1z and E1z can be
expressed as follows:
0   i1j
Q (j )e z H1 (j ) 2
(2) (1)
E1 =
4k12 j

i (1)
+ Qei1 z H0 ()2 d (70)
81 0 +1 +2
0 
P (j )ei1j z H1 (j ) 2
(3) (1)
E1 = 2
4k1 j

1 (1)
P ei1 (2hz) H0 ()2 d. (71)
81 0 +1 +2

where
  
1j 1j
Q(j )
1j
= n cos 1j d + 2 tan 1j h sin 1j d
k12 k12 k1

0j
0j
i 2 tan 1j h cos 1j d + i 2 sin 1j d /q  ( ) (72)
k k0
 0  
1j
0j 1j

cos 1j din sin 1j d 1i tan 1j h
k12 k02 k12
P (j ) = (73)
q  (j )
1 2 0 1 n 1 0
q() = i 4 tan 1 h i 2 n tan 1 h + 2 + 2 2 (74)
k1 k0 k1 k1 k0

i

q  () = 2 tan 1 h + h 1 sec 2
1 h
k14

1 2 0
+ 2 2 tan 2 l tan 1 h + tan 2 l tan 1 h
k0 k2 0 2

0 2 h
+0 l sec2 2 l tan 1 h + tan 2 l sec2 1 h
1
 
1 2 tan 2 l 1 2
+i 2 2 + tan 2 l + 1 l sec 2 l
k1 k2 1 2
 
1 0 1
2 2 + (75)
k1 k0 1 0


ij = ki2 j 2 , i = 0, 1 (76)
224 Liu, Li, and Pan

2
n = i tan 2 l. (77)
k22
Because both the integrands P () and Q() are even functions of
2 , the integrals in (70) and (71) along the branch cut 2 are zero.
Next, we will evaluate the integrals in (70) and (71) along the branch
cuts 1 and 0 .
Taking into account the conditions of k1
1 and (z+d)  , the
dominant contribution of the integral along the branch line 1 comes
from the vicinity of k1 . Let = k1 (1 + i 2 ), 0 , 1 , and 2 at the
vicinity of k0 can be approximated as follows:
 
01 = k02 2 i k12 k02 (78)
 3
11 = k12 2 2k1 ei 4 (79)
 
21 = k22 2 k22 k02 . (80)

Considering the case of interest that both h and d are not very large,
we arrive at the following expressions.
cos 11 d 1; tan 11 h 11 h; sin 11 d 11 d. (81)
Substituting (81) into (36), and neglecting the high-order terms of 11 ,
we have
 
  1 i01 01 3

ik1 k22 k12 tan k22 k12 l 2 + 2 di 2 h 2ei 4

Q = + 2 i 3 k1 k0 k0

2k2 e 4 01 n1 01
k1 i 2 n1 h + 2 + 2 2
k0 k1 k1 k0
(82)
where

k22 k12 
n1 = i tan k22 k12 l. (83)
k22
Let
 
ik1 k22 k12 tan k22 k12 l
Apk1 = 2 i 3 (84)
2k2 e 4
 
1 i01 01 3
+ 2 di 2 h 2ei 4
k12 k0 k0
Bpk1 =   (85)
01 n1 01
k1 i 2 n1 h + 2 + 2 2
k0 k1 k0 k1
Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 8, 2008 225

then, we write

i (1)
Qei1 z H1 ()2 d
81 1
 
i0 3
2 i(k1 3 ) k1 2 2
i 2k1 ei 4 z
= Qe e 4 e k1 i2k1 d
8k12 k1


k1 z 2
0 k1 2 i k1 3
4
+ 2
= e ( + Apk1 )
4 k1
3

2
k1 i ei 4 z
Bpk1 e 2
d. (86)

Considering the condition

z, we nd
k1 z 2
ik1 +i 2 +z 2
e 2 e ik1
. (87)
3
With the changes of the variable = t + i z2 ei 4 , we have

i (1)
Qei1 z H1 ()2 d
81 1

  
0 k1 2 i k1 2 +z 2 + 4 z 3
= e Bpk1 t + i ei 4
4 k1 2
 
z
t + i ei 4 + Apk1 ek1 t dt
3 2

2

  
0 i k1 2 +z 2 + 4 1 z2 z i 3
= e Bpk1 +i + Apk1 e 4 .
2 2 k1 22 2
(88)

Similarly, we have
       
11 01 11 11 01 1
2 2 2 in1 11 d 2 2 in1 d
k1 k0 k1 k1 k0 k12
P = 01 11 n1 11 01 = 01 n1 01
i 2 n1 11 h + 2 + 2 2 i 2 n1 h + 2 + 2 2
k0 k1 k1 k0 k0 k1 k1 k0
i 3  1 
 3  2e 4 in1 d
01 k1 ei 4 k12
=  . (89)
2 01 n1 01
k1 i 2 n1 h + 2 + 2 2
k0 k1 k0 k1
226 Liu, Li, and Pan

Let
01 k1 ei 4
3

Aqk1 = 2 (90)
2k0
i 3  1 
2e 4 in1 d
k12
Bqk1 =  . (91)
01 n1 01
k1 i 2 n1 h + 2 + 2 2
k0 k1 k0 k1
With the similar procedures, it is obtained readily.

i (1)
P ei1 (2hz) H1 ()2 d
81 1
0 ik1 2 +(2hz)2 + 4 
= e Bqk1
2 2
  
1 z2 z 3
+i 2
+ Aqk1 ei 4 . (92)
k1 2 2
In the next step, we consider the branch cut 0 . Let
  
 2 
k 10 20
tan l + 10
tan h 
 0 20 10 
 k12 k22 k14 
Apk0 
=     (93)
 10 20 tan 10 h tan 20 l 
 2 
 k12 k22 
 
10
k0 ei
3
4 n0
k12
 10 2
Bpk0 =
2 in0 tan 10 h
k12
 
10 10
2 cos 10 d + 2 tan 10 h sin 10 d
k1 k1
 
10
in0 tan 10 h i(sin 10 d tan 10 h cos 10 d)
k12
 
10 2
2 n0 i 10 tan 10 h (94)
k1 k14


10 = k12 k02 ; (95)

20 = k22 k02 ; (96)
Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 8, 2008 227
20
n0 = i tan 20 l. (97)
k22
Then, we write
 
10
i(sin 10 dtan 10 h cos 10 d) n0
k12 Bpk0
Q= 10 + (98)
in0 tan 10 h Apk0
k12

i (1)
Qei1 z H1 ()2 d
81 0
 
i0 i10 z i(k0 3 ) 2 Bpk0
2ik03 ek0
2
= e e 4 d
8k12 k0 Apk0 ei
3
4

0 k03 i(10 z+k0 3 ) 2
= e 4 Bpk0
4k12 k0

2 
 Apk0 ei
3
4
k0 2
+
d .
2 e
(99)
k0
Apk0 e2 i 3
4

In terms of the variable t = k0 , and use is made of the formula
(pp.609) in [37], the result becomes

i (1)
Qei1 z H1 ()2 d
81 0

0 k03 i(10 z+k0 3 ) 2
= e 4 Bpk0
4k12 k0

  3
Apk0 ei 4
3
k0 Apk0 ei 4 

+

3 2
dt
k0 t2 k0 Apk0 ei 4

0 k03 i(10 z+k0 3 ) 2
= e 4 Bpk0
4k12 k0



i 5
+k0 A2pk
+ Apk0 erfc ei 4 k0 Apk0 e 4 0
. (100)
k0
Similarly, it is also obtained readily.

i (1) 0 k03 i[10 (2hz)+k0 3 ]
P ei1 (2hz) H1 ()2 d = e 4
81 0 4k12
228 Liu, Li, and Pan
 

2 
i 5
+k0 A2qk
Bqk0 +Aqk0 erfc ei 4 k0 Aqk0 e 4 0
(101)
k0 k0

where
  
 2
10 20 tan 20 l 10 
k + tan h 
 0 10 
 k22 k12 k14 
Aqk0 
=     (102)
 10 20
 2 2 tan 10 h tan 20 l 
 k12 k2 
 
10
Bqk0 = k0 ei
3
4 cos 10 d in0 sin 10 d (1 i tan 10 h)
k12
2
10 10 10 2
10
i n 0 tan 10 h + n 0 i tan 10 h
k14 k12 k12 k14

 10 2 . (103)
2 in0 tan 10 h
k12

Substituting (88) and (100) into (70), we write

i k1 2 +z 2 + 4
0  0 e
Q(j )ei1j z H0 (j )j 2 +
(2) (1)
E1 = 2

4k1 j 2 2
  
1 z2 z 3
Bpk1 +i 2
+ Apk1 ei 4
k1 2 2
 
0 k03 i(10 z+k0 3 ) 2
e 4 Bpk0
4k12 k0 k0


i 3 ik0 A2pk i 4
+iApk0 e 4e 0 erfc e k0 Apk0 . (104)

Similarly, Substituting (92) and (101) into (71), we write

 
 i k1 2 +(2hz)2 + 4
e
P (j )ei1j z H0 (j )j 2
(3) 0 (1) 0
E1 =
4k12 j 2 2
  
1 z2 z 3
Bqk1 +i 2
+ Aqk1 ei 4
k1 2 2

0 k03 i[10 (2hz)+k0 3 ] 2
+ e 4 Bqk0
4k12 k0
Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 8, 2008 229



i 5
+k0 A2qk
+ Aqk0 erfc ei 4 k0 Aqk0 e 4 0
. (105)
k0
Considering the contributions of the residues of the poles and those
(2) (3) (2)
of the integrations of the branch cuts, the integrals E1z , E1z , B1 ,
(3)
and B1 can be expressed as follows:
0 
1
Q(j )ei1j z H0 (j )j 3 1j
(2) (1)
E1z = i 2
4k1 j

1
Qei1 z 11 H0 ()3 d
(1)
(106)
81 0 +1 +2
0 
1
P (j )ei1j z H0 (j )j 3 1j
(3) (1)
E1z = i 2
4k1 j

1
P ei1 (2hz) 11 H0 ()3 d (107)
(1)

81 0 +1 +2
0 
1
Q(j )ei1j z H1 (j )j 2 1j
(2) (1)
B1 =
4 j

i0
Qei1 z 11 H1 ()2 d
(1)
+ (108)
8 0 +1 +2
0 
1
P (j )ei1j (2hz) H1 (j )j 2 1j
(3) (1)
B1 =
4 j

i0
P ei1 (2hz) 11 H1 ()2 d.
(1)
+ (109)
8 0 +1 +2

Because the evaluations of the integrals in (106)(109) along the branch

cut 2 are zero, it is necessary to evaluate the integrations along the
branch cuts 1 and 0 .
Following the similar procedures, we arrive at the following
expression.

i0 (1)() 2 1 i0 k12
Qei1 z H1 1 d =
8 1 8
 
i 3 2 i(k1 3 ) k1 2 2ik1
Qeik1 2e 4 z
e 4 e 3 d
k1 2k1 ei 4
 
i0 k12 1 ik1 2 +z 2 iz i
k1 ( e
3
4 )2
= e Qe 2 d. (110)
4 k1
230 Liu, Li, and Pan

where
n1 k1 ei 4
3

Apk1 = (111)
2
i 3  1 01 01

2e 4 +i 2 di 2 h
k12 k0 k0
Bpk1 =   (112)
n1 01 01
k1 + 2 2 i 2 n1 h
k12 k1 k0 k0
5
With the change of the variable t = z ei 4 ,
2
it becomes
 
i0 (1)() 2 1 i0 k12 1 ik1 2 +z 2
Qei1 z H1 1 d = e
8 1 4 k1
  
z
t + ei 4 Apk1 Bpk1 ek1 t dt
5 2

2
 
i0 k1 z i 5
2 2
= Bpk1 e 4 Apk1 eik1 +z . (113)
4 2
Obviously, we can also get

1 1
(1)
dQei1 z H0 ()3 01
81 1
 
i0 z 5

2 2
= Bpk1 ei 4 Apk1 eik1 +z . (114)
4 2
The integrals including the factor P in (107) and (109) along the
branch cut 1 can be evaluated readily. They are

i0
P ei1 (2hz) H1 ()2 11 d
(1)
8 1
 
i0 k1 z i 5 2 2
= Bqk1 e 4 Aqk1 eik1 +(2hz) (115)
4 2

1
dP ei1 (2hz) H0 ()3 11
(1)

81 1
 
i0 z i 5 2 2
= Bqk1 e 4 Aqk1 eik1 +(2hz) (116)
4 2
where
01 k1 ei
3
4
Aqk1 = (117)
k02 2
Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 8, 2008 231
 
1 3
2ei in1 d
4
k12
Bqk1 =  . (118)
01 n1 01
k1 i 2 n1 h + 2 + 2 2
k0 k1 k1 k0
With a similar manner in the evaluations of the integrals (70) and
(71) along the branch cut 0 , we can obtain

i0
Qei1 z H1 ()2 11 d
(1)
8 0

0 k03 i(10 z+k0 3 ) 1 2
= e 4
10 Bpk0
4 k0



i 5
+k0 A2pk
+ Apk0 erfc ei 4 k0 Apk0 e 4 0
(119)
k0

i0
P ei1 (2hz) H1 ()2 11 d
(1)
8 0

0 k03 1 i[10 (2hz)+k0 3 ] 2
= e 4 Bqk0
4 10 k0



i 5
+k0 A2qk
+ Aqk0 erfc ei 4 k0 Aqk0 e 4 0
(120)
k0

1
Qei1 z H0 ()3 11 d
(1)

81 0

1
0 k04 10 3 2
= ei(10 z+k0 4 ) Bpk0
4k12 k0



i 5
+k0 A2pk
+ Apk0 erfc ei 4 k0 Apk0 e 4 0
(121)
k0

1
P ei1 (2hz) H0 ()3 11 d
(1)

81 0

0 k04 1 i[10 (2hz)+k0 3 ] 2
= e 4 Bqk0
4k12 10 k0



i 5
+k0 A2qk
+ Aqk0 erfc ei 4 k0 Aqk0 e 4 0
. (122)
k0
Here, Apk0 , Aqk0 , Bpk0 , and Bqk0 are dened by (93), (102), (94),
and (103), respectively. Substituting (113)(116) and (119)(122) into
232 Liu, Li, and Pan

(106)(109), we have
0 
1
Q(j )ei1j z H0 (j )j 3 1j
(2) (1)
E1z = i 2
4k1 j
 
i0 z 5

2 2
Bpk1 ei 4 Apk1 eik1 +z
4 2

1
0 k04 10 3 2
2 ei(10 z+k0 4 ) Bpk0
4k1 k0



i 5 +k0 A2
+ Apk0 erfc ei 4 k0 Apk0 e 4 pk0
(123)
k0
0 
1
P (j )ei1j z H0 (j )j 3 1j
(3) (1)
E1z = i 2
4k1 j
 
i0 z 5
2 2
Bqk1 ei 4 Aqk1 eik1 +(2hz)
4 2

0 k04 1 i[10 (2hz)+k0 3 ] 2
+ e 4 Bqk0
4k12 10 k0



i 5
+k0 A2qk
+ Aqk0 erfc ei 4 k0 Aqk0 e 4 0
(124)
k0
0 
1
Q(j )ei1j (2hz) H1 (j )j 2 1j
(2) (1)
B1 =
4 j
 
i0 k1 z 5

2 2
+ Bpk1 ei 4 Apk1 eik1 +z
4 2

0 k03 i(10 z+k0 3 ) 1 2
e 4
10 Bpk0
4 k0



i 5
+k0 A2pk
+ Apk0 erfc ei 4 k0 Apk0 e 4 0
(125)
k0
0 
1
P (j )ei1j (2hz) H1 (j )j 2 1j
(3) (1)
B1 =
4 j
 
i0 k1 z 5
2 2
+ Bqk1 ei 4 Aqk1 eik1 +(2hz)
4 2

0 k03 1 i[10 (2hz)+k0 3 ] 2
e 4 Bqk0
4 10 k0
Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 8, 2008 233



i 5
+k0 A2qk
+Aqk0 erfc ei 4 k0 Aqk0 e 4 0
. (126)
k0
Using the above derivations and the results for the direct eld
addressed in [8], the nal completed formulas for the three components
are obtained readily. They are
   
0 ik1 0 zd ik1 3 3i
E1 (, , z) = e 3
4k1 r1 r1 r1 r1 k1 r13
(2) (3)
+E1 + E1 (127)
  2
0 ik1 r1 ik1 1 i zd
E1z (, , z) = e 2
4k1 r1 r1 k1 r13 r1
 
ik1 3 3i (2) (3)
2 3 + E1z + E1z (128)
r1 r1 k1 r
  1 
0 ik1 r1 ik1 1 (2) (3)
B1 (, , z) = e 2 + B1 + B1 . (129)
4 r1 r1 r1

4. COMPUTATIONS AND DISCUSSIONS

(2) (3)
From the expressions of the six integrals E1 in (104), E1 in (105),
(2) (3) (2) (3)
E1z in (123), E1z in (124), B1 in (125), and B1 in (126), it is
seen that the rst terms of them are the sums of residues of the poles
j . The terms, which are contributed by the sums of residues of the
poles, are named the trapped surface wave. When k1 j k2 ,

= i 2 k 2 is a positive imaginary number, that is to say,
1j j 1
i1j z
the terms of the trapped surface
 wave including the factor e will
2
attenuates exponentially as e j k1 z in the z direction when the
2

wave numbers j are between k1 and k2 . Evidently, it is also seen that

the terms of the trapped surface wave have not an attenuated factor
in the z direction when the wave numbers j are between k0 and k1 .
The wave numbers of the trapped surface wave are the poles j ,
which are determined by the operating frequency f , the thicknesses h
and l of the two dielectric layers, the relative permittivity 1r of the
upper dielectric layer, and the relative permittivity 2r of the lower
dielectric layer. The number of the poles j can not be seen directly
from the pole equation. In this paper the poles j , which are between
k0 and k2 , can be determined by using Newton method.
If assuming that both Regions 0 and 1 are occupied the air, it
is found that the factor P , which is expressed in (36), reduces to
234 Liu, Li, and Pan
3
10
The total field
The trapped surface wave
The DRL waves

2
10
|Ez| in V/m

1
10

0
10
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
in m

Figure 3. Electric eld Ez in V/m with f = 1 GHz, 1r = 2.65,

2r = 4, k1 h = 5, k2 l = 2, and z = d = 0.

zero and the problem will reduces to that of the three-layered case.
For conveniences in evaluating the integrals including the reection
coecients Q and P , in this paper the terms of the ideal reected
wave are not separated with those of the lateral wave. Obviously, the
integrations along the branch cuts 1 and 0 includes the terms of
the ideal reected wave and the lateral wave. When the conditions
k1
1 and z + d  are satised, the lateral waves with the wave
numbers being k0 and k1 can be excited eciently. Evidently, it is seen
that the lateral waves propagate in Region 0 along the boundary z = 0
and propagate in Region 1 along the boundary z = h.
In Figs. 35, for the components E1z , the total eld, the trapped
surface wave, and the DRL waves, which include the direct wave,
the reected wave, and the lateral wave, are computed and shown
in three cases of z = d = 0, k1 z = k1 d = 0.5, and k1 z = k1 d = 0.75,
respectively. In Figs. 79, the similar results for the components E1
are computed and shown, respectively. In Fig. 6, the total eld for the
component E1z is computed and shown in three cases of z = d = 0,
k1 z = k1 d = 0.5, and k1 z = k1 d = 0.75, respectively. Similar graphs
for the components E1 are shown in Fig. 10. Computations show that
there is a signicant contribution from the trapped surface wave for the
total eld in the four-layered region when both the dipole point and
the observation point are located in the upper dielectric layer under
the air.
Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 8, 2008 235
3
10
The total field
The trapped surface wave
The DRL waves

2
10
|Ez| in V/m

1
10

0
10
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
in m

Figure 4. Electric eld Ez in V/m with f = 1 GHz, 1r = 2.65,

2r = 4, k1 h = 5, k2 l = 2, and k1 z = k1 d = 0.5.

3
10
The total field
The trapped surface wave
The DRL waves

2
10
|Ez| in V/m

1
10

0
10
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
in m

Figure 5. Electric eld Ez in V/m with f = 1 GHz, 1r = 2.65,

2r = 4, k1 h = 5, k2 l = 2, and k1 z = k1 d = 0.75.
236 Liu, Li, and Pan
3
10
k1z=k1d=0
k1z=k1d=0.5
k z=k d=0.75
1 1

|Ez| in V/m

2
10

1
10
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
in m

Figure 6. The total elds Ez in V/m with f = 1 GHz, 1r = 2.65,

2r = 4, k1 h = 5, k2 l = 2 at three cases of z = d = 0, k1 z = k1 d = 0.5,
and k1 z = k1 d = 0.75.

3
10
The total field
The trapped surface wave
The DRL waves

2
10
|E | in V/m

1
10

0
10

-1
10
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
in m

Figure 7. Electric eld E in V/m with f = 1 GHz, 1r = 2.65,

2r = 4, k1 h = 5, k2 l = 2, and z = d = 0.
Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 8, 2008 237
3
10
The total field
The trapped surface wave
The DRL waves

2
10
|E | in V/m

1
10

0
10

-1
10
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
in m

Figure 8. Electric eld E in V/m with f = 1 GHz, 1r = 2.65,

2r = 4, k1 h = 5, k2 l = 2, and k1 z = k1 d = 0.5.

3
10
The total field
The trapped surface wave
The DRL waves

2
10
|E | in V/m

1
10

0
10

-1
10
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
in m

Figure 9. Electric eld E in V/m with f = 1 GHz, 1r = 2.65,

2r = 4, k1 h = 5, k2 l = 2, and k1 z = k1 d = 0.75.
238 Liu, Li, and Pan

k z=k d=0
1 1
2.9 k1z=k1d=0.5
10
k z=k d=0.75
1 1

2.8
10

2.7
10
|E | in V/m

2.6
10

2.5
10

2.4
10

2.3
10

2.2
10
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
in m

Figure 10. The total elds E in V/m with f = 1 GHz, 1r = 2.65,
2r = 4, k1 h = 5, k2 l = 2 at three cases of z = d = 0, k1 z = k1 d = 0.5,
and k1 z = k1 d = 0.75.

5. CONCLUSIONS

In the above derivations and analysis, the completed formulas have

been derived for the electromagnetic eld generated by a vertical
electric dipole in the four-layered region when both the dipole point
and observation point are located in the upper dielectric layer under the
air. It is noted that the wave numbers of the trapped surface wave are
between k0 and k2 and those of the lateral wave are k0 and k1 . The
computations and discussions show that the eld components in far
regions are determined primarily by the terms of the trapped surface
waves in the four-layered region. Evidently, the results obtained can
be reduced to those for three-layered case as addressed in [29] if we
assume k0 = k1 .

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