Facial Muscle Anatomy-based Solution

for Forensic Facial Reconstruction in

Sri Lanka
University of Colombo School of Computing (UCSC)

Research Team
Group Members :

Supervisors

Anuradha.K Madugalla
Roshan. N Rajapakse
Ishari .U Amarasinghe
Vinavi .H Padmathilake

Dr. Anuja Dharmaratne

Mr. K D Sandaruwan

Dr. M.Vidanapathirana

Mass Disasters

Forensic Identification

End of Process

Problem Statement
Facial Reconstruction is not technically implemented in SriLanka due to :
Lack of Facial Tissue Thickness Data
Lack of Facial Feature Data
High Cost of Purchasable Solutions

Even the Manual Method is not implemented due to :

Requires a lot of time

Less productive
Lack of Expertise

The Objectives
To introduce a feasible
Computer based
three dimensional
facial reconstruction solution to Sri Lanka
To Conduct
Tissue Thickness Analysis
Facial Component Analysis; for the First time in Sri Lanka

Facial Reconstruction Types

Facial
Reconsturction

3D Reconstruction

2D Reconstruction

Manual
Sketch

Computer
assisted
Sketch

3D computer
graphics based
Modeling

Manual
Methods

Anthropometrical

Anotomical

Combination

Sparse
Approach

Dense
Approach

The Manual Method

1. Anthropometrical
2. Anatomical

Abate, A. et al. (2004) FACES: 3D Facial reConstruction from anciEnt Skulls using
content based image retrieval. Journal of Visual Languages and Computing, vol. 15, pp. 373-389.

3D computer graphics based Modeling

Andersson B. and Valfridsson M.(2005) Digital 3D Facial Reconstruction Based on Computed Tomography, Masters Thesis, Linkopings University
Davy et al. (2005) Computer-Graphic Facial Reconstruction:Forensic facial reconstruction using computer modelling software. Elsevier, pp.183194.

Semi-Automation
Reconstruction Method

Advantages

Disadvantages

Manual
Reconstruction

Natural looking
reconstructed face

Manual Skull models

Clay sculpting

Automated
Reconstruction

Quick skull models

Clay material not
needed

Unrealistic
Reconstructed Face

Our SolutionSemi Automated

Reconstruction

Natural looking
reconstructed face
Quick skull models
Clay material not
needed

Solution Design

Pre-requisite
Step 01
Step 02
Step 03
Step 04

: Forensic Analysis
: Acquiring the 3D model
: Placement of Landmarks
: Digitally Sculpting the Face
: Adding Facial Components

Pre Requirement: Skull Analysis

Determine
Sex
Age
Performed by
Forensic Analysts

Step 01:Skull Input

3D Scanner(Konica Minolta VIVID 910)
CT Scan (DICOM)

Step 02:Skin Depth Markers

Face Building
Studying Facial Muscle Anatomy

Step 03: Procedure of Face Creation

Step 04: Adding different Facial components/

Features
Most common Facial Features- Facial Component Analysis

The Process

3D Editing Software

Digital Sculpting Software

Analysis performed Locally

Tissue Thickness Analysis Length of Landmarks
Facial Feature Analysis - Most common Facial Features of Sri
Lankans
No data on Sri Lankans

Tissue Thickness Data Gathering Procedure

Department of Radiology at
Colombo South Teaching Hospital
Central Hospital (Pvt) Ltd
Durdans Hospital (Pvt) Ltd

Age range: From 20 to 30

Weight: Medium weight

Tissue Thickness Measuring

Different studies-different number of markers

Facial Tissue Thickness Analysis: Observations

Considerable difference between
different races
Sri Lankans have greater tissue
thicknesses at points 10, 19, 20 and
21

Hence, New Facial Tissue Thickness

data gathering is needed- Sri Lankan
Based

Facial Component Analysis

Determine the most frequent indexes within the particular age

and gender
Conducted the survey
Age: 20 30 years
Sample: 500 male & female photographs
Components: Eyes and nose

The Process

Capture
Skull

Add Markers
Tissue Thickness
Analysis

Muscle
Sculpting

Facial Feature
Analysis

Final Model

Case 01

Actual Photograph of the Deceased

Reconstructed 3D Face Model

Case 02

Actual Photograph of the Deceased

Reconstructed 3D Face Model

Case 03

CT rendered photograph of the patient

Reconstructed 3D Face Model

Case 04

CT rendered photograph of the patient

Reconstructed 3D Face Model

Qualitative
Methods

Face Pool
Comparison
Resemblance
Rating
Assessment

Evaluation
Methods
Quantitative
Methods

Photogrammetry
Analysis

Superimposition
Stephan CN and Henneberg M. Building faces from dry skulls: are they recognized above chance rates? J Forensic Sci 2001;46(3):432440.

Qualitative Methods : Face Pool Comparison

Qualitative Methods : Face Pool Comparison

Position of the Photograph

Results of Case 1
5th Person
4th Person
3rd Person
2nd Person
1st Person
0

20

40

60

80

100

Number of Votes %

http://facereconsurvey.appspot.com/

Qualitative Methods : Face Pool Comparison

Position of the Photograph

Results of Case 2
4th Person

3rd Person

2nd Person

1st Person
0

20

40

60

80

100

Number of Votes %

http://facereconsurvey2.appspot.com/

Qualitative
Methods

Face Pool
Comparison
Resemblance
Rating
Assessment

Evaluation
Methods
Quantitative
Methods

Photogrammetry
Analysis

Superimposition

Quantitative Methods : Resemblance Rating Assessment

1

Not at all Similar

Not Similar

Identifiable

Fairly Similar

Very Similar

Quantitative Methods : Resemblance Rating Assessment

Results of Case 3
4.5

Degree of Resemblance

4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
Overall Face

The Nose

The Mouth

General Shape
of the face

http://facereconsurvey3.appspot.com/

Quantitative Methods : Resemblance Rating Assessment

Results of Case 4
4.5

Degree of Resemblance

4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
Overall Face

Nose

Mouth

General Shape of
the face

http://facereconsurvey4.appspot.com/

Qualitative
Methods

Face Pool
Comparison
Resemblance
Rating
Assessment

Evaluation
Methods
Quantitative
Methods

Photogrammetry
Analysis

Superimposition

Quantitative Methods :Photogrammetry Analysis

Landmark

Abbreviation

Midline landmarks
1

Nasion

Subnasale

Sn

Labrale superius

Ls

Menton

Me

Bilateral landmarks
5, 6

Endocanthion

En

7, 8

Exocanthion

Ex

9, 10

Alare

Ala

11, 12

Cheilion

Ch

Quantitative Methods :Photogrammetry Analysis

Results of Case 1

Quantitative Methods :Photogrammetry Analysis

Results of Case 3

Qualitative
Methods

Face Pool
Comparison
Resemblance
Rating
Assessment

Evaluation
Methods
Quantitative
Methods

Photogrammetry
Analysis

Superimposition

Quantitative Methods : Superimposition

Results of Case 1

Quantitative Methods : Superimposition

Results of Case 3

Uniqueness of Our Solution

Introducing Facial Reconstruction to Sri Lanka

A Novel Facial Muscle Sculpting based reconstruction

method
Optimized Marker Placements
A Solution unique to Sri Lanka - Sri Lankan data (Tissue

Thickness, Facial Feature) based solution

Objectives Achieved
Problem 01 :

Lack of Tissue thickness data on Sri Lankans

Solution
Formulated a Facial Tissue Thickness model for Sri Lankans

Problem 02 :
Lack of Facial Feature data on Srilankans

Solution
Carried out a Facial Feature Analysis on Sri Lankans

Objectives Achieved (Contd..)

Problem 03 :

Expert knowledge on facial reconstruction process

Solution
3D Sculpting based simplified process

Problem 04 :
Time Consuming (2-3 weeks)
Solution
Less time is required (4-5 hours)

Difficulties Faced
Difficulty in acquiring a photograph of the deceased for evaluation
purposes
Non availability of tissue thickness data

Suggestions for Future Research

To conduct facial tissue thickness analysis within all the age groups in
the Sri Lankan context
To carry out a facial component analysis among Sri Lankans including
all the age ranges
To integrate the facial reconstruction methodology with the missing
persons database
Archaeological studies

The way forward.

Separate tissue thickness research by a team of
consultants
More digital sculptors

First Forensic Facial Reconstruction Unit

for Sri Lanka

Concluding Remarks

Relatives and
friends of the
Missing
People

Archeologists
Police
Investigators

Forensic
Medical
Officers

Thank You !!!