Phu Phan

ENES 120
Professor: Anil Pyakuryal
Homework Set I

Marks: 100

Due date: March 8, 2016

Qn1: (a) If X represents the mark obtained by a student during 100 attempts of tests. The normal distribution of
spectrum of his test scores corresponds to a mean value (40) and standard deviation of (5), show your work to
find possible values of his marks (X).
-

[10]

According to normal distribution graph, the mean of his marks is 40, the standard deviation is 5; hence, the
upper boundary and lower boundary would be 40+5=45, 40-5=35. And his mark will belong to this range, or
even equal to the mean value of 40.

(b) Find the standard error of the mark distribution in part (a) and solve the following statistical identity to
determine the value of (a):

P[X>a]=0.3

- According to the formula of Standard Error: SE=

(10)
S
5
5
=
= =0.5
n 100 10

The condition is find the all of the X values so that the probability of (X>a) is 0.3 or 30%. It means that we
will have 70% or 0.7 values of X that will have smaller values than a. By looking at the normal distribution
table, the closest value to 0.7 is 0.6985 and the corresponding Zc value is 0.52.
Hence,

a X
= Zc
SE

a40
= 0.52a = 40.26
0.5

Qn 2: The average salary for an employee at NIH is $60,000 per year. This year, management awards the

following bonuses to every employee.

=

A Christmas bonus of $1000.

An incentive bonus equal to 20 percent of the employee's salary.

What is the mean bonus received by employees at NIH?
-

[10]

There are two types of bonuses for employees, one from Christmas and one is 20% of
the employees salary; hence, the mean bonus received by employees at NIH:
1000+ 0.2 x 60000
= $6,500
2

Qn 3: A student secures 10,15,12,25,57,15,27,63,91,99 marks in different exams during a semester. Clearly

show your work to determine the mean, median, range, standard deviation and standard error of his overall
scores in 10 exams.
-

[10]

10+ 12+15+ 15+25+27+57+ 63+91+99

=41.4
10
25+ 27
=26
Median =
2
Range = 99-10=89
Standard Deviation:
Mean =

( 1041.4 ) (1241.4 ) ( 1541.4 ) ( 1541.4 ) ( 2541.4 ) ( 2741.4 )

+
+
+
+
+
+
10
10
10
10
10
10
=
2
2
2
2
( 5741.4) (6341.4 ) (9141.4) (9941.4)
+
+
+
10
10
10
10
=33.68
-

Standard Error:
33.68
e= =
=10.65
n 10
Qn 4: Determine the Simple/Linear Regression equation of x-y data distribution:
X Values
60
61

Y Values
3.1
3.6

62
63
65

3.8
4
4.1

Determine set of x-values corresponding to the y-values as 3.3, 3.7 and 4.01.
-

(10)

The number of values is N = 5

XY, X2
X Value
Y Value
60
3.1
61
3.6
62
3.8
63
4
65
4.1
2
X, Y, XY, X :
X = 311
Y = 18.6
XY = 1159.7
X2 = 19359
Substitute in the above slope formula given.
Slope (b) =

( NXY (X )(Y ))
2
2
(NX (X ) )

Y b ( X )
N

a=

18.60.19(311)
5

X*Y
60 * 3.1 = 186
61 * 3.6 = 219.6
62 * 3.8 = 235.6
63 * 4 = 252
65 * 4.1 = 266.5

(5)(1159.7)(311)(18.6)
2
(5)(19359)(311)

X*X
60 * 60 = 3600
61 * 61 = 3721
62 * 62 = 3844
63 * 63 = 3969
65 * 65 = 4225

= 13.9/74 = 0.19

= -40.49/5 = -8.098

With a set of y-values as 3.3, 3.7 and 4.01, by substituting into the linear regression equation:
-

Y= 3.3 then x = 59.976.

Y = 3.7 then x =62.106.
Y = 4.01 then x = 63.7566.

Qn 5: A rectangular piece of fabric of weight 24 lbs with a length of 1.20 meters and a width of 0.85 meters
must be divided into twelve, equal sized units for forensic sampling purposes. What are the dimensions and
weight of each of the twelve smaller portions in Metric and English systems respectively?
[10]
-

Metric system:
24lb/12 = 24x0.4539/12kg =0.9071 kg.
Length: 1.2 m/12= 0.1 m.
Width: 0.85m/12=0.0708m.
English system:
24 lb/12= 2lb.
Length: 1.2 m/12=0.1x39.37inches = 3.937 inches.
Width: 0.85m/12=0.0708x39.37 inches = 2.79 inches.

Qn 6: One baked potato provides an average of 31.0 mg of vitamin C. If 5.0 lb. of potatoes

has 15 potatoes, how many milligrams of vitamin C are provided per Kg of potatoes? [10]

Qn 7: Show a neat and clean diagram for a plant cell and a eukaryotic animal cell with clear labeling of its
major components. Tabulate the prime difference of the components in these 2 types of cell.
[10]
Animal Cell

Plant Cell

Chloroplast

Animal cells don't have

chloroplasts.

Cytoplasm
Endoplasmic Reticulum
(Smooth and Rough)
Ribosomes
Mitochondria
Plastids

Present
Present

Plant Cell
Present (formed of cellulose)
Rectangular (fixed shape)
One, large central vacuole
taking up 90% of cell
volume.
Only present in lower plant
forms.
Plant cells have chloroplasts
because they make their own
food.
Present
Present

Present
Present
Absent

Present
Present
Present

Cell wall
Shape
Vacuole
Centrioles

Animal Cell
Absent
Round (irregular shape)
One or more small vacuoles
(much smaller than plant
cells).
Present in all animal cells

Golgi Apparatus
Plasma Membrane

Present
Only cell membrane

Microtubules/
Microfilaments
Flagella
Lysosomes

Present

Nucleus
Cilia

May be found in some cells

Lysosomes occur in
cytoplasm.
Present
Present

Present
Cell wall and a cell
membrane
Present
May be found in some cells
Lysosomes usually not
evident.
Present
Most plant cells do not
contain cilia.

Qn 8: Analytical Questions: Answers should be limited within 5 lines.

[20]

(a) Consider some questions about cell structure or function that you would be interested in answering.

Would the data required to answer the question be easier to collect by working on an entire plant or
animal or on a population of cultured cells? What might be the advantages and disadvantages of
working on a whole organism versus a cell culture?
** It would be easier to collect by working on a population of cultured cells. The advantages are we can
control the culture conditions such as the number of population, temperature, pressure, cultural nutrition,
and we can set up the experiment the way we want to test the hypothesis. The disadvantages are the result
may not represent all of the plant or animal as well as the laboratory conditions sometime are not same as
reality conditions. However, it is more difficult and expensive to collect data from an entire plant or animal;
hence, we rarely choose to do that until it is the only way to do the study.
** Or the specific answer would depend on the question asked. Advantages of working with a cell culture
include the ability to study a single cell type, ease of obtaining large numbers of cells, ability to minimize
number of unknown variables by using carefully controlled in vitro conditions. The advantage of using a

whole organism is that information obtained is more meaningful in understanding the role of the process in
the overall activity of the organism. For example, one might want to study glucose transport across the
plasma membrane of cultured liver cells in response to insulin, but the results would not tell you much about
the role of this pr ocess in maintaining proper blood glucose levels.
(b) Intestinal epithelial cell with large numbers of microvilli (Book: Fig 1.3). What is the advantage to the
organism of having these microvilli? What do you expect would happen to an individual that lacked such
microvilli as the result of an inherited mutation?

- They greatly increase the surface area/volume ratio of the cell, allowing much greater exchange between
the cell and the lumen of the intestine. Would be unable to absorb sufficient nutrients from the lumen to
survive.
(c)The first human cells to be successfully cultured were derived from a malignant tumor. Do you think this
simply reflects the availability of cancer cells, or might such cells be better subjects for cell culture? Why?
- Cancer cells grow in a much less controlled manner than normal cells, which is why they continue to
proliferate in the body. Cancer cells tend to have fewer requirements for growth and are therefore more
readily cultured in diverse media than normal cells. Culturing such cells was a logical first step in the
development of culture conditions.
(d) Which type of cell would you expect to achieve the largest volume: a highly
flattened cell or a spherical cell? Why?
- A highly flattened cell because it will have a much greater surface area/volume ratio.
(e) Unlike bacterial cells, the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell is bounded by a double-layered membrane studded
by complex pores. How do you think this might affect traffic between the DNA and cytoplasm of a
eukaryotic cell compared to that of a prokaryotic cell?
- The nuclear envelope that separates the nucleus and cytoplasm in a eukaryotic cell provides the basis for
regulating the movement of substances between the two compartments. The DNA of a bacterial cell is
presumably much more accessible to cytoplasm in substances than that of a eukaryotic cell.
(f) If you were to argue that viruses are living organisms, what features of viral structure and function might
you use in your argument?
- That viruses contain genetic material; that they are capable of producing more of themselves, albeit only
inside a host cell; that they contain complex biological macromolecules; that they evolve. These are all
important criteria of living organisms.