3/20/2016

SurakartaWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
Coordinates:7340S110490E

Surakarta
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Surakarta(Hanacaraka:

,Chinese:pinyin:Sulu,oftencalledSoloandless
commonlySala)isacityinCentralJava,Indonesiaofmorethan499,337peoplewitha
populationdensityof10,853people/km2.The46km2city[1]adjoinsKaranganyarRegencyand
BoyolaliRegencytothenorth,KaranganyarRegencyandSukoharjoRegencytotheeastand
west,andSukoharjoRegencytothesouth.[2]OntheeasternsideofSololiesSoloRiver
(BengawanSolo).Itsbuiltup(ormetro)areamadeofSurakartaMunicipalityand59districts
spreadon7regencieswashometo3,649,254inhabitantsasof2010census.[3]Thecityisthe
seatofSurakartaSunanatekeraton(palace/court).TogetherwithYogyakarta,Surakartaisthe
heiroftheMataramKingdomthatwassplitintotwokingdomsin1755.Thetwobuiltuparea
areactuallyagglomeratingeachotherbuildingametropolisofmorethan7,660,000inhabitants.

Surakarta
Solo

City
Othertranscription(s)
Hanacaraka
Chinese

SurakartaisthebirthplaceofthecurrentPresidentofIndonesia,JokoWidodo.Heservedas
MayorofSurakartafrom2005to2012.

Contents
1 Name
2 History
2.1 Foundationofthedynasty
2.2 PakubuwonoII
2.3 PakubuwonoX
2.4 StruggleforIndependence

Clockwise:SkylineofSolo,OmahSinten,Pura
Mangkunagaran,Sriwedari,WindujenarMarket

2.5 Independence
2.6 1960stroubles

2.7 1998riot
3 Geography
Seal

3.1 Hydrogeology

Motto:TheSpiritofJava

3.2 Climate
3.3 Borders
Surakarta

3.4 Administrativedivision

LocationofSurakartainIndonesia

3.5 GreaterSurakarta
4 Government
4.1 Mayor
5 Demography
5.1 Education
5.2 Economy
5.3 Publicservices
6 Sports
7 Transportation
7.1 Air
7.2 Train
7.3 Road

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surakarta

Coordinates:7340S110490E
Country
Province
Government
Sunan(King)
Adipati
(Duke)
Mayor

Indonesia
CentralJava
SunanPakubuwonoXIII
AdipatiMangkunegaraIX
F.X.HadiRudyatmo

Area
City

46.01km2(17.76sqmi)

Metro

2,658.3km2(1,026.4sqmi)

Population(2010census)
City
499,337
Density
11,000/km2(28,000/sqmi)
Metro
Metrodensity

3,649,254

Timezone
Areacode(s)
Vehicle
registration

WIB(UTC+7)
0271
AD

1,400/km2(3,600/sqmi)

1/10

3/20/2016

SurakartaWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

8 Tourism

Website

www.surakarta.go.id
(http://www.surakarta.go.id/)

9 Cuisine
10 Culture
10.1 Localdialect
10.2 Dances
10.3 Batik
10.4 Surakartainpopularculture
11 NotablepeoplefromSurakarta
12 Sistercities
13 Notes
14 Furtherreading
15 Externallinks

Name
Surakartaisalsowidelyknownbythename"Solo"or"Sala"."Surakarta"isusedinformalandofficialcontexts.Thecityhasasimilarnametothe
neighboringdistrictof"Kartasura",wherethepreviouscapitalofMataramwaslocated.TheDutchname"Soerakarta"influencedtheIndonesian
spelling"Soerakarta"inusebeforethe1948spellingreform.

History
ItsrulingfamilylayclaimtobeingtheheirstotheMataramdynasty.LikeYogyakarta,Solohastworoyalpalaces.

Foundationofthedynasty
AseriesofwarsandclashesbetweentheAdipati(dukes)followedthedeathofthelastSultanofDemakBintoro,thefirstIslamickingdominJava.
OneofthesewasJakaTingkir,soninlawofthelatesultan.AfterdefeatingthelastopponentdukeofJipangPanola,JakaTingkir,alsoknownas
SultanHadiwijaya,claimedthethroneandmovedthecapitaltothecityofPajang,locatedabout8milesfrompresentdaySurakarta.Hisadoptedson,
Sutawijaya,formedaconspiracyandkilledhimwiththehelpofanassassin.Thenheascendedthethroneandonceagainmovedthecapitalto
MataraminthepresentdayprovinceofYogyakarta,andanewdynastywasfounded.

PakubuwonoII
Upuntil1744,Solowaslittlemorethanaquietbackwatervillage,10kmeastofKartasura,the
contemporarycapitaloftheMataramkingdom.ButinthatyeartheMataramsusuhunan(king),
PakubuwonoII,backedtheChineseagainsttheDutch,andthecourtatKartasurawassackedasa
result.PakubuwonoIIsearchedforamoreauspiciousspottorebuildhiscapital,andin1745theentire
courtwasdismantledandtransportedinagreatprocessiontoSurakarta,onthebanksoftheKali
(River)Solo.February17,1745isregardedastheofficialbirthdayofthecity.Itwassaidthatthe
placehechosetobethenewpalacewassituatedonasmalllake.The"babad"orofficialrecordof
courthistoriansstillmentionsthatthelakewasdrainedbythefavorofthemythicalqueenofthe
southernsea,NyiRoroKidul.
However,thedeclinecontinued,andin1757,afterthekingdomofMataramwasdividedintothe
SurakartaSultanate(northerncourt)andtheYogyakartaSultanate(southerncourt),anotherrivalroyal
houseofMangkunegarawasestablishedbyRadenMasSaid,alsoknownasPangeranSamberNyowo
(TheSlayerPrince),rightinthecentreofSolo.ItmarkedthesuccessoftheDutchpolicyofdivideet
impera(divideandconquer)intheEastIndies.TheMataramheldconsiderablepowerinJava,yetit
submittedtotheDutch.Thereafter,Solo'sroyalhousesquitfightingandinsteadthrewtheirenergies
intothearts,developingahighlysophisticatedandgracefulcourtculture.Thegamelanpavilions
becamethenewtheatersofwar,witheachcitycompetingtoproducethemorerefinedcourtculture.
WayangKulitandWayangWongaresometheatricalartsstillperformedtoday.

MainpavilionofKeraton(RoyalPalace)
SurakartaHadiningrat.

ThePalacecontainsanotablemuseum,whichusedtohouseafemalechastitybeltuntilitwasstolen
bythieves.

PakubuwonoX

TheWayangOrangperformedattheGedung
WayangOrang,Sriwedari.

Perhapsthemostsignificantrulerofthe20thcenturywasPakubuwonoX.Hisrelationshipwiththe
Dutch,hislargefamily,andhispopularitycontributedtoperhapsthelargestfuneralprocessionthateveroccurredinSolo.Hehadspentalarge
amountofmoneyontheRoyalGraveyardatImogiri,boththemainsectionsofthegraveyardandthenewsectionthathewasburiedin.Intheerajust
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surakarta

2/10

3/20/2016

SurakartaWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

priortoindependenceSurakartahadEuropean,Chinese,andArabquarters.

StruggleforIndependence
AfterhearingtheproclamationofIndonesianIndependence,bothMangkunegaraVIIIandPakubuwonoXIIdeclaredSurakartaapartoftheRepublic
ofIndonesia(RI).Becauseofthissupport,PresidentSoekarnodeclaredSurakartatheDaerahIstimewaSurakarta(DIS)/"SurakartaSpecialRegion".
InOctober1945,ananti"swapraja"(antifeudalism/antimonarchy)movementwasestablishedinSurakarta.Oneoftheleadersofthismovementwas
TanMalaka,amemberoftheIndonesianCommunistParty.ThisorganizationwantedtoabolishallfeudalkingdomsinSurakartaandtheSurakarta
specialregion(DIS)andreplaceallregentsinSurakarta.ThekeyissuewaswhethertheendofDutchruleshouldbringatotalchangeinthe
government,orwhethertheancientandhistoricinstitutions,givingthepeoplealinktoprecolonialtimes,shouldberetained.
OnOctober17,1945,KRMHSosrodiningrat,thevizierofKasunanankingdom,waskidnappedandmurderedbycommunists.Thenewvizier,
KRMTYudonagoro,and9otherofficialsfromKepatihanwerealsokidnappedandmurderedbythesamemovementinMarch1946.
In1946,thecapitaloftheRepublicofIndonesia(RI)wasmovedtothenearbycityofYogyakarta.
OnJune16,1946,theDISwasabolishedandreplacedwiththeregency(kabupaten)ofSurakarta.Thiseventiscommemoratedasthebirthdayofthe
cityofSurakarta.Thisonlyhasadministrativeandnotcivicsignificance.
OnJune26,1946,PrimeMinisterofIndonesiaSutanSyahrirwaskidnappedbyarebelmovementledbyMajorGeneralSoedarsono,thecommander
ofthe3rddivision.PresidentSoekarno(moreoftencalledSukarno)wasangryatthiskidnappingandonJuly1,1946,14civilianleadersofthis
movement,includingTanMalaka,werearrestedbyIndonesianpolice.
OnJuly2,1946,therebelleaderswerefreedfromWirogunanprisonbyrebeltroops,ledbyMaj.Gen.Soedarsono.PresidentSoekarnoaskedthe
localmilitarycommanderinSurakarta,LieutenantColonelSoeharto(wholaterbecamePresidentSoeharto[oftenspelledSuharto])toarrestMajor
GeneralSoedarsonoandtherebelgroup.Lt.Col.SoehartorefusedtofollowthiscommandunlessitwasgivendirectlybytheMilitaryChiefofStaff,
GeneralSoedirman.PresidentSoekarnowasangryatthisrejectionofhisauthoritytogivedirectcommandstoalllevelsofthemilitary,andcalledLt.
Col.Soehartoastubborn("koppig")officer.
Lt.Col.SoehartopretendedthathesupportedtherebellionandpersuadedMaj.Gen.SoedarsonoandhisgrouptostayathisheadquartersatWiyoro,
Surakartafortheirownsafety.LaterthatnighthepersuadedMaj.Gen.SoedarsonotomeetPresidentSoekarnoathispalacethenextmorning.Lt.Col.
SoehartosecretlyinformedthepresidentialguardtroopsaboutMaj.Gen.Soedarsono'splanonthenextmorning.
OnJuly3,1946,Maj.Gen.Soedarsonoandhisgroupwerearrestedbythepresidentialguardnearthepalace.
PrimeMinisterSyahrirwasreleasedunharmed.Severalmonthslater,Maj.Gen.Soedarsonoandhisgroup
werepardonedandreleasedfromprison.
Laterthisrebellionwascalledthe"failedJuly3,1946coup".ThiseventismentionedinPresidentSoeharto's
autobiographypublishedin1988.
From1945to1948,theDutchreoccupiedvariousregionsinJava.TheremainingareasoftheRepublicof
IndonesiawereinYogyakarta,Surakarta,andsurroundingareas.
InDecember1948,theDutchattackedandoccupiedthecitiesofYogyakartaandSurakarta.TheIndonesian
armyledbyGeneralSoedirmanstartedaguerrillawarfromsurroundingareas.TheDutchsaidthatthe
Republicwasdestroyedandnolongerexisted.Todisprovethisclaim,theIndonesianarmyconductedlarge
scaleraidsintothecitiesofJogyakartaandSurakarta,calledSeranganOemoem.TheIndonesiantroops
managedtobeattheDutchtroopsandoccupythecityforseveralhours.TheleaderoftheraidtoYogyakarta
wasLt.Col.Soeharto.TheleaderofasimilarraidonSurakartaonAugust7,1949wasLt.Col.SlametRiyadi.
Tocommemoratethisevent,themainstreetofthecityofSurakartawasrenamed"BrigadierGeneralSlamet
RiyadiStreet".

AstatueofSlametRiyadiin
Surakarta.

Independence
By1950Surakartahadapopulationof165,484.[4]In1950Surakarta,orSolo,wasatradecenterforsuchagriculturalproductsasrice,rubber,corn,
indigo,cassava,andsugar.Italsohadseenthedevelopmentofsomeindustries.Theseincludedtanning,textiles,andmachinery.Alsobatikmaking
wasacommonactivity.

1960stroubles
FromOctober1965to1966,therewaslargescalechaosinCentralJava,followinganabortivecoupandthesubsequentkillingsof196566.

1998riot
InMay1998,therewasalargeriotinSurakarta.Itwasinitiallytriggeredbyrisingoilprices,withanangrymobransackingandsettingmany
buildingsonfire,particularlybanksandofficialgovernmentbuildings.Butthenthesituationbecameuncontrolledasthemobalsotargetedshopping
centersandothercommercialbuildingsfordestruction,beforeitfinallyturnedintoaracialriotasrioterstargetedhousesandbusinessassetsofthe
localIndonesianChinese,leadingtowidespreaddestructionintheregion.

Geography

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surakarta

3/10

3/20/2016

SurakartaWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

DayViewofSurakarta.

Surakartaisalowlandlyingonflatterrain105mabovesealevel(inthecitycenterabout95mabovesealevel),withanareaof44.1km2(0.14%of
theareaofCentralJava).Itisapproximately65km(40mi)northeastofYogyakartaand100km(62mi)southeastofSemarang.Theeasternpartof
thetownisborderedbyBengawanSoloRiver,thelongestriveronJava.Theriveristheinspirationforthesong"BengawanSolo",a1940s
compositionbyGesangMartohartonowhichbecamefamousthroughoutmuchofAsia.Thecity'ssoilisfertilebecauseoftheriveranditstributaries.
ThecityissurroundedbyMerbabuandMountMerapi(3,151mhigh)tothewestandMountLawu(3265mhigh)totheeast.TheSewuMountain
Rangeliesfurthersouth.NearbyisalsotheinfamousMountKemukus(alsoknownasSexMountain).

Hydrogeology
ThewatersourcesforSurakartaareinthevalleyofMerapi,atotalof19locations,withacapacityof3,404l/second.Theaveragesourcewaterheight
is8001,200mabovesealevel.In18901927therewereonly12wellsinSurakarta.Today,undergroundwaterwellsin23locationsproduceabout
45l/second.[5]
InMarch2006,Surakarta'sstatewatercompany(PDAM)hadaproductioncapacityof865.02l/second:fromCokrotulung,Klaten,27kmfromSolo,
387l/sandfrom26deepwells,withatotalcapacityof478,02l/second.Thetotalreservoircapacityis9,140m3andcanserve55,22%ofthe
population.[6]
ThesoilinSoloisfertile,partlybecauseofthevolcanicactivityofMountsMerapiandLawu.Combinedwithabundantwatersource,makesthe
hinterlandgoodforplantingvegetables,foodandcashcrops.Butinthelast20years,manufacturingindustryandtourismhavebeenboomingand
agriculturedeclining.

Climate
UndertheKppenclimateclassification,Surakartafeaturesatropicalmonsoonclimate.ThecityhasalengthywetseasonspanningfromOctober
throughJune,andarelativelyshortdryseasoncoveringtheremainingthreemonths(JulythroughSeptember).OnaverageSurakartareceivesjust
under2200mmofrainfallannually,withitswettestmonthsbeingDecember,January,andFebruary.Asiscommoninareasfeaturingatropical
monsoonclimate,temperaturesarerelativelyconsistentthroughouttheyear.Surakarta'saveragetemperatureisroughly30degreesCelsiusevery
month.
ClimatedataforSurakarta,CentralJava,Indonesia
Month

Jan

Feb

AveragehighC(F)

30.1
(86.2)

30.2
(86.4)

30.5 31.4
(86.9) (88.5)

DailymeanC(F)

26.2
(79.2)

AveragelowC(F)

22.3
(72.1)

Averageprecipitationmm(inches)

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Dec

Year

31.1
(88)

31.1 30.9 31.6 32.4 32.9 31.7

(88) (87.6) (88.9) (90.3) (91.2) (89.1)

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

30.9
(87.6)

31.23
(88.23)

26.3
(79.3)

26.4 26.9 26.5 25.9 25.4 25.7 26.6 27.4 26.9

(79.5) (80.4) (79.7) (78.6) (77.7) (78.3) (79.9) (81.3) (80.4)

26.6
(79.9)

26.4
(79.52)

22.4
(72.3)

22.3 22.4 21.9 20.8

(72.1) (72.3) (71.4) (69.4)

22.3
(72.1)

21.61
(70.87)

20.0 19.9 20.9 21.9

(68) (67.8) (69.6) (71.4)

Nov

22.2
(72)

324
318
306
214 145
86
52
42
51
120 212
260
2,130
(12.76) (12.52) (12.05) (8.43) (5.71) (3.39) (2.05) (1.65) (2.01) (4.72) (8.35) (10.24) (83.88)
Source:climatedata.org[7]

Borders
SurakartaborderstheKaranganyarandBoyolaliRegencyinthewestandnorth,KaranganyarandSukoharjoRegencyintheeast,andSukoharjo
Regencyinthesouth.AteachofthecitybordersstandsagapurakeratonorJavaneseentrancemonument,erectedin193132duringthereignof
PakubuwonoXinKasunananSurakarta.EachofthemservesasaborderandanentrypointtothecapitalofKeratonSurakartawiththeneighboring
territories.ThegapuraswerebuiltnotonlyonhighwaysbutalsoontheriversideofBengawanSolo.BengawanSolousedtobeaportandcrossing
point(inMojo/Silir).
Thegapuraswerebuiltintwosizes,largeandsmall.Largegapuraswerebuiltonmajorroadways.TheycanbeseeninGrogol(south),Kertenand
Jurug(east).SmallgapurascanbeseennearDr.OenHospital(north),ontheroadtoBakiinSoloBaru(south),Makamhaji(west),andinMojo/Silir.
Eachofthelargegapurasalsohasastelethatcontainsthenameofthereigningmonarchandtheyearthatitwasbuilt.[8]

Administrativedivision
SurakartaCityanditssurroundingregencies,Karanganyar,Sragen,Wonogiri,Sukoharjo,Klaten,andBoyolali,arecollectivelycalledtheex
SurakartaResidency(Dutch:ResidentieSoerakarta).AfterSurakartabecameacity,itwasdividedintofivedistricts(kecamatan),eachledbya
camat,andsubdividedinto51kelurahan,eachledbyalurah.ThedistrictsofSurakartaare:[9]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surakarta

4/10

3/20/2016

SurakartaWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

KecamatanPasarKliwon(Postalcode:57110):9kelurahan
KecamatanJebres(Postalcode:57120):11kelurahan
KecamatanBanjarsari(Postalcode:57130):13kelurahan
KecamatanLaweyan(alsospelledLawiyan,Postalcode:57140):11kelurahan
KecamatanSerengan(Postalcode:57150):7kelurahan

GreaterSurakarta
SurakartaasadensecorecityinCentralJava,anditssecondcity,spillsconsiderablyintoneighboring
regencies.Thoughatrafficstudyquotesthepopulationas1,158,000asof2008,[10]thisreflectsonlythevery
SurakartaCityHall.
core,asthecityaffectsentireneighboringregenciesbysignificantlydrivingupoverallpopulationdensitiesin
SukoharjoRegencyandKlatenRegencyoverthealreadydensecountryside.Furthermore,thegovernmentof
IndonesiaofficiallydefinesabroaderregionasSurakarta'sextendedmetropolitanzone,withtheacronymSubosukawonosratenasthecityand6
surroundingregencies.,[11][12]thoughobviouslynotacoremetropolitanareaassomeofitsregenciesarenotparticularlysuburbanized,itreflectsa
broaderplanningregion.BoththemetropolitanareaandextendedareasborderYogyakarta'smetropolitanarea,whileonlytheextendedmetropolitan
areabordersKedungsapurorGreaterSemarang.SeealsoListofmetropolitanareasinIndonesia.
Administrativedivision
SurakartaMunicipality

Area(km) Population(2010Census) Populationdensity(/km)

44.03

499,337

11,340

SukoharjoRegency

466.66

824,238

1,766

KlatenRegency

655.56

1,130,047

1,723

BoyolaliRegency

1,015.1

930,531

916

SragenRegency

946.49

858,266

906

KaranganyarRegency

800.28

813,196

1,016

WonogiriRegency

1,822.37

928,904

509

GreaterSurakarta(Subosukawonosraten)

5,750.49

5,984,519

1,040

Government
InthecurrentIndonesiancontext,SurakartaisacitywithintheprovinceofCentralJava.PrevioustotheIndonesiannationbeingformed,itwasan
autonomouskingdomruledbytheSusuhunan(Sunan)andaprincipalityruledbytheAdipatiMangkunegara.
DuringDutchoccupationYogyakartaandSurakartawereknownastheVorstenlandorprincipalities.Rivalrybetweenthetwohasbeenendemicsince
theirfoundinginthe18thcenturyandwasadeliberateploybytheDutchtodistractattentionfromthepresenceoftheDutchcolonialpower.
ThehereditaryrulerofthekeratonormaincourtwithinthecitybearsthetitleofPakubuwono,thepresentkingbeingPakubuwonoXIII.Like
Yogyakarta,Surakartaalsohasajuniorcourt,bornofanothercivilwar:theMangkunegaran,asmallprincipalityinsideKasunanan,ofwhich
MangkunegaraIXisthepresentmonarch.NeitherholdsanypoliticalpowerandaccordingtoIndonesianlaw,bothonlyhavecivilianstatus.

Mayor
ThecurrentmayorofSurakarta(until2015)isF.X.HadiRudyatmo,whoreplacedJokoWidodoin2012afterthelatterwaselectedasGovernorof
Jakartain2012.
UnderJokoWidodo'smayorship,thecityhadexperiencedamarkedimprovement.HerebrandedandpromotedSoloas"TheSpiritofJava,"a
Javanesecultureandheritagecenter,batikcapital,andtouristfriendlycity.
Juridically,theCityofSurakartawasformedbasedonGovernmentRegulationNo.16/SD1946,announcedatJuly15,1946.Basedonseveral
historicalfactors,16June1946issetastheanniversaryoftheGovernmentofSurakarta.Thecityanniversaryitselfiscelebratedevery16February,
basedonthedateofthemovingofthepalacefromKartasuratoSurakartain1745.On16February2011,thecitycelebratedits256thanniversary.

Demography
OneoftheearliestcensusesheldinSurakartaResidency(ResidentieSoerakarta)wasin1885.Atthattime,withanareaofabout5,677km,there
were1,053,985peopleinSurakartaResidency,including2,694Europeansand7,543IndonesianChinese.Thearea,130timesthecurrentareaof
Surakarta,hadapopulationdensityof186people/km.Thecapitaloftheresidencyitself(roughlythesizeoftheCityofSoloproper)in1880had
124,041peoplelivinginit.[13]
Accordingtothe2009census,therewere245,043malesand283,159females(asexratioof86.54)inSurakarta.[14]119,951ofthepopulationwere
14yearsoryounger,376,180werebetween15and64,and32,071wereabove65.[15]Thenumberofhouseholdswas142,627andtheaveragenumber
ofhouseholdmemberswas3.7.[16]Thepopulationgrowthinthelast10yearswasabout0.565%peryear.[17]
ComparedtoothercitiesinIndonesia,SurakartaisthemostdenselypopulatedcityinCentralJava,theeighthmostdenselypopulatedcityin
Indonesia,the13thsmallestcityinIndonesia,andthe22ndmostpopulousof93autonomouscitiesand5administrativecitiesinIndonesia.
ThelaborforceofSoloin2009was275,546,ofwhom246,768wereworking,while28,778wereseekingwork.Another148,254peopleaged15and
abovewerenotinthelaborforce.[18]Basedonemploymentnumbers,themostcommonworkinSolowasworker/paidemployee(112,336),followed
byselfemployee(56,112),selfemployeeassistedbytemporaryemployee(32,769),unpaidemployee(20,193),selfemployeeassistedbypermanent

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surakarta

5/10

3/20/2016

SurakartaWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

employee(14,880),freelanceemployeeinnonagriculturalwork(10,241),andfreelanceemployeeinagriculturalwork(237).[19]Basedonthe
industry,mostpeopleinSoloworkedintrade(106,426),services(59,780),manufacturing(42,065),communication(16,815),construction(9,217),
financing(9,157),oragriculture(2,608),andtherestinmining,electricity,gas,andwatercompanies(700).[20]
ThemeanworkingweekinSolowas47.04hours(47.74formenand46.13forwomen),[21]and212,262peopleworkedmorethan35hoursperweek
comparedto34,506whoworkedlessthanthat.[22]

Education
Accordingto2009statistics,242,070peopleabove15inthecityhadfinishedhighschool,while86,890hadonlyfinishedjuniorhighschool,and
94,840werestillinschoolorhadonlyfinishedelementaryschool.Thepercentageofhighschoolgraduateswasthehighestofthecitiesandregencies
inCentralJava.[23]
AccordingtothestatisticsofDataPokokPendidikan(Dapodik),inthe2010/2011schoolyear,therewere68,153studentsand853schoolsin
Surakarta.[24]Therearetwobiguniversitiespossessingmorethan20.000students:SebelasMaretUniversity(UNS)andMuhammadiyahUniversity
ofSurakarta(UMS),botharerecognisedasamongIndonesia's50bestuniversitiesaccordingtotheDirectorateofHigherEducation,Ministryof
EducationRI.ThereisalsoartsconcentrateduniversityArtInstituteofSurakarta(ISI),religiousstudiesStateIslamicInstitute(IAIN).Thereare
around52privateuniversitiesandcollegessuchasSTIKESMuhammadiyah,UniversitasTunasPembangunan,UniversitasSlametRiyadi,
UniversitasSurakarta,UniversitasSetiaBudietc.[25]

Economy
TheDomesticbruttoIncomeofSurakartain2009was16,813,058.62IDR,thefourthhighestinCentralJava
afterKudus,Cilacap,andSemarang.[26]Thelivingstandardin2009was723,000IDR.[27]TheConsumerprice
indexinJanuary2011was119.44.[28]
Surakartahasseveraltraditionalmarkets(pasar),includingPasarKlewer,PasarGedhe,PasarLegi,andPasar
Kembang.PasarKlewerisfamousasthebiggesttextilemarketinIndonesia.Therearealsoantiquesmarkets
inPasarTriwinduandinPasarKerisnearthepalaceofSurakarta.EverynightthereistheGalaboOpenFood
CourtneartheCityHall,andeverySaturdaynighttheNgarsopuroNightMarketnearSlametRiyadiRoad.
ThebusinesscentreinSoloislocatedalongthemainarteryroadofSlametRiyadi.Severalbanks,hotels,
shoppingcentres,internationalretsaurants,andalsotourismdestinationsarelocatedalongthisroad.Every
Sundaymorningfrom5amto9am,thisroadisclosedasthecitygovernmentdesignatesthatdaySoloCar
FreeDay(SCFD)alongtheSlametRiyadiRoadinacampaigntoreducecarbonemissions.Modernmallsin
SoloareSoloSquare,SoloGrandMall,andSoloParagon(underconstruction).
Ontheoutskirtsofthecitythereareseveralindustrialzones,suchasPalur,Grogol,andJetis.Large
corporationsheadquarteredinSoloincludeSritex(textiles),IndoAcidatama(industrialchemicals),and
Konimex(pharmaceuticals).ThebatikhomeindustryhasalsobecomeoneofSolo'sspecialtyindustries.

PasarKlewerandGapuraKeraton
(KlewerTextileMarketandKeraton
Gate).

Publicservices
TherearemanyhospitalsinSolosomewith24hourICUfacilitiesarePKUMuhammadiyahHospital,PantiKustatiHospital,IslamicHospitalof
Surakarta,KasihIbuHospital,Dr.MoewardiHospital,PantiWaluyoHospital,BrayatMinulyoHosipital,PantiKosala(Dr.OenKandangSapi)
Hospital,andDr.OenHospitalinSoloBaru.Publicparksarealsonumerous,especiallysinceJokoWidodobecamemayorofSolo.Herevitalized
severalparksandnowthepublicofSolocanenjoyBalekambangPark,SekartajiPark,SriwedariPark[29]andJurugZoo,oneoftheoldestandbiggest
zoosinIndonesia.InSriwedariParkthereisalsopublicentertainmentsuchasWayangOrangtheatreGWOSriwedari,andthenightmarketin
Ngarsopuro,whichonlyopensonSaturdaynights.
TheareacodeofSolois(+62)271.Coinorcardphoneboothsarerare,buttherearemanyphoneshopsandsmallstallssellingprepaidphonecredits.
Internetcafesarealsoabundant.SeveralpublicplacessuchasrestaurantsandcafesprovideWiFiaccesstotheircustomerstoo.

Sports
Surakartahasalongsporthistoryandtradition.In1923Soloalreadyhadafootballclub,oneoftheearliestclubsinIndonesia(atthattimestillthe
DutchIndies),calledPersisSolo.PersisSolowasagiantclubintheDutchIndiesandstillexists,butispastitsheyday.DuringthePerserikatan
tournament,Persisbecameseventimechampion.CurrentlyitplaysinthePremierDivision.OtherthanPersis,severalclubshaveexistedinSolo:
Arseto,PelitaSolo,PersijatimSoloFC,andlastlySoloFC,thatplaysintheIndonesianPremierLeaguesince2011.Bothclubsthatstillexist,Persis
andSoloFC,havemadeManahanStadiumtheirhomeground.ManahanStadiumisoneofthebestsportstadiumsinCentralJava,withmorethan
25,000seats,andhasseveraltimeshostednationalandinternationalmatches.ItwasrecentlythevenuefortheAFCChampionsCup2007,thefinal
venueoftheIndonesianCup2010,andtheopeningvenuefortheIndonesianPremiereLeagueonJanuary15,2011.[30]
In1948,SurakartabecamethehostofthefirstNationalGames,whoseopeningdateisstillmarkedastheNationalSportsDayofIndonesia.Atthat
tournament,SoloasSurakartaResidencycameoutasthechampion.In2011,Surakartaalsobecamethehostcityof2011ASEANParaGames.
Until2009,SurakartawasalsotheonlycityinCentralJavawithaprofessionalbasketballteam,BhinnekaSolo.In2009theteamwasmergedwith
StadiumJakartaandmovedtoJakarta.
ThefirstIndonesianFormulaOnedriver,RioHaryanto,hailsfromSurakarta.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surakarta

6/10

3/20/2016

SurakartaWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Transportation
Air
AdisumarmoInternationalAirport(IATAcode:SOC)hasdirectflightstoKualaLumpurbyAirAsiaand
duringthehajiseason,SaudiArabia,aswellasregularflightstoJakartabyGarudaIndonesia,SriwijayaAir,
LionAirandBataviaAir.Theairportislocated14kmnorthofthecity.[31]SinceMay2011,BST(BatikSolo
Trans)busesconnecttheairporttothecity.Thereisalsotaxicabservice.In2009Adisumarmohad2,060
outbounddomesticflightsand616outboundinternationalflights.[32]

Train
Surakartahasfourtrainstations,SoloBalapan,Purwosari,SoloJebres,andSoloKota(Sangkrah).Solo
AdiSumarmoInternationalAirport.
BalapanisthelargeststationinSurakarta,andisthejunctionbetweenYogyakarta(westward),Semarang
(northward),andSurabaya(eastward),whilePurwosariisthejunctionlocatedwestofSoloBalapan,andhasa
connectiontoWonogiri(southward).Thereareseveraldirectlinestoothercities,suchasJakarta,Bandung,Surabaya,Semarang,Madiun,and
Malang.Forregionaltraffic,aspecialtrainconnectsSurakartaandYogyakarta,thePrameks(PrambananEkspres)train.
SurakartaisuniquebecauseitistheonlyIndonesiancitytostillhaveastreetrunningsectionbetweenPurwosariandSoloKota,alongJalanSlamet
Riyadi,Solo'smainroad.Aheritagerailway,calledJaladara,alsooperatesbetweenthetwostations.Historically,Purwosarihadthejunctionto
KartasuraandBoyolali(northwestward).
InJuly26,2011theRailbushasbeenlaunchedtoserveSurakarta/SoloWonogiriroute,butforthemomentonlySoloSukoharjotrackagewasready
duetothereare99bridgesshouldbestrengthenbetweenSukoharjoWonogiri.[33]UntilApril2012,SurakartaWonogirirailbusisstillinabig
questionmarkduetothe12tonsrailbusesareconsideredtooheavyforexistingrailroadtrackthatonlyhasthecapacityofaccommodating10ton
vehicles,furthermorePTKAIhaveproposedafarebetweenRp30,000($3.27)andRp40,000($4.36)perpassenger,whileSurakartaadministration
wantsticketstobepricedmuchlowerbetweenRp5,000($0.54)andRp7,000($0,76).[34]

Road
TirtonadiTerminalisthelargestbusterminalinSurakarta.SurakartaissituatedonIndonesianNationalRoute
15,whichconnectsittoYogyakartaandWaru(Sidoarjo).ASemarangSoloTollRoadiscurrentlyunder
construction.In2009thetotalextentofroadwaysinthecitywas705.34km:13.15kmstateroad,16.33km
provinceroad,and675.86kmlocalroad.[35]Thenumberofbuscompanieswas23,andthetotalnumberof
busesoperatingwas1,115intraprovincialbusesand1,107interprovincial.[36]
In2010,thegovernmentofSurakartalaunchedanewbusroutenamedBatikSoloTrans(BST),which
resemblesTransJakartabusrapidtransitservice.Ithasonlytworoutes,theDepartureRoute(Adisumarmo
AirportKartasuraPalur)andtheReturnRoute(PalurKartasuraAdisumarmoAirport).Asingletrip
costsRp.3000,Rp.1500forstudents.AspecialticketforthetripfromortotheairportcostsRp.7000.[37]

BatikSoloTrans.

Tourism
OnemaintouristattractionofSurakartaistheKeratonSurakarta,thepalaceofSusuhunanPakubuwono,
alsothePrincelyJavanesecourtofMangkunegaran.PasarGedemarketisoftenvisitedbytourists,mostly
foritsuniquearchitectureandfameasthebiggesttraditionalmarketintheSoloarea.ThePasarKleweris
famousforitsbatiksinallpricesandqualities,whilethePasarTriwindhulocatednearMangkunegaran
palacespecializesinantiques.TamanSriwedariisapopularlocalentertainmentparkfeaturingachildren's
playground,dangdutmusicperformance,andWayangWongtraditionalJavanesedanceperformance
almosteverynight.NeartheparkisRadyapustakaMuseum,oneoftheoldestmuseumsinIndonesia,with
acollectionofJavaneseculturalartifacts.ThetraditionalbatikvillageofLaweyanandKampungBatik
Kauman,locatedinthesouthwestpartofthecityandthecitycenterrespectively,arefamousfor
producingfinequalityJavanesebatik.

TheNationalPressMonument

Surakartaislocated60kmfromYogyakartaandsharesmanytourismspotswithit.CandiBorobudur,CandiPrambanan,CandiRatuBoko,Candi
Kalasan,andmanyotherCandiorancienttemplesarehistoricaltouristsights.SurakartaislocatedmuchclosertoCandiCethoandCandiSukuhon
theslopesofMountLawu.ThemountainousareaofTawangmangu,featuringGrojoganSewuwaterfallontheslopeofMountLawu,isalsoapopular
destinationfortourists.
AmodernmuseumandvisitorscentreisattheimportantSangiranarcheologysitearound15kmnorthofSurakartanearthemainroadnorthoutof
SurakartatoPurwodadi.
WithinSurakartatouristscanalsousetheJaladaraoldsteamtrainwhichwaslaunchedoninSeptember2009for5.6kmconnectingPurwosariStation
andCity(Sangkrah)Station.In2011therewere60tripsandin2012willbe80trips.[38]
Accommodationiswidelyavailablefromsmalllodgingstointernationalchainhotels.

Cuisine

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surakarta

7/10

3/20/2016

SurakartaWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

FoodassociatedwithSurakartaincludesNasiLiwet,NasiTimlo,Tongseng,Serabi,Satebuntel,Intip,RotiMandarin,andBakpiaBalong.GudegSolo
isalsodifferentwithGudegYogyakarta,GudegSoloismoresoupyandrichwiththickcoconutmilk,whilegudegYogyaisdryerandhavereddish
colorfromtheadditionofteakleaf.

Culture
SurakartatogetherwithYogyakartaiswellknownastheculturalheartlandofJava.Asthecentreofsurviving
Javanesecourt(keraton),Surakartaisfamousforitsrefined,highlypolishedaesthetic,andsophisticated
Javaneseart.TheKeratonservedasanimportantcenterdedicatedforthepreservationofJavaneseculture.
SeveralimportanttraditionalJavaneseceremoniessuchasSatuSuroandSekatenritualswereobservedinhigh
importanceamongitspeople.TheSunan(king)ofSurakarta,althoughtodaynolongerholdsofficialactual
politicalpower,isstillreveredandholdsimportantpositionasculturalsymbolamongJavanesepeople.
TimlokualinearMangkunegaran
Palace.

Localdialect
ThemothertongueofSurakartansisalocalvarietyof
Javanesethatdiffersinsomerespectsfromthatofother
areas.Forexample,forSurakatanstheJavanesewordfor
"cold"isadem,butinSemarangitisatis.TheJavanese
languageofSurakartaandYogyakartaisusedasthe
standardforallJavanesespeakersthroughoutthenation.
Indonesia'sofficialnationallanguageisIndonesian.

Dances
AsthecenterofJavanesecourtlyculture,Surakartaisthe
centerofroyalJavanesedances.SeveralSurakartadances
arecharacterizedwithitsslow,constrainedandrefined
movements,astheepitomeofgracefulnesssuchas
bedhaya,serimpi,andSurakartastyleWayangwong.
Wayangwongisroutinelyperformedinawayangwong
theatreinSriwedaripark.
JavaneseSurakartabridein
dhodotorSolobasahan
royalweddingcostume.

GrebegMauludisatraditionalceremonyheldbytheroyal
courtofKeratonSurakartatocommemoratethebirthof
Islam'sholymessenger,Muhammad.Thisceremonywas
firstheldduringthereignoftheDemakDynastydatingback
tothe15thcentury.

Batik
ThebatikofSolo(Surakarta)isknownasamongtheolderbatiktraditioninJava.ThetypicalstyleofSolobatikisits
sogan(darkyellow)color,incontrastwithYogyakartabatikhaswhitishbackground.Themainproductioncentersof
traditionalSolobatikisinKaumanareaandLaweyan,andPasarKleweristhemainbatikmarketinthecity.

Surakartainpopularculture
InpopularcultureofIndonesia,thetermPutriSolo(SoloPrincess)isawellknownidiomtodescribetheextraordinarybeautyandgraceofthe
Surakartaladies.
TheSoloBatikCarnivalheldannually,istheeventthatshowcasedSurakartaasthecenterofJavanesebatikartaswellasthecenterofcreative
fashionindustrybaseduponbatik.
SurakartaisalsofamousforstagingsomeinternationalmusicfestivalssuchasKeretaKencanaWorldMusicFestival(formerlySoloInternational
EthnicMusicFestival),SoloKeroncongFestival,andmetalmusicfestivalRockInSolo.

NotablepeoplefromSurakarta
AgungSetyabudi,footballplayer
Basuki,actorandcomedian
DiahPermatasari,actressandmodel
F.X.HadiRudyatmo,currentmayorofSurakarta
Gesang,singersongwriter
IcukSugiarto,formerbadmintonplayer
JokoSuprianto,formerbadmintonplayer
JokoWidodo,formerMayorofSurakarta,GovernorofJakartaandthecurrentPresidentofIndonesia
PakubuwonoX,9thmonarchofSurakartaSunanate,oneofNationalHeroofIndonesia
RioHaryanto,FormulaOnedriver
RudyGunawan,formerbadmintonplayer
SapardiDjokoDamono,poet
SitiHartinah,wifeofthesecondIndonesianpresident,Suharto
SuryoAgungWibowo,sprinter
Waldjinah,singer
WidjiThukul,poet

Sistercities
Montana,Bulgaria.[39]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surakarta

PortraitofPakubuwonoX,wearing
theuniformofaKNILmajor
general.

8/10

3/20/2016

SurakartaWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Bilbao,Spain
Algiers,Algeria

Notes
1.(Indonesian) BadanPusatStatistik:LuasDaerahmenurutKabupaten/KotadiProvinsiJawaTengahTahun2009
(http://jateng.bps.go.id/2006/web06pub114/web06_114010101.pdf)
2.(Indonesian) MapofSurakarta(http://www.surakarta.go.id/id/news/peta.surakarta.html)
3.http://www.citypopulation.de/php/indonesiajawaadmin.php
4.ColumbiaLippencottGazeteer
5.PDAMSolo:TheGreaterSurakarta(http://www.pdamsolo.or.id/download/greater_surakarta.ppt)
6.(Indonesian) Produksiair(http://www.pdamsolo.or.id/produksi_air.php)
7.http://en.climatedata.org/location/3210/
8.(Indonesian) GapuraBatasKota(Keraton)(http://tentangsolo.wordpress.com/tetenger/gapurabataskotakeraton/)
9.(Indonesian) KecamatandanDesa/KelurahanmenurutKabupaten/KotadiProvinsiJawaTengahTahun2005,2008dan2009
(http://jateng.bps.go.id/2006/web06pub114/web06_114010104.pdf)
10.http://www.cdia.asia/sharedfiles/PFS%20Training%20for%20NPOs%20presentations/Day%203/Surakarta%20Transport%20PFS%20Executive%20Summary.pdf
11.http://jurnal.pdii.lipi.go.id/admin/jurnal/131102025_14109409.pdf
12.http://www.bappenas.go.id/getfileserver/node/7642/
13.(German) SeiteausMeyersKonversationslexikon:SuppeditierenSurate:Surakarta(http://www.retrobibliothek.de/retrobib/seite.html?id=115452#Surakarta)
14.PopulationofJawaTengahbyRegency/CityandSex2009(http://jateng.bps.go.id/2006/web06bab103/web06_103010101.htm)
15.PopulationofJawaTengahbyRegency/CityandAgeGroup2009(http://jateng.bps.go.id/2006/web06bab103/web06_103010102.htm)
16.NumberofHouseholdsandAverageofHouseholdMemberbyRegency/CityinJawaTengah2009
(http://jateng.bps.go.id/2006/web06bab103/web06_1030102.htm)
17.(Indonesian) PDAMSolo:Profil(http://www.pdamsolo.or.id/profil.php)
18.PopulationAged15YearsandOverbyRegency/CityandTypeofActivityduringThePreviousWeekandSexinJawaTengah2009
(http://jateng.bps.go.id/2006/web06bab103/web06_103030102.htm)
19.PopulationAged15YearsandOverwhoWorkedduringforThePreviousWeekbyRegency/CityandEmploymentStatusinJawaTengah2009
(http://jateng.bps.go.id/2006/web06bab103/web06_103030105.htm)
20.PopulationAged15YearsandOverwhoWorkedbyRegency/CityandMainIndustryinJawaTengah2009
(http://jateng.bps.go.id/2006/web06bab103/web06_103030106.htm)
21.WorkingHoursRateduringthePreviousWeekbyRegency/CityandbySexinJawaTengah2009
(http://jateng.bps.go.id/2006/web06bab103/web06_1030302.htm)
22.PopulationAged15YearsandOverwhoWorkedduringaWeekbyRegency/CityandTimeofWorkinJawaTengah2009
(http://jateng.bps.go.id/2006/web06bab103/web06_103030104.htm)
23.PopulationAged15YearsandOverbyRegency/CitybyEducationAttainmentinJawaTengah2009
(http://jateng.bps.go.id/2006/web06bab103/web06_103030103.htm)
24.http://surakarta.dapodik.org/
25.(Indonesian) DaftaruniversitasswastadiSurakarta(http://surakarta.dapodik.org/rekap.php?data=&ref=sekolah&tipe=5&status=3&limit=100&hal=1)
26.(Indonesian) PDRBPERKAPITAATASDASARHARGABERLAKUMENURUTKABUPATEN/KOTAJAWATENGAHTAHUN20052009(RUPIAH)
(http://jateng.bps.go.id/2006/web06pub114/web06_114011201.pdf)
27.ValueofWorkerProperLifeRequirementandRegency/CityMinimumWagebyRegency/CityinJawaTengah2007209(Rupiahs)
(http://jateng.bps.go.id/2006/web06bab103/web06_1030307.htm)
28.(Indonesian) IndeksHargaKonsumendanInflasiDi66Kota(2007=100)2011(http://www.bps.go.id/tab_sub/view.php?
tabel=1&daftar=1&id_subyek=03&notab=4)
29.GanugNugrohoAdi,'AilingSriwedariPark,iconoflocalhistory,maybetakenfrompublic'(http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2015/09/18/ailingsriwedari
parkiconlocalhistorymaybetakenpublic.html),TheJakartaPost,18September2015.
30.TheJakartaPost:WelcomeLPI(http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/01/08/editorialwelcomelpi.html)
31.AdisumarmoInternationalAirportSolo(http://www.asiarooms.com/en/travelguide/indonesia/solo/howtogetin/adisumarmointernationalairportsolo.html),
Asiarooms.com,RetrievedJuly25,2010
32.(Indonesian) ArusLaluLintasPesawatUdaraKomersialMenurutBandarUdaradiJawaTengahTahun2009(Trip)
(http://jateng.bps.go.id/2006/web06pub114/web06_114021109.htm)
33.SoloWonogiriRailbus(http://edisicetak.solopos.com/berita.asp?kodehalaman=h01&id=120361)
34."Surakartasrailbusesaretooheavyfortracks:KAI".April13,2012.
35.(Indonesian) PanjangJalanNegara,JalanPropinsidanKabupaten/KotadiJawaTengahTahun2009(Km)
(http://jateng.bps.go.id/2006/web06pub114/web06_114021101.htm)
36.(Indonesian) BanyaknyaPerusahaanBusUmumAKDP/AKAPmenurutKabupaten/KotadiJawaTengahTahun2009
(http://jateng.bps.go.id/2006/web06pub114/web06_114021103.htm)
37.BatikSoloTrans.PortalInformasiKotaSurakarta(http://www.surakarta.go.id/news/bst.batik.solo.trans.html)
38."AsyiknyaMenikmatiKotaSolodenganKeretaUapJaladara".April10,2012.
39."SurakartadanMontana,BulgariaMenjadiKotaKembar".PortalNasionalRepublikIndonesia.October21,2007.Retrieved20100125.

Furtherreading
Majeed,Rushda."TheCityWithaShortFuse."ForeignPolicy.September2012.
Majeed,Rushda."DefusingaVolatileCity,IgnitingReforms:JokoWidodoandSurakarta,Indonesia,20052011."InnovationsforSuccessful
Societies.PrincetonUniversity.PublishedJuly2012.
Miksic,John(generaled.),etal.(2006)KaratonSurakarta.AlookintothecourtofSurakartaHadiningrat,centralJava(Firstpublished:'By
thewillofHisSereneHighnessPakuBuwonoXII'.Surakarta:YayasanPawiyatanKabudayanKaratonSurakarta,2004)MarshallCavendish
EditionsSingaporeISBN9812612262
Soeharto,G.DwipayanadanRamadhanK.H."Ucapan,PikirandanTindakanSaya".1988.PTCitraLamtoroGung.
Miksic,John(generaled.),etal.(2006)KaratonSurakarta.AlookintothecourtofSurakartaHadiningrat,centralJava(Firstpublished:'By
thewillofHisSereneHighnessPakuBuwonoXII'.Surakarta:YayasanPawiyatanKabudayanKaratonSurakarta,2004)MarshallCavendish
EditionsSingaporeISBN9812612262
Soeharto,G.DwipayanadanRamadhanK.H."Ucapan,PikirandanTindakanSaya".1988.PTCitraLamtoroGung.
PakuBuwonoXII(SunanofSurakarta),A.Mutholi'in,"KaratonSurakarta",YayasanPawiyatanKabudayanKaratonSurakarta,2004
NancyK.Florida,JavaneseliteratureinSurakartamanuscripts/Vol.1IntroductionandmanuscriptsoftheKaratonSurakarta,Cornell
University,Ithaca,N.Y.SoutheastAsiaProgram(SEAP),1993.
NancyK.Florida,JavaneseliteratureinSurakartamanuscripts/Vol.2ManuscriptsoftheMangkunagaranPalace,CornellUniversityIthaca,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surakarta

9/10

3/20/2016

SurakartaWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

NY:SoutheastAsiaProgram(SEAP),2000.
NancyK.Florida,"Writingthepast,inscribingthefuture:historyasprophesyincolonialJava",DukeUniversityPress,1995
RichardAndersonSutton,"TraditionsofgamelanmusicinJava:musicalpluralismandregionalidentity",CUPArchive,1991
ClaraBrakelPapenhuijzen,"ClassicalJavanesedance:theSurakartatraditionanditsterminology",KITLVPress,1995
Thedomesticationofdesire:Women,wealth,andmodernityinJava(1998)Brenner,SuzanneApril.Princeton,N.J.:PrincetonUniversityPress.
KeratonandKumpeni:SurakartaandYogyakarta,18301870(1994)Houben,V.J.H..Leiden:KITLVPress.
Preludetorevolution:PalacesandpoliticsinSurakarta,19121942(1987)Larson,GeorgeD..Dordrecht,HollandandProvidence,R.I.,U.S.A.:
ForisPublications.
Solointheneworder:LanguageandhierarchyinanIndonesiancity(1986)Siegel,JamesT..Princeton,N.J.:PrincetonUniversityPress.
Pakubuwono'skeratonofSurakarta:ShortguidetoSurakarta'sgrandeur:thepalaceoftheSusuhunansPakubuwono(1980)Nocontributors
listed.Jakarta:ProyekPengembanganSaranaWisataBudayaJakarta.
MiftahSanaji,"WisataKulinerMakananDaerahKhasSolo",Gramedia2009,ISBN9789792252095
"EkspedisiBengawanSolo",LaporanJurnalistikKompas,Kompas2009,ISBN9789797093907
LindaCarolinaBrotodjojo,"JajananKakiLimaKhasSolo",Gramedia2008,ISBN9789792241433
IzharryAgusjayaMoenzir,"Gesang",Gramedia2010,ISBN9789792259117

Externallinks
SolotravelguidefromWikivoyage
OfficialwebsiteofthegovernmentofSurakarta(http://www.surakarta.go.id/)
WikimediaCommonshas
SoloCityGeneralForum(http://www.jalansolo.com)Visitors'Guideandmanypictures.
mediarelatedtoSurakarta.
MilitaryHistoryCentre(http://www.sejarahtni.mil.id/index.php?cid=1948)"SeranganOemoem"
(August7,1949).
Externalmedia
JalanSolo.com(http://www.jalansolo.com)JalanSolotheSpiritofJAVA
Interactivemap,informationonplacesofinterestandaccommodations
Images
(http://peta.soloaja.com)
PicturesofSurakartaonFlickr
SoloFlooringCraftIndustry(http://advancesflooring.com)SoloHandcraft
(http://www.flickr.com/places//Indonesia/Central+Java/Surakarta)
FlooringIndustry
SoloBusinessDirectory(http://lokanesia.com/?s=&georadius=100&geo
Video
lat=0&geolng=0&categories=814&locations=879&dirsearch=yes)
Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Surakarta&oldid=709681086"

VideoaboutSoloandsurroundingfromarchive.org
(http://www.archive.org/details/upennf160085_1955_5_Java)

Categories: Surakarta SoloRiver CitiesinCentralJava CitiesinIndonesia

Thispagewaslastmodifiedon12March2016,at11:36.
TextisavailableundertheCreativeCommonsAttributionShareAlikeLicenseadditionaltermsmayapply.Byusingthissite,youagreetothe
TermsofUseandPrivacyPolicy.WikipediaisaregisteredtrademarkoftheWikimediaFoundation,Inc.,anonprofitorganization.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surakarta

10/10