El proceso de publicacin de

un artculo cientfico
Juan Miguel Campanario
http://www.uah.es/otrosweb/jmc

Antes de elegir revista

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Amigos y colegas
Instrucciones de las
revistas
Lectura en voz alta
Formularios utilizados
por los referees

Revistas acadmicas
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Sistema de comunicacin
Colegio invisible
Criterios

Conflicto de intereses
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De lujo a necesidad: biomedicina

Problema relativamente reciente
Declaracin de conflicto de intereses

Conflicto de intereses
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Patsopoulos, N.A.; Analatos, A.A.; Ioannidis, J.P.A. (2006). Origin and

funding of the most frequently cited papers in medicine: database
analysis. British Medical Journal, publicado on-line 17-Marzo-2006
1994 a 2003, artculos de medicina clnica ms citados hasta 2004.
Afiliaciones y financiacin
289 artculos, 76% universidad, 57% hospital
Financiacin: pblica (60%), industria (36%)
Financiacin de industria crece y se iguala a la pblica en 2001
65 de las 77 pruebas clnicas ms citadas tienen financiacin de la
industria y la proporcin crece con el tiempo
Academics may be losing control of the clinical research agenda

Conflicto de intereses

Conflicto de intereses
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Authors agree to disclose all affiliations, funding sources, and financial or

management relationships that could be perceived as potential sources of
bias. [Science]
Conflict of interest and source of funding
A conflict of interests exists when an author or the author's institution has financial or personal relationships with other people or
organisations that inappropriately influence (bias) his or her actions. Financial relationships are easily identifiable, but conflicts
can also occur because of personal relationships, academic competition, or intellectual passion. A conflict can be actual or
potential, and full disclosure to the Editor is the safest course. All submissions to The Lancet Neurology must include disclosure
of all relationships that could be viewed as presenting a potential conflict of interest. The Editor may use such information as a
basis for editorial decisions and will publish such disclosures if they are believed to be important to readers in judging the
manuscript. At the end of the text, under a subheading Conflicts of Interest, all authors must disclose any financial and personal
relationships with other people or organisations that could inappropriately influence (bias) their work. Examples of financial
conflicts include employment, consultancies, stock ownership, honoraria, paid expert testimony, patent applications, and travel
grants, within the past 3 years. If there are no conflicts of interest, authors should state that they have none. The corresponding
author should state that he or she had full access to all the data in the study and had final responsibility for the decision to submit
for publication. For any Review, Meta-analysis, Rapid Review, Personal View, or Grand Round, The Lancet Neurology will
decide not to publish if an author, within the past 3 years and with a relevant company or competitor, has any stocks or shares,
equity, a contract of employment, or a named position on a company board; or, in general, holds (or is applying for) a relevant
patent (for the life of the patent); or has been asked by any organisation other than The Lancet Neurology to write, be named on,
or to submit the paper

[Lancet]

Revisores - referees
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Guardianes de la
ciencia
Nmero variable (13)
Expertos?
Selecciona el editor
(eleccin por autor?)

No cobran
Annimos

Duracin del proceso

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Depende de las reas

Slo se puede probar con una revista
Seis siete meses (evaluacin)
Un ao, ao y medio (publicacin)

Resultado

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Aceptacin
Rechazo
Revisin

Artculos rechazados
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Apelar al editor
Defensor del autor
Olvidar el artculo
Enviar el artculo a
otra revista

Artculos rechazados
Ray, J.; Berkwits, M.; Davidoff, F. (2000) The Fate of Manuscripts Rejected by a General
Medical Journal. American Journal o Medicine, 109, 131-135.

Sesgos y problemas
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Replicacin
Resultados positivos
Fiabilidad
Validez

Validez
Altman, D. (2002) Poor quality medical research. What can journals do? JAMA, 287, 27652767

Validez
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Caso del poliagua

Fusin fra
Quinta fuerza
Neutrino 17 keV
La mitad de la ciencia que enseamos
a nuestros alumnos es errnea....

Resistencia al descubrimiento
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Los cientficos son conservadores

Historia de la ciencia: casos conocidos
35 Ganadores Premio Nobel
Artculos muy citados
Cientficos disidentes (Brian Martin)
Reconocimiento tardo

Rechazos sonados
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Citation classics
Ms citados de sus revistas
Importantes en el desarrollo de su
disciplina

Premio Nobel
S. Ochoa, Acidos nucleicos
H. Krebs, Ciclo de Krebs
R. Yalow, Radioimmunoassays
H. Michell, Fotosntesis
P.A. Cerenkov, radiacin Cerenkov
Kornberg, sntesis de DNA
G. Binning and H. Rohrer, Microscopio tnel
W.A. Fowler, Nucleognesis

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Cientficos disidentes
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Cuestionan teoras vigentes

Prestigiosos
Asociaciones
Revistas: Peer review (Journal of
Scientific Exploration)
Casos actuales: Fusin fra

Cientficos disidentes
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Halton Arp astrnomo, Monte Palomar, varios premios (Alexander

von Humboldt). Big Bang
Brian Josephsone Assis Premio Nobel de Fsica. Mente-materia.
Robert G. Jahn catedrtico emrito Princeton University, varios
premios. Interaccin mente-materia.
Linus Pauling Premio Nobel de Qumica. Teoras alternativas sobre el
cncer.
Domina Eberle Spencer catedrtica University of Connecticut, varios
libros, 200 artculos.
Tom Van Flandern Celestial Mechanics Branch of the US Naval
Observatory, premios. Big Bang.

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Favoritismo
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Trato diferente
dependiendo de la
afiliacin
Efecto Mateo
Endogamia

Endogamia
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Lee, T. (1997) The editorial gatekeepers of the accounting academy. Accounting, Auditing and
Accountability Journal, 10, 11-30

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Endogamia
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BOE, 7 de Noviembre de 2005

Publicacin redundante
Mojon-Azzi, SM et. al (2003) Journals:
redundant publications are bad news. Nature,
421, 209
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22.423 artculos, 70 revistas

Publicados entre 1997-2000
Software: contrasta autores y ttulos
13.967 coincidencias superiores a 0,6
Muestra aleatoria 2.210
Encuentran 60 (1.39%) redundantes
Punta del iceberg?

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Publicacin redundante
Elm, E.V.; Poglia, G.; Walder, B.; Tramer, M.R. (2004) Different Patterns of Duplicate Publication.
An Analysis of Articles Used in Systematic Reviews. JAMA, 291:974-980

Preocupacin

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Otros aspectos
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Fraudes
Plagio
Caso Sokal

Editor: conflicto de intereses

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Endocrine Reviews, 1999

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Alternativas
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Revisin doble ciega

Referees no annimos
Publicar los informes de los referees
Metajournal
Rejected but available
Ms investigacin

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Rejected but available

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Se rechazan los artculos

Se incluye una referencia (web)
Autor debe estar muy seguro
Alumno probando con varios
profesores?

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