Department of Metallurgical Engineering and Materials Science

IIT Bombay
Formulas/Charts for Transport Phenomena Course
Newtons law of Viscosity
yx =

dvx
dy

(1)

Mechanical Energy Balance

1 v22
1 v12

+ g(z2 z1 ) +
2 2
2 1

Z
1

 
1
+E
f = 0
dP + W

f = 2 L v 2 fF
E
D
Fanning friction factor chart for pipe flow [1]

Figure 1: Fanning friction factor chart for pipe flow [1]

(2)

(3)

Expressions: Fanning friction factor for pipe flow

Laminar Flow (approximately upto Re 2000)
fF =

16
ReD

(4)

Turbulent Flow
Colebrook correlation
1

fF


= 4log

1 
1.255

+
3.7 D ReD fF


Turbulent flow, for ReD > 4000 (5)

Churcill Correlation
1

fF


= 4log 0.27 +
D

7
ReD

0.9 !
Turbulent flow, for ReD > 4000(6)

Blasius equation for hydraulically smooth pipes

fF

0.0791
Turbulent flow, Smooth Pipes, for ReD < 105
Re0.25
D

(7)

Values of Surface Roughness for Various Pipes Made of Different Materials [1]
Material Surface roughness
mm
Drawn tubing (brass, lead, glass, and the like) 0.00152
Commercial steel or wrought iron
0.0457
Asphalted cast iron
0.122
Galvanized iron
0.152
Cast iron
0.259
Wood stove
0.023-0.914
Concrete
0.305-3.05
Riveted steel
0.914-9.14

Equivalent Pipe Length to Diameter Ratio for some Common Pipe Fittings
(Turbulent Flow) [2]
Le
Pipe Fitting
D
Globe Valve, wide open
300
Angle Valve, wide open
170
Gate Valve, wide open
7
3/4 open
40
1/2 open
200
1/4 open
900
90o Elbow, standard
30
long radius
20
45o Elbow, standard
15
Tee, used as elbow, entering the stem
90
Tee, used as elbow, entering one of two side arms
60
Tee, straight through
20
180o close return bend
75
Ordinary entrance (Pipe flush with the wall of the vessel) 16
Borda entrance (Pipe protruding into vessel)
30
Rounded entrance, union, coupling
Negligible
Sudden enlargement from d to D
h
i2
d2
1
Turbulent flow in d
4fF,ind 1 D 2
Sudden contraction from D to d
h
i
1
10fF,ind

Turbulent flow in d

1.25

d2
D2

Flow Through Packed Bed

P
L

150(1 )2
1.75(1 ) 2
v0 +
v0
Dp2 3
3 Dp
Dp = Dsph

Dsph = Diameter of sphere having the same volume as that of the particle
=

Surface area of the sphere having equivalent volume of the particle

Surface area of the particle

Fluidized Bed

PA =
=

AL(1 mf )(s )g
AL

150.0(1 mf )2
1.75(1 mf )
vmf +
vmf 2
Dp2 3mf
3mf Dp

At minimum fluidization, voidage in the bed is given by

1
14 or
3mf
3

1 mf
11
2 3mf

Dsph vmf
=

3
0.0408Dsph
(s )g
33.72 +
2

!0.5
33.7

Voidage in the bed beyond minimum fluidization is given by

v0 = m
where the exponent, m is obtained from a plot of ReDp vs. m and is given in Figure 3
[3].

Figure 2: Exponent m in correlation for bed voidage in particulate fluidized bed [3]

Flow Pass a particle

beginequation* FDrag = A

1
2
2 v

Figure 3: Fanning friction factor for flow pass sphere

References
[1] R. Perry and D. Green, Chemical Engineers Handbook. McGraw-Hill, New York,
USA, 8th ed., 2008.
[2] O. Levenspiel, Engineering Flow and Heat Exchange. Plenum Press, New York,
USA, 1984.
[3] M. Leva, Fluidization. McGraw-Hill, New York, USA, 1959.