Bureau of Mines Report of lnvestigations/l987

Accurate Directional Borehole Drilling:

A Case Study at Navajo Dam,
New Mexico
By S. J. Kravits, A. Sainato, and G. L. Finfinger

U N I T E D STATES D E P A R T M E N T O F T H E INTERIOR

Report of Investigations 9102

Accurate Directional Borehole Drilling:

A Case Study at Navajo Dam,
New Mexico
By S. J. Kravits, A. Sainato, and G. L. Finfinger

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

Donald Paul Hodel, Secretary
BUREAU OF MINES
David S. Brown, Acting Director

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data :

Kravits, S. J. (Stephen J.)

Accurate directional borehole drilling.
(Report of investigations ; 9102)
Bibliography: p. 18.
Supt. of Docs. no.: 1 28.23: 9102.
1. Directional drilling-New Mexico-Navajo Dam. I. Sainato, Albert. 11. Finfinger,
Gerald L. 111 Title. IV. Series: Report of investigations (United States. Bureau of Mines) ;
9102.

CONTENTS
Page

........................................................................
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Abstract
Introduction
Acknowledgments
Test s i t e
D r i l l i n g equipment
Hydraulic d r i l l
I n - h o l e motor
Borehole t r a j e c t o r y c o n t r o l devices
S u r v e y i n g equipment and p r o c e d u r e s
Single-shot survey instrument
Surveying accuracy
Planning t h e borehole
Directional d r i l l i n g t h e demonstration borehole
Effectiveness i n c o n t r o l l i n g borehole t r a j e c t o r y
B o r e h o l e punchout and i n v e s t i g a t i n g e r r o r i n a z i m u t h
Conclusions
References
Appendix.--Drill
and b o r e h o l e s u r v e y log^.........................^............

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2
2
2
3
3
3
5
9
9
10
11
13
13
15
18
18
19

ILLUSTRATIONS

.................................................. 43
................................................ 4
............................. 5
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6
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....................................................... 7
...... 89
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............. 11
....................... 12
............................... 1 2
....................a.e........ 1 3

Navajo Dam l o c a t i o n map

Navajo Dam r i g h t abutment
Navajo Dam d e m o n s t r a t i o n b o r e h o l e d r i l l s i t e
H y d r a u l i c d r i l l and c o n t r o l p a n e l
I n - h o l e motor s c h e m a t i c
I n - h o l e motor o p e r a t i n g p a r a m e t e r s
P o l y c r y s t a l l i n e diamond c u t t e r b i t s
I n - h o l e motor e q u i p p e d w i t h a 2O b e n t h o u s i n g
S i d e f o r c e diagram
V a r i o u s t o o l f a c e s e t t i n g s and t h e i r e f f e c t s on b o r e h o l e t r a j e c t o r y
Single-shot d i r e c t i o n a l survey instrument
Reading d e v e l o p e d s u r v e y f i l m d i s k
Survey hardware
Nonmagnetic d r i l l c o l l a r and compass s p a c i n g s e l e c t i o n c h a r t
V e r t i c a l s e c t i o n of p l a n n e d d e m o n s t r a t i o n b o r e h o l e
Map view of p l a n n e d d e m o n s t r a t i o n b o r e h o l e
V e r t i c a l s e c t i o n of d e m o n s t r a t i o n b o r e h o l e
P l a n view of d e m o n s t r a t i o n b o r e h o l e
Various bent housings
B o r e h o l e punchout

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........................................................

14
14
17

TABLES

1.
A-1
A-2

..

..........................

Measured d e f l e c t i o n r a t e s u s i n g 2' b e n t h o u s i n g
Log of d i r e c t i o n a l d r i l l i n g p a r a m e t e r s
D e m o n s t r a t i o n b o r e h o l e s u r v e y l o g and l o g of d e s i r e d d e p a r t u r e s

...................................
..........

16
19
22

UNIT OF MEASURE ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS REPORT

EMU

electromagnetic u n i t

Ibf

pound f o r c e

ft

foot

m in

minute

ft0lbf

f o o t pound ( f o r c e )

nT

nanotesla

gal/min

g a l l o n p e r minute

psi

pound p e r s q u a r e i n c h

hp

horsepower

~ s i g

pound p e r s q u a r e i n c h , gauge

in

inch

r/min

r e v o l u t i o n p e r minute

in/min

i n c h p e r minute

V ac

volt, alternating current

ACCURATE DIRECTIONAL BOREHOLE DRILLING: A CASE STUDY AT

NAVAJO DAM, NEW MEXICO

By S. J. Kravits,' A. S a i n a t ~and
, ~ G . L. Finfinger3

ABSTRACT
T h i s r e p o r t d e s c r i b e s a p r o j e c t c o n d u c t e d by t h e Bureau of Mines i n
which t h e a c c u r a t e d i r e c t i o n a l d r i l l i n g of a b o r e h o l e was d e m o n s t r a t e d
w i t h t h e o b j e c t i v e of i n t e r c e p t i n g a d e s i g n a t e d t a r g e t . The p r o j e c t was
c o n d u c t e d a t Navajo Dam i n n o r t h e r n New Mexico a t t h e r e q u e s t of t h e Bur e a u of Reclamation.
B o r e h o l e s u r v e y and d r i l l l o g s a r e p r o v i d e d i n a n
appendix.
The t r a j e c t o r y of t h e d e m o n s t r a t i o n b o r e h o l e was d e s i g n e d t o i n t e r c e p t
a 5 - f t - r a d i u s t a r g e t a t t h e f i n a l o r "punchout" d i s t a n c e of 885 f t . The
e l e v a t i o n of t h e b o r e h o l e a t t h i s d i s t a n c e was w i t h i n t h e t a r g e t ; t h e
b o r e h o l e punchout c o o r d i n a t e s were 8.81 f t s o u t h w e s t of t h e t a r g e t .
As
a r e s u l t of t h e d e m o n s t r a t e d a c c u r a c y ,
t h e Bureau of R e c l a m a t i o n h a s
c o n t r a c t e d t h e a c c u r a t e d r i l l i n g of b o r e h o l e s a s l o n g a s 600 f t from t h e
i n s i d e of a s h o r t t u n n e l ,
t o c o n t r o l water seepage i n t h e r i g h t abutment.
T h i s r e s u l t e d i n a s u b s t a n t i a l c o s t s a v i n g s compared t o t h e o r i g i n a l p l a n of c o n s t r u c t i n g a l o n g e r t u n n e l and d r i l l i n g 150-ft b o r e h o l e s .

'2~~ii nn ii nn ggee nn gg ii nneeeerr.i n g t e c h n i c i a n .

3 ~ u p e r v i s o r yg e o l o g i s t .
P i t t s b u r g h R e s e a r c h C e n t e r , Bureau of Mines, P i t t s b u r g h , PA.

INTRODUCTION
The Bureau of Reclamation, U.S. Department of t h e I n t e r i o r , r e q u e s t e d t h e Bur e a u of Mines, through I n t e r a g e n c y Agreement No. 1409-0070-1212,
t o demonstrate
t h e a c c u r a c y of d i r e c t i o n a l d r i l l i n g a
borehole t o i n t e r c e p t a
near-horizontal
designated target.
The Bureau of Reclamation's objective
was
t o determine
the feasibility
of
using accurately
d r i l l e d b o r e h o l e s t o c o n t r o l w a t e r seepa g e through open j o i n t s i n bedrock found a t i o n s of embankment dams.
The Bureau of Mines has r e s e a r c h e d and
demonstrated a c c u r a t e d i r e c t i o n a l d r i l l i n g a s p a r t of i t s methane c o n t r o l pro- I n 1979, a d i r e c t i o n a l
gram (1-3).4
s u r f a c e b o r e h o l e was d r i l l e d u s i n g an
in-hole
motor5 t o a measured d e p t h of

1,595 f t , m a i n t a i n i n g an a r c of 6" p e r
100 f t and coming w i t h i n 3 f t of i n t e r c e p t i n g t h e P i t t s b u r g h Coalbed 1,012 f t
below t h e s u r f a c e . F i v e h o r i z o n t a l methane d r a i n a g e b o r e h o l e s were t h e n d r i l l e d
from t h e s u r f a c e b o r e h o l e , t o t a l i n g 9,544
ft.
The Bureau h a s a l s o demonstrated d r i l l i n g accuracy i n d r i l l i n g long h o r i z o n t a l
methane d r a i n a g e b o r e h o l e s i n underground
c o a l mines. Methane d r a i n a g e b o r e h o l e s
have been d r i l l e d t o d e p t h s g r e a t e r t h a n
2,000 f t , m a i n t a i n i n g v e r t i c a l b o r e h o l e
t r a j e c t o r y w i t h i n t h e coalbed ( a p p r o x i mately 6 f t ) w h i l e c o n t r o l l i n g h o r i z o n t a l
t r a j e c t o r y a s d e s i r e d t o prevent i n t e r c e p t i o n by f u t u r e mining (2-2).
-

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The c o o p e r a t i o n of t h e Bureau of Reclamation was c r i t i c a l i n t h e s u c c e s s f u l
c o m p l e t i o n of t h i s p r o j e c t .
The a u t h o r s
wish t o t h a n k Hunter C. H a r r e l , geolog i s t , E n g i n e e r i n g and Research C e n t e r ,
Denver, CO; William C. E h l e r , g e o l o g i s t ,
Durango (CO) P r o j e c t s O f f i c e ; Leonard
T r u j i l l o , Navajo Dam s u p e r i n t e n d e n t ; and

Navajo Dam maintenance s t a f f f o r t h e i r

c o n t i n u e d s u p p o r t and a s s i s t a n c e d u r i n g
t h i s project.
The a u t h o r s a l s o t h a n k
Ed J. B l y t h e , J r . , w e l l p l a n n i n g e n g i n e e r , NL Sperry-Sun,
Rosenburg, TX f o r
t e c h n i c a l a s s i s t a n c e provided i n improvi n g s u r v e y i n g accuracy.

TEST SITE
Navajo Dam i s a zoned embankment s t r u c t u r e i n n o r t h e r n New Mexico, 39 m i l e s
and about 35
e a s t of Farmington, NM,
m i l e s s o u t h e a s t of Durango, CO ( f i g . 1 ) .
It i s one of t h e key s t r u c t u r e s of t h e
Colorado R i v e r S t o r a g e P r o j e c t , regul a t i n g t h e f l o w s of t h e San Juan R i v e r
and p r o v i d i n g s t o r a g e f o r Navajo I n d i a n
I r r i g a t i o n Project.
It a l s o p r o v i d e s
a f a c i l i t y f o r r e c r e a t i o n and f i s h and
wildlife
conservation.
Navajo
Dam,
' u n d e r l i n e d numbers i n p a r e n t h e s e s r e f e r t o items i n the list of references
p r e c e d i n g t h e appendix.

c o n s t r u c t e d from 1958 t o 1963, i s approxi m a t e l y 400 f t

i n structural height,
3,600 f t i n c r e s t l e n g t h , 30 f t i n t o p
w i d t h , and 2,500 f t i n maximum base w i d t h
The r i g h t abutment of t h e dam was
chosen f o r t h e l o a c t i o n of t h e demonstrat i o n b o r e h o l e , w i t h d e s i g n e d punchout
o c c u r r i n g n e a r t h e t o p of t h e s p i l l w a y
( f i g s . 2-3).

(6).

5 ~ h et e r m i n - h o l e
i s synonymous w i t h
downhole.
The a u t h o r s f e e l i n - h o l e i s
more d e s c r i p t i v e l y a c c u r a t e when b o r e h o l e
t r a j e c t o r y is near horizontal.

DRILLING EQUIPMENT
A Diamant ~ o a r DBH
t ~ 700 h y d r a u l i c c o r e

d r i l l and a 2-7/8-in-OD h i g h - t o r q u e , nonmagnetic i n - h o l e motor manufactured by

S l i m d r i l , Inc.,
were u s e d t o d r i l l t h e
b o r e h o l e . The i n - h o l e motor was equipped
w i t h a b e n t h o u s i n g and two 3-1/2-in-OD
p o l y c r y s t a l l i n e diamond c u t t e r b i t s ( u s e d
s e p a r a t e l y ) , one manufactured by Longyear
and o n e by S l i m d r i l , Inc.
' ~ e fe r e n c e t o s p e c i f i c e q u i p m e n t d o e s
n o t i m p l y e n d o r s e m e n t by t h e B u r e a u o f
Mines.

I
LEGEND

----

COLORADO

u
MEXICO

U. S. highway
State highway

Key mop

Unpaved road
State boundary
County boundary

o
0

Townorcity

10

20

Scale, miles

FIGURE 1.-Navajo Dam location map. Adapted from

Bureau of Reclamation map.

HYDRAULIC D R I L L
The main components of t h e Diamant
B o a r t DBH 700 u n i t a r e t h e d r i l l i t s e l f ,
c o n t r o l p a n e l , and power u n i t ( f i g . 4 ) .
To d r i l l t h e d e m o n s t r a t i o n b o r e h o l e , t h e
d r i l l was p o s i t i o n e d h o r i z o n t a l l y .
The
power u n i t i s equipped w i t h two h y d r a u l i c
r a d i a l p i s t o n pumps, one f o r t h r u s t and
one f o r r o t a t i o n , b o t h powered by a s i n g l e 40-hp, 440-V a c e l e c t r i c motor.
IN-HOLE MOTOR
The 2-7/8-in-OD
h i g h - t o r q u e i n - h o l e mot o r i s a positive-displacement hydraulic
motor t h a t r o t a t e s t h e d r i l l b i t w i t h o u t
r o t a t i n g t h e d r i l l s t r i n g . The i n - h o l e
motor c o n v e r t s t h e h y d r a u l i c horsepower
g e n e r a t e d by t h e f l o w of t h e d r i l l i n g
f l u i d ( w a t e r ) under p r e s s u r e i n t o t o r q u e
and i n t o t h e r o t a t i o n a l s p e e d o r mechanic a l power t h a t d r i v e s t h e d r i l l b i t ( 5 ) .
The components of t h e h i g h - t o r q u e motor
a r e i d e n t i f i e d i n f i g u r e 5.
When d r i l l i n g f l u i d i s pumped t h r o u g h
t h e d r i l l s t r i n g and t h e i n - h o l e motor a t
r a t e s of 30 t o 70 g a l / m i n a t d i f f e r e n t i a l
p r e s s u r e s of 250 t o 625 p s i g , t h e h e l i c a l
stainless steel rotor rotates inside the
r u b b e r molded s t a t o r . The r a n g e of Slimd r i l o p e r a t i n g p a r a m e t e r s i s shown i n
f i g u r e 6; t h e a c t u a l p a r a m e t e r s a p p l i e d
Roa r e l i s t e d i n t a b l e A-1 ( a p p e n d i x ) .
t a t i o n of t h e d r i v e s h a f t , p o s i t i o n e d
w i t h i n t h e b e a r i n g package, i s t r a n s m i t t e d by t h e f l e x - c o u p l i n g ,
converting
t h e e c c e n t r i c r o t a r y motion of t h e h e l i c a l r o t o r t o c o n c e n t r i c motion.
The
d r i v e sub i s connected t o t h e d r i v e s h a f t
and i s t h e o n l y r o t a t i n g e x t e r n a l compon e n t of t h e i n - h o l e motor.
The d r i l l b i t
i s f a s t e n e d t o t h e d r i v e sub. Two 3-1/2in-OD
polycrystalline
diamond c u t t e r
b i t s , one e a c h from Longyear and Slimwere e q u a l l y u s e d t o d r i l l
d r i l , Inc.,

FIGURE 2.-Navajo

FIGURE 3.-Navajo

Dam right abutment.

Dam demonstration borehole drill site.

FIGURE 4.-A,

Hydraulic drill; 8, control panel. Power unit not shown.

Bearing package
NQ rod
box thread

Crossover sub

NW rod box threa

Not to scale

FIGURE 5.-In-hole
are magnetic.

motor schematic. Stator, rotor and exterior nousing are nonmagnetic. Bearing package and drive sub

t h e demonstration borehole
(fig.
7).
P o l y c r y s t a l l i n e diamond c u t t e r b i t s a r e
recommended f o r u s e w i t h i n - h o l e motors
because t h e y a r e designed t o o p e r a t e a t
high r o t a t i n g speeds f o r extended p e r i ods. The d e m o n s t r a t i o n b o r e h o l e ' s h o r i z o n t a l and v e r t i c a l b o r e h o l e t r a j e c t o r i e s
were c o n t r o l l e d
d u r i n g i n - h o l e motor
d r i l l i n g by u s i n g c o n t r o l d e v i c e s .

BOREHOLE TRAJECTORY CONTROL DEVICES

Various t y p e s of d e v i c e s c a n be used
w i t h i n - h o l e motors t o c o n t r o l b o r e h o l e
t r a j e c t o r y . These i n c l u d e b e n t h o u s i n g s ,
b e n t s u b s , e c c e n t r i c s u b s , and d e f l e c t i o n
shoes. An i n - h o l e motor equipped w i t h a
2' b e n t h o u s i n g i s shown i n f i g u r e 8.

MOTOR PRESSURE DIFFERENTIAL, psi

FIGURE 6.-In-hole motor operating parameters. Water supplied to in-hole motor under pressure by two triple-piston
pumps.

Scale, in

FIGURE 7.-Polycrystalline diamond cutter bits.

While d r i l l i n g , t h e r e i s continuous
c o n t a c t between t h e convex s i d e of t h e
b e n t h o u s i n g and t h e w a l l of t h e boreh o l e ; t h i s i s commonly c a l l e d s i d e f o r c e .
The r e s u l t a n t r e a c t i o n of t h e s i d e f o r c e
e x e r t e d on t h e w a l l of t h e borehole i s a
f o r c e e x e r t e d on t h e b i t i n t h e o p p o s i t e
d i r e c t i o n o r 180' away ( f i g . 9). The d i r e c t i o n of t h e f o r c e e x e r t e d on t h e b i t

FIGURE 8.-In-hole motor equipped with a 2

' bent housing.

i s c a l l e d t o o l f a c e d i r e c t i o n and i s
t h e d i r e c t i o n borehole t r a j e c t o r y w i l l
follow. Various t o o l f a c e s e t t i n g s and
t h e i r e f f e c t s on borehole v e r t i c a l and
horizontal trajectories are
shown i n
f i g u r e 10.

Side force
(at 0")

Tool face at 180"

(low s~de)

force exerted on bit

(reaction of s ~ d eforce w
tool face at 1 80 1

Side force
(at 0 " )

Tool face at 180

(low s ~ d e )

FIGURE 9.-Side
schematic.

Dlrect~onof force exerted

in vertlcal
on b ~ resulting
t
drop of hole trajectory

force diagram. Above in-hole motor equipped with bent housing; below, side force

D e f l e c t i o n r a t e s p e r t a i n i n g t o known
t o o l f a c e s e t t i n g s a r e r a t e s a t which
b o r e h o l e i n c l i n a t i o n and azimuth (beari n g ) change o r d e f l e c t d u r i n g d r i l l i n g .
The r a t e of change i n borehole i n c l i n a t i o n is the vertical deflection rate;
the horizontal deflection rate is the
r a t e of change i n azimuth. E s t a b l i s h e d

d e f l e c t i o n r a t e s would be used t o p e r i o d i c a l l y p r o j e c t o r estimate b i t p o s i t i o n

16 f t ahead of t h e c u r r e n t survey d e p t h
and t o d e c i d e what t o o l f a c e s e t t i n g
should be a p p l i e d t o t h e next d r i l l i n g
i n t e r v a l i n o r d e r t o maintain d e s i r e d
borehole t r a j e c t o r y . V e r t i c a l and h o r i z o n t a l d e f l e c t i o n r a t e s a r e determined by

Maximum build in
inclination
5. Left

H 5'

Right

5O

Maximum
and hold

Right

5"

Maximum azimuth turn

and hold inclination

Maximum drop in
inclination
FIGURE 10.-Various tool face settings and their effects on borehole trajectory. Black arrow depicts tool face setting of 45'
right, which would result in borehole trajectory building inclination and azimuth turning right (east).

o b s e r v i n g t h e change i n i n c l i n a t i o n and
azimuth from t h e p r e v i o u s t o t h e c u r r e n t
b o r e h o l e survey depth. For example, ref e r r i n g t o t h e t h i r d page of t a b l e A-2,
t h e v e r t i c a l and h o r i z o n t a l d e f l e c t i o n
r a t e s observed from survey d e p t h s 449 t o
459 f t were 0.09"/ft
(0.9" d u r i n g 10-ft
i n t e r v a l ) and 0.19"/ft
( e a s t i s posit i v e ) , respectively. A tool face s e t t i n g
of 60" t o 80" r i g h t was a p p l i e d u s i n g a
2" b e n t housing w h i l e d r i l l i n g from 445
t o 475 f t . When t h e s u r v e y was conducted
a t 459 f t , t h e b i t d e p t h was 475 f t . To
p r o j e c t t h e i n c l i n a t i o n a t the b i t depth
of 475 i t , t h e e s t a b l i s h e d v e r t i c a l def l e c t i o n r a t e of 0 . 0 9 " / f t
was m u l t i p l i e d
by 16 f t and added t o t h e surveyed i n c l i n a t i o n a t 459 f t . T h i s r e s u l t e d i n a
p r o j e c t e d i n c l i n a t i o n of 101.8".
The
azimuth a t t h e b i t d e p t h was p r o j e c t e d t o
be 343.0"
by m u l t i p l y i n g t h e h o r i z o n t a l
d e f l e c t i o n r a t e of 0.19"/ft by 16 f t and

adding t h e azimuth surveyed a t 459 f t of

340.0".
The p r o j e c t e d i n c l i n a t i o n and
azimuth a t 475 f t were c l o s e t o t h e act u a l r e s u l t s surveyed l a t e r a t 479 f t
( t a b l e A-2).
Angle averaging, which i s a
s u r v e y i n g c a l c u l a t i o n method, was used t o
c a l c u l a t e p r o j e c t e d c o o r d i n a t e s and e l e v a t i o n a t t h e b i t (2, 6). E s t a b l i s h e d
deflection r a t e s pertaining t o t o o l face
s e t t i n g s and bent housing used a r e provided l a t e r i n t h e t e x t .
Tool f a c e d i r e c t i o n s a r e changed by
t u r n i n g t h e d r i l l s t r i n g clockwise w i t h
p i p e wrenches t o a p o s i t i o n O0 t o 180"
l e f t o r r i g h t from t h e c e n t e r l i n e a l o n g
t h e t o p of t h e boring. Borehole i n c l i n a t i o n , azimuth, and t o o l f a c e d i r e c t i o n
were c o n t i n u o u s l y monitored and a d j u s t e d
t o achieve d i r e c t i o n a l c o n t r o l o r t o
m a i n t a i n t h e d e s i r e d h o r i z o n t a l and vert i c a l borehole t r a j e c t o r i e s .

SURVEYING EQUIPMENT AND PROCEDURES

SINGLE-SHOT SURVEY INSTRUMENT
An NL Sperry-Sun t y p e B 120 magnetic
d i r e c t i o n a l single-shot survey instrument
was used d u r i n g d r i l l i n g t o monitor boreh o l e i n c l i n a t i o n , b e a r i n g , and t o o l f a c e
d i r e c t i o n ( f i g . 11). The e s s e n t i a l e l e ments
of t h e s u r v e y
instrument a r e
t h e compass, i n c l i n a t i o n u n i t , b a t t e r i e s
and f i l m l o a d i n g mechanism, l e n s and
lamp h o l d e r , and mechanical t i m e r t h a t
c o n t r o l s t h e e l e c t r i c a l c i r c u i t s and ill u m i n a t e s t h e compass-inclination u n i t a t
a p r e s e t time t o r e c o r d t h e p e r t i n e n t
d a t a on a f i l m d i s k (7).
-

FIGURE 11.-Single-shot

FIGURE 12.-Reading

To conduct a s u r v e y , t h e mechanical
t i m e r of t h e s u r v e y i n s t r u m e n t is s e t and
t h e i n s t r u m e n t i s loaded w i t h a f i l m
d i s k . The loaded survey i n s t r u m e n t i s
placed i n i t s
p r o t e c t i v e c a s i n g and
It i s
i n s e r t e d i n t h e hollow d r i l l rod.
pumped w i t h water t o t h e back end of t h e
in-hole motor, where i t a l i g n s w i t h t h e
o r i e n t i n g sub. The f i l m d i s k i s exposed
a t a p r e s e t time, a f t e r which t h e i n s t r u ment i s r e t r i e v e d by a w i r e l i n e a t t a c h e d
t o t h e p r o t e c t i v e casing. The r e t r i e v e d
i n s t r u m e n t i s removed from i t s p r o t e c t i v e
c a s i n g , and t h e f i l m d i s k i s removed,
developed, and r e a d ( f i g . 12).

directional survey instrument.

developed survey film disk.

SURVEYING ACCURACY
D i r e c t i o n a l d r i l l i n g accuracy i s p r i m a r i l y dependent on b o r e h o l e s u r v e y i n g
a c c u r a c y . F a c t o r s t h a t i n f l u e n c e boreh o l e a c c u r a c y i n c l u d e i n h e r e n t accuracy
of t h e s u r v e y i n s t r u m e n t , magnetic d r i l l
s t r i n g i n t e r f e r e n c e , s u r v e y frequency o r
i n t e r v a l , and t h e c a l c u l a t i o n t e c h n i q u e
u s e d t o compute b o r e h o l e c o o r d i n a t e s and
elevation.
The NL Sperry-Sun t y p e B 120" d i r e c t i o n a l s i n g l e - s h o t s u r v e y i n s t r u m e n t was
used t o monitor b o r e h o l e i n c l i n a t i o n ,
b e a r i n g , and t o o l f a c e o r i e n t a t i o n . The
manufacturer's
specified tolerance i n
measuring b e a r i n g f o r a r e c e n t l y c a l i b r a t e d compass ( s u r v e y i n s t r u m e n t ) i s
'0.5O.
Furthermore, t h e r e s o l u t i o n i n
r e a d i n g t h e photographed compass b e a r i n g
Conon t h e f i l m d i s k i s a random 20.5".
s e q u e n t l y , a p o t e n t i a l e r r o r of '1" exi s t s i n measuring b o r e h o l e b e a r i n g s u s i n g
t h e s u b j e c t s u r v e y i n s t r u m e n t . The accuracy i n surveying f o r i n c l i n a t i o n using
t h e s u b j e c t s u r v e y i n s t r u m e n t i s '0.12O.
Wolff and deWardt ( 8 ) s t a t e t h a t , f o r a
compass u n i t i n good c o n d i t i o n , a genera l l y a c c e p t e d s y s t e m a t i c a c c u r a y i s '1".
Compass u n i t s measure magnetic n o r t h and
r e q u i r e a d e c l i n a t i o n c o r r e c t i o n t o obt a i n t r u e n o r t h . Wolff and deWardt sugg e s t t h a t d e c l i n a t i o n c o r r e c t i o n s obt a i n e d from c h a r t s may be i n c o r r e c t t o
'0.5.
The N a t i o n a l Geophysical Data Cent e r , Boulder, CO, o r t h e U.S. G e o l o g i c a l
Survey, Reston, VA, can supply a n accur a t e d e c l i n a t i o n c o r r e c t i o n i f provided
w i t h d r i l l s i t e ( c o l l a r ) c o o r d i n a t e s and
elevation.
The d e c l i n a t i o n c o r r e c t i o n a t
Navajo Dam d r i l l s i t e was 12" E '13 min.
Random misalignment of t h e survey hardware and i n s t r u m e n t w i t h i n t h e d r i l l

FIGURE 13.-Survey

s t r i n g w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e borehole i s
a n o t h e r p o s s i b l e s o u r c e of e r r o r i n boreh o l e s u r v e y i n g f o r b e a r i n g and i n c l i n a t i o n ( f i g . 13). The magnitude of t h i s
s o u r c e of e r r o r i s d i f f i c u l t t o d e t e r mine; Wolff and deWardt ( 8 ) e s t i m a t e i t
a t approximately '0.2 t o *O.SO.
Compass-type
surveying
instruments
s e n s e only t h e d i r e c t i o n of t h e l o c a l
magnetic f i e l d v e c t o r and t h e r e f o r e are
subject t o systematic d r i l l s t r i n g i n t e r f e r e n c e . To reduce d r i l l s t r i n g i n t e r f e r e n c e , compass-type survey i n s t r u m e n t s
must be p r o p e r l y spaced i n s i d e adequate
l e n g t h s of
nonmagnetic
d r i l l co,llar
(NMDC). The NMDC used t o d r i l l t h e jdemo n s t r a t i o n borehole c o n s i s t e d of a nonmagnetic in-hole motor (nonmagnetic rot o r and housing 12 f t i n l e n g t h , b e a r i n g
package and b i t made of magnetic m a t e r i a l
2 f t i n l e n g t h ) and 100 f t of NQ-size
wireline
nonmagnetic
s t a i n l e s s steel
d r i l l rod.
Previous Bureau e x p e r i e n c e
i n d i r e c t i o n a l d r i l l i n g long h o r i z o n t a l
b o r e h o l e s i n c o a l f o r methane d r a i n a g e
h a s shown t h a t compass s p a c i n g of 20 f t
above t h e bottom end of 100 f t of NMDC
s u f f i c i e n t l y reduces d r i l l s t r i n g i n t e r f e r e n c e . NL Sperry-Sun h a s completed sel e c t i o n c h a r t s a s guides f o r estimating
compass s p a c i n g based on g e o g r a p h i c a l
l o c a t i o n ( h o r i z o n t a l component of t h e
e a r t h ' s magnetic f i e l d i n t e n s i t y v a r i e s
w i t h l o c a t i o n ) , borehole i n c l i n a t i o n , and
b e a r i n g , a s i n d i c a t e d i n f i g u r e 14 ( 9 ) .
Based on t h e s e l e c t i o n c h a r t shown f o r
t h e Navajo Dam
location, uncorrected
b e a r i n g of N 10" W , and i n c l i n a t i o n of
90, t h e compass should be l o c a t e d 20 f t
from t h e bottom of t h e NMDC. While cond u c t i n g a borehole s u r v e y , t h e NL SperrySun s i n g l e - s h o t was placed 1 3 f t from t h e
bottom of t h e NMDC, o r 16 f t from t h e

hardware. A, snubber; 19,centralizing pumpdown washers; C, muleshoe.

bit.
Although t h i s s p a c i n g was 7 f t less
t h a n t h e e s t i m a t e d compass s p a c i n g s , havi n g t h e compass c l o s e r t o t h e b i t enhanced t h e a c c u r a y i n p r o j e c t i n g t h e c u r r e n t p o s i t i o n of t h e b i t from t h e s u r v e y
position.
Two r e l a t e d f a c t o r s t h a t a f f e c t boreh o l e surveying accuracy a r e surveying
f r e q u e n c y and t h e s u r v e y i n g c a l c u l a t i o n
t e c h n i q u e used t o d e t e r m i n e b o r e h o l e coo r d i n a t e s and e l e v a t i o n .
It i s g e n e r a l l y
a c c e p t e d t h a t r e g a r d l e s s of c a l c u l a t i o n
technique applied, s h o r t survey i n t e r v a l s
w i l l r e s u l t i n increased accuracy
Borehole s u r v e y s were conducted a t 10-ft
d r i l l i n g i n t e r v a l s a t Navajo Dam.
Of t h e
dozen o r s o s u r v e y i n g c a l c u l a t i o n t e c h niques a v a i l a b l e , balanced t a n g e n t i a l ,
r a d i u s of c u r v a t u r e , minimum c u r v a t u r e ,
and a n g l e a v e r a g i n g a r e g e n e r a l l y acc e p t e d a s p r o v i d i n g s i m i l a r and a c c e p t a b l e r e s u l t s ( 1 0 ) . A r a d i u s of c u r v a t u r e
program a d a p t e r f o r a Hewlett Packard 15C
c a l c u l a t o r was used t o c a l c u l a t e b o r e h o l e
c o o r d i n a t e s and e l e v a t i o n .
Angle a v e r a g i n g was used p e r i o d i c a l l y t o check t h e
r a d i u s of c u r v a t u r e r e s u l t s .

(10).

BEARING FROM MAGNETIC

NORTH OR SOUTH, deg
(Uncorrected for decl inat ion)
F'IGURE 14.-Nonmagnetic
ing selection chart.

drill collar and compass spac-

PLANNING THE BOREHOLE

The b o r e h o l e s t a r t i n g c o o r d i n a t e s were
N 19,567.69,
E 52,697.69;
elevation a t
t h e c o l l a r was 5,933.53 f t . The d e s i g n a t e d "punchout" was t o o c c u r w i t h i n a
5 - f t r a d i u s of N 20,447.31,
E 52,709.41
a t an e l e v a t i o n of 6,049.03 f t ( f i g s . 1516). The l o c a t i o n of t h e b o r e h o l e was
d e t e r m i n e d a f t e r c o n s i d e r i n g t h e geology
of t h e r i g h t abutment and t h e c o n s t r a i n t s
t h a t s p e c i f i c g e o l o g i c f e a t u r e s would i m p o s e on t h e placement of t h e b o r e h o l e .
The abutment i n t h e v i c i n i t y of t h e boreh o l e c o n s i s t s predominantly of c o a r s e - t o medium-grained s a n d s t o n e w i t h i n t e r b e d d e d
s h a l e and s i l t s t o n e ( f i g . 15). The sands t o n e i s comprised mostly of v e r y h a r d
a n g u l a r q u a r t z g r a i n s weakly t o moderatel y cemented h a v i n g an u n c o n f i n e d compress i v e s t r e n g t h of l e s s t h a n 6 , 9 0 0 p s i ( 4 ) .
The weak n a t u r e of t h e s a n d s t o n e ' s i n t e r g r a n u l a r m a t e r i a l i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e rock
would p r o b a b l y d r i l l e a s i l y even though
t h e s a n d s t o n e ' s q u a r t z g r a i n s were v e r y
h a r d and a b r a s i v e .
Rock o u t c r o p s w i t h i n
t h e r i g h t abutment c o n t a i n b o t h v e r t i c a l

and h o r i z o n t a l j o i n t s .
Unfortunately,
t h e e x a c t l o c a t i o n s of t h e j o i n t s c o u l d
n o t be d e t e r m i n e d b e c a u s e of t h i n s o i l
c o v e r , and t h u s t h e b o r e h o l e t r a j e c t o r y
c o u l d n o t be planned t o a v o i d i n t e r c e p t i n g them.
However, t h e b o r e h o l e was des i g n e d t o a v o i d i n t e r c e p t i n g t h e sandf i l l e d j o i n t shown i n f i g u r e 15. The
e l e v a t i o n a t t h e bottom of t h e sandf i l l e d j o i n t was e s t i m a t e d t o be 5 , 9 5 0
f t , o r a b o u t 16.5 f t above t h e c o l l a r of
t h e borehole.
To p r e v e n t d r i l l i n g i n t o
t h e j o i n t , t h e f i r s t 250 f t of t h e demons t r a t i o n b o r e h o l e was t o be d r i l l e d keepi n g borehole e l e v a t i o n near t h e e l e v a t i o n
of t h e c o l l a r , o r 5 , 9 3 3 f t .
D r i l l i n g was
t o c o n t i n u e from 250 t o 340 f t , by a p p l y i n g maximum b u i l d and t o o l f a c e d i r e c t i o n s of 0" t o 20" r i g h t and l e f t ( f i g .
10). A d e s i r e d i n c r e a s e i n b o r e h o l e i n c l i n a t i o n from 90.0" ( h o r i z o n t a l i n c l i n a t i o n ) t o 101.0"
(11.0" above h o r i z o n t a l )
would r e s u l t a t 300 t o 340 f t .
Borehole
i n c l i n a t i o n was t h e n t o be m a i n t a i n e d a t
o r n e a r 101.0" t o b o r e h o l e c o m p l e t i o n i n

o r d e r t o i n t e r c e p t t h e t a r g e t elevat i o n . While m a i n t a i n i n g d e s i r e d v e r t i c a l t r a j e c t o r y a s mentioned, a n a t t e m p t

was t o be made t o m a i n t a i n d e p a r t u r e
w i t h i n 2 f t e a s t o r west from t h e planned
s t r a i g h t - l i n e c o l l a r t o punchout t r a j e c t o r y ( f i g . 16). The d e p a r t u r e of t h e

s t r a i g h t - l i n e c o l l a r t o punchout t r a j e c E
t o r y h a v i n g a b e a r i n g of N 0"-45'-00"
was c a l c u l a t e d and a p p e a r s i n appendix
t a b l e A-2.
T h i s i n f o r m a t i o n would be
used c o n t i n u o u s l y d u r i n g
drilling to
monitor d e v i a t i o n from t h e d e s i r e d borehole departure.

DIRECTIONAL DRILLING THE DEMONSTRATION BOREHOLE

S e v e r a l b e n t h o u s i n g s were used t o
d r i l l t h e d e m o n s t r a t i o n b o r e h o l e ; t h e 2"
b e n t h o u s i n g was t h e most e f f e c t i v e i n
c o n t r o l l i n g v e r t i c a l and h o r i z o n t a l t r a j e c t o r i e s ( f i g . 8).
Before d i s c u s s i n g
t h e e f f e c t i v e n e s s of t h e b e n t h o u s i n g s ,
t h e d r i l l i n g of t h e b o r e h o l e ' s v e r t i c a l
and h o r i z o n t a l t r a j e c t o r i e s i s b r i e f l y
described.
The f i r s t 250 f t of t h e b o r e h o l e were
d r i l l e d maintaining e l e v a t i o n near t h e
c o l l a r e l e v a t i o n a s planned ( f i g . 17).
D r i l l i n g c o n t i n u e d t o a d e p t h of 495 f t
without developing t h e necessary increase
i n v e r t i c a l b o r e h o l e t r a j e c t o r y . Conseq u e n t l y , t h e b o r e h o l e was abandoned i n
o r d e r t o s t a r t a new b o r e h o l e w i t h i n t h e
i n i t i a l b o r e h o l e a t a d e p t h of 289 f t .
A f t e r t h e new b o r e h o l e was s t a r t e d a t 289
f t , d r i l l i n g c o n t i n u e d t o b o r e h o l e comp l e t i o n a t 885 f t , m a i n t a i n i n g d e s i r e d
vertical trajectory.

1301

Horizontal borehole t r a j e c t o r y during

t h e f i r s t 250 f t of t h e b o r e h o l e was
m a i n t a i n e d t o w i t h i n 2.5 i t of t h e des i r e d departure.
( T a b l e A-2
gives the
a c t u a l b o r e h o l e s u r v e y l o g and d e s i r e d
b o r e h o l e d e p a r t u r e s . ) A s d r i l l i n g cont i n u e d from 250 f t t o 495 f t , h o r i z o n t a l
b o r e h o l e t r a j e c t o r y d e v i a t e d from t h e des i r e d course.
A f t e r t h e new b o r e h o l e was
s t a r t e d a t 289 f t , h o r i z o n t a l t r a j e c t o r y
of t h e new b o r e h o l e was m a i n t a i n e d c l o s e
t o t h e d e s i r e d c o u r s e t o b o r e h o l e complet i o n , according t o borehole surveys ( f i g .
18).
EFFECTIVENESS I N CONTROLLING
BOREHOLE TRAJECTORY
The 112" b e n t h o u s i n g w i t h pad was used
t o d r i l l t h e i n i t i a l borehole t o a depth
of 455 f t ( f i g . 19). Although t h e des i r e d v e r t i c a l and h o r i z o n t a l b o r e h o l e

Target elevation.
6.0?;6.0?

120110loo-

90-

80.
C
I
-

i 70F 60-

KEY
Surveyed elevation station
of Initial borehole

5040 -

3 0-

Surveyed elevation station

of new borehole, sidetracked
from initial borehole

20-

o.*-f
.-

-I0

Collar elevation, 5,933.53 f t

. - - - -

100

- - - =
~

200

-.~

300

FIGURE 17.-Vertical

'

400
500
HORIZONTAL DEPTH. f t

600

section of demonstration borehole.

'

700

'

800

900

-4-"

" 1 "

-2 -

Actual punchout, measured

boundary of 5-ft
radius target

1012-

LATITUDE, f t

FIGURE 18.-Plan view of demonstration borehole. Abandoned borehole from 279 to 495 ft not shown. Before drilling of sidetracked borehole began a t 289 ft, initial borehole resurveyed from 89 to 279 ft at 30-ft intervals as shown.

bent housing with pad,

FIGURE 19.-Various bent housings. Top to bottom: 2' bent housing on in-hole motor, slip-on shoe, lo
112" bent housing with pad.

t r a j e c t o r i e s were maintained t o a d e p t h
of 250 f t , t h e v e r t i c a l and h o r i z o n t a l
d e f l e c t i o n r a t e s were i n c o n s i s t e n t and
unpredictable.
D r i l l i n g continued t o a
d e p t h of 455 f t w i t h o u t s u c c e s s i n bringi n g t h e v e r t i c a l and h o r i z o n t a l b o r e h o l e
t r a j e c t o r i e s t o t h e d e s i r e d course. The
inconsistent deflection rates
causing
poor t r a j e c t o r y c o n t r o l r e s u l t e d from a

l a c k of s u f f i c i e n t s i d e f o r c e b e i n g gene r a t e d w h i l e u s i n g t h e 112' bent housing.

The weak n a t u r e of t h e s a n d s t o n e ' s i n t e r g r a n u l a r m a t e r i a l i s b e l i e v e d t o have neg a t e d any p o t e n t i a l s i d e f o r c e g e n e r a t e d
by t h e 112' bent housing. A t a d e p t h of
455 f t , t h e d r i l l s t r i n g and in-hole mot o r were p u l l e d o u t of t h e borehole t o
r e p l a c e t h e 112" housing w i t h a l o b e n t

h o u s i n g , a f t e r i t became a p p a r e n t t h a t
t h e n e c e s s a r y i n c r e a s e i n e l e v a t i o n of
112 f t and change i n d e p a r t u r e of 14 f t
e a s t required t o intercept the target
c o u l d n o t be accomplished u s i n g t h e 112"
bent housing.
D r i l l i n g c o n t i n u e d from 455 f t t o a
d e p t h of 495 f t u s i n g t h e 1" b e n t h o u s i n g
w i t h pad ( f i g . 19). Even though t h e v e r t i c a l d e f l e c t i o n r a t e s were more c o n s i s t e n t when compared t o t h e 112" b e n t housi n g , t h e h o r i z o n t a l borehole t r a j e c t o r y
c o n t i n u e d w e s t i n s t e a d of e a s t . A t t h e
s u r v e y d e p t h of 479 f t ( b i t d e p t h of 495
f t ) , t h e b o r e h o l e was c a l c u l a t e d t o be
16.8 f t w e s t of t h e t a r g e t d e p a r t u r e and
96.0 f t below t a r g e t e l e v a t i o n .
Conseq u e n t l y , i t was d e c i d e d t o abandon t h e
b o r e h o l e and t o s i d e t r a c k o r s t a r t a new
b o r e h o l e from w i t h i n t h e i n i t i a l b o r e h o l e
a t a d e p t h of 289 f t . A s w i t h t h e 112"
bent housing,
t h e 1' b e n t h o u s i n g a p p a r e n t l y f a i l e d t o generate s u f f i c i e n t s i d e
f o r c e t o c o n t r o l borehole t r a j e c t o r y .
To accommodate t h e s i d e t r a c k a t a d e p t h
of 289 f t , enough d r i l l rod was removed
from t h e borehole t o p o s i t i o n t h e d r i l l
b i t a t a d e p t h of 275 f t , t o b e g i n t h e
sidetrack.
The s i d e t r a c k i n g p r o c e d u r e
h a s been d e s c r i b e d i n a p r e v i o u s Bureau
of Mines p u b l i c a t i o n (2).
Using t h e i n h o l e motor e q u i p p e d w i t h t h e 1" b e n t
housing,
t h e s i d e t r a c k was s t a r t e d a t a
d e p t h of 275 f t and completed a t a boreh o l e d e p t h of 289 f t ( f i g . 17). The i n i t i a l b o r e h o l e was a l s o r e s u r v e y e d from
89 t o 289 f t , p r i m a r i l y f o r b e a r i n g , a f t e r r e p l a c i n g a d e f e c t i v e muleshoe and
c e n t r a l i z i n g pumpdown w a s h e r s t h a t were
b e l i e v e d t o have c a u s e d e r r o r i n measuri n g b o r e h o l e b e a r i n g ( t a b l e A-2, f i g u r e
13).
D r i l l i n g of t h e new b o r e h o l e resumed
f r o m 289 f t t o a d e p t h of 385 f t a f t e r
t h e 1' h o u s i n g was r e p l a c e d w i t h a 2"
h o u s i n g e q u i p p e d w i t h a s l i p - o n s h o e (pos i t i o n e d on t h e i n - h o l e motor a t t h e a p e x
o f t h e 2' b e n t h o u s i n g ) ( f i g . 1 9 ) . Des i r e d b o r e h o l e i n c l i n a t i o n and e l e v a t i o n
w e r e a t t a i n e d a t a d e p t h of 329 f t a f t e r
o n l y 40 f t of d r i l l i n g w i t h t h e 2' housi n g and s l i p - o n s h o e and were m a i n t a i n e d
thereafter.
By r e f e r r i n g t o t h e a c t u a l
borehole survey l o g
and t h e d e s i r e d

b o r e h o l e d e p a r t u r e s i n t a b l e A-2, i t can
be s e e n t h a t h o r i z o n t a l t r a j e c t o r y was
r e t u r n e d t o and c o n t r o l l e d w i t h i n 2 f t of
t h e d e s i r e d borehole d e p a r t u r e ( f i g . 18).
C o n t r o l on b o t h v e r t i c a l and h o r i z o n t a l
b o r e h o l e t r a j e c t o r i e s was accomplished
f o r t h e f i r s t time because t h e t o o l f a c e
s e t t i n g s r e s u l t e d i n p r e d i c t a b l e and cons i s t e n t deflection rates.
While d r i l l i n g
w i t h t h e 2" h o u s i n g and s l i p - o n s h o e ,
compared t o t h e p r e v i o u s b e n t h o u s i n g s ,
t h e s i d e f o r c e g e n e r a t e d was g r e a t enough
t o overcome t h e weak n a t u r e of t h e sandstone's intergranular material.
Although
d i r e c t i o n a l c o n t r o l had improved, t h e
slip-on shoe frequently got stuck i n t h e
borehole while d r i l l i n g ,
causing t h e
average p e n e t r a t i o n r a t e t o decrease t o
7 i n / m i n from 21 i n / m i n w i t h t h e p r e v i o u s
housings.
Therefore,
a t a d e p t h of 385
f t , t h e d r i l l r o d s and i n - h o l e motor were
removed from t h e b o r e h o l e t o remove t h e
s l i p - o n s h o e from t h e 2" b e n t housing.
The d e m o n s t r a t i o n b o r e h o l e was comp l e t e d t o t h e f i n a l b o r e h o l e d e p t h of
885 f t u s i n g t h e 2' b e n t h o u s i n g w i t h o u t
t h e s l i p - o n s h o e ( f i g u r e s 8 and 19). Act u a l d e f l e c t i o n r a t e s were c o n s i s t e n t and
predictable f o r directional control with
t h e 2" h o u s i n g ( t a b l e 1 ) . The h o r i z o n t a l
b o r e h o l e t r a j e c t o r y was m a i n t a i n e d w i t h i n
2 f t e a s t o r west of t h e d e s i g n e d t r a j e c t o r y e x c e p t f o r a s h o r t i n t e r v a l around
500 f t ( f i g . 18). Borehole e l e v a t i o n o r
v e r t i c a l t r a j e c t o r y increased a t an avera g e r a t e of 1.98 f t p e r 10 f t d r i l l e d ,
maintaining an average borehole i n c l i n a t i o n of a p p r o x i m a t e l y 101.0" t o s u c c e s s f u l l y intercept the designated t a r g e t
e l e v a t i o n ( f i g . 17).
BOREHOLE PUNCHOUT AND INVESTIGATING
ERROR I N AZIMUTH

The a c t u a l d e m o n s t r a t i o n punchout d e p t h
was 885 f t a t e l e v a t i o n 6,047.53, 1.50 f t
below t a r g e t c e n t e r and 8.81 f t s o u t h w e s t of t h e t a r g e t p e r i m e t e r o r 13.81 f t
s o u t h w e s t of t a r g e t c e n t e r ( f i g . 20).
The t a r g e t e d punchout was t o o c c u r w i t h i n
a 5-ft
radius with center coordinates
of N 20,447.31,
E 52,709.41 a t e l e v a t i o n
6,049.03 f t .
The c a l c u l a t i o n s from t h e
NL Sperry-Sun s u r v e y s showed t h e punchout

TABLE 1. - Measured d e f l e c t i o n r a t e s u s i n g 2" b e n t h o u s i n g ,

degrees per foot
Tool f a c e s e t t i n g

Change i n i n c l i n a t i o n
(vertical)l
Average
Range

Change i n b e a r i n g
(horizontal)
Range
I Average

I
Right:
20" t o 40.....
40" t o 60.....
60" t o 80.....
80" t o 100....
100" t o 120...
120" t o 140...
140" t o 160...
Left:
0 0 t o 20 o ~ . . . . .
- 0 0 3 t o +.09
-003
.30L- .11R
+. 05
- 0 0 1 t o +.06
.52L- .OOR
40" t o 60.....
- 0 1 2 t o +.06
60" t o 80.....
-002
m4OL- .02L
- 0 1 2 t o +.04
80" t o 100....
-004
m13L- .59L
-013
100" t o 120...
NAp
NAP
-.07 t o - 0 2 0
-012
120" t o 140...
m53L- 00 1R
140" t o 160...
16
NAp
NAp
NAp Not a p p l i c b l e .
+ Increase (buildup) ; - decrease (drop).
'R R i g h t ( e a s t ) ; L L e f t ( w e s t ) .
3 ~ e f t o o l f a c e s e t t i n g s were a p p l i e d from 805- t o 885-ft
borehole depth.
During t h a t d r i l l i n g i n t e r v a l , t h e n e c e s s a r y
Conseb i t t h r u s t of > 7 , 0 0 0 l b was n o t r e a d i l y a v a i l a b l e .
q u e n t l y , d r i l l i n g p e n e t r a t i o n r a t e s and d e f l e c t i o n magnitudes
decreased.

-.

'

t o be a t e l e v a t i o n 6,047.14 f t 1.89 f t
below t h e t a r g e t c e n t e r , and a t c o o r d i n a t e s N 20,439.96,
E 52,710.80,
1.4 f t
n o r t h e a s t of t h e t a r g e t c e n t e r . The e l e v a t i o n e r r o r between t h e a c t u a l and c a l c u l a t e d punchout was 0.39 f t , which was
w e l l w i t h i n t h e a c c u r a c y of t h e s u r v e y
i n s t r u m e n t . The c o o r d i n a t e e r r o r between
t h e a c t u a l and c a l c u l a t e d punchout was
15.20 f t ( f i g u r e s 1 8 and 2 0 ) , which was
w i t h i n t h e 1" a c c u r a c y of t h e s u r v e y i n strument i n measuring bearing.
I n v e s t i g a t i o n i n t o c a l c u l a t i n g systema t i c compass e r r o r c a u s e d by d r i l l s t r i n g
interference has indicated t h a t a possib l e e r r o r of 0.30" E was imposed on t h e
compass ( 1 1 ) . Applying t h e e q u a t i o n dee C a l l a s (11) f o r esv e l o p e d b y ~ l ~ t hand
t imat i n g compass s p a c i n g ,

C = sin-'

where

( ( F / H ) ( s i n ( 1 ) s i n (EN),

C = compass c o r r e c t i o n ,

",

F = n e t f o r c e s a f f e c t i n g compass,
EMU,

H = h o r i z o n t a l component of
e a r t h ' s magnetic f i e l d i n t e n s i t y (23,300 nT o r 0.0233 EMU
a t Navajo Dam, a c c o r d i n g t o
t h e N a t i o n a l G e o p h y s i c a l Data
Center),
I =

and

b o r e h o l e i n c l i n a t i o n , 95",
compass r e a d i n g , 350".

FIGURE 20.-Borehole

where

PL = lower p o l e s t r e n g t h , e s t i mated a t 100 EMU,

PU = upper p o l e s t r e n g t h , e s t i mated a t 1,000 EMU,

DL = compass d i s t a n c e from lower
p o l e , 400 cm,

and

DU = compass d i s t a n c e from upper

p o l e , 3,020 cm.

C = -0.30'

( c o r r e c t i o n of 0.30 W).

punchout.

A f i n a l punchout d e p a r t u r e of 52,706.16 E
was c a l c u l a t e d by a p p l y i n g t h e compass
e r r o r c o r r e c t i o n t o t h e p r e v i o u s l y surveyed borehole b e a r i n g s . This d e p a r t u r e
i s 4.61 f t c l o s e r t o t h e a c t u a l punchout
a s compared t o n o t a p p l y i n g t h e compass
correction.
Although c a u t i o n must be
used when c a l c u l a t i n g compass c o r r e c t i o n
caused by d r i l l s t r i n g i n t e r f e r e n c e , because p o l e s t r e n g t h s cannot be measured
p r e c i s e l y and a r e n o t c o n s t a n t , t h e c a l c u l a t i o n i n t h i s a p p l i c a t i o n ' would have
i n c r e a s e d b o r e h s l e punchout accuracy.

CONCLUSIONS
The d e m o n s t r a t i o n b o r e h o l e was d i r e c t i o n a l l y d r i l l e d t o a f i n a l d e p t h of 885
F i n a l boref t , where punchout o c c u r r e d .
h o l e e l e v a t i o n was w e l l w i t h i n t h e t a r g e t ; b o r e h o l e punchout c o o r d i n a t e s were
8.81 f t s o u t h w e s t of t h e t a r g e t .
Boreh o l e s can o n l y be d i r e c t i o n a l l y d r i l l e d
w i t h i n t h e a c c u r a c y of t h e b o r e h o l e s u r vey s y s t e m used.
The NL Sperry-Sun
type
B 120" s i n g l e - s h o t d i r e c t i o n a l s u r v e y i n strument is a c c u r a t e t o w i t h i n 1" bearing
and 0.24"
inclination.
The b o r e h o l e s u r v e y e d punchout,
r e l a t i v e t o t h e lands u r v e y e d a c t u a l punchout, was w i t h i n t h e
a c c u r a c y of t h e NL Sperry-Sun
survey

i n s t r u m e n t . The 2" b e n t h o u s i n g was t h e

most e f f e c t i v e i n m a i n t a i n i n g d i r e c t i o n a l
c o n t r o l of t h e v e r t i c a l and h o r i z o n t a l
borehole t r a j e c t o r i e s .
A s a r e s u l t of t h e demonstrated borehole d r i l l i n g accuracy, t h e o r i g i n a l plan
of c o n s t r u c t i n g a l o n g t u n n e l u n d e r t h e
r i g h t abutment of Navajo Dam and d r i l l i n g
150-ft b o r e h o l e s from i n s i d e t h e t u n n e l
t o c o n t r o l w a t e r s e e p a g e was abandoned.
The Bureau of Reclamation has i n s t e a d
c o n t r a c t e d t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n of a s h o r t e r
t u n n e l and t h e a c c u r a t e d r i l l i n g of boreh o l e s a s l o n g a s 600 f t , r e s u l t i n g i n a
s u b s t a n t i a l c o s t savings t o t h e taxpayer.

REFERENCES
1. O y l e r , D. C . ,
and W. P. Diamond.
D r i l l i n g a H o r i z o n t a l Coalbed Methane
D r a i n a g e System From a D i r e c t i o n a l SurBuMines R I 8640, 1982,
f a c e Borehole.
50 PP.
2.
K r a v i t s , S. J . , A.
S a i n t o , and
G. L.
Finfinger.
Comparison of Rotary
and In-Hole Motor Techniques f o r D r i l l i n g
H o r i z o n t a l Boreholes i n Coal.
BuMines
R I 8933, 1985, 33 pp.
The Advantages of In-Hole
3.
Motor D r i l l i n g .
Coal Min.,
v. 21, No.
1 1 , 1984, pp. 44-46.
F i n a l Report on In4,
E h l e r , W. C.
v e s t i g a t i o n s f o r Seepage C o n t r o l Navajo
Dam.
U. S. BuReclamation (Dep. I n t e r i o r ) ,
1983, 48 pp.
5.
P i t t a r d , F. High Torque 2-718-inOD In-Hole Motor Performance Data.
Slimd r i l I n c . , Houston, TX, 1984, 21 pp.
6.
American Petroleum I n s t i t u t e .
Directional Drilling
Survey C a l c u l a t i o n

Methods and Terminology. B u l l . D20, Dec.

1985, 31 pp.
7.
NL Sperry-Sun (Oklahoma C i t y , OK).
Magnetic D i r e c t i o n a l S i n g l e - s h o t Operating Instructions.
1972, 12 pp.
8. Wolff, C.
J. M . ,
and
J. P.
deWardt.
Borehole P o s i t i o n U n c e r t a i n t y
A n a l y s i s of Measuring Methods and Derivat i o n of S y s t e m a t i c E r r o r Model.
J. P e t .
Technol., v. 33, 1981, pp. 2339-2350.
J., Jr.
Estimating
9, B l y t h e , E.
Compass
Spacing
Inside
Nonmagnetic
Collars.
D r i l l i n g - DCW, v. 36,
1975,
pp. 44-47.
10. F i t c h a r d , E. E. Randomly Simul a t e d Borehole T e s t s Accuracy of Direct i o n a l Survey Methods.
O i l and Gas J . ,
v. 79, No. 26, 1981, pp. 140-150.
11. B l y t h e , E. J . , J r , , and N. P. Callas.
Procedure Improves P l a t f o r m Well
O i l and Gas J . , v.
L o c a t i o n Technique.
75, No. 18, 1977, pp. 224-232.

NAp

Not a p p l i c a b l e .

..

..

' ~ h r u s tf o r c e = T h r u s t p r e s s u r e ( b a r s )

14.7 p s i g / b a r

NAp

NAp

1
NAp

1
3-l/Z-in

reamed t o 6-in I D .

Comments

1.268 i n 2 ( p i s t o n a r e a ) .

.
..
.
.
.

Lost p a r t i a l c i r c u l a t i o n .
Do.
Do
Do.
Do
Do
Do.
Do
Do.
Do
Return w a t e r flow i n c r e a s e d .
Do.
Do

Completed dye t e s t .
Regained c i r c u l a t i o n .

NAp

Survey
time,
m in

...

Bit
I Bit
r o t a t i o n , torque,
ftblbf
r/min

Log of d i r e c t i o n a l d r i l l i n g parameters

Lost c i r c u l a t i o n .

de;;h,

I Borehole I I n t a k e w a t e r I

AND BOREHOLE SURVEY LOGS

...

Sept..
19....
Oct. :
4.b..
4.b..
7.b..
7.b..
8....
11.b..
19....
19....
20.
20....
20.b..
20....
22.
22r
22.b..
22.b..
23....
23..
23....
23....
23....
23....
23.,..
23....
23.,..
24....
24.,..
24....
24....
24....
24..

Date.
1985:

TABLE A-1.

APPENDIX.--DRILL

..
...

...

.
...

...

..
...
..
...
.......
...

Oct.:
24..
24.
25....
25..
25.
25..
25.
25..
25.
25.
25....
26....
30...
30....
30....
30.
Nov. :
l....
4....
5....
6....
6....
6.
7....
7....
7....
7....
7....
8....
8....
go...
9....
9..
9....
9....
9.
9....
9....
9....

Date,
1985

600
600
600
600
575
500
550
500
550
625
625
NAp
650
600
700
700
NAp
NAp
NAp
650
650
650
650
550
600
600
600
550
NAp
500
525
550
500
550
510
510
600
550

67
67
67
67
67
67
65
65
68
68
68
NAp
63
62
62
68

NAp
NAp
NAp
65
66
67
66
66
65
69
65
67
NAp
68
66
65
66
65
66
67
66
66

NAp
NAp
NAp
305
315
325
335
345
355
365
375
385
NAp
395
405
415
425
435
445
455
465
475

Intake water
gpm
psig

355
365
375
385
395
405
415
425
435
445
455
NAp
465
475
485
495

Borehole
depth,
ft

NAP
NAP
NAP
785
800
8 13
800
800
785
839
785
813
NAP
825
800
785
800
785
800
8 13
800
800

813
813
813
813
813
813
785
785
825
825
825
NAP
746
7 30
7 30
825
NAP
NAP
NAP
21
28
13
9
13
8
31
21
25
NAP
NAP
NAP
4,660
4,660
4,660
4,287
4,660
4,846
4,660
4,660
4,846
NAP
4,846
5,126
5,499
5,406
5,685
5,592
5,499
5,778
5,592
NAP
NAP
NAP
250
250
250
230
250
260
250
250
260
NAP
260
275
295
290
305
300
295
310
300
NAP
NAP
NAP
170
176
178
176
176
156
166
156
148
NAP
90
90
95
90
95
90
90
110
95

5
5
4
5
6
5
5
6
5

NAP

3
4
3
4
4
4
5
6
3
3
4
NAP
3
3
3
3

D r i l l time,
10-ft r o d ,
m in

4,567
4,567
4,380
4,567
4,660
4,753
4,753
4,660
4,660
4,660
4,660
NAP
4,660
4,660
4,660
4,660

Thrust'
force,
lbf

245
245
235
245
250
255
255
250
250
250
250
NAP
250
250
250
250

Thrust
pressure,
bars

110
110
110
110
100
90
95
90
95
110
110
NAP
115
110
125
125

Bit

torque,
ft0lbf

NAp
NAp
NAp
32
47
19
30
30
21
32
32
30
NAp
23
42
28
45
59
22
26
19
22

42
39
31
36

NAP

31
33
139
57
49
50
35
67
31
40
31

Survey
time,
m in

Log of d i r e c t i o n a l d r i l l i n g parameters--Continued

Bit

rotation,
r/min

TABLE A-1.

Conducted 2 s u r v e y s .

Removed s l i p - o n shoe.

S i d e t r a c k e d a t 289 f t .
I n s t a l l e d 2" w i t h shoe.
Surveying problems.
100-gpm o u t p u t .

I n s t a l l e d 1" housing.

80-gpm outflow.

Return w a t e r flow i n c r e a s e d .
Output flow exceeded i n p u t .
Output flow >70 gpm.

Comments

NAp

Not a p p l i c a b l e .

' ~ h r u s tf o r c e = Thrust pressure ( b a r s )

14.7 psig/bar

1.268 i n 2 ( p i s t o n a r e a ) .

Used a winch, +1,000 lb.

Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.

Repaired survey hardware.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Surveying problems.
Conducted 2 surveys.
Do.

NAP
NAP
NAP
NAP
65
75
85
95
105
115
125
135
145
155
165
175
185
195
205
215
225
235
245
255
265
275
285

NAP

Borehole
depth,
f t

Borehole
inclination,
deg

90.0
87.9
88.0
87.5
88.9
88.9
89.5
90.0
90.4
90.9
91.0
91.4
91.0
90.5
90.6
90.7
91.0
91.5
89.7
89.2
89.5
89.9
90.0
90.1
90.0
90.0
90.5
91.1

Survey
depth,
ft

0
6
16
26
36
49
59
69
79
89
99
109
119
129
139
149
159
169
179
189
199
209
219
229
239
249
259
269

NAP
349.50
348.25
348.50
350.50
351.50
352.86
350.70
351.20
351.00
348.90
349.50
348.47
350.36
347.70
347.90
348.40
348.70
348.00
345.70
347.00
345.50
346.30
344.80

NAP

350.81

NAP
NAP

1.24
.15
.06
.26
.52
.73
.66
.51
.54
.31
.17
.17
.25
.18
-.03
.03
.lo
.06
-.20
-.29
-.31
-.37
-.43

NAP
NAP

NAP
0.39

NAP

Change
in
departures ,
ft

-.
-.

-.
-.

Change
Change
in
i n true
lativertical
tudes ,
depth,
ft
ft
NAP
NAp
0.11
NAP
15.99
.36
.39
NAP
.3 1
NAP
32.96
019
9.99
.14
9.99
004
-003
9.99
9.98
-011
9.97
-017
-021
9.97
-.21
9.98
9.98
13
10
9.99
-011
9.99
9.99
-.15
22
9.99
9.99
10
9.99
.lo
9.99
.11
9.99
.05
9.99
.01
-.01
9.99
9.99
-.01
.OO
9.99
-004
9.99
-014
9.99
52,698.18
NAP
NAP
52,699.42
52,699.57
52,699.64
52,699.90
52,700.42
52,701.15
52,701.81
52,702.33
52,702.87
52,703.18
52,703.35
52,703.52
52,703.77
52,703.95
52,703.91
52,703.94
52,704.04
52,704.10
52,703.90
52,703.61
52,703.30
52,702.94
52,702.51

NAP

52,697.79

Departure,
ft
19,567.69
NAp
19,583.68
NAp
NAp
19,616.64
19,626.64
19,636.64
19,646.63
19,656.62
19,666.59
19,676.57
19,686.55
19,696.54
19,706.53
19,716.53
19,726.53
19,736.52
19,746.52
19,756.52
19,766.52
19,776.51
19,736.51
19,796.51
19,806.51
19,816.50
19,826.50
19,836.48

Latitude,
ft
-5,933.53
-5,933.42
-5,933.06
-5,932.67
-5,932.36
-5,932.17
-5,932.03
-5,931.99
-5,932.02
-5,932.14
-5,932.30
-5,932.51
-5,932.72
-5,932.85
-5,932.95
-5,933.06
-5,933.21
-5,933.43
-5,933.53
-5,933.44
-5,933.33
-5,933.27
-5,933.26
-5,933.27
-5,933.28
-5,933.28
-5,933.32
-5,933.46

True
vertical
depth,
ft2

Demonstration b o r e h o l e s u r v e y l o g and l o g of d e s i r e d d e p a r t u r e s

Azimuth
(uncorrected),
degl

TABLE A-2.

52,697.79
52,697.42
52,698.06
52,698.19
52,698.32
52,698.45
52,690.58
52,698.72
52,698.85
52,698.98
52,699.11
52,699.25
52,699.38
52,699.51
52,699.64
52,699.78
52,699.91
52,700.04
52,700.17
52,700.30
52,700.44
52,700.57
52,700.70
52,700.83
52,700.96
52,701.10
52,701.23
52,701.36

ft3

Desired
departures ,

0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270

Corresponding
depth,
ft4

See f o o t n o t e s a t end of t a b l e .

Borehole
inclination,
deg

100.9
100.4
99.9
98.2
100.3
103.5
102.9
100.9
101.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.4
101.3
101.9
103.1
102.8
102.1
102.9
103.5
103.5
102.5
100.9
101.0
100.3
100.7
100.8
101.4
101.0

Survey
depth,
ft

329
339
349
359
369
379
389
399
409
419
429
439
449
459
469
479
489
499
509
5 19
529
539
549
559
569
579
589
599
609

Borehole
depth,
ft

345
355
365
375
385
395
405
4 15
425
435
445
455
465
475
485
495
505
515
525
535
545
555
565
575
585
595
605
615
625

TABLE A-2.

350.50

347.90
352.55
349.60
344.40
347.50
351.20
352.50
346.70
346.70
346.80
346.50
343.30
338.14
340.00
341.20
344.80
346.30
347.60
348.70
350.00
354.90
353.30
352.20
355.00
355.10
353.80
353.80

Azimuth
(uncorrected),
degl

Change
in
departures ,
ft
-0.46
.38
.53
-.I7
-.35
.23
.65
.27
-.22
-.21
-.23
- 53
-1.25
-1.52
-1.26
-.85
-.42
-.I8
.03
.23
.75
1.04
.81
-96
1.21
1.10
.99
.94
Change
Change
in
i n true
lativertical
tudes ,
depth,
f t
f t
-1.72
9.81
9.82
-1.85
-1.76
9.83
-1.57
9.87
-1.61
9.86
9.78
-2.06
-2.28
9.71
-2.06
9.78
-1.90
9.81
-1.83
9.83
9.84
-1.75
-1.74
9.83
-1.77
9.76
-1.88
9.70
9.71
-2.01
-2.16
9.72
9.74
-2.24
-2.16
9.76
-2.16
9.76
-2.28
9.73
-2.33
9.69
-2.25
9.69
-2.03
9.76
-1.90
9.77
-1.85
9.75
9.77
- 1.82
9.77
-1.87
9.77
-1.93
-1.94
9.79
52,703.55
52,703.93
52,704.46
52,704.29
52,703.93
52,704.16
52,704.82
52,705.09
52,704.87
52,704.65
52,704.42
52,703.89
52,702.64
52,701.11
52,699.85
52,699.00
52,689.58
52,698.40
52,698.43
52,698.65
52,699.41
52,700.44
52,701.26
52,702.22
52,703.42
52,704.52
52,705.52
52,706.46
52,707.12

Departure,
ft
19,895.93
19,905.75
19,915.58
19,925.45
19,935.31
19,945.09
19,954.80
19,964.58
19,974.39
19,984.22
19,994.07
20,003.90
20,013.66
20,023.36
20,033.07
20,042.80
20,052.53
20,062.30
20,072.06
20,081.80
20,091.49
20,101.18
20,110.93
20,120.70
20,130.46
20,140.23
20,150.00
20,159.77
20,169.56

Latitude,
ft
-5,938.48
-5,940.33
-5,942.09
-5,943.67
-5,945.27
-5,947.34
-5,949.62
-5,951.68
-5,953.58
-5,955.41
-5,952.14
-5,958.89
-5,960.64
-5,962.53
-5,964.54
-5,966.71
-5,968.95
-5,971.10
-5,973.26
-5,975.55
-5,977.88
-5,980.13
-5,982.16
-5,984.06
-5,985.91
-5,987.73
-5,989.60
-5,991.52
-5,993.46

True
vertical
depth,
ft2

52,702.14
52,702.27
52,702.40
52,702.53
52,702.66
52,702.79
52,702.92
52,703.05
52,703.18
52,703.31
52,703.44
52,703.57
52,703.70
52,703.83
52,703.96
52,704.09
52,704.22
52,704.35
52,704.48
52,705.61
52,705.74
52,705.87
52,706.00
52,706.13
52,706.26
52,706.39
52,706.52
52,706.65
52,706.78

Desired
departures ,
ft3

- Demonstration borehole survey l o g and l o g of d e s i r e d departures--Continued

330
340
350
360
370
380
390
400
410
420
430
440
450
460
470
480
490
500
510
520
530
540
550
560
570
580
590
600
610

Corresponding
depth,
ft4

20,179.38
52,706.91
620
52,707.24
-5,955.33
0.13
-1.86
9.82
100.5
347.00
635
619
630
52,707.04
20,189.21
-5,997.12
52,707.15
-1.80
9.84
-009
100.2
347.90
629
645
640
52,707.17
9.83
20,199.05
-5,998.95
52,707.20
-1.82
100.8
348.70
655
639
005
650
52,707.30
-6,000.88
20,208.85
-1.93
9.81
52,707.42
101.5
349.80
665
649
.2 1
660
52,707.43
-6,002.82
52,707.75
20,218.67
-1.94
9.80
100.9
350.10
659
.33
675
670
52,707.56
20,228.48
-6,004.65
-1.83
52,708.16
9.82
100.2
350.70
685
669
.41
680
52,707.69
-6,006.31
-1.66
9.80
20,238.33
98.9
52,078.57
350.00
679
595
.40
690
52,707.82
20,248.20
-6,007.91
-1.60
9.87
52,708.87
349.50
99.5
689
705
.30
52,707.95
700
-6,009.61
20,258.05
9.85
52,709.03
348.40
100.1
699
-1.70
715
.16
52,708.08
710
-6,011.26
20,267.91
52,708.76
344.40
98.9
9.86
-1.65
-028
709
725
720
52,708.21
-6,012.86
20,277.76
-064
9.85
52,708.12
-1.60
344.20
99.5
735
719
730
52,708.34
-6,014.56
20,287.60
9.84
-1.70
52,707.53
729
100.1
745
-058
345.00
740
52,708.47
-6,016.39
20,297.42
9.82
739
101.0
-1.83
-038
52,707.15
346.50
755
52,708.60
750
-6,018.40
20,307.22
9.79
52,707.24
749
102.1
-2.00
.09
765
350.60
760
52,708.73
-6,020.43
9.77
20,316.99
-2.04
52,707.81
352.10
759
101.4
775
.57
770
52,708.86
-6,022.39
20,326.76
9.77
-1.96
769
101.2
785
52,708.63
353.40
.81
780
52,708.99
-6,024.23
20,336.58
9.82
-1.84
52,709.05
779
100.0
795
347.50
.42
790
52,709.12
20,346.42
-6,025.98
-1.74
9.84
348.40
100.1
805
52,709.04
789
.OO
52,709.25
800
20,356.27
-6,027.73
9.84
-009
-1.75
52,709.13
348.60
100.1
815
799
810
52,709.38
-6,029.58
20,366.09
52,709.37
9.82
-1.85
101.2
.23
350.10
825
809
820
52,709.51
-6,031.61
20,375.86
52,709.45
9.77
-2.03
352.80
102.2
.59
819
835
52,709.64
-6,033.80
830
20,385.60
9.73
-2.19
52,710.60
103.1
.71
351.60
829
845
840
52,709.77
20,395.32
-6,036.08
-2.20
52,711.02
9.73
839
855
348.60
103.3
.36
850
52,709.90
-6,038.42
20,405.04
9.72
-2.34
52,711.22
-19
349.70
103.8
849
865
860
52,710.03
-6,040.83
20,414.75
-2.41
52,711.32
9.70
347.50
104.1
.lo
859
875
870
52,710.16
-6,044.24
20,428.32
-3.41
52,711.14
3.68
347.00
104.1
-018
869
885
880
52,710.29
-6,047.14
20,439.96
1.64
-2.89
52,710.80
-035
103.8
345.60
885
885
YAp Not applicable.
Borehole bearing converted to uncorrected azimuth, radius of curvature calculator program. Corrects for magnetic
declination (Navajo Dam, add 12' E in NE quadrant). Engineering 40 scale used to eliminate reader bias.
*changes to TVD: Up -, Down +.
3 ~ o gof desired departures every 10 ft, collar to 880 f t using azimuth of 0.76O.
4 ~ e p t hat which desired departures calculated.
5~oreholeterminated at 495 ft, new borehole sidetracked at 289 ft. Borehole resurveyed 89 to 279 f t because of
defective survey hardware; used original surveys 0 to 89 ft.