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PROJECT MANAGEMENT
Planning
Interdependent
Scheduling
Budgeting
Scheduling is all
about the time
frame!!!
Knowing how much time a team has to complete a
project makes it easier for the project manager to allocate
tasks and get things done.
PERT/CPM
Networks
Typical
formats/methods
of preparing a
Project Schedule
Gantt
Charts
PERT/CPM Networks
Convenient analytical and visual techniques of project
scheduling which have proven to be extremely valuable in
assisting the PM in managing the projects.
PERT
stands
for
Project
Evaluation
and
Review
CPM stands for Critical Path Method which was developed (also in
late 1950s) by DuPont Company and applied first to the construction projects in
the chemical industry.
PERT
In PERT, three estimates are used to
form a weighted average of the
expected completion time, based on
a
probability
distribution
of
completion times. Therefore, PERT is
considered a probabilistic tool.
CPM
In CPM, there is only one
estimate
of
duration.
Therefore,
CPM is a
deterministic tool.
While PERT and CPM used slightly different ways of drawing the
network of activities, anything one could do with PERT, one
could also do with CPM and vice versa. Therefore, in our
syllabus, we use the term PERT/CPM when referring to
scheduling network analysis.
AOA
(activity-on-arrow)
AON
(activity-on-node)
Activity as arrows
Events as nodes
Usually associated with PERT,
therefore AOA a.k.a. PERT
Network Diagram
Activity as node
Arrows only use to show
technological link/relationship
Usually associated with CPM,
therefore AON a.k.a. CPM
Network Diagram
Predecessor
a
b
b
c, d
e
ending nodes
S
t
a
r
t
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
F
i
n
i
s
h
Dummy
ending node
or dummy
activity
Source: Mantel Jr. et al. (2011)
Dummy task
a
b
e
5
1
F
i
n
i
s
h
OR
S
t
a
r
t
a
d
b
F
i
n
i
s
h
Exercise
Milwaukee paper Manufacturing Inc. has long been delaying the expense of
installing air pollution control equipment in its facility. The environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) has recently given the manufacturer 16 weeks to
install a complex air filter system. The company has been warned that it may
be forced to close the facility unless the device is installed in the allocated
time. The Plant Manager wants to make sure that installation of the filtering
system progress smoothly on time. He has identified 8 activities that need to
be performed in order for the project to be completed, as in Table below:
Draw a) an AON network diagram and b) an AOA network diagram for the
project
Source: techsci.msun.edu
Source: techsci.msun.edu
Source: techsci.msun.edu
Predecessor
a
a
a
b,c
d
d,e
f
Duration (Days)
g,h
4
3
4
6
4
5
6
6
47
Does this means that the project needs 47 days to complete activities a to j?
Then, how do we know how long it will take to complete these activities??
Critical Path Analysis!!!
Earliest
time (TE)
Latest
time (TL)
OR
d 4
0
a 5
0
S
t
a
r
t
g 5
11
12
17
11
11
17
e 6
5
11
c 3
8
11
h 6
11
b 4
7
11
17
12
f 4
11
Usually is assumed
as the projects due
date
14
15
17
21
Critical time
j 4
17
21
a e h j : critical path
12 18
i 6
15 21
F
i
n
i
s
h
Float = Slack = LS ES = LF - EF
But for any activity NOT on the critical path, LF EF (and LS ES)
This difference causes the activity float or slack
d 4
0
a 5
0
S
t
a
r
t
14
g 5
11
12
17
11
11
17
e 6
5
11
c 3
8
11
h 6
11
f 4
b 4
7
11
Float = Slack = LS ES = LF - EF
15
21
j 4
17
21
a e h j : critical path
12 18
i 6
12
11
0
17
17
Critical time
15 21
Float
0
7
3
2
0
3
3
0
3
0
F
i
n
i
s
h
Exercise
Referring to the AON network diagram drawn in the previous exercise on the
Milwaukee Paper Project, a) calculate the float/ slack for each activity
b) determine the critical path and indicate it on the diagram c) determine the
critical time (project completion time).
Solution for a)
Gantt Chart
A GANTT chart is a type of bar chart that illustrates a
project schedule.
After the PERT/CPM analysis is completed, the
following phase is to construct the GANTT chart and
then to re-allocate resources and re-schedule if
necessary.
GANTT charts have become a common technique for
representing the phases and activities of a project
work breakdown structure.
It was introduced by Henry Gantt around 1910
1915.
Source: Maria Petridou
Advantages
Simple
Good visual communication to others
Task durations can be compared easily
Good for scheduling resources
Disadvantages
Thats all.thank U!