EE392: Digital Signal Processing

Faculty of Science, Technology and Environment

Final Examination
Semester 2 2018

Face to Face Mode

Duration of Exam: 3 hours + 10 minutes

Reading Time: 10 minutes

Writing Time: 3 hours

Instructions:

Answer all questions in section A and 6 from section B

Questions to be answered in the answer booklet provided

Total Marks = 100 (Weighting = 50%)

Number of pages = 12

Closed book exam

Materials allowed (Calculator)

 SECTION A (Compulsory Questions)

Solve the following 4 questions

Question A1 (12 marks):

We wish to design a low-pass digital IIR filter with 𝜔𝑝 = 0.1𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑 and 1 − 𝛿𝑝 ≥ −1 𝑑𝐵, and a stop band at 𝜔𝑠 =
0.2𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑 with 𝛿𝑠 ≤ −10𝑑𝐵.

Use the impulse invariance method to design the digital filter.

a) Design the analog Butterworth filter which must be used (8 marks),

b) Describe theoretically (without calculations) how to obtain the digital filter 𝐻𝑑 (𝑒 𝑗𝜔 ) once 𝐻𝑎 (jΩ) has been
obtained (4 marks)

Question A2 (8marks):

We wish to design a FIRST-ORDER digital IIR filter with an attenuation of −3𝑑𝐵 at the frequency 𝜔𝑝 = 0.25𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑 (this
corresponds to Ωc in the Analog Butterworth Filter) by applying the bilinear transformation method to a first order
Analog Butterworth Filter. As usual, the sampling time T =1, to simplify.

Question A3 (8 marks):

Consider the following specifications for a low-pass filter:

0.99 ≤ |𝐻(𝑒 𝑗𝜔 )| ≤ 1.01 0 ≤ |𝜔| ≤ 0.3𝜋

|𝐻(𝑒 𝑗𝜔 )| ≤ 0.01 0.35 ≤ |𝜔| ≤ 𝜋

Design a linear phase FIR filter to meet these specifications using the window design method.

Question A4 (12 marks):

Given 𝑥1 (𝑛) and 𝑥2 (𝑛) as:

1 𝑛−1
𝑥1 (𝑛) = (2)𝑛 𝑢(−𝑛) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥2 (𝑛) = ( ) 𝑢(𝑛)
5

i. Compute 𝑥1 (𝑛) ∗ 𝑥2 (𝑛) by using the definition of convolution (6 marks)

ii. Compute 𝑥1 (𝑛) ∗ 𝑥2 (𝑛) by using the inverse z-transform of the product of the z-transform of 𝑥1 (𝑛) and 𝑥2 (𝑛).
(6 marks)

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 SECTION B

Solve 6 out of the 10 following questions

Question B1 (10 marks):

A linear shift invariant system has a unit sample response given by

h(0) = -0.01

h(1) = 0.02

h(2) = -0.10

h(3) = 0.40

h(4) = -0.10

h(5) = 0.02

h(6) = -0.01

a) Draw a signal flowgraph for this system that requires the minimum number of multiplications.
(6 marks)

b) If the output to this system is bounded with |𝑥(𝑛)| < 1 for all 𝑛, what is the maximum value that the output,
𝑦(𝑛), can attain? (4 marks)

Question B2 (10 marks):

a) Use the window design method to design a linear phase FIR filter of order 𝑁 = 12 to approximate the following
1, |𝜔| ≤ 0.3𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑
ideal low–pass filter |𝐻𝑑 (𝑒 𝑗𝜔 )| = { }
0, 0.3𝜋 < |𝜔| ≤ 𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑
(5 marks):
b) Discuss then about the differences that are obtained if a Rectangular and Hamming window are used
(5 marks)

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Question B3 (10 marks):

a) Compute the circular convolution on 4 points of the two sequences h(n) and x(n) shown below (4 marks)
b) Compute also the same circular convolution by using the linear convolution and the aliasing. (4 marks)
c) What happens if a circular convolution on 8 points is made? (2 marks)

Question B4 (10 marks):

1 |𝑛|
Find the Z – transform of 𝑥(𝑛) = |𝑛| (2) (remember that |𝑛| = 𝑛 𝑖𝑓 𝑛 > 0 and |𝑛| = −𝑛 𝑖𝑓 𝑛 < 0)
Use the property by which, if the Z-transform of 𝑦(𝑛) is (𝑧) , then:

𝑑𝑌(𝑧)
𝑍(𝑛𝑦(𝑛)) = −𝑧
𝑑𝑧

Also define the ROC of 𝑋(𝑧)

Question B5 (10 marks):

Explain the method of the bilinear transformation for the design of digital filters. How can you obtain the digital filter
𝐻𝑑 (𝑒 𝑗𝜔 ) once 𝐻𝑎 (jΩ) has been obtained and how? Can you describe how the bilinear transformation can be
obtained by the trapezoidal rule of integration for differential equations?

Question B6 (10 marks):

When the input to a linear shift-invariant system is

𝑥(𝑛) = 2𝑢(𝑛)

the output is

1 𝑛 3 𝑛
𝑦(𝑛) = [4 ( ) − 3 (− ) ] 𝑢(𝑛)
2 4

Find the unit sample response of the system

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Question B7 (10 marks):

Without evaluating the inverse z-transform, determine which of the following z-transforms could be the system
function of a causal but not necessarily stable discrete-time linear shift invariant system:

1 2
(1− 2 𝑧 −1 )
a) 𝑋 (𝑧 ) = 1
(1− 3 𝑧 −1 )

(𝑧−1)3
b) 𝑋 (𝑧 ) = 1 2
(𝑧− 4 )

1 3
(𝑧− 2 )
c) 𝑋 (𝑧 ) = 1 4
(𝑧− 3 )

1 4
(𝑧− 3 )
d) 𝑋 (𝑧 ) = 1 3
(𝑧− 2 )

Question B8 (10 marks):

a) Prove that the inverse N-point DFT of 𝛿(𝑘) is 1/N (4 marks)

b) Prove that the inverse N-point DFT of 1 is 𝛿(𝑛) (4 marks)
c) On the basis of a) and b) , find the 10-point inverse DFT of (2 marks)
3 𝑘=0
𝑋(𝑘) = {
1 1 ≤𝑘 ≤9

(hint: 𝑋(𝑘) = 1 + 2𝛿(𝑘) 0 ≤ 𝑘 ≤ 9)

Remark: if c) is solved without proving a) and b), it is considered 0 marks.

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Question B9: (10 marks)

Consider the causal linear shift-invariant filter with system function

1 + 0.875 𝑧 −1
𝐻(𝑧) =
(1 + 0.2 𝑧 −1 + 0.9 𝑧 −2 ) ( 1 − 0.7 𝑧 −1 )

Draw a signal flow graph for this system using

a) Direct Form I (2 marks)

b) Direct Form II (2 marks)
c) A cascade of first and second order systems realized in direct form II (2 marks)
d) A cascade of first and second order systems realized in transposed direct form II (2 marks)
e) A parallel connection of first and second order systems realized in direct form II (2 marks)

Question B10: (10 marks)

a) Prove that if a FIR system has the impulse response ℎ(𝑛) = ℎ(𝑁 − 1 − 𝑛) , then it has linear phase.
(5 marks)
b) For a rectangular sequence 𝑅𝑁 (𝑛) on N points compute its DTFT 𝑌(𝑒 𝑗𝜔 ) and verify that it has a linear phase.
(5 marks)

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Formula Sheet

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Page 8 of 12
Page 9 of 12
Page 10 of 12
Common Windows

Filter Specifications

𝑒 −𝑗∝𝜔 |𝜔| ≤ 𝜔𝑐
𝐻𝑑 (𝑒 𝑗𝜔 ) = {
0 𝜔𝑐 < |𝜔| ≤ 𝜋

Which has a unit sample response

sin(𝑛 − 𝛼)𝜔𝑐
ℎ𝑑 (𝑛) =
𝜋(𝑛 − 𝛼)

The Peak Side-Lobe Amplitude of Some Common Windows and the Approximate Transition Width and Stopband
Attenuation of an Nth-Order Low-Pass Filter Designed using the Given Window

Window Side-Lobe Transition Width Stopband

Amplitude (dB) (∆𝒇) Attenuation (dB)
Rectangular -13 0.9/N -21
Hanning -31 3.1/N -44
Hamming -41 3.3/N -53
Blackman -57 5.5/N -74

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Normalized Butterworth Polynomials

n Factors of Polynomials

1
2

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