EE392: Digital Signal Processing

Faculty of Science, Technology and Environment

Final Examination
Semester 2 2016

Face to Face Mode

Duration of Exam: 3 hours + 10 minutes

Reading Time: 10 minutes

Writing Time: 3 hours

Instructions:

Answer all questions in section A and 5 from section B

Questions to be answered in the answer booklet provided

Total Marks = 100 (Weighting = 50%)

Number of pages = 5

Closed book exam

Materials allowed (Calculator)

 SECTION A (Compulsory Questions)

Solve the following three questions

Question A1 (15 marks):

𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
We wish to design a digital IIR filter with 𝜔𝜔𝑝𝑝 = 0.4𝜋𝜋 and 1 − 𝛿𝛿𝑝𝑝 ≥ −1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑, and a stop band at 𝜔𝜔𝑠𝑠 =
𝑠𝑠
0.5𝜋𝜋 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟/𝑠𝑠 with 𝛿𝛿𝑠𝑠 ≤ −10𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑.

Use the impulse invariance method to design the digital filter. In particular, design the analog Butterworth
filter which must be used, then describe theoretically (without calculations) how to obtain the digital filter
𝐻𝐻𝑑𝑑 �𝑒𝑒 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 � once 𝐻𝐻𝑎𝑎 (jΩ) has been obtained.

Question A2 (15 marks):

Using the same specifications as in Question 2, use the bilinear transformation method to design the
digital filter. In particular, design the analog Butterworth filter which must be used, then describe
theoretically (without calculations) how to obtain the digital filter 𝐻𝐻�𝑒𝑒 𝑗𝑗𝜔𝜔 � once 𝐻𝐻𝑎𝑎 (jΩ) has been
obtained.

Question A3 (15 marks):

Given 𝑥𝑥1 (𝑛𝑛) and 𝑥𝑥2 (𝑛𝑛) as:

1 𝑛𝑛
𝑥𝑥1 (𝑛𝑛) = (2)𝑛𝑛 𝑢𝑢(−𝑛𝑛 − 1) 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥2 (𝑛𝑛) = � � 𝑢𝑢(𝑛𝑛)
4

i. Compute 𝑥𝑥1 (𝑛𝑛) ∗ 𝑥𝑥2 (𝑛𝑛) by using the definition of convolution and prove that the convolution
can also be obtained as inverse z-transform of the product of the z-transform of 𝑥𝑥1 (𝑛𝑛) and
𝑥𝑥2 (𝑛𝑛).
ii. Define the ROC.

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 SECTION B

Solve five out of the following questions

Question B1 (11 marks):

Draw the parallel and cascaded forms for:

𝑦𝑦(𝑛𝑛) − 4 𝑦𝑦(𝑛𝑛 − 1) − 3 𝑦𝑦(𝑛𝑛 − 2) = 𝑥𝑥(𝑛𝑛) − 𝑥𝑥(𝑛𝑛 − 1)

Question B2 (11 marks):

Use the window design method to design a linear phase FIR filter of order 𝑁𝑁 = 50 to approximate the
following ideal low–pass filter:

1, |𝜔𝜔| ≤ 0.4𝜋𝜋 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟

�𝐻𝐻𝑑𝑑 �𝑒𝑒 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 �� = � �
0, 0.4𝜋𝜋 ≤ |𝜔𝜔| ≤ 𝜋𝜋 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟

Discuss then about the differences that are obtained if a Rectangular and Hamming window are used

Question B3 (11 marks):

Compute the Fourier transform of a Rectangular window (Boxcar sequence):

1, 0 ≤ 𝑛𝑛 ≤ 𝑁𝑁 − 1
𝑅𝑅𝑁𝑁 (𝑛𝑛) = � �
0, 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒

What is the advantage or drawback of increasing N if a FIR filter is to be used?

Question B4 (11 marks):

Prove that for a real sequence h(n),

𝐻𝐻(𝑒𝑒 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 ) = 𝐻𝐻 ∗ �𝑒𝑒 −𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 �

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Question B5 (11 marks):

It is known that the bilinear transformation is given by:

2 1 − 𝑧𝑧 −1
𝑠𝑠 = � �
𝑇𝑇 1 + 𝑧𝑧 −1

Prove that this gives rise to the following transformation for the frequency response:

2 𝜔𝜔
Ω= tan � �
𝑇𝑇 2

In this case, does the 𝑗𝑗Ω axis in the s-plane maps onto the unit circle |𝑧𝑧| = 1, in the z-plane? Explain.

Question B6 (11 marks):

Prove that a FIR (with even N points) with the following symmetry ℎ(𝑛𝑛) = ℎ(𝑁𝑁 − 1 − 𝑛𝑛), gives rise to a
filter with linear phase after making the discrete time Fourier transform. (Assume N is even and remember
that the Fourier transform of a real and even sequence is real and that the ℎ(𝑛𝑛) is real)

Question B7 (11 marks):

Determine if the following sequences are causal, linear, time-invariant and stable

1) 𝑦𝑦(𝑛𝑛) = 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅(𝑥𝑥(𝑛𝑛))

2) 𝑦𝑦(𝑛𝑛) = 𝑥𝑥(−𝑛𝑛)

Question B8 (11 marks):

For the following finite length sequences of ℎ1 (𝑛𝑛) and ℎ2 (𝑛𝑛), of length 12:

ℎ2 (𝑛𝑛) = ℎ1 �(𝑛𝑛 − 6)�12 𝑅𝑅12 (𝑛𝑛)

i. What is ℎ2 (𝑛𝑛)?
ii. What is the DFT of ℎ2 (𝑛𝑛) with respect to the DFT of ℎ1 (𝑛𝑛)?
iii. In what ways do 𝐻𝐻1 (𝑘𝑘) and 𝐻𝐻2 (𝑘𝑘) differ?

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Formula Sheet

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Filter Specifications

𝑒𝑒 −𝑗𝑗∝𝜔𝜔 |𝜔𝜔| ≤ 𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐

𝐻𝐻𝑑𝑑 �𝑒𝑒 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 � = �
0 𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 < |𝜔𝜔| ≤ 𝜋𝜋

Which has a unit sample response

sin(𝑛𝑛 − 𝛼𝛼)𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐
ℎ𝑑𝑑 (𝑛𝑛) =
𝜋𝜋(𝑛𝑛 − 𝛼𝛼)

The Peak Side-Lobe Amplitude of Some Common Windows and the Approximate Transition
Width and Stopband Attenuation of an Nth-Order Low-Pass Filter Designed using the Given
Window

Window Side-Lobe Amplitude Transition Width Stopband

(dB) (∆𝒇𝒇) Attenuation (dB)
Rectangular -13 0.9/N -21
Hanning -31 3.1/N -44
Hamming -41 3.3/N -53
Blackman -57 5.5/N -74

Normalized Butterworth Polynomials

n Factors of Polynomials

1
2

THE END
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