Coupling loss

Coupling loss also known as connection loss is the loss that occurs when
energy is transferred from one circuit, circuit element, or medium to
another. Coupling loss is usually expressed in the same unitssuch as
watts or decibelsas in the originating circuit element or medium.
Coupling loss in fiber optics refers to the power loss that occurs when
coupling light from one optical device or medium to another. (See also
Optical return loss.)
Coupling losses can result from a number of factors. In electronics (see
Coupling
(electronics)), impedance
mismatch
between
coupled
components results in a reflection of a portion of the energy at the
interface. Likewise, in optical systems, where there is a change in index of
refraction (most commonly at a fiber/air interface), a portion of the energy
is reflected back into the source component.
Another major source of optical coupling loss is geometrical. As an
example, two fibers coupled end-to-end may not be precisely aligned, with
the result that the two cores overlap somewhat. Light exiting the source
fiber at a portion of its core that is not aligned with the core of the
receiving fiber will not (in general) be coupled into the second fiber. While
some such light will be coupled into the second fiber, it is not likely to be
efficiently coupled, nor will it generally travel in an appropriate mode in
the second fiber.
Similarly, even for two perfectly aligned cores, where there is a gap of any
significant distance between the two fibers, there will be some geometric
loss due to spread of the beam. Some percentage of the light rays exiting
the source fiber face will not intersect the second fiber within its entrance
cone.
GSM BAND LIST
RF FINAL TEST
COUPLING LOSS
Coupling loss also known as connection loss is the loss that occurs when
energy is transferred from one circuit, circuit element, or medium to
another. Coupling loss is usually expressed in the same unitssuch as watts
or decibelsas in the originating circuit element or medium.
Coupling loss in fiber optics refers to the power loss that occurs when
coupling light from one optical device or medium to another. (See also
Optical return loss.)
Coupling losses can result from a number of factors. In electronics (see
Coupling (electronics)), impedance mismatch between coupled components
results in a reflection of a portion of the energy at the interface. Likewise, in
optical systems, where there is a change in index of refraction (most
commonly at a fiber/air interface), a portion of the energy is reflected back
into the source component.
Another major source of optical coupling loss is geometrical. As an example,
two fibers coupled end-to-end may not be precisely aligned, with the result

that the two cores overlap somewhat. Light exiting the source fiber at a
portion of its core that is not aligned with the core of the receiving fiber will
not (in general) be coupled into the second fiber. While some such light will
be coupled into the second fiber, it is not likely to be efficiently coupled, nor
will it generally travel in an appropriate mode in the second fiber.
Similarly, even for two perfectly aligned cores, where there is a gap of any
significant distance between the two fibers, there will be some geometric
loss due to spread of the beam. Some percentage of the light rays exiting
the source fiber face will not intersect the second fiber within its entrance
cone.

Banda
mero
Nombre
(MHz)
I

2100

IMT

II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII

1900
1800
1700
850
800
2600
900

PCS A-F
DCS
AWS A-F
CLR

IX

1700

1700

XI

1500

XII

700

XIII
XIV
XV
XVI
XVII
XVIII
XIX
XX

700
700
800
800

XXI

1500

XXII 3500
XXV 1900
XXVI 850

Banda
de subida
(MHz)

Banda
de bajada
(MHz)

1920 - 1980

2110 2170

Canales absolutos RF de
UTRAN
Subida
Bajada
10562
9612 9888
10838
9262 9538 9662 9938
937 1288 1162 1513
1312 1513 1537 1738
4132 4233 4357 4458
4162 4188 4387 4413
2012 2338 2237 2563
2712 2863 2937 3088

1850 1910 1930 1990

1710 1785 1805 1880
1710 1755 2110 2155
824 849
869 894
830 840
875 885
IMT-E
2500 2570 2620 2690
E-GSM
880 915
925 960
1749,9
1844,9
8762 8912
1784,9
1879,9
EAWS A-G 1710 1770 2110 2170 2887 3163
1427,9
1475,9
LPDC
3487 3562
1447,9
1495,9
LSMH
699 716
729 746 3617 3678
A/B/C
USMH C
777 787
746 756 3792 3818
USMH D
788 798
758 768 3892 3918
Reservada
Reservada
Reservada
Reservada
Reservada
Reservada
Reservada
Reservada
832,4 842,6 877,4 887,6 312 363
EUDD
832 862
791 821 4287 4413
1447,9
1495,9
UPDC
462 512
1462,9
1510,9
3410 3490 3510 3590 4437 4813
EPCS A-G 1850 1915 1930 1995 4887 5188
ECLR
814 849
859 894 5537 5688

9237 9387
3112 3388
3712 3787
3842 3903
4017 4043
4117 4143
712 763
4512 4638
862 912
4662 5038
5112 5413
5762 5913

3GPP Release
Rel 5
Rel 6
Rel 7
Rel 8

Rel 9

Rel 10

Rel 11

3G HSPA Speed & Salient Features

Downlink Speed
Technology
(MBPS)
HSDPA
14.4
HSUPA
14.4
2xdata capacity
28
2x voice capacity
Multi-carrier
42
Multicarrier, 10
MHz, 2x2 MIMO
UL,
84
10 MHz & 16QAM D/L
20 MHz 2x2
168
MIMO in UL, 10
40 MHz 2x2 / 4x4
MIMO UL,
336 - 672
10 MHz 64-QAM
MIMO DL

Uplink Speed
(MBPS)
0.384
5.7
11
11

23

23

70

3G HSPA BENEFITS
The UMTS cellular system as defined under the 3GPP Release 99 standard was
orientated more towards switched circuit operation and was not well suited to packet
operation. Additionally greater speeds were required by users than could be provided
with the original UMTS networks. Accordingly the changes required for HSPA were
incorporated into many UMTS networks to enable them to operate more in the manner
required for current applications.

HSPA provides a number of significant benefits that enable the new service to provide a
far better performance for the user. While 3G UMTS HSPA offers higher data transfer
rates, this is not the only benefit, as the system offers many other improvements as well:
1. Use of higher order modulation: 16QAM is used in the downlink instead of
QPSK to enable data to be transmitted at a higher rate. This provides for
maximum data rates of 14 Mbps in the downlink. QPSK is still used in the
uplink where data rates of up to 5.8 Mbps are achieved. The data rates quoted
are for raw data rates and do not include reductions in actual payload data
resulting from the protocol overheads.
2. Shorter Transmission Time Interval (TTI): The use of a shorter TTI reduces
the round trip time and enables improvements in adapting to fast channel
variations and provides for reductions in latency.
3. Use of shared channel transmission: Sharing the resources enables greater
levels of efficiency to be achieved and integrates with IP and packet data
concepts.
4. Use of link adaptation: By adapting the link it is possible to maximize the
channel usage.
5. Fast Node B scheduling: The use of fast scheduling with adaptive coding and
modulation (only downlink) enables the system to respond to the varying radio
channel and interference conditions and to accommodate data traffic which tends
to be "bursty" in nature.
6. Node B based Hybrid ARQ: This enables 3G HSPA to provide reduced
retransmission round trip times and it adds robustness to the system by allowing
soft combining of retransmissions.
For the network operator, the introduction of 3G HSPA technology brings a cost
reduction per bit carried as well as an increase in system capacity. With the increase in
data traffic, and operators looking to bring in increased revenue from data transmission,
this is a particularly attractive proposition. A further advantage of the introduction of 3G
HSPA is that it can often be rolled out by incorporating a software update into the
system. This means its use brings significant benefits to user and operator alike.
3G UMTS HSPA constituents

There are two main components to 3G UMTS HSPA, each addressing one of the links
between the base station and the user equipment, i.e. one for the uplink, and one for the
downlink.

Uplink and downlink transmission directions

The two technologies were released at different times through 3GPP. They also have
different properties resulting from the different modes of operation that are required. In
view of these facts they were often treated as almost separate entities. Now they are
generally rolled out together. The two technologies are summarised below:

HSDPA - High Speed Downlink Packet Access: HSDPA provides

packet data support, reduced delays, and a peak raw data rate (i.e.
over the air) of 14 Mbps. It also provides around three times the
capacity of the 3G UMTS technology defined in Release 99 of the
3GPP UMTS standard. Read more about High speed downlink
packet access, HSDPA

HSUPA - High Speed Uplink Packet Access: HSUPA provides

improved uplink packet support, reduced delays and a peak raw data
rate of 5.74 Mbps. This results in a capacity increase of around twice
that provided by the Release 99 services. Read more about High
speed uplink packet access, HSUPA

W-CDMA, abreviao de Wide-Band Code-Division Multiple Access, a

tecnologia 3G lder[carece de fontes] e usada em redes UMTS e FOMA. uma
tecnologia de interface de rdio de banda larga que prov velocidades de
dados muito superiores - at 2 Mbit/s [carece de fontes]. Permite o uso mais
eficiente do espectro de rdio, se comparado a outras tcnicas de rdio
disponveis anteriormente[falta fonte e explicao tcnica].

UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System) uma das tecnologias de

terceira gerao (3G) dos telemveis.
O termo adotado para designar o padro de 3 Gerao estabelecido como evoluo
para operadoras de GSM.
At o ano de 2000, o desenvolvimento de padres para o GSM foi conduzido pelo
European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI). A partir desta data a
responsabilidade passou a ser do 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), que um
esforo conjunto de vrias organizaes de standards ao redor do mundo para definir
um sistema celular global de 3 Gerao UMTS. O objetivo do UMTS prover um

padro universal para as comunicaes pessoais com o apelo do mercado de massa e

com a qualidade de servios equivalente rede fixa. Na viso UMTS,

LTE sigla de Long Term Evolution (em portugus "Evoluo a Longo Prazo") cujo
significado se refere a uma tecnologia de telefonia mvel tambm conhecida como 4G
(quarta gerao).
LTE um padro de redes celulares que permite banda larga mvel com velocidades de
conexo de at 100 Mbps, possibilitando uma maior abrangncia de comunicaes de
voz e transferncia de dados.
O padro LTE semelhante ao j existente WiMax (Worldwide Interoperability for
Microwave Access), que por sua vez, tem idntico funcionamento das redes sem fios
Wi-Fi, mas com maior alcance. No entanto, o sistema LTE compatvel com a
tecnologia GSM, que utiliza a rede 3G (terceira gerao).
O LTE Avanado (Advanced) uma verso mais elaborada do LTE e promete fornecer
uma ampla cobertura e elevadas taxas de download e upload.

All about rx level

Rx level means Received Level, it is the level which mobile receives. It is calculated
from below given formula:
RxLev(dbm) = EiRP(dbm) - Path Loss(db)
Free Space Path Loss(db) = 32.44 + 20log(d) + 20log(f) in our case I have taken in
vacuum environment
EiRP(dbm) = Antenna Output Power(dbm) + Antenna Gain(dbi)
for example:
EiRP = 52dbm, FSPL = 94.64db (1.5km, f = 890.2MHz)

RxLev(dbm) = 52 - 94.64 = -42.64dbm

Difference between Rx_Level_Full & Rx_Level_Sub : Rx_Level_Full is
measured when DTX is off & Sub is when DTX is on.
RX Lev Full: Its is nothing but the Mobile transmit the measurment
report(SACCH multiframe) for every 480ms. this multiframe containes 104
TDMA frames, in 104 TDMA frames 4 TDMA frames for Decode the BSIC and
remaining 100 TDMA frames for Average measurment of serving cell and
neighbouring cell.This average measurment of 100 TDMA frames are RX Lev
Full
RX Lev Sub: DTX is a discontinouse trasmission, When the mobile
conversation 40% of the time either Trasmitter or Receive is idle. When DTX
is ON, DTX will switch off the Trasmitter or Receiver when they is no speech
Pulses. only few TDMA frames will trasmit, the average of this TDMA frames
is called RX Lev Sub, give you proper measurment of RX level...

Tx and Rx Levels

The Tx level is the power in decibels per milliwatt (dBm) at which a modem transmits
its signal. The Rx level is the power in dBm of the received signal. The server modems
normally transmit at -13 dBm by default. Ideally, the Rx level should be in the range of
-18 to -25 dBm. If the Rx level is under -25 dBm, the Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) is
likely to decrease, meaning that the speed also decreases. If the Rx level is too high, you
may see signal distortion or the receiver's Digital Signal Processor (DSP) being
overdriven, and erratic connections are possible.
In some modulation standards, such as V.34, a receiver can tell its peer that the signal
level is too high and the transmitter then reduces the level at which it transmits. (If this
behavior is widespread, try configuring the transmitter to transmit at a lower level.)
Modems that use other modulation standards (such as K56 Flex) may not be able to do
this, resulting in problems.
Therefore, an effective Rx level is a function of the peer's initial Tx level, the negotiated
dBm reduction (if any), and the attenuation in the voice circuit. The voice circuit
attenuation is, in turn, a function of link attenuation and of analog or digital pads, which
are telephone company circuitry designed to insert attenuation into the voice circuits.
If you need to reduce or increase your Tx level, this is attainable with the following
modems and modulation standards:

Microcom through T51???For details, refer to the AT Command Set and

Register Summary for V.34, 56K, and V.90 12-Port Module.

Modem ISDN Channel Aggregation (MICA) through S39 or S59???For details,

refer to the AT Command Set and Register Summary for Cisco MICA Six-Port
Modules.

NextPort through S39 or S59???For details, refer to the NextPort AT Commands

and S Registers Reference.

If you need to reduce or increase your Rx level, you need to do this either at the peer
transmitter (although this is not feasible if there are thousands of peers) or within the
telephone company (more likely), by increasing or decreasing the padding.
On a live connection, you can see or infer the Rx and Tx levels as follows:

Microcom modems???Initiate a reverse telnet session and issue the AT@E1

command.

MICA modems???Issue the show modem operational-status command.

NextPort modems???Issue the show port operational-status command.

Some MICA modem examples are as follows:

Why
Rx_Level
is
negative??
1-The measurements of power is expressed in decibels ( dB) rather than the
Watt because of the wide range of power levels in RF signals.
2-Generally the letters (dB) with another character or more tacked on the
end means dB compared to some value that the character represents.
3-For analyzing radio system , was found that dBm convention is more
convenient than using Watt convention ( regarding to the calculations,
graphics,
comparing
.etc
)
4-dB refers to a ratio and dBm refers to a specific power level .
5-In Our case "m" as in dBm , it's referenced to a value of miliWatt of
power
.

6-dBm can have either positive value or negative value , where the positive
values indicates we have gain in the power and the negative values
indicates
we
have
loss
in
the
power
7-In a nother word A Negative No. means less than a 1 milliwatt and a
positive
No.
means
more
than
a
1
milliwatt.
80dBm=1mW
3dBm=2mW,
-3dBm=1/2 mW and so on .....