Design Of Rapid Gravity Filter

a) Design Criteria : ( Rapid Sand Filter )

Rate Of Filteration
=
5 to 7 m
Maximum surface area of One Bed
=
Minimum Overall Depth Of Filter Unit Including a Free Board of
0.5 m
= 2.6 m
Effective size Of Sand
=
0.45 to 0.7
Uniformity Co-efficient For Sand
=
1.30 to 1.7
Ignition Loss Should Not Exceed ( > ) 0.7 % percent by weight
Specific Gravity
=
2.55 to 2.65
Wearing Loss is not greater than ( > ) 3.0 %
Minimum Number Of Units
=
2
Depth Of Sand
=
0.6 to 0.75
Standing Depth of water over the filter
=
1 to 2 m
Free Board is less than
( > ) 0.5 m
b) Problem Statement :
Net Filtered Water
Quantity of Backwash water used
Time Lost During Backwash
Design Rate Of Filteration
Length & Width Ratio
Under Drainage System
Size of Perforations
c) Design Calculations
Water Flow Required
Design Flow for Filter

2.0

Provide

2 Filters

= 555.48 m 3 / hour
=
2%
= 30 min.
=
5 m 3 / m 2 / Day
=
1.25 to 1.33 : 1
= Central Manifold With Laterals
= 13 mm

= 578.64 m 3 / hour
578.64
= 115.7 m
=
5

24
23.5

116 m

Units
116
= 58 m
2
L x 1.25 L
=
58.0 m
1/2
58
Length L =
1.25
= 6.8 m
Width
=
( 1.25 x 6.8 ) =
8.5 m
Units, each with a dimension of =
8.6 m x
6.8 m

Hence Plan Area of One Unit

Length x Width =

/ m / Day

= 555.48 m 3 / hour
=
555.48 x ( 1 + 0.02 ) x

Plan Area For Filter

Using

Say 8.6 m

Estimation Of Sand Depth :

It is checked against break through of floc.
Using Hudson Formula 3
Q x d x h = B x 293223
L

3
Where
Q, d, h & are in
m / m 2 / hr, mm, m and m respectively
4
Assume
B=
( Poor Response ) < Average degree of pre-treatment
10000
h=
2.5 m
( Terminal Head Loss )
Q=
5 x 2 m 3 / m 2 / hr ( Assuming 100 % overload of filter )
d=
0.6 mm
( Mean Diameter )

0.6 x 0.6 x 0.6 x 2.5

4
=
x 293223
10000

= 46.04 cm { or ( > ) greater than }

Hence provide depth of sand bed = 60.0 cm

10 x

Estimation Of Gravel & Size Gradation :

Assuming size gradation of 2.0 mm to 40.0 mm at bottom using empirical
formula :
P = 2.54 x R x ( log d )
Where :
R
= 12 mm ( 10 mm to
14 mm )
The Units of L & d are cm & mm, respectively.
Size
2
5
10
20
40
Depth (cm )
9.2
21.3
30.5
40
49
Increment
9.2
12.1
9.2
9.5
9
Hence provide
50.0 cm depth of gravel.
Estimation Of Under Drainage System :
Plan Area of each filter

=
=

Total Area of perforation

Total Cross Section Area of Laterals

=
=
=
=
=

Area of Central Manifold

Diameter of Central Manifold
Providing a commercially available diameter of
Assuming spacing for laterals
Number of Laterals

8.6 m x 6.8 m
58.48 m
3
x 58.48
1000

( 3.0 x
( 3.0 x
( 2.0 x
( 2.0 x
10526.4

= 100.0 cm
= 20 cm
8.6
=

= 0.17544 m

= 1754.40 cm
Area of perforation )
1754.4 )
= 5263.20 cm
Area of Laterals )
5263.2 )
= 10526.40 cm
x4
= 115.80 cm

100.0
20
61.2 x 4
D
=

Number of perforations / laterals = 86 Units

= 43 on either side
= 8.8 cm

say 90 mm

Length of One lateral =

( 1 ) width of filter - ( 1 ) diameter of manifold

2
2
= (1 x
6.8 ) - ( 1 x 1.0 )
= 2.9 m
2
2
Let n be the total number of perforation of
13.0 mm diameter
Total Area of perforation
nx
x ( 1.3 )
= 1754.40
4
n = 1322.43 say 1322
1322.0
Number of Perforation or Laterals
=
= 15.37
say 16
86.0
2.90 x 100
Spacing of Perforation =
= 18.13 cm C / C
16.0
Say 180.00 mm C / C
Provide 16
perforations of 13.0 mm diameter at 180 cm C / C
Computation Of Wash Water Troughs :
Wash Water Rate =
36 m 3 / m 2 / hour
Wash Water discharge for one filter =
( 36 x 58.48 ) =
2105.28 m 3 / hour
3
= 0.5848 m / sec.
Assuming a spacing of 1.80 m for wash water trough which will run parallel to the longer
dimension of the filter unit.
6.8
Number of trough
=
= 3.78
say 4
1.8
0.5848
Discharge per unit trough
=
= 0.146 m 3 / sec.
4.0
For a width of
the water depth at upper end is given by :
0.40 m

Q 1.376 b h
0.1462 =

Provide

4.0

troughs of

1.376 x

0.1462
1.376 x
Freeboard = 0.1 m
0.5 m
Wide &
h

3
2

0.40 x ( h )

3/2

2/3

0.40
0.50 m

= 0.41 m

say 0.5

deep in each filter.

Total Depth Of Filter Box :

Depth of filter box = ( depth of under drain + gravel + sand + water depth + free board )
= ( 900 +
500 + 600 +
2200 +
300 )
= 4500 mm
Design Of Filter Air Wash :
Assume Rate at which air is supplied
=
1.5 m 3 / m 2 / min.
Duration of Air Wash
= 3.0 min.
Total Quantity of air per unit bed
=
1.5 x
3.0 x
8.6 x
6.8
= 263.16 m

Summary
S.No.
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Particulars
Number Of Units
Size Of Unit
Depth Of Sand Bed
Depth Of Gravel
Diameter Of Perforation
Diameter Of Central Manifold
Spacing For Laterals
Number Of Laterals
Diameter Of Laterals
Number Of Perforations
Number Of Trough
Size Of Trough
Total Depth Of Filter Box
Duration of Air Wash
Total Quantity Of Air Required Per Unit Bed

Values
2 min.
8.60 m x
6.8 m
60.0 cm
50.0 cm
13 mm
100.0 m
20 cm
86 Units
90 mm
16
4
0.40 m x 0.5 m
4500 mm
3 min.
263.2 m