IPA, 2006 - 18th Annual Convention Proceedings, 1989

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PROCEEDINGS INDONESIAN PETROLEUM ASSOCIATION

Eighteenth Annual Convention, October 1989

THE HYDROCARBON POTENTIAL OF THE LOWER TANJUNG FORMATION,

BARITO BASIN, S.E. KALIMANTAN
Indra Kusuma *
Thomas Darin **
ABSTRACT
Early exploration efforts in the Barito Basin focused
on the large surface defined thrust structures in the
northern areas. Despite the large initial discoveries in the
Lower Tanjung Formation of the Tanjung Oil Field in
1939, no sustained exploration program has focused on
this known prolific sedimentary section, and the poor
understanding of its stratigraphy has produced only
limited successes since.
Recent exploration efforts have defined a period of
early Tertiary rifting giving rise to a series of northwest
to southeast trending horsts and grabens across the basin.
These early Tertiary structural elements have been overprinted by a Neogene compressional regime which continues to the present day. This more recent compression
has produced a left-lateral reactivation of the earlier
normal faults, giving rise to the recent structural configuration of the basin.
Major thickness and facies changes with four distinct
stages of deposition can be recognized and correlated
across the basin in the Tanjung Formation. These variations result primarily from the topography produced by
the early Tertiary rifting.
The terrestrial coals and organically rich shales of the
Lower Tanjung Formation are prolific hydrocarbon
source rocks, and have produced the oil emplaced in the
Tanjung Field. These source facies are at optimum
maturity IeveIs over large areas of the basin.
At least five of these early Tertiary rifts have been
identified. In terms of migration and entrapment, each
must be considered a separate self-contained basinal
depocenter. Only the Tanjung Field graben, with over 600
MMBOOIP, has been adequately tested.

BASINAL GEOLOGIC OVERVIEW

Although the focus of this paper is the Lower Tanjung
formation, a brief discussion of the Tertiary basin evolution is presented here to place it in the proper context.
PERTAMINA BKKA

** Trend Energy Kalirnantan Ltd.

The Barito Basin is located along the south-eastern

edge of the continental Sunda Shield. It is separated from
the Asem-Asem and Pasir Basins to the east by the recently uplifted Meratus Mountains. To the north it is distinguished from the Kutei basin by the Adang Fault/
Flexure system or Barito-Kutei Cross High (Fig. 1).
Within its internal framework, the Barito Basin contains
the present day NE-SW trending Barito Foredeep, which
is flanked to the west by the Barito Platform or Shelf
and t o the east by the Meratus Mountains. The Buntok
Basin is situated 60 km north-west of the Barito Foredeep,
and is an extension of the main basin which is now
separated from it by the south-westerly plunging KesaleSihung High.
Early Tertiary tensile stress produced a rifted series
of NW-SE horst and graben structures. The exact age of
this rifting is not known, but the Late Cretaceous age of
the underlying basement and Middle Eocene age of
overlying sediments places it within the Paleocene to Early
Eocene (Fig. 2). While the bounding normal faults of
these rifts extended longitudinally for more than 50 km,
their vertical expression was probably no more than 5001000 meters.
The Lower Tanjung Formation (Stages 1 to 3) was
deposited in these rifts as a transgressive sequence of
alluvial facies in the lower part, to shallow marine deposits in the uppermost part. The Upper Tanjung marine
shales and mark (or Stage 4)were deposited across most
of the present day basin as this transgression eventually
submerged the topographic remnants of the horsts and
grabens. Relatively stable marine conditions with
numerous minor cyclic eustatic fluctuations prevailed
throughout Upper Tanjung times until a major regressive
event in the Middle Oligocene exposed most of the basin
for a prolonged period.
Following this erosional phase the shallow marine
Berai carbonates were deposited in the Late Oligocene.
Carbonate deposition continued into the Early Miocene,
but was increasingly interrupted by the influx of fine
grained clastics which may have prevented any large scale
biohermal build-ups. Carbonate development ceased in
the Early Miocene with the beginning of significant

108

prodeltaic clastic input from the west. Miocene deposition

was dominated by an easterly prograding regressive
deltaic sequence.
This deltaic deposition was punctuated by a number
of abrupt regressive events, and can regionally be divided
into five stages comprising the Upper and Lower Warukin
Formations. The Lower Warukin grades from the prodeltaic Berai Marl at the base through delta front to lower
delta plain facies at the top.
It is separated from the Upper Warukin by a sharp
break in formation water salinities and an abrupt change
to upper delta plain facies. Compressional wrench forces
were initiated in the Late Miocene with t.he emergence
of the Meratus Mountains to the east, the Adang Flexure
to the north, and rapid loading and subsidence across the
present depocenter.
The Dahor Formation was deposited in the rapidly
subsiding depocenter as deltaics from the north and west
inter-fingered with thick clastic wedges being shed off the
mountains to the east. This depositional regime continues
to the present day, with the Dahor thickness exceeding
3000 meters near the mountain front.
EXPLORATION HISTORY
The first geological reconnaissance of the Barito Basin
was conducted in 1854. In the late 19th century, B.P.M.
(the forerunner of Royal Dutch Shell), conducted the first
systematic exploration in the Barito Basin. Small amounts
of oil were recovered from shallow boreholes around
seeps on the Warukin surface structures, but none were
commercial. B.P.M. began an extensive reconnaissance
of the basin in the 1930s which included detailed surface
mapping, surface pit excavation, shallow hand auger
drilling, and gravimetric surveying (Fig. 3).
Despite the occurrence of numerous seeps and surface
structures in the Tanjung Raya, B.P.M. initially focused
its efforts on the western parts of the basin where a
number of gravity anomalies had been recognized, but
only one out of over forty wells tested a small amount
of gas. In 1937, NKPM (the forerunner of STANVAC)
also drilled a number of shallow wells in the western area
around the Kahajan River without encountering any
hydrocarbons.
B.P.M shifted its exploration focus back to the
surface structures in the Tanjung Raya area in the late
1930s with an extensive surface geological survey.
Numerous shallow stratigraphic holes were drilled across
the thrust faulted Tanjung Anticline, a number of which
encountered significant oil shows. The deeper Tanjung-1
well was completed as an oiI discovery in Lower Tanjung
Formation sandstones in 1938. Minor amounts of Lower
Tanjung oil were also found in the Kambitin structure
to the west. Tests of the Miocene deltaics in both the

Warukin and Paringin structures to the east failed to

encounter any significant hydrocarbon shows. Just prior
to the war seven delineation wells were drilled in the
Tanjung field, and extensive geological and photogeological surveys of the surface anticlines abutting the
Kesale Range were undertaken.
After the war, B.P.M. concentrated on development
of the Tanjung field and the construction of a pipeline
to Balikpapan, and by 1965 had drilled 89 wells in the
field. Four additional wells were drilled in the Kambitin
structure from 1959 - 1964 to follow-up the small
Kambitin-1 discovery, but these also yielded only small
amounts of oil. The Menunggul and Hayup surface
structures were also unsuccessfully tested to the Lower
Tanjung.
In 1965, an offset to the earlier well in the Warukin
structure discovered commercial oil in Miocene Lower
Warukin sediments. At the end of 1965, PERTAMINA
assumed responsibility for exploration and development
in the Barito Basin from SHELL.
PERTAMINA continued with the development of the
Tanjung and Warukin fields, and completed the first
regionally extensive seismic reflection program (Fig. 4).
Further Miocene tests were drilled along the thrusted
anticlinal trend of the Warukin field, leading to the
discovery of the Tapian Timur Field in 1967. The Lower
Tanjung was also tested at the Bonkang structure without
encountering any significant hydrocarbons. A test at
Dahor Selatan-I, which at the time was believed to be
the southern extension of the Tanjung Field structure,
was abandoned after an oil blow-out from the Lower
Warukin, but an offset well failed to encounter the oil
bearing reservoir. By 1972 most of the easily recognized
surface structures had been drilled, and PERTAMINA
began a detailed seismic program to better define the subsurface structures. Numerous wells were drilled on these
structures with limited success. In many cases the Lower
Tanjung Formation was poorly developed and/or largely
absent. Tanta-1 drilled a basement high on an apparent
southerly extension of the Tanjung Anticline, and
although the Lower Tanjung was thin and poorly developed, modest amounts of oil were tested from fractured
Oligocene Berai limestone. A shallow Lower Warukin
sand in Bongkang-2 (which had targeted the Lower
Tanjung) tested a moderate amount of dry gas. Two of
the three further tests of the Kambitin structure flowed
small quantities of oil. In 1986, Bagok-1 was drilled on
the southerly plunging nose of the Kambitin structure,
and although the Lower Tanjung sands were poorly
developed they tested in excess of lo00 BOPD. The
appraisal well Bagok-2 was drilled in an up-dip position
1.5 km to the north, but tested onIy water from these
sands. The structural configuration of the Bagok/
Kambitin accumulations provided a strong indication of

109
the stratigraphic trapping .component in the Lower
Tanjung sands. By 1983, declining production in the
Tanjung Field had prompted two separate pilot waterflood projects, but a poor understanding of the complex
Lower Tanjung stratigraphy produced disappointing
results.
In 1968, CONOCO obtained exploration rights to a
large part of the southern basin area and focused their
efforts on Berai reef plays. Five wells on the shallow shelf
area failed to encounter any significant biohermal buildups or hydrocarbons. In 1972, CONOCO farmed out to
PHILLIPS, who concentrated on Tanjung-type mountain front thrust structures. A sub-thrust structural test
(Martapura-lx) encountered only minor oil shows in the
poorly developed Lower Tanjung sands, and PHILLIPS
PSC relinquished the acreage.
PEXAMIN acquired exploration rights to an area just
west of the Kambitin wells in 1970. Two wells tested
subtle anticlinal features, but development of the Lower
Tanjung was poor and no hydrocarbon indications were
encountered.
In 1981, AMOCO was awarded Block C encompassing the western shelfal area of the basin where
CONOCO had worked earlier. Their 24-fold seismic
coverage yielded far better results than CONOCOs
earlier 6-fold coverage. Their first well targeted the Lower
Tanjung across a seismically defined basement high, but
the target sands were largely absent and the well was
sidetracked to test an interpreted Berai reefal build-up
nearby. Some limited posr-Berai biohermal carbonates
were encountered, but tested only water, and AMOCO
relinquished the block in 1984.
Also in 1981, TREND was awaided Block l3
covering the southern and central portions of the basin.
TREND initially focused on the mountain front edge
(where numerous oil seeps had been found) with 1196 km
of 24-fold seismic coverage. The first well, Miyawa-I,
tested the Lower Tanjung in a sub-thrusted fault trap,
and encountered over 600of good oil shows. However,
the well had entered a complex fault zone and tests of
this interval failed to recover any fluids. A second well,
Birik-1 was drilled to test a seismically defined deep subthrust roll-over in the Miocene Warukin formation.
Numerous oil shows were encountered, but reservoir
quality was again poor. The results also showed that the
interpreted structure was probably a velocity artifact of
the thick overlying Dahor conglomerates. TREND then
focused on the central basin area with the acquisition of
a further 1687 km of seismic and 1900 km of gravity.
Bangkau-1 tested a subtle fault closed roll-over in the
Warukin Formation and encountered numerous good oil
shows in poor quality reservoir sands. The well was
suspended in severe over-pressures with large amounts
of free oil invading the borehole from thin silt laminae

in the Lower Warukin pro-deltaics. Semuda-1 was drilled

to test a seismically defined basement high, and encountered only a thin veneer of shaley Lower Tanjung
sands with good live oil shows before penetrating
Paleocene andesitic volcanics where the well was suspended.
TREND then entered into a 9 month joint technical
study with PERTAMINA utilizing their combined databases and further detailed field work in an attempt to
better define the development and distribution of the
Lower Tanjung Formation. The concept of Early Tertiary
rifting led to the further acquisition of 300 km of seismic
by TREND in 1988.

STRUCTURE OF THE BARITO BASIN

The Barito Basin lies on the south-eastern edge of the
continental Sundaland plate fragment. Based on detailed
surface mapping in the Southern Meratus Mountains,
Sikurnbang (1986) developed the geological model
illustrated in Figure 5 for the Pre-Tertiary evolution of
the area. His work provides the framework for a possible
interpretation of the complex tectonic evolution of this
area since the Early Cretaceous. Based on fossil evidence
and radiometric dating, he postulated a mid-Cretaceous
period N-S subduction and volcanic arc formation along
the eastern margins of Sundaland. This was followed by
a Late Cretaceous arc-continent collision with oblique
subduction/obduction. This left-lateral wrenching along
the Meratus suture produced a NW-SE Late Cretaceous
pull-apart basin bounded by syn-depositional left-lateral
wrench faults (Fig. 9). By the Early Eocene a divergent
\+rench stress regime dominated Southeast Kalimantan,
possibly as the result of changes in the relative motion
of the Australian plate. This tensional stress gave rise to
a series of NW-SE trending rift basins followed by a
prolonged period of subsidence and sedimentation extending into the Late Miocene. Since then, the westward
strike-slip propagation of the Pacific plate along the
Sorong and Tarera Faults has re-activated the old
Meratus convergence zone.
Large variations in the pre-Tertiary basement topography and rapid lateral variations in the Lower Tanjung
stratigraphy had been suggested by gravity data and
earlier well correlations (Fig. 12). The presence of NWSE aligned horsts and grabens was clearly demonstrated
with the integration of photogeology, radar imagery, field
data, well data, gravity, and seismic mapping. The more
recent detailed field napping along the mountain front
(Fig. 13) revealed thickness and facies variations very
similar to those observed in distant well correlations. The
seismic data also clearly showed the basement fault block
structures (Fig. 6) and the pervasive NW-SE trend of
normal faults bounding these fault blocks. Although it
is difficult to correlate deep events across the current
depocenter, these normal faults can be tied to those

110

revealed by photo-geolqgy and radar imagery interpretation in the mountain from outcrops.
Bouguer gravity data and subsequent gravity
modeling also showed large gravity minimum trends
corresponding to the seismically interpreted grabens. The
alignment of the horsts and grabens is best revealed by
a time isopach map constructed from an intra-Tanjung
reflector to basement (Fig. 7).
Following the relatively rapid graben infilling, rates
of sedimentation from the Late Eocene to the Middle
Miocene were reduced, but increased significantly with
the Middle-Late Miocene advance of the Warukin
deltaics. The effect of the basement topography on
deposition decreased with time, yet differential compaction within the grabens continued to influence depositional patterns. Even today, away from the rapid
deposition near the mountain front, subtle geomorphic
features across the large low lying southern swampy areas
of the basin reflect the underlying basement topography.
Beginning in the Mid-Late Miocene and extending to
the present day a major tectonic event began to affect
south-eastern Kalimantan. The large scale regional
mechanics of this movement are not perfectly understood,
byi h e result has been a general north-south left-lateral
convergent wrench reactivation of the Meratus suture
zone. Further north the influence of the WNW-ESE leftlateral motion along the Adang Fault adds a third
regional stress regime, and considerably complicates t!le
structural configuration in that area. The Adang fault (or
flexure, as it is poorly defined at the surface) is probably
a manifestation of the westward movement of the Pacific
plate propagated along the Sorong and Tarera Faults. It
may also reflect a re-activated southern bounding normal
fault of a large Paleogene graben which underlies the
Kutei Basin to the north. This is evidenced by much
deeper marine Tanjung sedimentation to the north,
and the occurrence of Quaternary volcanics in the Teweh
area.
The idealized diagrams in Figures 8 and 9 best illustrate the model for structural development of the area.
Oblique convergent wrenching produced the primary
thrusts and folds observed along the mountain front
which are characteristic of a welt. Numerous antithetic
WSW-ENE right-lateral wrench faults are associated with
the primary wrenching, and are will defined from the
field, photo-geology and radar imagery. Other subsidiary
structural features along the primary wrench include
pinnate tensional and shear fractures, and second order
left-lateral wrenches. The principal horizontal compressional stress is in a NW-SE direction, and the NWSE Early Tertiary normal faults represent pre-existing
lines of weakness which were subsequently re-activated
as synthetic left-lateral wrenches.

These synthetic faults are observed in outcrop in the

Meratus Mountains and Kesale-Sihung High area, as well
as observed seismically. Older Cretaceous structural
elements bordering the Manunggul Basin have also
undergone re-activation as NE-SW left-lateral wrenches.
In the Kesale-Sihung uplift, these faults grade laterally
into first order thrust structures as their orientation
changes to N-S and horizontal compression is re-oriented
to E-W.
The arcuate form of these thrusted anticlines, and
their oblique orientation relative to the main mountain
zone of deformation, are also characteristic of the overall
convergent wrench stress regime. The thrusted features
display a distinct en echelon arrangement which deteriorates away from the major Meratus Mountain Front
zone of deformation. The structural cross-section in
Figure 10 illustrates the en echelon (or imbricate) thrust
faulted structures near the mountain front which give way
northwest to thrust faulted anticlines and eventually to
gentle unfaulted anticlines. A true en echelon pattern
seems to require wrenching, or at least some component
of wrenching, and thus may be unique to the wrench
assemblage style (Lowell, 1985). The tectonic wrench
model also accounts for the almost complete lack of
recent compressive structural influence in the southern
portions of the basin where the model predicts a localized
tensile stress regime. However, seismic data indicate areas
in the south along the current depocenter with anomalous
thick Upper Warukin sections. This may reflect the tensile
reactivation of underlying older Paleogene normal faults
in this area, although seismic quality at these deep
basement levels is admittedly poor.
In summary, the Tertiary structural development of
the Barito Basin is the result of two separate stress
regimes: a Paleogene period of divergent wrenching and
rifting followed by a Neogene period of convergent
wrenching and uplift. The consequence of this stress
rerersal has been a re-activation of the older structural
elements during the more recent compression, rather than
the development of entirely new structures. The form of
the Early Tertiary Barito Basin is therefore quite different
from the present-day basin.

STRATIGRAPHY OF THE LOWER TANJUNG

FORMATION
The Lower Tanjung Formation sediments represent

a transgressive sequence of rift infill sediment (Fig. 11).

The source of these clastics was the exposed Sunda Shield
to the west and the intervening horst highs. The deposition and thickness of these sediments was governed by
the topographic relief of the Paleocene horsts and
grabens. Regional cross sections (Fig. 12) indicate four
distinct stages of deposition with unique lithostratigraphic
characteristics.

111
The gross properties of these Stages can also be readily
identified in the Field (Fig. 13). The lowermost three Stages
comprise the Lower Tanjung Formation, and primarily
represent localized non-marine rift infilling sediments.
The uppermost Stage 4 (also termed the Upper Tanjung
Formation) represents regional marine deposition. The
100 Tanjung Field wells provide additional detail on local
variations.

from the bounding horsts.

The graben depositional setting provides a fair degree

of stratigraphic complexity and rapid lateral facies
variations. Numerous faults have been invoked in the past
to explain the wide variability in observed oil-water
contacts in the Tanjung Field.Whi1e some of these faults
are syn-depositional in nature, most variations within the
field are related t o stratigraphic changes.

Stage 2

Stage 1

Stage 1 sediments represent localized supralittoral riftinfilling. Three distinct units are recognizable within this
stage: a basal unit of continental red-bed facies, an intermediate unit of lower fan to lacustrine clastics, and an
upper unit of lacustrine or estuarine fine clastics.
The lowermost red-bed unit consists of inner to
middle alluvial fan conglomerates which are typically
poorly sorted and poorly bedded. The basal conglomerates contain an abundance of well rounded quartz
pebbles to cobbles, with associated silicified rhyolite
and volcanic debris. The poorly sorted clay to sand matrix
precludes them as potential reservoirs. The radial concave
upward profile of these fans can be recognized in the
Tanjung Field.
The intermediate Stage 1 unit consists of middle to
lower alluvial fan coarse stream flow and stream flood
deposits near the graben margins. These grzde into finer
and better sorted shallow lacustrine deltaic sands and
eventually to prodeltaic muds toward the graben axis. The
maximum thickness and lithofacies variations are
observed in this unit, and volurnetrically it represents the
majority of graben infilling. Two sands, the Z-1015 and
Z-950 (Fig. 12), produce from this interval in the Tanjung
Field, and the rapid lateral facies variations provide a very
strong stratigraphic trapping component. The fair to good
reservoir quality of these sands make them attractive
exploration targets.
The uppermost part of Stage 1 was deposited in a
much lower relief shallow lacustrine or possibly estuarine
(although marine indicators are lacking) environment
following the initial rapid infilling.
It consists of low energy shales, silts, and sandy silts
with numerous thin coals of limited extent. These clastics
display distinct fining upward cycles suggesting periodic
higher energy conditions followed by periods of fluid
stagnation. This unit is fairly uniform in thickness and
gross lithologic composition across the grabens away

Continued rifting and block faulting occurred with

decreasing frequency and intensity throughout Stage 1
deposition. This is indicated by field evidence of syndepositional normal faults, seismically defined postdepositional block faulting, and by the fault compartments within the Tanjung Field at this level which only
rarely extend into the overlying stages.
A distinct change in sedimentary character occurs at
the Stage 1 and 2 boundary where shallow lacustrine
facies give way abruptly to fluvio-deltaics. This discordance probably represents a minor uplift and erosional
hiatus which may be related to doming in the final phase
of vulcanism associated with the rifting cycle.
This uplift and erosion produced a lower relief
topography across the remnant basement highs. As a
result, the Stage 2 deltaics were not restricted to the
grabens as the Stage 1 sediments had been. Initial deposition occurred as distributary channel sands incised
into the underlying unconformity surface. These fining
upward sands are coarse, clean, well sorted, and massively
bedded, and are a major producer designated as the 2-860
in the Tanjung Field. They comprise a series of stacked,
incised channels whose overall NW-SE orientation is well
defined from dipmeter data. These sedimentary features
provide a fairly strong stratigraphic trapping component
in the Tanjung Field. They comprise a series of stacked,
to the grabens, but later Stage 2 sediments progressively
onlap the remnant horst highs. These later sediments
consist of fine-grained shaly distributary and lenticular
crevasse splay sands, and organic-rich interdistributary
shales and coals which become dominant in response to
peneplanation and decreasing relief. Dipmeter data
clearly indicate the fan-like crevasse splay nature of the
productive but shaly 2-825 sand in the Tanjung Field.
The top of Stage 2 deposition is marked by a distinct thick
coal section which provides an easily mapable seismic
event, and can be regionally correlated from wells to
outcrop. The lower Stage 2 fluvio-deltaic sands are a
primary exploration focus due to their more regionally
consistent reservoir quality. By the end of Stage 2, graben
infilling was virtually complete. Most of the intervening
horst blocks had been onlapped and clastjc input from
them had largely ceased.

Stage 3
Stage 3 deposition marks the first appearance of
marine influence in response to the continuing regional
subsidence. This interval contains the first datable (MidLate Eocene) marine micro-lossils and glauconite. elastic
input and grain size rapidly diminish as the last of the
remnant horsts are onlapped. The clastic source recedes
to the distant west producing a mud-rich/sand-poor low

112

energy marine environment and stratigraphic patterns

which are regionally correlatable. The underlying
basement topography continued to influence deposition
through differential compaction in the grabens, resulting
in slightly shallower coarser grained facies around the
horsts.
A final post-rift igneous event, which was probably
associated with the earlier pre-Stage 2 uplift and possible
doming, occurred during early Stage 3 deposition. This
is evidenced by volcanics described as dolerite (this
description relies on cores recovered during early
appraisal drilling) at this level in the Tanjung field, and
by stratigraphically equivalent andesitic lavas at one
outcrop locale and at TD in the Semuda-1 well. The limits
of this volcanic body are well defined in the Tanjung
Field. Its geometry and the appearance of increased heavy
minerals in the overlying sands indicates an extrusive
event.
The lower part of the Stage 3 sequence is characterized
by nearshore facies. The productive 2-710 sand in the
Tanjung Field and at Bagok-1 is composed of a number
of thin to locally thick, fine-grained, clean to shaly sands.
Dipmeter characteristics, coarsening upward cycles, and
the planar cross-stratification observed in outcrop
strongly suggest barrier or intertidal bar deposition. These
sands become much cleaner and slightly coarser where
they onlap the volcanic extrusives (which are up to 35
meters thick) in the Tanjung field, indicating that the
lavas provided a shallower locus for sand deposition.
Sand distribution becomes more lenticular and
sporadic towards the top of Stage 3 with increasing water
depth, but again higher concentrations and improved
reservoir qualities are present in the vicinity of the
underlying highs. The marginally productive 2-670 shaly
sands and silts in the Tanjung Field and Bagok-1 consist
of individual discontinuous lenticular bodies deposited
as distal bars or pro-deltaic facies. Stage 3 deposition is
terminated by the transition to deeper marine conditions
above the regional MI log marker.
In general, the stratigraphic disposition of reservoir
quality sands within Stage 3 renders them a difficult
exploration obiective, but the testing of over 10oO BOPD
in Bagok-1 from these sands highlights their prospectivity.
Stage 4

Stage 4 sediments were deposited following a minor

depositional hiatus at the MI log marker. Low energy
middle sublittoral marine conditions prevailed with
sedimentation rates and subsidence in rough equilibrium.
This stable basinal configuration persisted well into midOligocene when Stage 4 deposition was terminated by a
drastic eustatic sea level fall. Also termed the Upper
Tanjung Formation, Stage 4 deposition is characterized
by numerous small cyclic eustatic fIuctuations with thin

calcareous coarser grained clastics and detrital coals

deposited during the regressive peaks, and marine shales
and marls in the intervening transgressions. These small
cyclic events can be correlated regionally on modern highresolution wireline logs. Despite numerous oil shows in
this interval and the testing of oil from a thin shaly sand
at Bagok-1, poor reservoir quality severely limits its
prospectivity.

GEOCHEMISTRY
An exhaustive and integrated geochemical evaluation
of the Barito Basin has yielded very positive results in
terms of hydrocarbon potential, and has permitted a
fairly complete picture of the complex geochemistry of
the basin to emerge. Due to the mobile nature of hydrocarbons in the subsurface, the following discussion is
necessarily expanded beyond the bounds of the Lower
Tanjung Formation.
Heat flow modelling

A heat flow study of the basin was undertaken to gain

a better understanding of the large differences in geothermal gradients observed in the well data, and to aid
in defining the various maturity levels in the basin. Heat
flow calculations were performed utilizing specialized
software to tie previously measured thermal conductivities
(Thamrin, 1987) to sonic logs in order to correct for the
considerable effects of compaction throughout the stratigraphic column. Reliable formation temperatures were
obtained from wireline log and DST data to calibrate the
computer calculated thermal conductivity and temperature profile models of the wells. The objective of this
approach was to minimize the effects of the highly
variable thermal conductivities of the overlying sedimentary column in order to discern whether the observed
geothermal gradient anomalies were related to actual
crustal heat flow anomalies.
Geothermal gradients around the Barito Basin are
quite variable (Fig.l4), ranging from a low of 1.OSF/lOO ft.
at Birik-1 to a high of 3.08"F/100ft.at Bagok-I. Due to
the low compaction and high percentages of coal in the
Warukin and Dahor Formations, geothermal gradients
are usually lower where they have been removed by
erosion. Gradients generally decrease from the west
towards the Meratus Mountains in the east, and this
eastwards cooling is due in part to the effect of meteoric
flushing of the very permeable Warukin sands exposed
in the mountain front (artesian flow was observed in an
Upper Warukin sand tested at Bangkau-1) which effectively act as a huge radiator.
The large mass of highly corlductive igneous rocks in
the mountains also provide a ready conduit for heat
propagation. The most interesting thermal feature is the
high gradient anomaly in the BagokIKambitin area,

113

particularly in relation to the much lower temperatures

in the adjacent areas.
The heat flow map (Fig. 14) shows the observed
regional geothermal gradients generally reflect the
ambient heat flow, and are not simply a function of
variable thermal conductivities. The hot spot in the
Bagok/Kambitin area remains intact and is all the more
puzzling considering that meteoric flushing of some of
the Tanjung sands appears to be occurring here via the
nearby outcrops to the north, which would presumably
have a cooling effect. The early Tertiary heat flows were
undoubtably much higher following initial rifting, but it
is unlikely that this initial high geothermal flux around
the grabens (due to crustal thinning) has persisted to the
present day. The more recent structural activity might
produce an increased crustal heat flow, but the localized
nature of this anomaly seems to preclude a tectonic cause.
Most plausibly, the Bagok/Kambitin anomaly probably
reflects heat transfer via subsurface fluid movements
from deeper and hotter areas to the southeast.
Vitrinite reflectance (Ro) profiles can serve as a type
of paleothermometer to qualitatively give an idea of past
geothermal gradients. Higher heat flows that persist
through time ivould be expected to produce higher Ro
gradients. Figure 15 compares all the available well Ro
data with the calculated heat flows in an attempt to
quantify this relationship. Many of the wells are clustered
around the basin average, among them all of the wells
in the structurally undisturbed areas of Blocks B and
C supporting the essumption that the thermal regime
of the areas away from the Late Miocene tectonism have
remained fairly constant through time. From the limited
data and the inherent weaknesses of this technique, it is
impossible to derive an empirical relationship between Ro
gradients and heat flow, but it does serve to highlight the
deviations.
The wells located below an admittedly subjective
expected normal trend would indicate higher relative
Ro gradients than the current low heat flows would
warrant, while those above would indicate lower relative
Ro gradients than the current high heat flows would
suggest.
Bagok-1 shows the largest deviation from the basin
average, suggesting that its high heat flow is indeed a
relatively recent event. Conversely, the data from wells
along the mountain front and in uplifted areas suggest
relatively higher heat flows in the past than at present.
This recent cooling is easier to explain in light of the uplift
and removal of the insulating blanket of Miocene-Recent
sediments, and the quenching effect of meteoric flushing
through outcrops along the mountain front.
This initial rudimentary understanding of the thermal
regime of the basin has assisted in defining the mature
source areas for hydrocarbon generation. The identifii-

cation.of the high heat flow anomaly and its likely hydrothermal cause has important implications for maturation
and hydrocarbon migration for the area to the south of
Bagok-1.

Maturation
Lopatins Time-Temperature Index (TTI) has proven
a popular analytical technique for maturity determination
because the required input data are simple, easy to obtain,
and seismic data can be utilized away from control points
where formation tops can be identified. The Lopatin
method does underestimate maturity in the later stages
of catagenesis, but this does not detract from its usefulness in identifying the areas within the current oil
window. The real catalyst for oil generation in the Barito
Basin was the deposition of the Upper Warukin and
Dahor Formations which formed a thermal blanket over
the basin. As such, the higher rift phase temperatures of
the early basin are of minor importance in the TTI calculations due to the shallow depths of burial, while the
recent Post-Warukin temperatures assume major importance. The results of the heat flow modelling provide
the required temperature input, and the TTI model can
be calibrated to existing well Ro data (Waples, 1985). This
calibration procedure shows that the localized recent
cooling and warming events, highlighted by the Ro versus
heat flow plot, must be built into the TTI model to achieve
at match with well Ro data in these areas. Away from
these recent thermal anomalies, temperature histories
taken as constant through time yield TTI values in
agreement with the well Ro data. Building these thermal
parameters into the TTI modelling yields a fairly reliable
indication of maturity in most wells in the basin. A
number of horizons are well defined seismically and can
be mapped with confidence, while other levels can be
estimated by interpolating thicknesses from surrounding
wells for burial history reconstructions. A large number
of TTI models were thus constructed where seismic
coverage exists using regional geothermal gradients and
thermal history evidence obtained from the heat flow
study.
Figure 16 shows the TTI maturation map at the top
Stage 2 level where thick coals produce a strong seismic
reflector. The hydrocarbon deadlines on the maps are
derived from empirical work and are expressed at the 80
percent confidence level (Waples, 1985). Heavier hydrocarbons could occur at higher TTI values, but their
occurrences would be rather rare.
Due to the dominance of terrestrial kerogen, these
deadlines probably extend to slightly higher TTI values,
with the bottom of the oil window in the TTI 180 to 200
range. The TTI map at this level reliably shows an area
in excess of 2500 km2 which has, or is currently going
through the catagenic phase of hydrocarbon generation.

114

Large areas exist in the current depocenter where the

Lower Tanjung has already exhausted most of its
generative potential. The mature areas gradually diminish
in areal extent at progressively shallower hoiizons. The
top of the oil window extends well into the Lower
Warukin Fornation, and over 2500m of mature Warukin
is present in the current depocenter areas. Away from the
structural and thermal complexities in the north, the top
of the oil window is generally subparallel to the regional
structural dip, increasing from a high of about 8000 ft. in
the Western limits to below 13000ft. in the much cooler
mountain front sub-thrust zone.
The TTI models also illustrate the various maturity
levels through time. The depocenter model in Fig. 16
shows that at the base Tanjung level, oil generation (TTI
15) began about 20 million years ago during the initial
stages of Early Miocene Warukin deposition. Oil expulsion at this level was well under way (TTI 40) by 15
million years ago, predating the Late Miocene Meratus
structural elements by a significant length of time.
Source potential
Lower Tanjung Formation TOC analyses from wells
and outcrops show wide variations, from a low of under
0.50% to over 70% in Stage 1 and 2 coals. Overall, the
organic carbon content is greatest in the deltaics of Stage
2, averaging between S-10% in the organically rich shales.
Sparse data also show similar concentrations in the
lacustrine upper Stage 1, indicating excellent source
potential for both these intervals. TOC decreases
substantially in the marine Stage 3 and 4 sections, but
still averages 1.5070,resulting in poor to fair source
potential.
The kerogen type of the drganic carbon determines
the likely hydrocarbon products. Figure 17 illustrates the
pyrolysis derived hydrocarbon index (HI) versus Tmax
plot. The best oil source potential (HI > 200) occurs in
the Stage I sediments, with Stages 2 and 3 apparently
containing more gas prone Type 111 kerogen. The visual
kerogen analyses summarized in Fig. 17, show an almost
complete dominance of terrestrial derived Type 111
kerogen.
The macerals are composed primarily of herbaceous
organic matter such as resinite, exinite, and cutinite
(resins, spores, and leaf cuticles), and are similar to gas
prone Type III by elemental cornposition.
However, it has become widely accepted that nonsapropelic (humic) coals can act as oil sources, and that
Type I11 kerogen can generate waxy oil, probably from
the cuticle and leaf coatings of higher plants. Horsfield
(1984) has termed this kerogen Type 111 H. The source
extract GC scan from the Lower Tanjung in Fig. 18 shows
large peaks clustered around C29, a high odd n-alkane
preference in this range, high pristane/phytane ratios,

and a minor resinite hump in the C15 range, which are

all indicative of terrestrial kerogens. In fact, terrestrial
kerogens of a very similar composition predominate over
the full Tertiary sedimentary sequence of the Barito
Basin. Even the marine facies contain an abundance of
terrestrial kerogen (although it is generally degraded as
a result of longer distance transport), indicating the
proximity of the ancient shoreline throughout the basins
history.
It has been shown that the Miocene coals of the
nearby Mahakam Delta are related to the oils (Thompson
eta!., 1985, Monthioux el al., 1983, and that potentially
oil generative coals are common in many areas of
Southeast Asia. The various source rock parameters show
that the Lower Tanjung coals are typical of waxy oil
prone organic matter and are very similar to the Warukin
coals, which in turn are similar to those from the
Mahakam Delta (Curry, 1987). In order to determine if
these coals can in fact generate oil, artificial maturation
experiments were conducted on Lower Tanjung and
Lower Warukin coal samples. The coal was heated at
325C for differing periods. The results in the following
table show that both the Tanjung and Warukin coals can
generate appreciable amount of liquid products. Analyses
of these artificially generated oils show that they closely
resemble the oils in the basin.
Artificial Maturation Results
Yo coal converted

to C15+ liauids
Lower Taniune coal outcror,

3 Days
6 Days

6.7
5.2

Bangkau-I Lower Iiarukin coal

3 Days
6 Days

10.3
10.7

Quantitatively, these results indicate that these Type

IIIH coals will generate approximately 0.02 to 0.04 barrels
of oil per cubic meter of sediment per one percent TOC. With
an average hydrocarbon/carbon ratio of 0.95, approximately 12 to 15 percent of the organic matter is assumed
to be converted to oil before gas generation becomes
dominant at a H/C ratio of 0.80. This represents
generated oil and does not take into account expulsion
or migration efficiencies. Applying these quantities to
rough volumetric calculations, p:oduces a figure of 20004000 MMBO generated in the Stage 2 coals alone over
the mature areas of the Tanjung Field graben (using a
conservative average co21 thickness of 5 meters, mature
areal extent of 400 km2, and average TOC of 50%).

115

Factoring in expulsion and migration efficiencies of 10

percent yields a range of 200 to 400 MMBO available for
entrapment in the Tanjpng graben from this single coal.
These figures do not take into account the varying
maturity levels of this coal across the graben to account
for oil versus gas generation, but they are in the range
of the amount of oil found in the area to date.

to severe overpressures. This oil is 5 to 7 per mil more

negative (isotopically lighter) than the other oils, and is
one of the most negative del 13C values published for
oil anywhere (Curry, 1987). It is consistently anomalous
in most other respects, and emerges as the one exception
to the clear groupings of the other oils. As such, this oil
may represent the only example of a previously unknown
third distinct group.

Characterization of oils

Problems in correlating the oils with potential sources

arise due to the significant differences in the maturity
levels of the oils and the source extracts. Since none of
the wells penetrated very far into the oil window, no data
was available from source intervals with maturity levels
comparable to the oils. These differences in concentration
between extracts and oils have been observed in the
Mahakam Delta fields and are also probably related to
maturity (Schoell el al. 1983).
However, enough data does exist to provide for
reasonable correlations. The G U M S and carbon isotope
distributions (Figs. 20 and 21) show that the best source
match for the Warukin group of oils are the Lower
Warukin Formation coals in the Bangkau-1. These coals
are marginally mature, and along with the Birik-1 coal
GC in Figure 18 are the most mature Warukin Formation
samples available. The best match for tlhe Tanjung oils
are Stage 2 coals from outcrop and from the Tanjung-15
well. These samples are likewise marginally mature, but
again are the most mature Lower 'Tanjung samples
available. Although this data is not entirely definitive,
when taken in the context of the separate stratigraphic
distributions of the two oil groups, it demonstrates that
the coals and organically rich shales of the Lower
Warukin and Lower Tanjung Formations are the primary
source facies for oil generation in the basin. At much
higher maturity levels other organically leaner facies are
probably also significant hydrocarbon sources, as
demonstrated by the anomalous Bangkau-1 oil.

All the oils recovered from wells and surface seeps

display very 'similar attributes. The terrestrial nature of
the oils is clearly illustrated by their high wax content,
high pristane/phytane ratios, high pristane/nC17 ratios,
high resin content shown by anomalous peaks in the C13
to C16 range, and the dominance of C29 isomers in the
sterane component of the G U M S data (Fig. 19, peaks
7-9). The oils display a fairly narrow range of low to
moderate maturity levels. Subtle variations, such as the
depletion of light end alkanes in the C8 to C13 range of
the Warukin oils, can be attributed to possible water
washing effects in the hydrodynamically active Warukin
Formation. Other variations result from biodegradation,
varying source maturities, and subtle differences in source
organic facies.
0il:Oil and 0il:Source Correlations
The similarity in the organic source facies of the
Tanjung and Warukin Formations leads to difficulties
in determining the origin of the oils. Differences in the
relative distributions of GC measured compounds, as
illustrated by the scans and ternary diagram in Figures
18 and 20, may simply be the result of different maturity
levels of the source or varying degrees of biodegradation
and/or water washing of the oils. GC/MS biomarker
distributions (Figs. 19 and 20), which are in some cases
independent of maturity and/or biodegradation, likewise
show similar distributions with subtle but distinct
differences in the oils,
By far the most useful property for differentiating the
two groups has been carbon isotope data (Fig. 21), which
clearly defines a distinct separation and shows that the
Warukin Formation oils are about 2 per mil more
depleted in 13C (isotopically lighter) than the Tanjung
Formation oils. This difference can not be accounted for
solely on the basis of the slightly different maturity levels
of the two groups. The combination of GC, G U M S , and
carbon isotope data clearly define two separate oil groups
within the basin. The separtion of these groups is in most
cases coincident with the stratigraphic occurrence of the
oils. An exception is the oil recovered from fractured Berai
Limestone in the Tanta-1 well which shows a strong
affinity with the Warukin Formation oils. Another
interesting anomaly is the Bangkau-1 oil recovered from
a Berai Marl sand at 10,200 feet within the transition zone

EXPLORATION IMPLICATIONS
A number of Early Tertiary grabens have been defined
within the Barito Basin. These rifted basins provided
the locus for deposition of the highly variable non-marine
facies of the Lower Tanjung Formation. The occurrence
and quality of suitable Lower Tanjung reservoirs is thus
dependent on their overall position within these individual
localized basins. From a n exploration viewpoint, the
locations of these rift basins are quite independent of the
current structural configuration of the Barito Basin.
Geochemical analyses have clearly demonstrated
major oil source potential within the organically rich
facies of the Lower Tanjung Formatio:i, and large areas
of thermal maturity dictate large scale hydrocarbon
generation and expulsion. Of particular interest is the fact

116

that oil generated within the Lower Tanjung Formation

is always observed to be restricted to reservoirs within
the Lower Tanjung, even in the presence of large thrust
faults as in the Tanjung Raya area. Also significant is the
lack of any known oil seepages or occurrences updip
on the Barito Shelf to the west of the mature areas or
the Tanjung Formation pinch-out edge. These observed
features imply that in terms of generation and migration,
each rift basin can be considered as a separate selfcontained sealed system.
Detailed seismic coverage and extensive surface
geological investigations up to 1970 had revealed and
tested most or all of the prominent dip closed thrust
structures in the basin. The more recent exploration
activities have continued to focus only on these structural
aspects, and have been largely unsuccessful.
The tests of the northernmost Bonkang and Hayup
structures were probably geochemical failures due to the
lack of mature source within this graben. The Neogene
structures within the Tanjung Graben have proven in
excess of 600 MMBOOIP, although outside of the
Tanjung Field hydrocarbon occurrences have been
irregular. Recent studies show that trapping within these
large dip closed structures contains a strong stratigraphic
component, as might be expected within the highly
variable Lower Tanjung facies. At least three other
seismically defined grabens exist to the south of the
Tanjung graben at much higher levels of thermal
maturity. The Neogene tectonism which gave rise to the
prominent structures in the Tanjung Raya area has had
little effect on these areas to the south except in the
complex thrusted structures along the mountain front.
The concepts which have emerged in recent years provide
an exploration framework for exploiting the prolific
potential of these untested grabens, and future exploration efforts will therefore have to focus on the stratigraphy of the Lower Tanjung Formation to define
stratigraphic or combined StructuraVstratigraphic
trapping mechanisms in order to benefit from these
concepts.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The author wishes to thank the managements of
PERTAMINA and TREND ENERGY KALIMANTAN
LIMITED for permission to publish this paper. Many of
the concepts outlined here were developed or refined
within the PERTAMINA/TREND Barito Basin joint
study, and many thanks are due to the creative efforts
of the technical staff of that joint study under the
supervision of P.R. Davies (who was instrumental in
developing portions of the concepts outlined here), and
to N.M. Henry.

REFERENCES
Bishop, W. 1980. Structure, stratigraphy and hydrocarbons offshore Southern Kalimantan, Indonesia.
Bulletin of the American Association of Petroleum
Geologists 64, 37-58.
Curry, D.J. 1987. Geochemical evaluation of the Barito
Basin, onshore Kalimantan, Indonesia. Sun Oil E&P
Geochemical Services Group Report No. T071-1-87.
Harding, T.P. 1974. Petroleum traps associated with
wrench faults. Bulletin of the American Association
of Petroleum Geologists 58, 1290-1304.
Horsfield, B. 1984. Pyrolysis studies and petroleum
exploration. Advances in Petroleum Geochemistry,
247-298.
Lowel, J.D. 1985. Structural Styles in Petroleum Exploration. Oil and Gas Consultants International Publications 49.
Monthiousm, M., Landais P. and Monin J.C. 1985.
Comparison between natural and artificial maturation
series of humic coals from the Mahakam Delta, Indonesia. Organic Geochemistry 8, 275-292.
PERTAMINA/TREND ENERGY 1987. The hydrocarbon potential of the Lower Tanjung Formation,
Barito Basin, S.E. Kalimantan, Indonesia. Internal
report on the results of a joint technical study between
PERTAMINA and TREND ENERGY KALIMANTAN LTD./PARTNERS.
Schoell, M., Teschner M., Wehner H., Durand B., Oudin
J.L. 1981. Maturity related biomarker and stable
isotope variations and their application to oil/source
rock correlation in the Mahakam Delta, Kalimantan.
Advances in Organic Geochemistry, 156-163.
Sikumbang, N. 1986. Geology and tectonics of PreTertiary Rocks in the Meratus Mountains, South-East
Kalimantan, Indonesia. Unpublished doctoral thesis
submitted to University of London.
Thamrin M., 1987. Terrestrial heat flow map of Indonesian basins. Indonesian Petroleum Association publication.
Thompson, S., Morley R.J., Barnard P.C. and Cooper
B.S. 1985. Facies recognition of some Tertiary coals
applied to prediction of oil source rock occurrence.
Marine and Petroleum Geology 2, 288-297.
Van de Weerd, A., Armin R.A., Mahadi S. and Ware
P.L.B. 1987. Geologic setting of the Kerendan Gas
and Condensate discovery, Tertiary sedimentation
and paleogeography of the northwestern part of the

117

Kutei Basin, Kalimantan, Indonesia. Proceedings of

the Sixteenth Annual Convention of the Indonesian
Petroleum Association 1, 317-338.
Waples, D. w. 1980. Time and temperature in petroleum
formation: application of Lopatins method to petro-

Ieum exploration. Bulletin of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists 64, 9 16-926.
Waples, D.W. 1985. Geochemistry in Petroleum Expioration. Boston International Human Resources Development Corporation 125-138 and 198-202.

LEGEND

~.

IlO*

FIGURE 1 - Tectonic Elements of Kalimantan

S E A

--

0.

"

119

2ZEO2

LITHOSTRATIGRAPHY
sw

NE

VOLCANIC

FACES

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LOWER
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120

FIGURE 4

Barito Basin Exploration History,1965-Present.

FlGUm 5

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--___

119

113

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INTERBEDDED GRADED VOLCANOCLASTIC SANDSTONES

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W I T H MINOR LAVAS, PYROXENEPHYRC ANDESlTES,
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AND CRYSTAL TUFF

POLY MI C T IC CONGLOME R A T E S , PEBBLY S A N D S T W E

AND LOCALLY MUDSTONES

ESTHERID-BEARING BLACK SHALE

H O R N B E N D - P H I R l C ANOESITE W I T H MINOR VTUIH

BRECCIAS, AGGLOMERATES AND ASSOCIATED F I N E G R A I N E D PYROCLASTICS I S U B A E R I A L 1

SEDIMENTARY AND VOLCANIC

LITHOLOGY

Summary of the Prc -Tertiary stratigraphic framcwork and gcological cvaluation of the Meratus Mountains,
Southeast Kalimantan.

144

138

131

____ . 125

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.
.

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123

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176

NEOGENE STRESSES

FIGURE

9 - Neogene structure elements and model for convergent left lateral wrenching

NW

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WARUKIN FM.

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FIGURE 10

LOWER TANJUNG FM.

[;;;1 UPPER TANJUNG FM.

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130

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60

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FIGURE 16 - Top lower Tanjung stage 2TTI map and depocenter burial history/TTI plot.

180-600 4 0 0 ' L PRESERVATION

DEADLINE
600-1000 6 0 " O I L e n E S E R V A T l O N
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134

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X3QNI N300tlOAH

z
c

1
I
I

135

136

ISTERANES

[TRITERPANES
2

( C 2 7 20SC20R)

( C 3 i ) HOPANE

WARUKIN OIL

H
F

TANJUNG FIELD
LOWER TANJUNG OIL

FIGURE 19 - Oil gas chromatograph/Mass spectrometer scans.

137

G C DISTRIBUTIONS
fl-Cl7
WARUKRIO(L8
1

SEEP. L - 3 1 3 8P.136

P * SEEP. L - a i s WELLHEAD
3
TAPIAN TWUR-1S

-.
--I

7
E

TAPIAN TIMUR-14
WARUKIN EELATAN-17
WARUUIN SELATAN-10
RIRIK-1 . M U 0 EAMPLF A
BIRIU-1. Mu0 SAMPLE C
TANlA-l.BfRAl

10-

SANOUAlbl

11

W A R W I N FIELD OLENO

T A K * M O ON8
11

UAMBKW-2.XEPE

IS- TA-IS.

282WZEW

14-

ZS6o~Z1016

TAW3-70.

16- BA00U-1. M 1 A

18.

.Awl-1. 2 7 1 0

17

T A M N N O FIELD BLEND

PRISTANE

n-C25

QC/MS STEZANE DISTRIBUTIONS

( C 2 8 20S+20R)

WARUKIN O I L 8
1:

W A W M $ELATAN-1

FIGURE 20

SOURCE R O C K S

n=WARUKIN

Ternary diagram of oil and source extract GC and GC/MS compound distributions.

TANJUNG OILS
I = MIYAWA AREA S E E P

# I

2 1 K A Y O I T I N - 2 , STAGE 2
STAGE I
4 = TANJUNG-76. STAGE 2
5 1 MIYAWA AREA S E E P X P
6 . 8AGOK-I, S T A G E 4
7. B A G O K - I , S T A G E 3

3. TANJUNG-58,

-32

WARUKIN OIL8

BIRIK A R E A S E E P
9. B l R l K A R E A O L D W E L L
HEAD SEEP
10. T A P I A N TIMUR- 13
11. T A P I A N T I M U R - 1 4
12. W A R M I N S E L A T A N - 1 7
3 - WARUKIN S E L A T A N - 1 9
14- OANGKAU- 1
5 = T A N T A - I , OERAl L S T .
8 s

- 31

WARUKIN O I L S

-30
EXTRACTS

]*

TANJUNG F M T
WARUKIN FMT.

- 29

TANJUNG O I L S

A = E A R I T O - I . STAG 3
0 : DIDI-I, B T A G E 2
C: COAL OUTCROP, STAGE I/*
O r MARIOU- I,LOWER WARUKIN
E x EANGKAU -I, L O W E R
WARUKIN C O A L .

-28

-27

Key

- 26

0
d'
,

O I L GROUPS
WHOLE OIL ANALYSIS

- - - Q - -S-A T U R A T E F R A C T I O N A N A L Y S I S
-25

,
-26

-25

- 27

- 28

-29

S13C OF AROMATICS

FIGURE 21 Barito Basin carbon isotope distributions of oil and source extracts.