Code No: V3114/R07 Set No.

1
III B.Tech I Semester Regular Examinations, November 2009
HEAT TRANSFER
(Mechanical Engineering)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
?????

1. (a) How do the temperature distributions in a solid vary it its thermal conductivity
various linearly with temperature?
(b) A thin metallic plate is insulated at the back surface and is exposed to the sun
at the front surface. The front surface absorbs solar radiation at 900 W/m 2
and dissipates in mainly by convection to the ambient air at 30 0 C. If the heat
trasfer coefficient between the plate and the air is 15 W/m 2 K, what is the
temperature of the plate? [6+10]

2. (a) Derive an expression for 1- Dimensional, steady state heat conduction state,
with internal heat generation for plane wall.
(b) Nichrome, having a resistivity of 100µΩ-cm is to be used as a heating element
in a 10kW heater. The Nichrome surface temperature should not exceed
12200 C. Other design features include surrounding air temperature is 20 0 C,
Outside surface coefficient is 1.15 kW/m 3 k, Thermal conductivity of Nichrome
=- 17 W/mk. Find out which diameter Nichrome wire is necessary for a 1
meter long heater. Also find the rate of current flow. [8+8]

3. (a) What are Biot and Fourier numbers? Explain their physical significance.
(b) A slab of Aluminum 10cm thick is originally at a temperature of 500 0 C. It is
suddenly immersed in a liquid at 1000 C resulting it a heat transfer coefficient
of 1200 W/m2 k. Determine the temperature at the centerline and the surface
1 min after the immersion. Also the total thermal energy removal per unit area
slab during this period. The properties of aluminum for the given condition
are: α = 8.4 × 10−5 m2 /s, K=215 W/mk, ρ = 2700 kg/m3 , Cp = 0.9 kJ/kg.
[6+10]

4. (a) Derive momentum equation for hydrodynamic boundary layer over a flat plate.
(b) Show by dimensional analysis for free convection Nu= f(Pr, Gr). [8+8]

5. (a) What is the criterion for deciding laminar or turbulent flow in case of free
convection?
(b) Air flow through a long rectangular duct (30 cm × 20 cm) used in air condi-
tioning maintains the outer duct surface temperature at 5 o C. If the duct is
installed vertically in a room at 25o C, find the heat gain by the duct. [4+12]

6. Air free saturated steam at 65o C condenses on the outer surface of a 25 mm outer
diameter 3m long vertical tube maintained at a uniform temperature of 35 o C by
flow of cooling water through the tube. Assuming film condensation and 20% in
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Code No: V3114/R07 Set No. 1
excess of Nusselt’s value calculate the average heat transfer coefficient over the
entire length of the tube and the rate of condensate flow at the bottom of the tube.
Confirm that the flow is laminar. [16]

7. Water flowing at the rate of 12.6 kg/s is to be cooled from 90 o C to 65o C by means
of an equal flow rate of cold water entering at 40 o C. The water velocity will be
such that the overall coefficient of heat transfer U is 2300 W/m 2 K. Calculate the
heat exchanger surface area needed for each of the following arrangements.

(a) Parallel flow

(b) Counter flow
(c) A multipass heat exchanger with the hot water making one pass through a
well baffled shell and the cold water making two tube passes through the tubes
and
(d) A cross flow heat exchanger with both sides unmixed. [16]

8. (a) What is the shape factor with respect to itself if the surface is concave, convex
or flat?
(b) Show that for two infinite parallel
h  gray planes i exchanging radiant energy, the
mean emissivity is given by 1
−1 . [6+10]
1 1


ε1
+ ε2

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Code No: V3114/R07 Set No. 2
III B.Tech I Semester Regular Examinations, November 2009
HEAT TRANSFER
(Mechanical Engineering)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
?????

1. (a) State Fourier‘s law of heat conduction. Why is the negative sign used.
(b) A fluid at an average temperature of 200 0 C flows through a plastic pipe
(k=0.5 W/m K) of 4 cm outer diameter and 3 cm inner diamenter. If the heat
transfer coefficient at the inside is 300 W/m 2 K and that the outer surface is
10 W/m2 K, and if the pipe is located in a room at 30 0 C, find the heat loss
per unit length of pipe. [16]

2. (a) Derive an expression for 1- Dimensional, steady state heat conduction state,
with internal heat generation for plane wall.
(b) Nichrome, having a resistivity of 100µΩ-cm is to be used as a heating element
in a 10kW heater. The Nichrome surface temperature should not exceed
12200 C. Other design features include surrounding air temperature is 20 0 C,
Outside surface coefficient is 1.15 kW/m 3 k, Thermal conductivity of Nichrome
=- 17 W/mk. Find out which diameter Nichrome wire is necessary for a 1
meter long heater. Also find the rate of current flow. [8+8]

3. (a) What are Biot and Fourier numbers? Explain their physical significance.
(b) A slab of Aluminum 10cm thick is originally at a temperature of 500 0 C. It is
suddenly immersed in a liquid at 1000 C resulting it a heat transfer coefficient
of 1200 W/m2 k. Determine the temperature at the centerline and the surface
1 min after the immersion. Also the total thermal energy removal per unit area
slab during this period. The properties of aluminum for the given condition
are: α = 8.4 × 10−5 m2 /s, K=215 W/mk, ρ = 2700 kg/m3 , Cp = 0.9 kJ/kg.
[6+10]

4. (a) Define
i. Boundary layer thickness
ii. Nusselt number and
iii. Prandtal number .
(b) Air is flowing over a flat plate 5m long and 2.5 m wide with a velocity of
4m/sec and 150 C. If ρ=1.21 kg/m3 and ν=1.47 × 10−5 m2 /sec. Calculate:
i. Length of the plate over which the boundary layer is laminar and thickness
of boundary layer (laminar).
ii. Shear stress at the location where boundary layer ceases to be laminar,
and

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Code No: V3114/R07 Set No. 2
iii. Total drag force on the both sides on that portion of the plate where
boundary layer is laminar. [6+10]

5. Find the location and magnitude of maximum velocity in the boundary layer formed
on heated or cooled vertical plate. [16]

6. (a) What is Leidenfrost point? What is its significance?

(b) Water at saturation temperature and atmospheric pressure is boiled in the
stable film boiling regime with an electrically heated, horizontal platinum wire
of diameter 1.27 mm. Calculate the surface temperature necessary to produce
a heat flux of 150 kW/m2 [6+10].

7. A shell and tube heat exchanger is to heat 10,000 kg/h of water from 16 o C to
84o C by hot engine oil flowing through the shell. The oil makes a single shell pass,
entering at 160o C and leaving at 94o C, with an average heat transfer coefficient of
400 W/m2 K. The water flows through 11 brass tubes of 22.9 mm inner diameter
and 25.4 mm of outer diameter, with each tube making four passes through the
shell. Assuming fully developed flow for the water, find the required tube length
per pass. [16]
R R
8. (a) What is shape factor? Show that A 1 F12 = 1/θ A1 A2 [(Cos θ1 Cos θ2 ) / r2 ]
dA1 dA2 .
(b) State and explain the reciprocity theorem. [10+6]

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Code No: V3114/R07 Set No. 3
III B.Tech I Semester Regular Examinations, November 2009
HEAT TRANSFER
(Mechanical Engineering)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
?????

1. (a) Write Fourier‘s heat conduction equation and explain each term along with
their units.
(b) A pipe with a diameter of 2 cm is kept at a surface temperature of 40 0 C. Find
the heat transfer rate per m length of this pipe if it is
i. Placed in an air flow in which the temperature is 50 0 C and
ii. placed in a tank of water kept a temperature of 30 0 C. The heat transfer
coefficient in these two situations, which involve
A. forced convectiion in air and
B. free convection in water, are estimated to be 20 W/m 2 K and 70 W/m2
K respectively. [6+10]

2. (a) Derive an expression for 1- Dimensional, steady state heat conduction state,
with internal heat generation for plane wall.
(b) Nichrome, having a resistivity of 100µΩ-cm is to be used as a heating element
in a 10kW heater. The Nichrome surface temperature should not exceed
12200 C. Other design features include surrounding air temperature is 20 0 C,
Outside surface coefficient is 1.15 kW/m 3 k, Thermal conductivity of Nichrome
=- 17 W/mk. Find out which diameter Nichrome wire is necessary for a 1
meter long heater. Also find the rate of current flow. [8+8]

3. (a) A large slab of aluminum at a uniform temperature of 200 0 C is suddenly

exposed to a convective surface environment of 70 0 C with a heat transfer
coefficient of 525 W/m2 k.Estimate time required for a point 4cm from the
surface to come up to a temperature level of 120 0 C.
(Take k = 215 W/mk, α = 8.4 ×10−5 m2 /s).
(b) A 40×40 cm copper slab 5mm thick at a uniform temperature of 250 0 C. Sud-
denly has its surface temperature lowered to 30 0 C. Find the time at which the
slab temperature becomes 900 C, ρ = 9000 kg/m3 , Cp = 0.38 kJ/kg.k, K =
370 W/mk and h = 90 W/m2 k. [8+8]

4. (a) Derive momentum equation for hydrodynamic boundary layer over a flat plate.
(b) Show by dimensional analysis for free convection Nu= f(Pr, Gr). [8+8]

5. Show that for laminar flow of air (Pr = 0.714), the local and average values of
Nusselt number for natural convection heat transfer from or to a vertical plate are
given by
1/4 1/4
Nux = 0.378 Grx ; NuL = 0.504GrL . [16]
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Code No: V3114/R07 Set No. 3
6. Saturated steam at 1.46 bar and 110o C condenses on a 25 mm outer diameter
vertical tube which is 50 cm long. The tube wall is maintained at 100 o C. Calculate
the average heat transfer coefficient and the rate of condensation. Check that the
condensate flow is laminar. The properties of the condensate at 105 o C are K= 0.68
W/m K, ρ = 954.7 kg/m3 , µ = 0.271 × 10−3 kg/ms and hf g = 2243.7 kJ/kg. [16]

7. Oil with a specific heat of 2 kJ/kg K is cooled from 110 o C to 70o C by a flow of
water in a counter flow exchanger. Water flows at the rate of 2 kg/s and is heated
from 35o C to 65o C. The overall heat transfer coefficient is estimated to be 0.37
kW/m2 K. Determine the exit temperatures of oil and water, if the water flow rate
drops to 1.5 kg/s at the same oil flow rate. Take c p of water as 4.18 kJ/kg K. [16]

8. Three thin hollow cylinders of 100, 200 and 300 mm diameters are arranged con-
centrically. If the inner (100 mm dia.) and the outer ( 300 mm dia.) cylinders are
maintained at 727o C and 27o C respectively, and assuming vacuum in the annular
spaces, estimate the steady state temperature of the middle cylinder(200 mm dia.).
Take ε1 = ε2 = ε3 = 0.05. Determine the rate of heat loss per meter length of the
composite cylinder and the convective heat transfer coefficient on the outer surface,
if the surrounding air temperature is 10 o C. [16]

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Code No: V3114/R07 Set No. 4
III B.Tech I Semester Regular Examinations, November 2009
HEAT TRANSFER
(Mechanical Engineering)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
?????

1. (a) State Fourier‘s law of heat conduction. Why is the negative sign used.
(b) A fluid at an average temperature of 200 0 C flows through a plastic pipe
(k=0.5 W/m K) of 4 cm outer diameter and 3 cm inner diamenter. If the heat
transfer coefficient at the inside is 300 W/m 2 K and that the outer surface is
10 W/m2 K, and if the pipe is located in a room at 30 0 C, find the heat loss
per unit length of pipe. [16]

2. (a) Sketch various types of fin configurations?

(b) Aluminum fins of rectangular profile are attached on a plane wall with 5 mm
spacing. The fins have thickness 1 mm, length = 10 mm and the normal
conductivity K = 200 W/mk. The wall is maintained at a temperature of
2000 C and the fins dissipate heat by convection into ambient air at 40 0 C, with
heat transfer coefficient = 50 W/m 2 k. Find the heat loss. [6+10]

3. (a) Explain the lumped heat capacity analysis?

(b) An aluminum sphere weighing 5.5kg and initially at a temperature of 290 0 C is
suddenly immersed in a fluid at 150 C. The convective heat transfer coefficient
in 59 W/m2 k. Estimate the time required to cool the aluminum to 95 0 C.
[6+10]

4. (a) Using a linear velocity profile u/uα=y/δ, for flow over a flat plate, obtain an
expression for the boundary layer thickness as a functions of x.
(b) Air at 270 C flows over a flat plate at a velocity of 2 m/s. The plate is heated
over its entire length to a temperature of 60 0 C. Calculate the heat transfer for
the first 20 cm of the plate. [8+8]

5. Show that for laminar flow of air (Pr = 0.714), the local and average values of
Nusselt number for natural convection heat transfer from or to a vertical plate are
given by
1/4 1/4
Nux = 0.378 Grx ; NuL = 0.504GrL . [16]

6. (a) When does a bubble grow or collapse as it moves up through the liquid?
(b) An electrically heated copper kettle with a flat bottom of diameter 25 cm
is to boil water at atmospheric pressure at a rate of 2.5 kg/h. What is the
temperature of the bottom surface of the kettle? [6+10]

7. (a) In a gas to liquid heat exchanger, why are fins provided on gas side?

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Code No: V3114/R07 Set No. 4
(b) Determine the overall heat transfer coefficient based on the outer area of a
3.81 cm O.D. and 3.175 cm I.D. brass tube ( k = 103.8 W/mK) if the heat
transfer coefficients for flow inside and outside the tube are 2270 and 2840
W/m2 K respectively and the unit fouling resistances at inside and outside are
Rf i = Rf o = 0.0088m2 K/W. [4+12]

8. A 10 cm OD steel pipe carrying steam at 4.905 ×105 Pa is lagged with 5 cm

thick insulation. The surrounding air temperature is 27 o C. The conductivity and
emissivity of the insulating material are 0.14 W/mK and 0.92 respectively. If the
heat transfer coefficient on the outer surface of lagged pipe is 11.63 W/m 2 K and
neglecting the pipe resistance and internal boundary resistance, calculate

(a) Heat loss per meter of the pipe by convection

(b) Heat loss per meter of the pipe by radiation
(c) Radiation and overall heat transfer coefficients
(d) Rate of condensation for 50 m pipe length. [16]

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