COMPUTERSFROMBASICSTOEND

DATAREPRESENTATION
MemoryUnits:

4bit=1nibble
8bit=1byte
1024B=1KB(KiloByte)
1024KB=1MB(MegaByte)
1024MB=1GB(GigaByte)
1024GB=1TB(TeraByte)
1024TB=1PB(PetaByte)
1024PB=1XB(ExaByte)
1024XB=1ZB(ZetaByte)
1024ZB=1YB(YotaByte)

bit<Byte<KB<MB<GB<TB<PB<XB<ZB<YB

bit(b)
Byte(B)
Mbpsmegabitspersec.
MBpsmegaBytespersec.

TheinformationyouputintothecomputeriscalledData
InformationofacomputerisstoredasDigitalData
AnumbersystemdefinesasetofvaluesthatisusedtorepresentQuantity
Inwhichnumbersystem,themoderncomputersareoperated?

BinaryNumberSystem
Name the most significant bit, which represent 1 and 0 for a positive number and negative number,
respectively.

SignBit
Which coding scheme represents data in a binary form in the computer system? ASCII, EBCDIC and
Unicodearethemostcommonlyusedcodesunderthisscheme.

BinaryCodingScheme
EBCDIC is a 8Bit code with 256 different representations of characters. It is mainly used in mainframe
computers.
EBCDICstandsforExtendedBinaryCodedDecimalInterchangeCode
In the Hexadecimal Number System each number represents a power of 16. To represent the decimal
numbers, this system uses numbers from 0 to 9 and characters from A to F to represent numbers 1015,
respectively.Itiscommonlyusedasashortcutnotationforgroupsoffourbinarydigits
BCD is amethodthatrepresentsthedecimaldigitswiththehelpofbinarydigits.Ittakes advantage that one
decimalnumeralcanberepresentedby4bitpattern.BCDstandsforBinaryCodedDecimal
This coding system is used to represent the interval storage area of the computers. In this system, every
characterisrepresentedbyacombinationofbits.BinaryCodingSystem

TheBaseorRadixofthedecimalnumbersystemis10
The arithmetic operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication and division) performed on the binary
numbersiscalledBinaryArithmetic
What isthe standardcodethecomputerindustrycreatedtorepresent characters?AmericanStandard Code
forInformationInterchange(ASCII)
ASCII is acode used for standardizing the storage and transfer of information amongst various computing
devices.
It is required for representing more than 64 characters. At present, the mostly used coding systems are
ASCIIandEBCDIC
WhichcodeisalsoknownasReflectedCode?GrayCode
The7bitASCIIcodeiswidelyusedforTwo(0or1)
In thebinarylanguage,eachletterofthealphabet,eachnumber and each specialcharacterismadeupofa
uniquecombinationofEightBits.

GENERATIONSOFCOMPUTER

Which was the first general purpose computer, designed to handle both numeric and
textualinformation?UniversalAutomaticComputer(UNIVAC)(1951)

FirstGeneration(19401956)VacuumTubes:
The first computers used vacuum tubes
for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory,
andwereoftenenormous,takingupentirerooms.
The UNIVAC and ENIAC computers are examples of firstgeneration computing
devices.
In first generation of computer, this operatingsystemallowedonlyoneprogramtorunat
a time and a number of input jobs are grouped for processing. It is known as Batch
Processing.

SecondGeneration(19561963)Transistors:
Transistors
replacedvacuumtubesandusheredinthesecondgenerationofcomputers.

ThirdGeneration(19641971)IntegratedCircuits:
The development of the
integrated circuit was the hallmark of the third generation of
computers. Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips, called
semiconductors,whichdrasticallyincreasedthespeedandefficiencyofcomputers.

FourthGeneration(1971Present)Microprocessors:
The
microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of
integratedcircuitswerebuiltontoasinglesiliconchip.
Whatinthefirstgenerationfilledanentireroomcouldnowfitinthepalmofthehand
Fourth generation computers alsosaw thedevelopmentofGUIs,themouseandhandheld
devices


FifthGeneration(PresentandBeyond)ArtificialIntelligence:
Fifth generation computing devices,
based on artificial intelligence
, are still in
development, though there are some applications, such as voice recognition, that are
beingusedtoday.
In 1981 IBM introduced its first computer for the home user, and in 1984 Apple
introducedtheMacintosh.

Sixth Generation is also Been introduced recently it is also like Artificial intelligencewith
highprocessingspeed

SomebasicKeysCommonTasks

Ctrl+Shift+Spacebar
Createanonbreakingspace
Ctrl+B
Makelettersbold
Ctrl+I
Makelettersitalic
Ctrl+U
Makelettersunderline
Ctrl+Shift+<
Decreasefontsizeonevalue
Ctrl+Shift+>
Increasethefontsizeonevalue
Ctrl+[
Increasethefontsizeby1point
Ctrl+]
Decreasethefontsizeby1point
Ctrl+Spacebar
Removeparagraphorcharacterformatting.
Ctrl+C
Copytheselectedtextorobject
Ctrl+X
Cuttheselectedtextorobject
Ctrl+V
Pastetextoranobject
Ctrl+Alt+V
Pastespecial
Ctrl+Shift+V
Pasteformattingonly
Ctrl+Z
Undothelastaction
Ctrl+Y
Redothelastaction

ControlKeys+FunctionKeys

Ctrl+F2
Choosetheprintpreviewcommand(MicrosoftofficeButton)
Ctrl+F3
Cutonthespike
Ctrl+F4
Closethewindow
Ctrl+F6
Gotothenextwindow
Ctrl+F9
Insertanemptyfield
Ctrl+F10
Maximisethedocumentwindow
Ctrl+F11
Lockafield
Ctrl+F12
ChoosetheOpencommand(MicrosoftOfficeButton)

FunctionKeys

Ctrl+F2
Choosetheprintpreviewcommand(MicrosoftofficeButton)
Ctrl+F3
Cutonthespike
Ctrl+F4
Closethewindow
Ctrl+F6
Gotothenextwindow
Ctrl+F9
Insertanemptyfield
Ctrl+F10
Maximisethedocumentwindow
Ctrl+F11
Lockafield
Ctrl+F12
ChoosetheOpencommand(MicrosoftOfficeButton)
Ctrl+F2
Choosetheprintpreviewcommand(MicrosoftofficeButton)
Ctrl+F3
Cutonthespike
Ctrl+F4
Closethewindow

ShortcutKeysofMSExcel

F2
Edittheselectedcell
F5
Gotoaspecificcell
F7
Spellcheckselectedtextand/ordocument
F11
Createchart
Ctrl+Shift+
Enterthecurrenttime
Ctrl+
Enterthecurrentdate
Shift+F3
OpentheExcelformulawindow
Shift+F5
Bringupsearchbox.
Ctrl+A
Selectallcontentsoftheworksheet
Ctrl+B
Boldhighlightedselection
Ctrl+I
Italichighlightedselection
Ctrl+U
Underlinehighlightedselection
Ctrl+P
Bringuptheprintdialogboxtobeginprinting
Ctrl+Z
Undolastaction
Ctrl+F9
Minimisecurrentworkbook
Ctrl+F10
Maximisecurrentlyselectedworkbook
Ctrl+F6
Switchbetweenopenworkbooks/window
Ctrl+PageUp
MovebetweenExcelworksheetinthesameExceldocument.
Ctrl+PageDown
MovebetweenExcelworksheetsinthesameExceldocument
Ctrl+Tab
MovebetweentwoormoreopenExcelfiles
Alt+=
Createaformulatosumalloftheabovecells
Ctrl+
Insertthevalueoftheabovecellintocellcurrentlyselected.
Ctrl+Arrowkey
Movetonextsectiontotext
Ctrl+Space
Selectentirecolumn
Shift+Space
Selectentirerow

SomeShortForms

GOOGLE:
GlobalOrganizationOfOrientedGroupLanguageOfEarth.
YAHOO:
YetAnotherHierarchicalOfficiousOracle.
WINDOW:
WideInteractiveNetworkDevelopmentforOfficeworkSolution
COMPUTER : Common Oriented Machine Particularly United and used under Technical and
EducationalResearch.
VIRUS:
VitalInformationResourcesUnderSiege.
UMTS:
UniversalMobileTelecommunicationsSystem.
AMOLED:
Activematrixorganiclightemittingdiode
OLED:
Organiclightemittingdiode
IMEI:
InternationalMobileEquipmentIdentity.
ESN:
ElectronicSerialNumber.
UPS:
uninterruptedpowersupply.
HDMI:
HighDefinitionMultimediaInterface
VPN:
virtualprivatenetwork
APN:
AccessPointName
SIM:
SubscriberIdentityModule
LED:
Lightemittingdiode.
DLNA:
DigitalLivingNetworkAlliance
RAM:
Randomaccessmemory.
ROM:
Readonlymemory.
VGA:
VideoGraphicsArray
QVGA:
QuarterVideoGraphicsArray
WVGA:
Widevideographicsarray.
WXGA:
WidescreenExtendedGraphicsArray
USB:
UniversalserialBus
WLAN:
WirelessLocalAreaNetwork
PPI:
PixelsPerInch
LCD:
LiquidCrystalDisplay.
HSDPA:
Highspeeddownlinkpacketaccess.
HSUPA:
HighSpeedUplinkPacketAccess
HSPA:
HighSpeedPacketAccess
GPRS:
GeneralPacketRadioService
EDGE:
EnhancedDataRatesforGlobalEvolution
NFC:
Nearfieldcommunication
OTG:
onthego
SLCD:
SuperLiquidCrystalDisplay
O.S:
Operatingsystem.
SNS:
Socialnetworkservice
H.S:
HOTSPOT

P.O.I:
pointofinterest
GPS:
GlobalPositioningSystem
DVD:
DigitalVideoDisk/digitalversatiledisc
DTP:
Desktoppublishing.
DNSE:
Digitalnaturalsoundengine.
OVI:
OhioVideoIntranet
CDMA:
CodeDivisionMultipleAccess
WCDMA:
WidebandCodeDivisionMultipleAccess
GSM:
GlobalSystemforMobileCommunications
WIFI:
WirelessFidelity
DIVX:
Digitalinternetvideoaccess.
APK:
authenticatedpublickey.
J2ME:
java2microedition
DELL:
Digitalelectroniclinklibrary.
ACER:
AcquisitionCollaborationExperimentationReflection
RSS:
Reallysimplesyndication
TFT:
thinfilmtransistor
AMR:
AdaptiveMultiRate
MPEG:
movingpicturesexpertsgroup
IVRS:
InteractiveVoiceResponseSystem
HP:
HewlettPackardGauri

Abbreviationscomplete

AlArtificialintelligence
ALGOLAlgorithmicLanguage
ARPAddressresolutionProtocol
ASCIIAmericanStandardCodeforInformationInterchange

BINACBinaryAutomaticComputer
BCCBlindCarbonCopy
BinBinary
BASICBeginnersAllpurposeSymbolicInstructionCode
BIOSBasicInputOutputSystem
BitBinaryDigit
BSNLBharatSancharNigamLimited

CCCarbonCopy
CADComputerAidedDesign
COBOLCommonBusinessOrientedLanguage
CDCompactDisc
CRTCathodeRayTube
CDRCompactDiscRecordable
CDROMCompactDiscReadOnlyMemory
CDRWCompactDiscRewritable
CDR/WCompactDiskRead/Write

DBADataBaseAdministrator
DBMSDataBaseManagementSystem
DNSDomainNameSystem
DPIDotsPerInch
DRAMDynamicRandomAccessMemory
DVDDigitalVideoDisc/DigitalVersatileDisc
DVDRDVDRecordable
DVDROMDVDReadOnlyMemory
DVDRWDVDRewritable
DVRDigitalVideoRecorder
DOSDiskOperatingSystem

EBCDICExtendedBinaryCodedDecimalInterchangeCode
eCommerceElectronicCommerce
EDPElectronicDataProcessing
EEPROMElectricallyErasableProgrammableReadOnlyMemory
ELM/eMailElectronicMail
ENIACElectronicNumericalIntegratorandComputer
EOFEndOfFile
EPROMErasableProgrammableReadOnlyMemory
EXEExecutable

FAXFarAwayXerox/facsimile
FDCFloppyDiskController
FDDFloppyDiskDrive
FORTRANFormulaTranslation
FSFileSystem
FTPFileTransferProtocol

GbGigabit
GBGigabyte
GIFGraphicsInterchangeFormat
GSMGlobalSystemforMobileCommunication

HDDHardDiskDrive
HPHewlettPackard
HTMLHyperTextMarkupLanguage
HTTPHyperTextTransferProtocol

IBMInternationalBusinessMachine
IMInstantMessage
IMAPInternetMessageAccessProtocol
ISPInternetServiceProvider

JPEGJointPhotographicExpertsGroup

KbKilobit
KBKilobyte
KHzKilohertz
KbpsKilobitPerSecond

LCDLiquidCrystalDisplay
LEDLightEmittingDiode
LPILinesPerInch
LISLargeScaleIntegration

MbMegabit
MBMegabyte

MPEGMovingPictureExpertsGroup
MMSMultimediaMessageService
MICRMagneticInkCharacterreader
MIPSMillionInstructionsPerSecond

NICNetworkInterfaceCard
NOSNetworkOperatingSystem

OMROpticalMarkReader
OOPObjectOrientedProgramming
OSSOpenSourceSoftware

PANPersonalAreaNetwork
PCPersonalComputer
PDAPersonalDigitalAssistant
PDFPortableDocumentFormat
POSPointOfSale
PNGPortableNetworkGraphics
PPMPagesPerMinute
PPPPointtoPointProtocol
PROMProgrammableReadOnlyMemory
PSTNPublicSwitchedTelephoneNetwork
POSTPowerOnSelfTest
PINGPacketInternetGopher

RAMRandomAccessMemory
RDBMSRelationalDataBaseManagementSystem
RIPRoutingInformationProtocol
RTFRichTextFormat

SMTPSimpleMailTransferProtocol
SQLStructuredQueryLanguage
SRAMStaticRandomAccessMemory
SNMPSimpleNetworkManagementProtocol
SIMSubscriberIdentificationModule

TCPTransmissionControlProtocol
TBTeraBytes

UPSUninterruptedPowerSupply
URIUniformResourceIdentifier
URLUniformResourceLocator
USBUniversalSerialBus
ULSIUltraLargeScaleIntegration
UNIVACUniversalAutomaticComputer

VARVariable
VGAVideoGraphicsArray
VSNLVideshSancharNigamLimited
VDUVisualDisplayUnit

WiFiWirelessFidelity
WLANWirelessLocalAreaNetwork
WPAWiFiProtectedAccess
WWWWorldWideWeb
WORMWriteOnceReadMany

XHTMLeXtensibleHypertextMarkupLanguage
XMLeXtensibleMarkuplanguage

ZBZetaByte

SomeotherImportantAbbreviations

OCR
OpticalCharacterReaders
ODBC
OpenDataBaseConnectivity
OLE
ObjectLinkingAndEmbedding
OMR
OpticalMarkReader
ONE
OpenNetworkArchitecture
OOA
ObjectOrientAnalysis
OOAD
ObjectOrientedAnalysisAndDesign
OOP
ObjectOrientedProgramming
OOPS
ObjectOrientedProgrammingSystem
OPENGL
OpenGraphicsLibrary
OS
OperatingSystem
OSI
OpenSystemInterconnection
PC
PersonalComputer
PCI
PeripheralComponentInterconnect
PCMCIA
PersonalComputerMemoryCardInternationalAssociation
PDAP
ersonalDigitalAssistant
PDF
PortableDocumentFormat
PDL
PageDescriptionLanguage
PDU
ProtocolDataUnit
PICP
rogrammingInterruptControl
PILOT
ProgrammedInquiryLearningOrTeaching
PLA
ProgrammableLogicArray
PLC
ProgrammableLogicController
PNG
PortableNetworkGraphics
PNP
PlugAndPlay
PPP
PeerToPeerProtocol
PPTP
PointToPointTunnelingProtocol
PROM
ProgrammableReadOnlyMemory
PS
PostScript
RADSL
RateAdaptiveDigitalSubscribesLine
RAID
RedundantArrayOfIndependentDisks
RAM
RandomAccessMemory
RAMDAC
RandomAccessMemoryDigitalToAnalogConverter
RAS
RemoteAccessNetwork
RDRAM
RambusDynamicRandomAccessMemory
RDBMS
RelationalDataBaseManagementSystem
RDO
RemoteDataObjects
RDP
RemoteDesktopProtocol
RFC
RequestForComments
RGB
RedGreenBlue
RICS
ReducedInstructionSetComputer
RIP
RasterImageProcessor
RISC
ReducedInstructionSetComputer

ROM
ReadOnlyMemory
RPC
RemoteProcedureCall
RTC
RealTimeClock
RTF
RichTextFormat
RTOS
RealTimeOperatingSystem
SACK
SelectiveAcknowledgements
SAM
SecurityAccessManager
SAP
ServiceAccessPoint,SystemsApplicationsProducts
SCMP
SoftwareConfigurationManagementPlan
SDRAM
SynchronousDynamicRandomAccessMemory
SDDS
oftwareDesignDescription
SDK
SoftwareDevelopmentKit
SDL
StorageDefinitionLanguage
SDN
IntegratedServiceDigitalNetwork
SDSL
SymmetricDigitalSubscribesLine
SGRAM
SynchronousGraphicsRandomAccessMemory
SGML
StandardGeneralizedMarkupLanguage
SIM
SubscriberIdentificationModule
SIMD
SingleInstructionMultipleData
SISD
SingleInstructionSingleData
SIUS
erialInterfaceUnit
SMP
SymmetricMultiProcess
SMS
ShortMessageService
SMTP
SimpleMailTransferProtocol
SNA
SystemNetworkArchitecture
SNAP
SubNetworkAccessProtoco
lSNMP
SimpleNetworkManagementProtocol
SNOBOL
StringOrientedSymbolicLanguage
SOAP
SimpleObjectAccessProtocol
SPX
SequencedPacketExchange
SQA
StatisticalQualityAssurance
SQL
StructuredQueryLanguage
SRAM
StaticRandomAccessMemory
SRS
SoftwareRequirementsSpecification
STP
ShieldedTwistedPair
SVVP
SoftwareVerificationAndValidationPlan
SW
Software
TAPI
TelephonyApplicationProgramInterface
TB
TeraBytes
TCP
TransmissionControlProtocol
TCPIP
TransmissionControlProtocolInternetProtocol
TDI
TransportDataInterface
TDMA
TimeDivisionMultipleAccess
TPM
TransactionsProcessingMonitor
TSR
TerminateAndStayResidents
UDD
UserDatagramProtocol
UDP
UserDatagramProtocol
UI
UserInterface
UML
UnifiedModellingLanguage
UNC
UniversalNamingConvention

UNIX
UniplexedInformationAndComputerSystems
URL
UniversalResourceLocator
USB
UniversalSerialBus
USRT
UniversalSynchronousReceiverTransmitted
UTPUn
shieldedTwistedPair
VAN
VirtualAreaNetwork
VAST
VerySmallApertureTerminal
VB
VisualBasic
VC++
VisualC++
VCD
VideoCompactDisc
VDL
ViewDefinitionLanguage
VGA
VideoGraphicsArray
VHS
VideoHomeSystem
VLIW
VeryLongInstructionWords
VLSI
VeryLargeScaleIntegratedCircuits
VPN
VirtualPrivateNetwork
VRAM
VideoRandomAccessMemory
VRML
VirtualRealityModellingLanguage
VS
VisualStudio
VVR
SoftwareValidationAndValidationReport
VXD
VirtualDeviceDriver
W3C
WorldWideWebConsortium
WAIS
WideAreaInformationServers
WANW
ideAreaNetwork
WAP
WirelessApplicationProtocol
WBEM
WebBaseEnterpriseManagement
WDM
WaveDivisionMultiplexing

Someimportantlines

KonradZuseinventedtheWorldsfirstcomputerwasnamedastheZ1in1936.Itwas
theFirstfreelyprogrammablecomputer.
ThefirstcomputergamewasSpacewar!".ThisgamewasprogrammedbySteve
RussellandfirstreleasedinFebruary1962.
JackKilby&RobertNoycedevelopthefirstIntegratedCircuit(TheChip)in1958
In1954JohnBackus&IBMdevelopfirstsuccessfulhighlevelprogramminglanguage
FORTRANComputerProgrammingLanguage
ARPAnetthefirstInternetconnectivitystartedin1969.
WordStarSoftwareisthefirstreleaseofWordProcessorsapplicationdevelopedby
SeymourRubenstein&RobBarnabyin1979.
AppleLisaComputeristhefirsthomecomputerwithaGUI(graphicaluserinterface)in
1983
ThefirstwebbrowserwasinventedbySirTimBernersLeein1990.Itwascalled
WorldWideWeb(nospaces)andwaslaterrenamedNexus.
ThefirstsearchenginecreatedwasArchie,in1990byAlanEmtage,astudentofMcGill
UniversityinMontreal.

OnAug.6,1991,TimBernersLeepublishedthefirstinternetsitefromCERN,the
worldslargestphysicslabinGeneva,Switzerland.
ThefirstsupercomputerwastheControlDataCorporation(CDC)6600withasingle
CPU.Itwasreleasedin1964.
India'sfirstsupercomputerisPARAM8000,whichwasinstalledin1991.
NVIDIA'sTeslacomputerwaslaunchedinLondoninDecember2008isfirstpersonal
supercomputer.
Thefirstbanneradvertisingwasusedin1994.
TheEmailisolderthantheWorldWideWeb.
ThefirstdomainnameeverregisteredwasSymbolics.com.
RichSkrentageneratedthefirstcomputervirusinFebruary1982.HeistheauthorofElk
Cloner,thefirstcomputervirustobereleasedoutsideofthelab.
ThefirstversionofExcelwasreleasedfortheMacin1985andthefirstWindowsversion
wasreleasedinNovember1987.
NobodycancreateafoldernamedConinwindowssystem.
TYPEWRITERisthelongestwordthatcanbemadeusingthelettersonlyononerowof
thekeyboard
EachExcelworksheetholds1,048,576rowsand16,384columnswhichmakes
17,179,869,184cellsperworksheet.
Uptolast100actionscanbeundoinexcel.

Someimportantfileextensions

TextFiles
.log
:LogFile
.wpd
:WordPerfectDocument
.odt
:OpenDocumentTextDocument
.pages
:
PagesDocument
.doc
:
MicrosoftWordDocument
.docx
:
MicrosoftWordOpenXMLDocument
.tex
:
LaTeXSourceDocument
.wps
:
MicrosoftWorksWordProcessorDocument
.msg
:
OutlookMailMessage
.rtfRich
:
TextFormatFile
.txtPlain
:
TextFile

DataFiles
.vcf
:
vCardFile
.dat
:
DataFile
.pptx
:
PowerPointOpenXMLPresentation
.sdf
:
StandardDataFile
.tar
:
ConsolidatedUnixFileArchive
.csv
:
CommaSeperatedValuesFile
.xml
:
XMLFile
.pps
:
PowerPointSlideShow
.ppt
:
PowerPointPresentation

AudioFiles

.aif
:
AudioInterchangeFileFormat
.mpa
:
MPEG2AudioFile
.ra
:
RealAudioFile
.iff
:
InterchangeFileFormat
.wav
:
WAVEAudioFile
.wma
:
WindowsMediaAudioFile
.mp3
:
MP3AudioFile

VideoFiles
.avi
:
AudioVideoInterleaveFile
.3gp3
:
GPPMultimediaFile
.flv
:
FlashVideoFile
.mpg
:
MPEGVideoFile
.vob
:
DVDVideoObjectFile
.mp4
:
MPEG4VideoFile
.3g
:
23GPP2MultimediaFile
.m4
:
viTunesVideoFile
.wmv
:WindowsMediaVideoFile