1.

Review of Thermodynamic Principles

MEC E 340: Chapters
1. Review of Thermodynamic
Principles
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Exergy
Vapor Power System
Gas Power System
Refrigeration system
Psychrometrics
Combustion of Fuels

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Topics
1.1

Basic concepts and definition

1.2

Energy

1.3

Properties of pure substances

1.4

First Law of Thermodynamics

1.5

Second Law of Thermodynamics

Instructor: Dr. Ashraful Islam, mdashraf@ualberta.ca

1. Review of Thermodynamic Principles

1.2 Energy [1]
Introduction:
Energy is a fundamental concept of thermodynamics
It was coined in 1807 by Thomas Young and its use in
thermodynamics was proposed in 1852 by Lord Kelvin
It is viewed as the ability to cause changes/effects
It can be stored within systems in various forms
It can be converted from one form to another and
transferred between systems
The total amount of energy is conserved in all
transformations and transfers

1.

Cengel and Boles, Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 2015, Chapter-2

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1. Review of Thermodynamic Principles

1.2 Energy [1]
Forms of Energy:
Macroscopic forms of energy related to motion and the
influence of some external effects such as gravity, magnetism,
electricity, and surface tension.
Energy related to motion:
1

Kinetic energy, KE = 2 mV2

Energy under influence of gravity:
Potential energy, PE = m g z

where, g is the gravitational acceleration and z is the elevation of

the center of gravity of a system relative to some arbitrary
selected reference level.
The magnetic, electric and surface tension effects are
significant in some specialized cases only and are usually
ignored.
1.

Cengel and Boles, Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 2015, Chapter-2

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1. Review of Thermodynamic Principles

1.2 Energy [1]
Forms of Energy:
Microscopic forms of energy related to molecular
structure of a system and the degree of molecular activity.
Sensible energy: Energy associated with kinetic energy of
molecules due to molecular translation, rotation and
vibration.
Latent energy: Energy associated with phase of a system.
Both sensible energy and latent energy are referred to as
thermal energy
Chemical energy: Energy associated with atomic bonds in a
molecule
Nuclear energy: Energy associated with strong bonds within
nucleus of an atom
The sum of all these is called internal energy, U.
1.

Cengel and Boles, Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 2015, Chapter-2

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1. Review of Thermodynamic Principles

1.2 Energy [1]
Total Energy:
In absence of the magnetic, electric and surface tension effects,
the total energy of a system is expressed as:
E = U + KE + PE
Macroscopic forms
Microscopic form

Energy is a point function and a property of a thermodynamics

system.
The differential form of energy is given by:
= + + ()
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Cengel and Boles, Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 2015, Chapter-2

11/05/2016

1. Review of Thermodynamic Principles

1.2 Energy [1]
Mechanism of Energy Transfer across a system boundary:
Work, W due to boundary movement and others
(electrical)
Heat, Q due to temperature diff between system and
surrounding
Mass flow, mflow work
-Q

Sign convention:
W >0 (+ve), Work done by the system

-W
+W

W<0 (-ve), Work done on the system

Q>0 (+ve), Heat transfer to the system

+Q

W<0 (-ve), Heat transfer from the system

1.

Cengel and Boles, Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 2015, Chapter-2

11/05/2016

1. Review of Thermodynamic Principles

1.2 Energy [1]
Energy Balance:
Total energy
entering the system

Total energy
leaving the system

Change of total
energy the system

=
For closed system,

Closed System
(Control mass)

= Q

+W

= W

Therefore,
= Q W = + +
This is first law equation for control mass

+Q

For multiple energy exchanges at the boundary with KE=0, PE=0:

=
1.

Cengel and Boles, Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 2015, Chapter-2

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1.2 Energy
EP# 1.1 (C&B: 2-10)
A rigid tank contains a hot liquid that is cooled while being stirred by a paddle wheel. Initially, the
internal energy of the liquid is 800 kJ. During the cooling process, the liquid loses 500 kJ of heat
and paddle wheel does 100 kJ of work on the liquid. Neglecting the energy stored in the paddle
wheel, determine the final internal energy of the liquid.

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Solution Algorithm (Methodology)

Known: State briefly in your own words what is known.

Find: State concisely in your own words what is to be determined.

Schematic and Given Data: Draw a sketch of the system to be considered. Decide
whether a closed system or control volume is appropriate for the analysis, and then
carefully identify the boundary. Label the diagram with relevant information from the
problem statement. Record all property values you are given. When appropriate, sketch
property diagrams locating key state points and indicating, if possible, the processes
executed by the system.

Assumptions: To form a record of how you model the problem, list all simplifying
assumptions and idealizations made to reduce it to one that is manageable. Sometimes
this information also can be noted on the sketches of the previous step.

Properties: Compile property values you anticipate will be needed for subsequent
calculations and identify the source from which they are obtained.

Analysis: Using your assumptions and idealizations, reduce the appropriate governing
equations and relationships to forms that will produce the desired results.

Comments: The solved examples provided in the book are frequently annotated with
various comments intended to assist learning, including commenting on what was learned,
and identifying key aspects of the solution.

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1. Review of Thermodynamic Principles

1.2 Energy [1]
Differential form of First Law:
for Closed system with KE=0, PE=0

=> Inexact differential

Path function
Not a property

First Law when a closed system undergoes a process (1-2):

(KE=0, PE=0)

2 1 = 12 12

2 1 => Never used

2 1 => Never used

First Law when a closed system undergoes a Cycle (1-2-1):

(KE=0, PE=0)

1.

Cengel and Boles, Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 2015, Chapter-2

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1. Review of Thermodynamic Principles

1.2 Energy [1]
Rate Equation from First Law:
for Control Mass (KE=0, PE=0)

Enthalpy, H:
A combination of properties is used for simplicity and convenience
in thermodynamics,
H = U + PV;

h = u + Pv

Specific heats: ,
Specific heat at constant pressure

=
1.

Specific heat at constant volume

Cengel and Boles, Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 2015, Chapter-2

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1. Review of Thermodynamic Principles

1.2 Energy [1]
Moving boundary work [1]:
When a piston-cylinder is used to compress an ideal gas from
state 1 to state 2, the work is given by
= =

For constant volume process,

= 0;
= 0
For constant pressure process,
= 0 (2 1 )
For isothermal compression process,

= 1 1 2
1

For polytropic process,

=
1.

2 2 1 1
1

Cengel and Boles, Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 2015, Chapter-4

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1. Review of Thermodynamic Principles

EP# 1.2
A gas in a pistoncylinder assembly undergoes an expansion process for which the relationship between
pressure and volume is given by PVn=C. The initial pressure is 3 bar, the initial volume is 0.1 m3, and the
final volume is 0.2 m3. Determine the work for the process in kJ, if (a) n=1.5, (b) n=1.0, and (c) n=0.

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1. Review of Thermodynamic Principles

EP# 1.2
A gas in a pistoncylinder assembly undergoes an expansion process for which the relationship between
pressure and volume is given by PVn=C. The initial pressure is 3 bar, the initial volume is 0.1 m3, and the
final volume is 0.2 m3. Determine the work for the process in kJ, if (a) n=1.5, (b) n=1.0, and (c) n=0.

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1. Review of Thermodynamic Principles

EP# 1.2
A gas in a pistoncylinder assembly undergoes an expansion process for which the relationship between
pressure and volume is given by PVn=C. The initial pressure is 3 bar, the initial volume is 0.1 m3, and the
final volume is 0.2 m3. Determine the work for the process in kJ, if (a) n=1.5, (b) n=1.0, and (c) n=0.

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Lecture Closure

Reviewed Energy
Definition
Forms
Energy balance
Moving boundary work

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Next Class: 1.3 Properties of Pure Substance

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