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Telecommunication Basics: Muntasirur Rahman Rumman, KUET, EEE-2k3 Batch
Telecommunication Basics: Muntasirur Rahman Rumman, KUET, EEE-2k3 Batch
BASICS
What is the uplink & downlink frequency of GSM 900 & GSM 1800?
Ans. For GSM 900
Uplink
890 915 MHz
Downlink
935 960 MHz
Bandwidth
25 MHz
Carrier Separation
200 KHz
Radio Channel
125 ~ 124
Transmission Rate
270 Kbps (per time slot)
For GSM 1800
Uplink
1710 1785 MHz
Downlink
1805 1880 MHz
Bandwidth
75 MHz
Carrier Separation
200 KHz
Radio Channel
375
Transmission Rate
270 Kbps (per time slot)
CDMA (City Cell):
City Cell band
800MHz
Uplink
824 849
Downlink
869 894
Bandwidth
1.23 MHz
Mid frequency
824 + 30 x 283
=832.49 MHz
1st Carrier
283 (Carrier Number)
nd
2 Carrier
241
Modulation
QPSK
Sampling rate
8 sample / s
Bit rate
8 bit / sample
= 8 x 8 bit / s
= 64 bps
PCM
64 Kbps
64 Kbps Vocoder
9.6 kbps
What is Bandwidth & Beam width?
Bandwidth: The information-carrying capacity of a communications channel. Usually expressed in
Hertz (cycles per second) for analog circuits and in bits per second (bps) for digital circuits.
Beam width: The directiveness of a directional antenna. Define as the angle between two half power
points (-3 dB) points on either side of the main lobe of Radiation.
Why increased Bandwidth is necessary for proper Data Communication?
Ans. To increase the system capacity, more bit rate etc.
Which band of frequency used in Bangladesh for GSM?
Ans. 900 MHz & 1800 MHz
Give the data rate, bandwidth, bandwidth efficiency & Modulation used in GSM digital cellular.
Ans. In GSM- Digital Cellular
Data Rate
270kb/s
Bandwidth
200kHz
Bandwidth Efficiency
270/200 =1.35bits/sec/Hz
Modulation
Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (FSK with orthogonal
frequencies).
What type of modulation is used in CDMA & GSM?
Ans. The modulation technique QPSK (Quadrature Phase Shift Keying) & GMSK (Gaussian
Minimum Shift Keying) is used for CDMA & GSM respectively. GMSK is a form of continuousphase FSK, in which the phase is changed between symbols to provide a constant envelope.
Consequently, it is a popular alternative to QPSK.
What are the main advantages of CDMA technique?
Ans. The main advantages of CDMA are as follows:
1. Increased capacity
2. Improved voice quality, eliminating the audible effects of multipath fading
3. Enhanced privacy and security
4. Improved coverage characteristics which reduce the number of cell sites
5. Simplified system planning reduces deployment and operating costs
6. Reduced average transmitted power, thus increasing talk time for portable devices
7. Reduced interference to other electronic devices
8. Reduction in the number of calls dropped due to handoff failures
9. Development of a reliable transport mechanism for wireless data communications
10. Coexistence with previous technologies, due to CDMA and analog operating in two spectra with
no interference
What is Channel Separation?
The distance between adjacent frequencies on either the uplink or downlink is called channel
separation
Channel separation is 200 KHz
Transmission rate
The transmission rate over the air is 270 Kbps
What is Duplex distance?
The distance between one uplink frequency and its corresponding down link frequency is called duplex
distance
What is Traffic and Earlang?
Earlang: An earlang is a unit of telecommunication traffic measurement. It means hours of traffic in
an hour. For example, if a group of users made 30 calls in one hour and each call had an average call
duration of 5 minutes, then the number of earlangMinutes of traffic in an hour = nos. of calls x duration
= 30 x 5
=150
Hours of traffic in an hour = 150 / 60
=2.5
So, traffic figure
=2.5 Earlangs.
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In GSM (GP) assume that network traffic per subscriber is 16-mili earlang. Now network traffic 29000
earlang.
What is cell?
Ans. A cell is a basic unit of a cellular system and is defined as the radio coverage given by one BS
antenna system
What is transmission medium? Classify it. Where are these media mainly used in access or
trunk network?
Ans. Transmission media: The media through which signal is transmitted is known as transmission
media.
1) Copper wire
Access network
2) Radio microwave
Trunk & Access network
3) Optical fiber fiber
Trunk & Access network
4) Infrared
5) Microwave
Why optical fibers are so advantageous over other transmission media?
1. The light weight and no corrosiveness of the fiber make it very practical for aircraft &
automotive application
2. A single fiber can handle as many as voice channels as a 1500 pair cable can
3. The spacing of repeaters from 35 Km to 80 Km for fibers as opposed to from 1 Km to 1.5 Km
for wire is great advantageous
4. Fiber is immune to interference from lighting, cross talk and electromagnetic radiation
What is rectifier? What kind of voltage is used in telecommunication?
Ans. It is a device that employs two or more diodes to convert ac voltage into pulsating dc voltage.
DC voltage is used in telecommunication and its value is 48 volts.
Why negative system is used in transmission?
1. To eliminate higher harmonics
2. To ensure voltage stability
3. Less oxidization
What is guard band?
A set of frequencies or bandwidth used to prevent adjacent systems from interfering with each other.
Guard bands are typically used between different types of systems at the edges of the frequency
allocations.
What is sampling theorem?
Ans. Sampling theorem states that all information in the original signal will be include in the sampled
signal if the sampling frequency is greater than twice the highest frequency component in the original
signal (8 KHz > 2x 3.4 KHz)
What is the Nyquists theorem?
Ans. Nyquists theorem states that if B is the bandwidth of a transmission channel that carries a signal
having L levels, the maximum data rate is given by
R = 2B log2 L
If signal to noise ratio is S / N, the maximum data rate is given by
R = B log2 (1+S/N)
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*** Why there are fluctuations in the signal (frequency) level in different places of the city and in
different times of the day?
Ans. The reasons that greatly affect the signal (frequency) level of wireless systems especially CDMA
are many but a few prime reasons are given below.
1) The first and foremost that affects the signal (frequency) level in any place is the subscriber
density. In engineering terms it is called Ec/Io. It means how far better your signal power is
than that of noise. This is created by the signals of other subscribers active in your region or
cell.
2) There is shrinkage of the coverage area of a cell for different numbers of subscribers present in
a cell area and thus the signal (frequency) level fluctuates in that at different times of the day.
3) The source of noise is not only the power radiation of subscribers but also from other sources
of noise. They are from Electronic machines elsewhere, Vehicles plying on roads & streets, Jet
engines etc.
4) The weather effect is also a prominent factor. Flashes of thunder, moisture affect the radio
(frequency) behavior and as a result signal (frequency) fluctuates.
5) The electro-magnetic wave travels in different paths (direct and reflected paths because of
Buildings and other elevations), that is called multi-path propagation in technical term. This
multi-path propagation causes different signal level in different time.
6) The metallic bodies of the transports reflect the electromagnetic radiation (frequency) and thus
the reflected radiation (frequency) interfere with the main signal (frequency) and produce
unwanted effects.
What is fading? What are the factors responsible for Fading?
Fading: The variation in signal strength from it normal value. Fading is normally negative and can be
either fast or slow. It is normally characterized by the distribution of fades, Gaussian, Rician, or
Rayleigh.
Fading of the RF signal is caused by several factors:
1. Multipath
2. Bad Line of Sight
3. Link Budget calculation
4. Weather conditions (Rain, wind etc.)
5. Interference
Flat fading-- A type of fading in a communications channel that attenuates or fades all frequencies in
the channel the same amount
What is Fresnel Zone?
The Fresnel zone is the area of a circle around the line of sight.
The Fresnel Zone is defined as follows:
R1= (lxD)
R: radius of the first Fresnel zone
l: wavelength
D: distance between sites
What is Fade Margin?
The difference between the Unfaded Receive Signal Level and the Maximum Receiver Sensitivity at
10 E-6 BER.
R = 2Blog22
= 2x24x200x log22
=9600 Kbps.
***The GSM network can be divided into three broad parts
1. MS (SIM- Subscriber Identity Module; ME- Mobile Equipment) The Mobile station is carried
by the subscriber.
2. BSS (Base Transceiver Station; Base Station Controller) Base Station Subsystem controls the
radio link with the mobile station
3. NSS (HLR, VLR, EIR, AuC, MSC) The Network Subsystem, the main part MSC perform the
switching of calls betn the Mobile users and betn mobile and fixed network users. The MSC
also handles the management operation
SIM Subscriber Identity Module provides personal mobility
BTS Base Transceiver Station houses the radio link (Transceiver) that defines a cell and handles the
R-link protocols with MS.
BSC Base Station Controller manages all radio related function such as radio channel setup,
frequency hopping MS handovers. The BSC is the connection between the MS and MSC.
NSS Network Station Subsystem
1. MSC provides the connection to the fixed networks, signaling between functional entities in the
network subsystem uses (SSS 7) signaling system number 7
2. The HLR & VLR together with MSC provides call routing and roaming capabilities of GSM.
HLR Contains all administrative information & current location of the mobile. Location means
signaling address of the VLR associated with the mobile station.
VLR contains selective administrative information from HLR necessary for call control &
provision of the subscriber services
4.
The EIR & AuC are used for authentication and security purposes
EIR is a database that contains a list of all valid ME on the network where each MS is identified by
its IMEI
AUC A protected database that stores a copy of the secret key stored in each subscriber SIM.
What do you mean by a) GMSC b) RBS c) SWR d) SDH?
Ans. GMSC (Gateway Mobile Switching Center): A gateway is a node used to interconnect two
networks. The gateway is often implemented in an MSC. The MSC is then referred to as the GMSC
RBS (Radio Base Station): RBS acts as the interface betn MSs and the network by providing radio
coverage from their antennae.
SWR (Standing Wave Ratio): The ratio of maximum current to minimum current along a transmission
line, as it is the ratio of maximum to minimum voltage. It is the measure of the mismatch betn the load
and the line. I t is the most important quantity calculated for a load.
SWR= Z0 / RL or SWR= RL / Z0
Where RL is the load resistance
SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy): A new structure for digital multiplexing. It is a standardized
byte interleaved multiplexing hierarchy for digital synchronous and plesiochronous signals for mainly
optical transmission. In SDH we find multiplexing levels and signal levels.
FTP
ICMP
TCP/ IP Stack
TCP/ IP is programmed for only raw data and converts it to logical data
Ping: Cant convert data it can recognize only
SNMP: it is capable to give information about the system. It allows only those things which is known
to it
NTP: it synchronizes all data base servers of any type
What is the interface between MS & BTS?
UM interface(gsm radio air)
Define Propagation & Propagation channel?
Propagation: The process an electromagnetic wave undergoes as it is radiated from the antenna and
spreads out across the physical terrain. See also propagation channel.
Propagation channel: The physical medium electromagnetic wave propagation between the transmit
and receive antennas, and includes everything that influences the propagation between the two
antennas.
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Write down the name of the OSI layer on which the following instruments work?
Router - Network,
HUB - Physical,
Switch Network & Physical,
PC - Physical
What is cross talk?
The ability for unwanted information from one channel to "spill over" into an adjacent channel.
What is LOS?
A description of an unobstructed radio path or link between the transmitting and receiving antennas
of a communications system.
What do you mean by Path loss?
The amount of loss introduced by the propagation environment between a transmitter and receiver.
What is Diversity Channel & Frequency diversity?
Diversity Channel: A radio channel that not only introduces AWGN, but also the effects of multipath
and frequency selective fading.
Frequency diversity: The simultaneous use of multiple frequencies to transmit of information. This is a
technique used to overcome the effects of multipath fading, since the wavelength for different
frequencies result in different and uncorrelated fading characteristics.
What is C/I ratio?
Ans. The ratio of the carrier to the interference (from both sources) is called the carrier-to-interference
ratio (C/I). A certain C/I ratio is required to provide adequate quality transmission. Increasing the
carrier power at the receiver will increase the interference for other mobiles in the network.
What is baud (or signaling) rate?
The baud (or signaling) rate: The baud (or signaling) rate defines the number of symbols per second.
Each symbol represents n bits, and has M signal states where
M = 2n.This is called M-ary signaling
The maximum rate of information transfer through a base band channel is given by
fb = 2 W log2M bps
where fb =Capacity
W = bandwidth of modulating base band signal
The Nyquist bandwidth is the minimum bandwidth than can be used to represent a signal.
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What is diffraction?
A propagation phenomenon that allows radio waves to propagate beyond obstructions via secondary
waves created by the obstruction. Classic types of diffractions are smooth earth and knife-edge.
Microwave / Electromagnetic Radiation: Power that radiated into free space is governed by the
characteristics of free space is known as the EM radiation.
EM wave propagates through free space at the velocity that is near about light velocity i.e. 186000
miles/ hr or 3 x 108 m/s or 3 x 105 Km/ S
VSAT (Very Small Aperture Terminal)
The satellite is a microwave repeater, receiving signals from earth stations, amplifying them at
RF and retransmitting them to earth
To prevents interference the difference between uplink and downlink frequency is of about 2
GHz
These satellites are geostationary. They have the same angular velocity at the earth (i.e. one
complete cycle per 24 hours) and so they appear to be stationed over one on the glob
By the celestial mechanism the velocity depends on its distance from the earth and on whether
the satellite is in a circular on elliptical orbits
The actual orbital velocity of a geostationary satellite is 11000 Km/ hr or nearly 2 miles/s
INTELSAT (International Telecommunications Satellite Consortium)
INTELSAT 1, better known as Early Bird, was launched over the Atlantic in 1965; there were
only five earth stations to make use of the 66-telephone circuit it offered
Now there are over one dozen INTELSAT IV, IV-A, V-A satellites over the Atlantic, Indian
and Pacific Ocean
INTELSAT VI Satellites:
Launched in the late 1980
Capable of providing up to 20,000 telephone ckts each
TV services for international and domestic use
ISDN Channels
B Channel: Bearer, user data only. The B channel is a 64 kbps clear channel (i.e. no signaling
information) used for voice, data, text, image or video/ Graphics. Either circuit or packet switched
network
D Channel: Used for signaling information and can operate either 16 kbps or 64 kbps depending on
whether it is supporting two B channel. Also used for Telemetry, low speed packet data, alarm signal,
telephone-to-telephone text message
H Channel: There are three H channels all of which provides higher speed than the 64 kbps (B
channel) H 0; 384 kbps, H11, H12 used for video conferencing, high-speed facsimile packet switched
data. H11 speed 1.544 Mbps. H12 available only in Europe operate at 1.920 Mbps
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2G
3G
3GPP
ACIR
ACLR
ACTS
Wireless dictionary
Wireless Dictionary
Wireless dictionary
BCH
Broadcast Channels
BER
BERT
bps
BPSK
BS
Base Station
BSC
ADC
Analog-to-Digital Converter
ADPCM
AGC
BSS
AIN
Advanced
Network
BT
AM
Amplitude Modulation
BTS
AMPS
ANSI
Intelligent
carrier-to-interference ratio
carrier-to-noise ratio
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APC
ARDIS
ATM
CAI
Advanced
Radio
Data
CBCH
Information Systems
Asynchronous
Transfer
CCH
Mode
AUC
Authentication Center
CDMA
Code
Division
Access
AWGN
Additive
Noise
CDPD
BCCH
CGSA
CIF
Enhanced
Evolution
CODEC
Coder/Decoder
CPM
CTIA
Cellular Telecom
Association
ESN
CW
Continuous Wave
FCC
Federal
Commission
DAC
FCCH
D-AMPS
Digital-Advanced
Phone System
FDD
dB
deciBel
FDMA
dBd
dBi
dBm
White
Gaussian
EFR
Industry
Mobile
deciBels referenced to a
FER
dipole antenna
deciBels referenced to an
FH
isotropic antenna
deciBels referenced to a
FHSS
milliWatt
Data
Multiple
for
Global
Communications
Hopped
Spread
DCA
FM
Frequency Modulation
DCCH
FSK
DCS-1800
Digital
Communications
GGSN
System - 1800
DL
Downlink
Gaussian
Keying
GMSK
Minimum
Shift
15
DPM
DQPSK
DS
Direct Sequence
DSSS
Direct
Sequence
Spectrum
DTX
Discontinuous Transmission
HLR
Eb/N0
HSCSD
IF
Intermediate Frequency
MSC
MSK
N-AMPS
NMC
NSS
IMEI
IMSI
IMT-2000
IMTS
GPRS
GSM
Spread
International
Mobile
Equipment Identity
International
Mobile
subscriber Identity
International
Mobile
Telecommunication 2000
Improved Mobile Telephone
Service
GSM 1800
IN
Intelligent Network
OFDM
IP
Internet Protocol
OMC
ISDN
Integrated
Network.
ISI
Inter-Symbol Interference
OSI
ITU
International
Telecommunications Union
PA
Power Amplifier
LAN
PABX
LOS
loss of signal
PACS
LOS
line of sight
PAM
LPA
PBX
LSB
PCH
Paging Channel
MAC
PCM
Services
Digital
OQPSK
Private
Automatic
Branch
Exchange
Personal
Access
Communications System
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Personal
Network
Personal
Services
Personal
System
Communications
MIN
PCN
MMM
PCS
MMS
Multimedia
Service
PCS
MS
Mobile Station
MSB
PIN
PLMN
SMS
Short
Messaging
Service
(Service Management System)
PMR
SNR
Signal-to-Noise Ratio
PN
Pseudo-Noise
SS
Spread Spectrum
PRMA
Signal System 7
PSK
Messaging
SSD
Communications
Communications
RACH
TCM
RAN
TCP
RF
Radio frequency
TDD
RSSI
Received Signal
Indication
TDMA
S/I
signal-to-interference ratio
TDTD
Time
Division
Diversity
S/N
signal-to-noise ratio
UHF
SCCH
UL
Uplink
SCH
Synchronization Channel
UMTS
Universal
Mobile
Telecommunications System
SDCCH
Slow
Dedicated
Channel
UWC
PSTN
QAM
QPSK
Strength
Control
Traffic Channel
Transmit
17
SDH
SDMA
Synchronous
Hierarchy
Space
Division
Access
Digital
Multiple
VHF
VLR
VOIP
SHF
SIM Card
W3C
WAP
WCA
WCDMA
WDM
Wireless
Communications
WOS
Association
Wideband Code Division
WPABX
Multiple Access
Wavelength
Division
Multiplexing
Automatic
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