PREPARED BY

GOPALA KRISHNA PALEPU

ADE/MRT(PROTECTION)

BUSBAR ARRANGEMENTS

SINGLE BUSBAR SYSTEM.

SINGLE BUS WITH SECTIONALISER SYSTEM.
SINGLE BUS & TRANSFER BUS SYSTEM.
DOUBLE BUSBAR SYSTEM.
DOUBLE BUS WITH SECTIONALISER SYSTEM.
DOUBLE BUS & TRANSFER BUS SYSTEM.
DOUBLE BUS & TRANSFER BUS WITH
SECTIONALISER SYSTEM.
ONE & HALF BREAKER SYSTEM
1. 3CTs METHOD
2. 4CTs METHOD
3. 5CTs METHOD
4. 6CTs METHOD
ONE & HALF BREAKER WITH SECTIONALISER
SYSTEM

SINGLE BUS SYSTEM

T/F-1

BAY2

T/F-2

MAIN BUSBAR

BAY5

BAY1

BAY3

FEEDER1

FEEDER2

BAY4

FEEDER3

BAY6

FEEDER4

SINGLE BUS SYSTEM

MAIN BUSBAR
1-89

2-89

3-89

4-89

1-52 CB

2-52 CB

3-52 CB

4-52 CB

3 1-CT

3 2-CT

1-89 L

2-89 T

LINE-1

3 3-CT

3 4-CT

3-89 L

4-89 T

LINE-2
T/F-1

T/F-2

SINGLE BUS SYSTEM

ADVANTAGES
1.
2.
3.
4.

Simple in Design
Easy Maintenance
Less Expenditure
Good Appearance

DISADVANTAGES
1.

2.

In case of bus fault or bus bar

isolator fault or maintenance
Total Substation is out of
service.
In case of maintenance of
transformer circuit breaker the
associated transformer has also
to be shut-down. Similarly for
Line also.

SINGLE BUS WITH CB SECTIONALISER SYSTEM

T/F-1

BAY2

T/F-2

CB SECTIONALISER

BAY1

BAY3

FEEDER1

FEEDER2

MAIN BUSBAR

BAY5

BAY4

FEEDER3

BAY6

FEEDER4

SINGLE BUS WITH CB SECTIONALISER SYSTEM

BUS SECTIONALISER

3-89 A

3A-CT

3-52 CB

BUS-2

3-89 B

BUS-1

3B-CT

1-89

2-89

4-89

5-89

1-52 CB

2-52 CB

4-52 CB

5-52 CB

3 1-CT

3 2-CT

1-89 L

2-89 T

LINE-1

3 4-CT

3 5-CT

4-89 L

5-89 T

LINE-2
T/F-1

T/F-2

SINGLE BUS WITH CB SECTIONALISER SYSTEM

In this, Main Bus is divided into two sections with

a Circuit Breaker and isolators in between the
adjoining sections. One complete section can be
taken out for Maintenance without disturbing the
continuity of other section. Even if a fault occurs
on one section of the Bus, that faulty section
along will be isolated while the other section
continues to be in service.

SINGLE BUS & TRANSFER BUS SYSTEM

T/F-2

T/F-1

TRANSFER BUS COUPLER

TRANSFER BUS

BUS-1
BAY1

FEEDER1

BAY2

FEEDER2

BAY3

BAY4

BAY5

BAY6

FEEDER3

BAY7

FEEDER4

SINGLE BUS & TRANSFER BUS SYSTEM

1-89 B

2-89 B

1-89 L

2-89 T

3-89 B
3-CT3

2-52 CB

1-52 CB

3-52 CB

2-89A

1-89A
1-CT 3

3-89A
2-CT 3

TRANSFER BUS COUPLER

AUX BUS
4-89 B

5-89 B

4-89 L

5-89 T

4-52 CB

5-52 CB

4-89A

MAIN BUSBAR

5-89A
4-CT 3

5-CT 3

LINE-2

LINE-1
T/F-1

T/F-2

SINGLE BUS & TRANSFER BUS SYSTEM

With this arrangement, all the feeders are normally
on the Main Bus Bar. If at any time, a Line Circuit
Breaker Maintenance is required, that particular
feeder, can be transferred on to the Transfer Bus.
The feeder protection thus gets transferred to trip
Transfer Bus Coupler Breaker. On fault occurrence
or maintenance, entire bus becomes de-energised.
Salient features:Only one Circuit at a time can be transferred on the
Transfer Bus.
For Maintenance or on fault occurrence, total Bus
becomes dead.

DOUBLE MAIN BUS SYSTEM

T/F-1

BAY2

BAY3

BAY4

BAY5

BAY7

BAY8

BUS-1

BUS COUPLER

BAY1

T/F-2

BUS-2

FEEDER1 FEEDER2

FEEDER3 FEEDER4

DOUBLE MAIN BUS SYSTEM

1-89 B

2-89 B

1-89 A

2-89 A

3-89 B
3B-CT3

BUS COUPLER

BUS -2

BUS -1

4-89 B

5-89 B

4-89 A

5-89 A

3-89 A

1-52 CB
1-CT3
1-89 L

2-52 CB
2-CT 3
2-89 T

3-52 CB
3A-CT

4-52 CB

4-CT 3
4-89 L

5-52 CB
5-CT 3
5-89 T

LINE-2

LINE-1
T/F-1

T/F-2

DOUBLE BUS SYSTEM

Salient features:This has got flexibility of transferring any Circuit to
any of the Bus.
For Maintenance or on fault occurrence on one Bus,
then only that Bus becomes dead, while the other
Bus remains in service.
For Maintenance of a Circuit Breaker, that particular
Circuit has to be taken out of service.
To overcome this, an additional bypass isolator is
provided as indicated in figure below.

DOUBLE MAIN BUS & CB BYPASS ISO SYSTEM

T/F-1

BAY1

BAY2

T/F-2

BAY6

BAY4
BUS COUPLER

BUS-1

BAY7

BUS-2

BAY3

FEEDER1

FEEDER2

BAY5

WHEN ANY CB PROBLEM OR FOR

PREVENTIVE MAINTANENCE THEN ALL
OTHER
FEEDERS
SHIFTED
TO
ANOTHER BUS OF FAULTED CB BUS
AND CLOSE THE BYPASS ISOLATOR,
THEN PROTECTION IS SHIFTED TO BUS
COUPLER AND OPEN THE FAULTY CB.

FEEDER3

FEEDER4

DOUBLE MAIN BUS & TRANSFER BUS SYSTEM

T/F-1

T/F-2

BUS-2

BAY3
BAY1

BAY2

FEEDER1 FEEDER2

BAY4

TRANSFER BUS

BAY5

TRANSFER BUS
COUPLER

BUS COUPLER

BUS-1

BAY6

BAY7

BAY8

FEEDER3 FEEDER4

DOUBLE MAIN BUS & TRANSFER BUS SYSTEM

1-89 B

2-89 B

1-89 A

2-89 A

3-89 B
3B-CT3

BUS COUPLER

BUS -2

BUS -1
1-52 CB
1-89 L
1-89 C

2-52 CB
2-89 T

2-89 C
1-CT3

LINE-1

5-89 B

6-89 B

4-89 A

5-89 A

6-89 A

3-89 A
4-52 CB

3-52 CB
3A-CT

4-89 B

4-CT3
4-89 C

5-52 CB

6-52 CB

5-89 L

6-89 T

5-89 C
2-CT3

T/F-1

AUX BUS

6-89 C

TRANSFER
5-CT3
BUS COUPLER
LINE-2

1-CT 3

T/F-2

DOUBLE MAIN BUS & TRANSFER BUS SYSTEM

This is combination of Main and Transfer Bus and
Double Bus Arrangement.
Salient features:This has got flexibility of transferring any Circuit
to any of the Main Buses.
For Maintenance or any fault occurrence on a
Bus, Particular Bus only becomes dead, while the
other Bus continues to be in service.
Any Circuit Breaker can be taken out for
Maintenance by transferring that circuit to
Transfer Bus, and transferring its Protection to
Transfer Bus Coupler Circuit Breaker.

DOUBLE BUS WITH SECTIONALISER SYSTEM

T/F-1

BAY3

BAY4

BUS
SECTIONALISER

BAY6

BAY7

BAY5

FEEDER1

BAY8

BUS-1

BUS COUPLER

BAY2
BUS COUPLER

BAY1

T/F-2

This is an improvement over the double bus

bar arrangement. For maintenance or an
occurrence of a fault, only one section of the
faulty bus only becomes dead while the rest
continues to be in service.

BUS-2

FEEDER2

DOUBLE BUS WITH SECTIONALISER SYSTEM

3

1-89 A

2B-CT 3

BUS -1

2-89 A

1-52 CB
1-CT3
1-89 L

3-89 B
3-89 A

4A-CT

3-52 CB

2-52 CB
2A-CT

BUS -4

3-CT3
3-89 T

6-89 B

2-89 B

4-89 D

4D-CT
5-89 B
BUS SECTIONALISER
5-89 A
4-89 A 4A-52 CB 4-89 C

1-89 B

4B-CT

4B-52 CB

4-89 B

BUS -2

4C-CT
5-52 CB

7-89 B

6B-CT 3

7-89 A

6-89 A

BUS -3
7-52 CB

6-52 CB

5-CT3
5-89 L

6A-CT

7-CT3
7-89 T

LINE-2

LINE-1
T/F-1

T/F-2

ONE AND HALF CIRCUIT BREAKER SYSTEM

DIA5

BAY15

BAY16
BAY17

BAY13

DIA6

BAY14

BAY11

BAY8
BAY9

BAY6

FEEDER11

BAY18

DIA4
BAY10

DIA3

BAY5

BAY2
BAY3

FEEDER9

FEEDER7

BAY12

DIA2

BAY1

BUS-1 DIA1

FEEDER5

BAY7

FEEDER3

BAY4

FEEDER1

(I-CONFIGUARATION)

BUS-2

FEEDER2

FEEDER4

FEEDER6

FEEDER8

FEEDER10

FEEDER12

ONE AND HALF CIRCUIT BREAKER SYSTEM

(D-CONFIGUARATION)
FEEDER5

FEEDER10
BAY14

BAY13

BAY7

DIA1

FEEDER9

BAY8

BAY3

BAY1

BAY2

FEEDER6

DIA3

BAY15

FEEDER2

BAY9

FEEDER1

DIA5

BUS-1

BAY5

FEEDER3

BAY11

FEEDER4

FEEDER7

FEEDER8

DIA6

BAY18

BAY16

DIA4

BAY12

BAY10

DIA2

BAY6

BAY4

BUS-2

BAY17

FEEDER11

FEEDER12

DIFFERENT CT METHODS OF ONE & HALF BREAKER SYSTEM

CB
LINE
CB
LINE
CB
LINE

CB

CB
4 CTs METHOD

CB

CB

CB

AT/F
AT/F

CB

CB

6 CTs METHOD
CB

LINE

CB

5 CTs METHOD

LINE
LINE

CB
3 CTs METHOD

CB

CB

6 CTs METHOD
CB

CB
6 CTs METHOD

CB

AT/F
AT/F
AT/F
AT/F

ONE AND HALF CIRCUIT BREAKER SYSTEM

Salient features: It has 3 Circuit Breakers for Two Circuits.( One is
Line another is Transformer or Bus Reactor or both
are Lines)
No changeover of Line from one Bus to the other is
required.
For Circuit Breaker Maintenance of any Line, the
load gets transferred Automatically to the other bus.
For Maintenance or an occurrence of a Bus fault, all
the interconnections will be on healthy bus and no
disturbance to the Circuits.
Even if both Buses become dead, Circuits can still
be in service through the Tie Circuit Breaker.
This has got many such advantages to maintain the
system stability.

DOUBLE BUS & DOUBLE BREAKER SYSTEM

FEEDER1

FEEDER3

FEEDER1

FEEDER3

BAY6

BAY5

BAY2

BAY1

BAY7

BAY5

BAY3

BAY1

BUS-1

BUS-1

BAY8

BAY7

BAY4

BAY3

BAY8

BAY6

BAY4

BAY2

BUS-2

BUS-2

FEEDER2

FEEDER4

FEEDER2

FEEDER4

FOR ECONOMICAL& RELIABULITY PURPOSE THIS SYSTEM ADOPTED IN 800KV SYSTEM

FEEDER 8

FEEDER 1
1-52 CB

FEEDER 2
2-52 CB

3-52 CB

8-52 CB

FEEDER 7

MESH / RING
LAYOUT
4-52 CB

7-52 CB

5-52 CB

6-52 CB
FEEDER 6

FEEDER 3

FEEDER 5

FEEDER 4

BUSBAR SYSTEMS ADOPTED IN APTRANSCO

BUSBAR CONFIGUARATION

NAME OF THE SUBSTATION

BAY VOLTAGE LEVEL

SINGLE BUS SYSTEM

1.
2.

220KV SIVARAMPALLY
220KV NARKETPALLY

220KV BUS
220KV BUS

SINGLE BUS WITH

SECTIONALISER

1.
2.

220KV SHAPURNAGAR
220KV CHANDRAYANA GUTTA

220KV BUS
220KV BUS

SINGLE BUS & AUX BUS 1.

SYSTEM
2.

220KV YEDDUMAILARAM
220KV GHANAPUR

132 KV BUS
132 KV BUS

DOUBLE BUS SYTEM

1.
2.

220KV GACHIBOWLI
220KV GHANAPUR

220KV BUS
220KV BUS

DOUBLE BUS WITH

SECTIONALISER

1.
2.

220KV MALKARAM
220KV TALLAPALLY

220KV BUS
220KV BUS

DOUBLE BUS & AUX

BUS SYTEM

1.
2.

400KV MAMIDIPALLY
400KV KALAPAKA

220KV BUS
220KV BUS

DOUBLE BUS WITH AUX

BUS & SECTIONALISER

1.

400KV KALAPAKA

400KV BUS

ONE & HALF BREAKER

SYSTEM

1.
2.

400KV MAMIDIPALLY & VEMAGIRI

400KV KHAMMAM & NUNNA
(APTRANSCO BAYS IN PGCIL)

ONE & HALF BREAKER

SYSTEM WITH
SECTIONALISER

1.

400KV NELLORE

400KV BUS (4 CTs)

400KV BUS (5 CTs)
400KV BUS

TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATIONS

What does a substation contains..

Substation
Main
Equipment

Engineered
items

Civil

Auxiliary
Equipment

Structure

Auxiliary
System

TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATIONS

Main Equipment

Circuit Breaker (CB)

Instrument Transformer (CT/CVT/EMVT/PT)
Surge Arrester (LA)
Isolator (ISO)
Transformer & Reactor
Bus Support Insulator (BPI)
Line Traps (WT/LT)
Control & Protection system (C&R)
Power Line Carrier Communication system (PLCC)

UUU

WT CVT
LIGHTENING/SURGE ARRESTOR

CAPACITOR VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER

89

WAVE/ LINE TRAP

CT

LINE ISOLATOR

BUS
CURRENT TRANSFORMER

CIRCUIT BREAKER

52

89
UUU

BUS ISOLATOR

TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATIONS

Main Equipment
LA

TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATIONS

What does a substation contains..

Substation
Main
Equipment

Engineered
items

Civil

Auxiliary
Equipment

Structure

Auxiliary
System

TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATIONS

Engineered items
1. Busbar Materials
A.
B.
C.
D.

Strung Bus Conductor (ACSR).

Rigid Bus Conductor (AL Tube).
Clamps & Connectors.
String Insulator & Hardware.

2. Earthing Materials
A. Main Earthing Materials (Rod or Flat).
B. Earth Pits.

3. Cables & accessories

A.
B.
C.
D.

LT Power & Control Cable

HT Power Cable
Cable terminations, gland, lugs, ties, marker etc.
Cable Supporting Materials.

TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATIONS

What does a substation contains..

Substation
Main
Equipment

Engineered
items

Civil

Auxiliary
Equipment

Structure

Auxiliary
System

TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATIONS

Auxiliary Equipment
LTAC Switchgear Panel
AC Distribution Board
Battery & Battery Charger
DC Distribution Board
Auxiliary LT Transformer
Lighting Transformer
Main Lighting Distribution Board
Emergency Lighting Distribution Board
Diesel Generator
UPS

TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATIONS

What does a substation contains..

Substation
Main
Equipment

Engineered
items

Civil

Auxiliary
Equipment

Structure

Auxiliary
System

TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATIONS

Auxiliary System
1.

Illumination system
A.

B.

2.
3.

Indoor
I. Control Room Building
II. Diesel Generator Building
III.Fire Fighting Pump House Building.
IV. Store Room Building
V. Repair Bay
Outdoor Switchyard

Fire Fighting and Fire Detection System

Air Conditioning and Ventilation System

TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATIONS

What does a substation contains..

Substation
Main
Equipment

Engineered
items

Civil

Auxiliary
Equipment

Structure

Auxiliary
System

TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATIONS

Substation Structures

Main Column and Beam structures

Equipment supporting structures

Substation Civil

Foundation for gantry column & Equipment

Foundation for Transformer / Reactor
Control Room Building / DG, FFPH Building
Outdoor Switchyard Cable Trench
Surface Drainage
Roads
Fencing and Gate

TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATIONS

A Typical Sub-Station content wise cost structure.

A

6%6%

13%
13%

4%

4%

16%

16%

5%5%
7%7%

27
27%

22%
22%
A > Transformer / Reactor----------------------------------------27%
B > EHV Circuit Breaker, CT, CVT, LA, Isolator, BPI------- 22%
C > Control, Protection & PLCC----------------------------------- 7%
D > Medium Voltage Switchgear---------------------------------- 5%
E > Cables, AC/DC Aux., Lighting, Busbar etc.--------------- 16%
F > Structures---------------------------------------------------------- 6%
G > Civil------------------------------------------------------------------ 13%
H > Erection------------------------------------------------------------- 4%

NORMS OF PROTECTION FOLLOWED BY UTILITIES

FOR TRANSMISIION LINES & DISTRIBUTION LINES ( FEEDER / LINE PROTECTION )

Sr.No
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

VOLTAGE
11 KV LINES
33 KV LINES
66 KV LINES
132 KV LINES

MAIN- 1 PROTECTION

MAIN-2 PROTECTION/ BACKUP PROTECTION

2 O/L + E/F ( 51 + 51N )

3 O/L + E/F ( 51 + 51N )

SWITCHED DISTANCE SCHEME OR

NUMERICAL DISTANCE SCHEME (21P+ 21N)

DIRECTIONAL O/L & E/F RELAYS WITH HIGH

SET ( 67 + 67N )

SWITCHED DISTANCE SCHEME OR

NON SWITCHED DISTANCE SCHEME OR
220 KV LINES NUMERICAL DISTANCE SCHEME (21P + 21N) NUMERICAL DISTANCE SCHEME (21P+ 21N)
DISTANCE SCHEME (21P + 21N) NUMERICAL DISTANCE SCHEME (21) OR LINE
400 KV LINES NUMERICAL
+ in BUILT DEF RELAY(67N)
DIFFERENTIAL SCHEME (87L) WITH 67N
DISTANCE SCHEME (21P + 21N) NUMERICAL DISTANCE SCHEME (21) OR LINE
765 KV LINES NUMERICAL
+ in BUILT DEF RELAY(67N)
DIFFERENTIAL SCHEME (87L) WITH 67N

IF MAIN-1 & MAIN-2 ARE NUMERICAL RELAYS, BOTH SHOULD BE SEPARATE MEASURING PRINCIPLES (CHARECTERESTICS), MODELS
AND ALGORITHAMS (SHOULD NOT BE DUPLICATED) AND ALL FEATURES SHOULD BE AVAILABLE IN BOTH SCHEMES AND BOTH RELAYS
SHOULD BE 100% REDENDENCY IN ALL ASPECTS ( COMPLEMENTARY TO EACH OTHER ) . DISSIMILAR CARRIER SCHEMES ARE TO BE
SELECTED ( POTT & PUTT or BLOCK & UNBLOCK). OTHER WISE MAIN-2 MAY BE DIFFERENT MAKE OR PHASE COMPARISION
PROTECTION/LINE DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION WITH BACKUP DISTANCE PROTECTION IS TO BE ADOPTED. BOTH M1 & M2 SHOULD
CONTAIN DIRECTIONAL EARTH FAULT PROTECTION (67N) WITH DIRECTIONAL COMPARISION PICKUP SCHEME AS INBUILT FUNCTION.
ZONE-1: 80% OF MAIN LINE
ZONE-2: 100% OF MAIN LINE + 50% OF SHORTEST LINE AT OTHER END
ZONE-3: 100% OF MAIN LINE + 100% OF SHORTEST LINE AT OTHER END
ZONE-4: 100% OF MAIN LINE + (100% OF SHORTEST LINE + 20% OF LONGEST LINE) AT

OTHER END.

NORMS OF PROTECTION FOLLOWED BY UTILITIES

S.No

CAPACITY
IN
MVA

FOR POWER TRANSFORMERS & AUTO TRANSFORMERS

T
BACK UP
MAIN-1
MAIN-2
VOLTAGE Y
PROTECTION
ADDITIONAL
RATIO IN
P
PROTECTION
KV
HV
LV
PROTECTION
E

220 / 33

220 / 66

31.5, 50 &
100
100, 200 &
250

400 / 132

100 & 160

220 / 132

315, 500 &

630

400 / 220

630, 750,

765 / 400

10

1000 & 1500

HV & LV
REF 64

3 DIR OL
(HIGHSET)

1 DIR EL
(HIGHSET)

BUCHHOLZ,
OLTC OSR
OIL TEMP
WDNG TEMP

64REF IS 1-PH HIGH IMPEDANCE

DIFFERENTIAL RELAY
87TH IS 3-PH HIGH IMPEDANCE
DIFFERENTIAL RELAY
(PRINCPLE : CIRCULATING CURRENT)

31.5, 50

3 OVER LOAD + 1 EARTH FAULT

RELAY ( 51 )

3OL+1 EL
(51)

3 OVER LOAD + 1 DIRECTIONAL

EARTH FAULT RELAY ( 51P + 67N)

132 / 33

87 TH / 64 REF

132 / 11

HV REF (64)

66 / 33

NIL

7.5 , 16 &
25
7.5 , 16 ,
25 & 31.5
16 , 31.5 50 &
80

87 TL DIFFERENTIAL RELAY

66 / 11

( LOW IMPEDANCE PERCENTAGE BIASED PHASE SEGREGATED

DIFFERENTIAL RELAY
PRINCIPLE: MERZ PRICE)

7.5 & 16

2 WINDING TRANSFORMER (STAR/STAR) ICT / AUTO TFR

SPECIAL
PROTECTION

BUCHHOLZ
OVER FLUX
OLTC OSR
3 OL +
PRV/PRD
1 DIR EL
OVER LOAD
(51P + 67N) OIL TEMP
WDNG TEMP ALARM RELAY
3 DIR OL
(HIGHSET)

1 DIR EL
(HIGHSET)

NEUTRAL
CURRENT E/F
RELAY