CHAPTER 1 FUNCTIONS

1.1 FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS

1. domain (
_ _); range [1 _)

2. domain [0 _); range (
_ 1]

3. domain
2 _); y in range and y 5x  10 ! y can be any positive real number range ! _).
4. domain (
_ 0  3, _); y in range and y x2
3x ! y can be any positive real number range ! _).
5. domain (
_ 3  3, _); y in range and y
3
t!

4
3
t

4
3
t,

now if t  3 3
t  !

4
3
t

 !, or if t  3

 ! y can be any nonzero real number range
_ 0  ! _).

6. domain (
_
% 
4, 4  4, _); y in range and y

2

%  t  4
16 t
16  !
nonzero real number range
_

#

"'

18

2
t2
16

2
t2
16 ,

2
t2
16

now if t 
% t2
16  !
2

 !, or if t  % t
16  !

2
t2
16

 !, or if

 ! y can be any

 ! _).

7. (a) Not the graph of a function of x since it fails the vertical line test.
(b) Is the graph of a function of x since any vertical line intersects the graph at most once.
8. (a) Not the graph of a function of x since it fails the vertical line test.
(b) Not the graph of a function of x since it fails the vertical line test.
#

9. base x; (height)#  #x x# height

3
#

x; area is a(x)

"
#

(base)(height)

"
#

(x)

3
# x

3
4

x# ;

perimeter is p(x) x  x  x 3x.

10. s side length s#  s# d# s

d
2

; and area is a s# a

"
#

d#

11. Let D diagonal length of a face of the cube and j the length of an edge. Then j#  D# d# and
D# 2j# 3j# d# j

d
3

. The surface area is 6j#

6d#
3

12. The coordinates of P are x x so the slope of the line joining P to the origin is m
x, x m"# ,

2d# and the volume is j$ d3

x
x

"
x

$#

(x  0). Thus,

"
m .

13. 2x  4y 5 y
"# x  54 ; L x
02  y
02 x2 
"# x  54 2 x2  4" x2
54 x 

54 x2
54 x 

25
16

20x

20x  25
16

20x2
20x  25
4

14. y x
3 y2  3 x; L x
42  y
02 y2  3
42  y2 y2
12  y2
y4
2y2  1  y2 y4
y2  1

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d$
3 3

25
16

Chapter 1 Functions

15. The domain is a
_ _b.

16. The domain is a
_ _b.

17. The domain is a
_ _b.

18. The domain is
_ !.

19. The domain is a
_ !b  a! _b.

20. The domain is a
_ !b  a! _b.

21. The domain is a
_
5b 
5
3  3, 5  a5, _b 22. The range is 2, 3.

23. Neither graph passes the vertical line test
(a)

(b)

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Section 1.1 Functions and Their Graphs

24. Neither graph passes the vertical line test
(a)

(b)

xy"
y1
x
or
or
kx  yk 1

x  y
"
y
"
x
25.

x
y

0
0

1
1

27. Faxb

2
0

26.

x
y

0
1

1
0

2
0

"
, x0
28. Gaxb x
x, 0 x

4
x2 , x 1
x2  2x, x  1

29. (a) Line through a! !b and a" "b: y x; Line through a" "b and a# !b: y
x  2
x, 0 x 1
f(x)

x  2, 1  x 2

2, ! x  "

! " x  #
(b) f(x)

2 # x  $
! $ x %
30. (a) Line through a! 2b and a# !b: y
x  2
"
Line through a2 "b and a& !b: m !&


#

x  #, 0  x #
f(x) "

$ x  &$ , #  x &

f(x)

"$ , so y
"$ ax
2b  "
"$ x 

$
!
!

"

"
$

%
#
! #

(b) Line through a
" !b and a!
$b: m

Line through a! $b and a#
"b: m

"
$

&
$

$, so y
$x
$

#, so y
#x  $

$x
$,
"  x !

#x  $, !  x #

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Chapter 1 Functions

31. (a) Line through a
" "b and a! !b: y
x

Line through a! "b and a" "b: y "
Line through a" "b and a$ !b: m !
"
$
"

x

" x  !
"
!x"
f(x)

"# x  $#
"x$

"
#

(b) Line through a
2
1b and a0 0b: y 12 x

Line through a0 2b and a1 0b: y
2x  2
Line through a1
1b and a3
1b: y
1
32. (a) Line through T# ! and aT "b: m
faxb

(b)

"
!
T
aT#b

"# , so y
"# ax
"b  "
"# x 

1
2x

faxb
2x  2

1

$
#

2 x 0
0x1
1x3

T# , so y T# x
T#  0 T# x
"

!, 0 x T#
#
T
T x
", #  x T

A,

A
faxb
A

A

! x  T#
T
# x T
T x  $#T
$T
# x #T

33. (a) x 0 for x [0 1)

(b) x 0 for x (
1 0]

34. x x only when x is an integer.

35. For any real number x, n x n  ", where n is an integer. Now: n x n  "
n  "
x
n. By
definition:
x
n and x n
x
n. So
x
x for all x d .
36. To find f(x) you delete the decimal or
fractional portion of x, leaving only
the integer part.

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Section 1.1 Functions and Their Graphs

37. Symmetric about the origin
Dec:
_  x  _
Inc: nowhere

38. Symmetric about the y-axis

Dec:
_  x  !
Inc: !  x  _

39. Symmetric about the origin

Dec: nowhere
Inc:
_  x  !
!x_

40. Symmetric about the y-axis

Dec: !  x  _
Inc:
_  x  !

41. Symmetric about the y-axis

Dec:
_  x !
Inc: !  x  _

42. No symmetry
Dec:
_  x !
Inc: nowhere

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Chapter 1 Functions

43. Symmetric about the origin

Dec: nowhere
Inc:
_  x  _

44. No symmetry
Dec: ! x  _
Inc: nowhere

45. No symmetry
Dec: ! x  _
Inc: nowhere

46. Symmetric about the y-axis

Dec:
_  x !
Inc: !  x  _

47. Since a horizontal line not through the origin is symmetric with respect to the y-axis, but not with respect to the origin, the
function is even.
48. faxb x
&

"
x&

and fa
xb a
xb
&

"
a
x b&

x"&
faxb. Thus the function is odd.

49. Since faxb x#  " a
xb#  "
faxb. The function is even.
50. Since faxb x#  x fa
xb a
xb#
x and faxb x#  x
faxb
axb#
x the function is neither even nor
odd.
51. Since gaxb x$  x, ga
xb
x$
x
ax$  xb
gaxb. So the function is odd.
52. gaxb x%  $x#
" a
xb%  $a
xb#
" ga
xb thus the function is even.
53. gaxb

"
x#
"

54. gaxb

x
x#
" ;

55. hatb

"
t
";

"
a
xb#
"

ga
xb. Thus the function is even.

ga
xb
x#x
"
gaxb. So the function is odd.

ha
tb

"

t
" ;

h at b

"
"
t.

Since hatb
hatb and hatb ha
tb, the function is neither even nor odd.

56. Since l t$ | l a
tb$ |, hatb ha
tb and the function is even.

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Section 1.1 Functions and Their Graphs

57. hatb 2t  ", ha
tb
2t  ". So hatb ha
tb.
hatb
2t
", so hatb
hatb. The function is neither even nor
odd.
58. hatb 2l t l  " and ha
tb 2l
t l  " 2l t l  ". So hatb ha
tb and the function is even.
59. s kt 25 k75 k

"
3

s 3" t; 60 3" t t 180

60. K c v# 12960 ca18b2 c 40 K 40v# ; K 40a10b# 4000 joules

61. r
62. P

k
s

k
v

k
4

k 24 r

14.7

k
1000

24
s ;

10

24
s

k 14700 P

14700
v ;

12
5

23.4

14700
v

24500
39

628.2 in3

63. v f(x) x"%
2x22
2x %x$
72x#  $!)x; !  x  7

64. (a) Let h height of the triangle. Since the triangle is isosceles, AB #  AB # 2# AB 2 So,
#

h#  "# 2 h " B is at a! "b slope of AB
" The equation of AB is

y f(x)
x  "; x ! ".
(b) Ax 2x y 2x
x  "
2x#  #x; x ! ".
65. (a) Graph h because it is an even function and rises less rapidly than does Graph g.
(b) Graph f because it is an odd function.
(c) Graph g because it is an even function and rises more rapidly than does Graph h.
66. (a) Graph f because it is linear.
(b) Graph g because it contains a! "b.
(c) Graph h because it is a nonlinear odd function.
x
#

67. (a) From the graph,

(b)

x
#

1

x  0:

x
#

x  0:

x
2

4
x

1

4
x

x
#

1

4
x

x (
2 0)  (% _)

1
4x  0
#
2x
8
0 x
2x

0

(x
4)(x2)
#x

0

(x
4)(x2)
#x

0

x  4 since x is positive;

1

4
x

0

x#
2x
8
2x

0

x 
2 since x is negative;
sign of (x
4)(x  2)



2
%
Solution interval: (
# 0)  (% _)

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Chapter 1 Functions
3
2
x
1  x  1
3
2
x
1  x  1

68. (a) From the graph,

(b) Case x 
1:

x (
_
5)  (
1 1)

3(x1)
x
1

2

3x  3  2x
2 x 
5.
Thus, x (
_
5) solves the inequality.
Case
1  x  1:

3
x
1

2
x 1

3(x1)
x
1

2

3x  3  2x
2 x 
5 which is true
if x 
1. Thus, x (
1 1) solves the
inequality.
3
Case 1  x: x
1  x2 1 3x  3  2x
2 x 
5
which is never true if 1  x, so no solution here.
In conclusion, x (
_
5)  (
1 1).
69. A curve symmetric about the x-axis will not pass the vertical line test because the points ax, yb and ax,
yb lie on the same
vertical line. The graph of the function y faxb ! is the x-axis, a horizontal line for which there is a single y-value, !,
for any x.
70. price 40  5x, quantity 300
25x Raxb a40  5xba300
25xb
71. x2  x2 h2 x

h
2

2 h
2 ;

cost 5a2xb  10h Cahb 10

2 h
2

 10h 5h2  2

72. (a) Note that 2 mi = 10,560 ft, so there are 800#  x# feet of river cable at $180 per foot and a10,560
xb feet of land
cable at $100 per foot. The cost is Caxb 180800#  x#  100a10,560
xb.
(b) Ca!b $" #!! !!!
Ca&!!b $" "(& )"#
Ca"!!!b $" ")' &"#
Ca"&!!b $" #"# !!!
Ca#!!!b $" #%$ ($#
Ca#&!!b $" #() %(*
Ca$!!!b $" $"% )(!
Values beyond this are all larger. It would appear that the least expensive location is less than 2000 feet from the
point P.
1.2 COMBINING FUNCTIONS; SHIFTING AND SCALING GRAPHS
1. Df :
_  x  _, Dg : x 1 Df

Dfg : x 1. Rf :
_  y  _, Rg : y 0, Rf g : y 1, Rfg : y 0

2. Df : x  1 0 x
1, Dg : x
1 0 x 1. Therefore Df
Rf Rg : y 0, Rf g : y 2, Rfg : y 0

Dfg : x 1.

3. Df :
_  x  _, Dg :
_  x  _, Dfg :
_  x  _, Dgf :
_  x  _, Rf : y 2, Rg : y 1,
Rfg : 0  y 2, Rgf : "# y  _
4. Df :
_  x  _, Dg : x 0 , Dfg : x 0, Dgf : x 0; Rf : y 1, Rg : y 1, Rfg : 0  y 1, Rgf : 1 y  _
5. (a) 2
(d) (x  5)#
3 x#  10x  22
(g) x  10

(b) 22
(e) 5
(h) (x#
3)#
3 x%
6x#  6

(c) x#  2
(f)
2

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Section 1.2 Combining Functions; Shifting and Scaling Graphs

6. (a)
"3
(d)

(b) 2

"
x

(c)

(e) 0

(g) x
2

(h)

(f)

"
"
x 1 1

x
x

"

#
1

x"
x#

"
x 1
3
4

1

x
x1

7. afghbaxb fagahaxbbb faga4
xbb fa3a4
xbb fa12
3xb a12
3xb  1 13
3x
8. afghbaxb fagahaxbbb fagax2 bb fa2ax2 b
1b fa2x2
1b 3a2x2
1b  4 6x2 1
9. afghbaxb fagahaxbbb fg 1x f 1 1 % f 1 x 4x 1 x 4x  " 15x4x"
x

10. afghbaxb fagahaxbbb fg2
x f

2
x
2

2
x

 f $
x
1
2
x

2 x
$ x 2
3
$2 xx

8
3x
7
2x

11. (a) afgbaxb

(d) a jjbaxb

(b) a jgbaxb
(e) aghf baxb

(c) aggbaxb
(f) ahjf baxb

12. (a) afjbaxb

(d) aff baxb

(b) aghbaxb
(e) a jgf baxb

(c) ahhbaxb
(f) agfhbaxb

g(x)

f(x)

(f g)(x)

(a)

x
7

x
7

(b)

x2

3x

3(x  2) 3x  6

(c)

x#

x
5

x#
5

(d)

x
x
1

x
x
1

"
x
1
"
x

1

13.

(e)
(f)

"
x

gaxb
"
g ax b

x
x
(x
1)

"
x

"
lx
"l .

14. (a) afgbaxb lgaxbl

(b) afgbaxb

x
x 1
x
x 1
1

x
x"

"

"
g ax b

x
x"

"

x
x"

"
g ax b

"
x"

"
gaxb so

gaxb x  ".

(c) Since afgbaxb gaxb lxl, gaxb x .

(d) Since afgbaxb fx l x l, faxb x# . (Note that the domain of the composite is ! _.)
#

The completed table is shown. Note that the absolute value sign in part (d) is optional.
gaxb
faxb
afgbaxb
"
"
lxl
x
"
lx
"l
x"
x#
x

x
"
x

x
#

15. (a) faga
1bb fa1b 1

(d) gaga2bb ga0b 0

x
x"

lxl
lxl
(b) gafa0bb ga
2b 2
(e) gafa
2bb ga1b
1

(c) fafa
1bb fa0b
2

(f) faga1bb fa
1b 0

16. (a) faga0bb fa
1b 2
a
1b 3, where ga0b 0
1
1

(b) gafa3bb ga
1b
a
1b 1, where fa3b 2
3
1
(c) gaga
1bb ga1b 1
1 0, where ga
1b
a
1b 1

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10

Chapter 1 Functions
(d) fafa2bb fa0b 2
0 2, where fa2b 2
2 0
(e) gafa0bb ga2b 2
1 1, where fa0b 2
0 2
(f) fg "# f
#" 2

#" 5# , where g "# "#
1
"#

17. (a) afgbaxb fagaxbb 1x  1 1 x x

agf baxb gafaxbb

1
x  1

(b) Domain afgb:
_,
1  0, _, domain agf b:
1, _

(c) Range afgb: 1, _, range agf b: 0, _
18. (a) afgbaxb fagaxbb 1
2x  x
agf baxb gafaxbb 1
kxk
(b) Domain afgb: 0, _, domain agf b:
_, _
(c) Range afgb: 0, _, range agf b:
_, 1
19. afgbaxb x fagaxbb x

g ax b
g ax b
2

x gaxb agaxb
2bx x gaxb
2x

gaxb
x gaxb
2x gaxb
1 2x

x

2x
x
1

20. afgbaxb x  2 fagaxbb x  2 2agaxbb3
4 x  2 agaxbb3

21. (a) y
(x  7)#

(b) y
(x
4)#

22. (a) y x#  3

(b) y x#
5

x6
2

3 x6
gaxb
2

23. (a) Position 4

(b) Position 1

(c) Position 2

(d) Position 3

24. (a) y
(x
1)#  4

(b) y
(x  2)#  3

(c) y
(x  4)#
1

(d) y
(x
2)#

25.

26.

27.

28.

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Section 1.2 Combining Functions; Shifting and Scaling Graphs

29.

30.

31.

32.

33.

34.

35.

36.

37.

38.

39.

40.

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11

12

Chapter 1 Functions

41.

42.

43.

44.

45.

46.

47.

48.

49.

50.

51.

52.

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.