Ismt12 C11 A 11

CHAPTER 11 PARAMETRIC EQUATIONS AND
POLAR COORDINATES
11.1 PARAMETRIZATIONS OF PLANE CURVES
1. x 3t, y 9t# , _ t _ y x#
2. x t , y t, t 0 x y
or y x# , x 0
3. x 2t 5, y 4t 7, _ t _
x 5 2t 2(x 5) 4t
y 2(x 5) 7 y 2x 3
5. x cos 2t, y sin 2t, 0 t 1

cos# 2t sin# 2t 1 x# y# 1
4. x 3 3t, y 2t, 0 t 1 y# t
x 3 3 y# 2x 6 3y
y 2 23 x, ! x $
6. x cos (1 t), y sin (1 t), 0 t 1

cos# (1 t) sin# (1 t) 1
x# y# 1, y !
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.
648
Chapter 11 Parametric Equations and Polar Coordinates
7. x 4 cos t, y 2 sin t, 0 t 21
16 cos# t
16
4 sin# t
4
x#
16
9. x sin t, y cos 2t, 12 t
y#
4
8. x 4 sin t, y 5 cos t, 0 t 21
1
1
2
y cos 2t 1 2sin# t y 1 2x2
11. x t2 , y t6 2t4 , _ t _
2 3
2 2
y at b 2at b y x3 2x2
13. x t, y 1 t# , 1 t 0
y 1 x#
16 sin# t
16
25 cos# t
25
x#
16
y#
#5
10. x 1 sin t, y cos t 2, 0 t 1

sin# t cos# t 1 ax 1b# ay 2b# 1
12. x
t
t1,
x
x1
t2
t1,
1 t 1
2x
2x 1
14. x t 1, y t, t 0
y# t x y# 1, y 0
Section 11.1 Parametrizations of Plane Curves

15. x sec# t 1, y tan t, 1# t
sec# t 1 tan# t x y#
1
#
16. x sec t, y tan t, 1# t
1
#
#
sec# t tan# t 1 x# y 1
17. x cosh t, y sinh t, _ 1 _

cosh# t sinh# t 1 x# y# 1
18. x 2 sinh t, y 2 cosh t, _ t _

4 cosh# t 4 sinh# t 4 y# x# 4
19. (a) x a cos t, y a sin t, 0 t 21
20. (a) x a sin t, y b cos t,
(b) x a cos t, y a sin t, 0 t 21

(c) x a cos t, y a sin t, 0 t 41
(d) x a cos t, y a sin t, 0 t 41
649
1
#
51
#
(b) x a cos t, y b sin t, 0 t 21

(c) x a sin t, y b cos t, 1# t 9#1
(d) x a cos t, y b sin t, 0 t 41
21. Using a" $b we create the parametric equations x " at and y $ bt, representing a line which goes
through a" $b at t !. We determine a and b so that the line goes through a% "b when t ".
Since % " a a &. Since " $ b b %. Therefore, one possible parameterization is x " &t,
y $ %t, 0 t ".
22. Using a" $b we create the parametric equations x " at and y $ bt, representing a line which goes through
a" $b at t !. We determine a and b so that the line goes through a$ #b when t ". Since $ " a a %.
Since # $ b b &. Therefore, one possible parameterization is x " %t, y $ &t, 0 t ".
23. The lower half of the parabola is given by x y# " for y !. Substituting t for y, we obtain one possible
parameterization x t# ", y t, t 0
24. The vertex of the parabola is at a" "b, so the left half of the parabola is given by y x# #x for x ". Substituting
t for x, we obtain one possible parametrization: x t, y t# #t, t ".
25. For simplicity, we assume that x and y are linear functions of t and that the pointax, yb starts at a# $b for t ! and passes
through a" "b at t ". Then x fatb, where fa!b # and fa"b ".
Since slope ??xt "#
"! $, x fatb $t # # $t. Also, y gatb, where ga!b $ and ga"b ".
Since slope
?y
?t
"3
"!
4. y gatb %t $ $ %t.
One possible parameterization is: x # $t, y $ %t, t !.
650
26. For simplicity, we assume that x and y are linear functions of t and that the pointax, yb starts at a" #b for t ! and
passes through a! !b at t ". Then x fatb, where fa!b " and fa"b !.
Since slope
Since slope
?x
?t
?y
?t
! a"b
"!
!#
"!
", x fatb "t a"b " t. Also, y gatb, where ga!b # and ga"b !.
#. y gatb #t # # #t.
One possible parameterization is: x " t, y # #t, t !.

27. Since we only want the top half of a circle, y 0, so let x 2cos t, y 2lsin tl, 0 t 41
28. Since we want x to stay between 3 and 3, let x 3 sin t, then y a3 sin tb2 9sin# t, thus x 3 sin t, y 9sin# t,
0t_
29. x# y# a# 2x 2y
y# t# y# a# y
dy
dx 0
a
1t# and
dy
dy
x
dx y ; let t dx
1att , _ t _
xy t x yt. Substitution yields
30. In terms of ), parametric equations for the circle are x a cos ), y a sin ), 0 ) 21. Since ) as , the arc
length parametrizations are: x a cos as , y a sin as , and 0
s
a
21 0 s 21a is the interval for s.
31. Drop a vertical line from the point ax, yb to the x-axis, then ) is an angle in a right triangle, and from trigonometry we
know that tan ) yx y x tan ). The equation of the line through a0, 2b and a4, 0b is given by y 12 x 2. Thus
x tan ) 12 x 2 x
4
2 tan ) 1
and y
4 tan )
2 tan ) 1
where 0 ) 12 .
32. Drop a vertical line from the point ax, yb to the x-axis, then ) is an angle in a right triangle, and from trigonometry we
know that tan ) yx y x tan ). Since y x y2 x ax tan )b2 x x cot2 ) y cot ) where
0 ) 12 .
33. The equation of the circle is given by ax 2b2 y2 1. Drop a vertical line from the point ax, yb on the circle to the
x-axis, then ) is an angle in a right triangle. So that we can start at a1, 0b and rotate in a clockwise direction, let
x 2 cos ), y sin ), 0 ) 21.
34. Drop a vertical line from the point ax, yb to the x-axis, then ) is an angle in a right triangle, whose height is y and whose
base is x 2. By trigonometry we have tan ) x y 2 y ax 2b tan ). The equation of the circle is given by
x2 y2 1 x2 aax 2btan )b2 1 x2 sec2 ) 4x tan2 ) 4tan2 ) 1 0. Solving for x we obtain
x
4tan2 ) a4tan2 )b2 4 sec2 ) a4tan2 ) 1b

2 sec2 )
4tan2 ) 21 3tan2 )
2 sec2 )
2sin2 ) cos )cos2 ) 3sin2 )
2 2cos2 ) cos )4cos2 ) 3 and y 2 2cos2 ) cos )4cos2 ) 3 2 tan )

2sin ) cos ) sin )4cos2 ) 3. Since we only need to go from a1, 0b to a0, 1b, let
x 2 2cos2 ) cos )4cos2 ) 3, y 2sin ) cos ) sin )4cos2 ) 3, 0 ) tan1 1 .
2
To obtain the upper limit for ), note that x 0 and y 1, using y ax 2b tan ) 1 2 tan ) ) tan1 12 .
35. Extend the vertical line through A to the x-axis and let C be the point of intersection. Then OC AQ x
2
2
and tan t OC
x2 x tan2 t 2 cot t; sin t OA
OA sin2 t ; and (AB)(OA) (AQ)# AB sin2 t x#
#
2
2
2
sin
t
AB sin t tan t AB tan# t . Next y 2 AB sin t y 2 2tansin# tt sin t
2
2 sin# t
tan# t
2 2 cos# t 2 sin# t. Therefore let x 2 cot t and y 2 sin# t, 0 t 1.

36. Arc PF Arc AF since each is the distance rolled and
Arc PF
nFCP Arc PF b(nFCP); ArcaAF )
b
Arc AF a) a) b(nFCP) nFCP
nOCG
1
#
a
b
);
); nOCG nOCP nPCE

nOCP 1# ! . Now nOCP 1 nFCP
1 ba ). Thus nOCG 1 ba )
1 ba )
1
#
1
#
!
! ! 1 ba ) ) 1
1
# )
ab b ) .
Then x OG BG OG PE (a b) cos ) b cos ! (a b) cos ) b cos 1

(a b) cos ) b cos a b b ) . Also y EG CG CE (a b) sin ) b sin !
ab
b
(a b) sin ) b sin 1 a b b ) (a b) sin ) b sin a b b ) . Therefore

x (a b) cos ) b cos a b b ) and y (a b) sin ) b sin a b b ) .
If b 4a , then x a 4a cos )
3a
4
3a
4
3a
4
3a
4
cos )
3a
4
3a
4
3a
4
3a
4
cos 3)
3a
4
cos
a 4a
4a
cos ) 4a (cos ) cos 2) sin ) sin 2))
cos ) a(cos )) acos# ) sin# )b (sin ))(2 sin ) cos ))b

a
2a
#
#
4 cos ) sin ) 4 sin ) cos )
#
$
) cos$ ) 3a
4 (cos )) a1 cos )b a cos );
a
a 4
a
a
3a
a
3a
4 sin ) 4 sin 4a ) 4 sin ) 4 sin 3) 4
cos )
cos
y a
a
4
a
4
a
4
a
4
a
4
cos$ )
sin ) 4a (sin ) cos 2) cos ) sin 2))
sin ) 4a a(sin )) acos# ) sin# )b (cos ))(2 sin ) cos ))b

sin )
sin )
sin )
a
4
3a
4
3a
4
sin ) cos# )
sin ) cos# )
a
4
a
4
#
sin$ )
2a
4
cos# ) sin )
sin$ )
(sin )) a1 sin )b
a
4
sin$ ) a sin$ ).
37. Draw line AM in the figure and note that nAMO is a right
angle since it is an inscribed angle which spans the diameter
of a circle. Then AN# MN# AM# . Now, OA a,
AN
AM
a tan t, and a sin t. Next MN OP
OP# AN# AM# a# tan# t a# sin# t
OP a# tan# t a# sin# t
(a sin t)sec# t 1
x OP sin t
a sin$ t
cos t
#
a sin# t
cos t
#
. In triangle BPO,
a sin t tan t and
y OP cos t a sin t x a sin# t tan t and y a sin# t.
651
652
38. Let the x-axis be the line the wheel rolls along with the y-axis through a low point of the trochoid
(see the accompanying figure).
Let ) denote the angle through which the wheel turns. Then h a) and k a. Next introduce xw yw -axes
parallel to the xy-axes and having their origin at the center C of the wheel. Then xw b cos ! and
yw b sin !, where ! 3#1 ). It follows that xw b cos 3#1 ) b sin ) and yw b sin 3#1 )
b cos ) x h xw a) b sin ) and y k yw a b cos ) are parametric equations of the trochoid.
#
#
#
39. D (x 2)# y "# D# (x 2)# y "# (t 2)# t# "# D# t% 4t
d aD # b
dt
17
4
4t$ 4 0 t 1. The second derivative is always positive for t 0 t 1 gives a local
minimum for D# (and hence D) which is an absolute minimum since it is the only extremum the closest
point on the parabola is (1 1).
#
#
40. D 2 cos t 34 (sin t 0)# D# 2 cos t 34 sin# t
d aD # b
dt
2 2 cos t 34 (2 sin t) 2 sin t cos t (2 sin t) 3 cos t 3# 0 2 sin t 0 or 3 cos t
t 0, 1 or t
1
3
51
3
. Now
d aD b
dt#
6 cos t 3 cos t 6 sin t so that
d aD b
dt#
3
#
(0) 3 relative
#
#
#
#
maximum, d dtaD# b (1) 9 relative maximum, d dtaD# b 13 92 relative minimum, and
d # aD # b 5 1
9# relative minimum. Therefore both t 13 and t 531 give points on the ellipse
dt#
3
the point 34 ! 1 #3 and 1 #3 are the desired points.
41. (a)
(b)
(c)
42. (a)
(b)
(c)
closest to

43.
44. (a)
(b)
(c)
45. (a)
(b)
46. (a)
(b)
653
654
47. (a)
(b)
(c)
48. (a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
11.2 CALCULUS WITH PARAMETRIC CURVES

1. t
1
4
dy
dx t 1
x 2 cos
d# y
dx#
dyw /dt
dx/dt
cot
1
4
1
4
2, y 2 sin
1
4
2;
dx
dt
2 sin t,
dy
dt
2 cos t
1; tangent line is y 2 1 x 2 or y x
dy
dx
dy/dt
dx/dt
w
2 2 ; dy
dt
2 cos t
2 sin t
cot t
csc# t
csc# t
2 sin t
"
2 sin
$t
d# y
dx# t 1
2
2. t "6 x sin 21 6" sin 13

dy
dt
21 sin 21t
tangent line is y
cos$"21t
"
#
dy
dx
21 sin 21t

21 cos 21t
3 x
d# y
dx# tc 1
3
#
tan 21t
, y cos 21 6" cos 13

dy
dx tc 1
tan 21
"
6
"
#
dx
dt
tan
21 cos 21t,
1
3
3;
3
#
or y 3x 2;
dyw
dt
21 sec# 21t
d# y
dx#
21 sec# 21t

21 cos 21t
8
Section 11.2 Calculus With Parametric Curves

1
4
3. t
"# tan t
dyw
dt
1
4
x 4 sin
21
3
dy
dx t 21
4. t
"# tan
dy
dx t 1
4
d# y
dx#
"# sec# t
dyw /dt
dx/dt
1
4
"# sec# t
4 cos t
4 cos t,
dx
dt
2 sin t
dy
dt
dy
dx
dy/dt
dx/dt
2 sin t
4 cos t
d# y
dx# t 1
"
8 cos
$t
2
4
21
3
x cos
3 dx
21
3 # ; dt
3
3 x
#
"# , y 3 cos
3 ; tangent line is y
d# y
dx# t 21
2;
"# ; tangent line is y 2 "# x 22 or y "# x 22 ;
1
4
22, y 2 cos
sin t,
dy
dt
3 sin t
dyw
dt
"# or y 3 x;
dy
dx
3 sin t
sin t
d# y
dx#
0
sin t
5. t
1
4
y
"
#
1
4
,y
"
#
1,
dx
dt
dy
dt
1 x 4" or y x 4" ;
"
#t
dyw
dt
dy
dx
dy/dt
dx/dt
d# y
dx#
4" t$#
1; tangent line is
d# y
dx# t 1
4" t$#
2
dy
dx
sec# t
2 sec# t tan t
"
2 tan t
"
#
cot t
d# y
dx# tc 1
dy
dx tc 1
4
y (1) "# (x 1) or y "# x "# ;
"
# "4
dy
dx t 1
4
dyw /dt
dx/dt
6. t 14 x sec# 14 1 1, y tan 14 1;
1
2 t
dyw
dt
"
#
2 sec# t tan t,
dx
dt
sec# t
dy
dt
cot 14 #" ; tangent line is

d# y
dx#
"# csc# t
"# csc# t
2 sec# t tan t
"4 cot$ t
"
4
7. t
1
6
x sec
sec# t
sec t tan t
1
6
y tan
1
6
dy
dx t 1
csc
1
6
2; tangent line is y
d# y
dx#
dyw /dt
dx/dt
csc t
2
3 ,
"
3
dx
dt
sec t tan t,
dyw
dt
csc t cot t
csc t cot t
sec t tan t
dy
dt
sec# t
"
3
2 x
d# y
dx# t 1
cot$ t
dy
dx
2
3
dy/dt
dx/dt
or y 2x 3 ;
33
8. t 3 x 3 1 2, y 3(3) 3;
3 t3t 1
dyw
dt
dy
dx t3
3 3 1
3(3)
dx
dt
4t,
y 1 1 (x 5) or y x 4;
10. t 1 x 1, y 2;
dx
dt
dy
dt
sin t
1 cos t
d# y
dx#
dy/dt
dx/dt
3
2t3t t1
dyw
dt
t"# ,
4t$
2t
dy
dt
y (2) 1(x 1) or y x 1;
1
3
3
#
(3t)"#
dy
dx
3# (3t) "#
"# (t1) "#
2t3t3t 1
2t1 1
t33t
3"
9. t 1 x 5, y 1;
11. t
dy
dt
2; tangent line is y 3 2[x (2)] or y 2x 1;
3t 3 (t 1) "# 3t 1 3 (3t) "#

#
#
3t
d# y
dx# t3
"# (t 1)"# ,
dx
dt
1
3
sin
dy
dx t 1
3
1
3
1
3
sin 13
1cos 13
dyw
dt
"
t
dy
dx
d# y
dx#
dyw /dt
dx/dt
dy
dx
1
"t
t"#
d# y
dx#
4t$
4t
2t
4t
t#
"
#
t
1
t"#
dy
dx tc1
d# y
dx# tc1
dy
dx t1
t#
(1)# 1; tangent line is
"
#
1; tangent line is
d# y
dx# t1
3
#
dy
, y 1 cos 13 1 #" #" ; dx
dt 1 cos t, dt sin t
#3
" 3 ; tangent line is y "# 3 x 13 #3

#
dy
dx
dy/dt
dx/dt
655
656

13
3
y 3x
1
(1 cos t)#
12. t
1
2
dy
dx t 1
2;
d# y
dx# t 1
dyw
dt
(1 cos t)(cos t) (sin t)(sin t)

(1cos t)#
1
1 cos t
d# y
dx#
dyw /dt
dx/dt
cos t
sin t
1
1 cos
t
1 cos t
4
1
2
x cos
cot
13. t 2 x
0, y 1 sin
1
#
2;
sin t,
dx
dt
0; tangent line is y 2;
13 , y
1
21
1
2
tangent line is y 9x 1;
2;
2
21
dyw
dt
dx
dt
14. t 0 x 0 e0 1, y 1 e0 0;
dyw
dt
dx
dt
2y$ 3t# 4 6y#
csc t
4 at 1 b 3
at 1 b 3
1 et ,
dx
dt
d# y
dx#
4t 0 3x2
dx
dt
4t
6t
6y#
6t 0
dy
dt
dy
dt
e t
a1 e t b 3
t
y#
d# y
dx# t2
4 a2 1 b 3
a2 1 b3
d# y
dx# t0
dx
dt
4t
3x2
; thus
dy
dx
dy/dt
dx/dt
1
a2 1 b 2
a2 1 b 2
9;
e 0
1 e0
at 1 b 2
at 1 b 2
e t
1 et
d# y
dx# t 1
csc t
dy
dx
cot t
dy
dx
dy
dx
csc# t
sin t
d y
dx#
et
dy
dt
1
at 1 b 2
e t
a1 e t b 2
tangent line is y 12 x 12 ;
15. x3 2t# 9 3x2
d# y
dx#
dy
dt
1
, dy
at 1b2 dt
t 1b
4ata
1 b3
cos t
dy
dt
108
e 0
a1 e 0 b 3
yt#
dy
dx t0
21 ;
18
c4t
dy
dx t2
3x2
t(3x2 )
y# (4t)
3x2
4y#
;t2
x3 2(2)# 9 x3 8 9 x3 1 x 1; t 2 2y$ 3(2)# 4

2y$ 16 y$ 8 y 2; therefore
16. x 5 t
at 1b
dy
dt
"
# t
therefore,
dy
dx t4
dy
dt
dy
dt
"#
"
t y
#at
1b
" #y t
#tt 2t
"4
dx
dt
dy
t
y dt
3x"#
y
2t1
2y (t b 1) b 2tt b 1
"
2t b 1
1 b 3x"#
dx
dt
2t 1 1 3x"#
2 y
dy
dt
dy
dt
dx
dt
1
#
; therefore
t 5 t
" #yt
#tat" b
sin t x cos t 2
dy
dx t1
4t 5 t
"
2
3
2ct yb 1 2y
t 1 y
t
dy
dt
dx
dt
t 1
2t1
13x"#
y
2 t 1
yy 4yt 1
2y (t 1) 2tt 1
; yt 1 2ty 4
2y t y
; thus
; t 0 x 2x$# 0 x 1 2x"# 0 x 0; t 0
t sin t 2t y sin t t cos t 2

x
2t 1
dx
dt
dy
dt ;
sin 1 1 cos 1 2
1# cos 1
sin 1 2
dy
dx t0
1 (sin t 2)
thus
dy
dx
41 8
21
0 1
24(0 1) 2(0)0 1
4
dx
dt
" #yt

#t t "2 t
dy
dt
dx
dt
dy
dx
103
9
y0 1 2(0)y 4 y 4; therefore
18. x sin t 2x t
" "#
; y(t 1) t y (t 1) dy
dt # t
t 4 x 5 4 3; t 4 y 3 4 y
cyy c 4yt b 1
dy/dt
dx/dt
3
16
4 t 5 t
; thus
t 1 y " (t 1)"# 2y 2t " y"#

#
#
t 1
dy
dx
3 a "b 2
4a#b#
"# t"#
2" 2a 23 b4& 4
17. x 2x$# t# t
5 t
y
#" #yt& t
;
"t
"
#
dx
dt
dy
dx t2
4(4)
2(0) 1
1 3(0)"#
dx
dt
6
1 x cos t
sin t t cos t 2
c x cos t
1sin
tb2
dx
dt
1 x cos t
sin t2
; t 1 x sin 1 2x 1
4
dy
dt

19. x t3 t, y 2t3 2x t2
dy
dx
2t 2
3t2 1
dy
dx t1
dx
2
dt 3t
2 a1 b 2
1
3 a1 b 2 1
20. t lnax tb, y t et 1
dy
dx
21. A '0
21
t et et
xt1;
1 dx
x t dt
1,
6t2 2 dx
dt 2t
dy
dt
1 x t
t 0 0 lnax 0b x 1
dx
dx
dt 1 dt
a0 b e 0 e 0
dy
dx t0 1 0 1
dy
dt
2a3t2 1b 2t 6t2 2t 2
x t 1,
657
dy
dt
t et et ;
1
2
y dx '0 aa1 cos tbaa1 cos tbdt a2 '0 a1 cos tb2 dt a2 '0 a1 2cos t cos2 tbdt
21
a2 '0 1 2cos t
21
21
1 cos 2t
dt
2
21
a2 '0 23 2cos t 21 cos 2tdt a2 23 t 2sin t 41 sin 2t

21
21
0
a2 a31 0 0b 0 31 a2
22. A '0 x dy '0 at t2 baet bdt u t t2 du a1 2tbdt; dv aet bdt v et
1
et at t2 b '0 et a1 2tbdt u 1 2t du 2dt; dv et dt v et

1
et at t2 b et a1 2tb '0 2et dt et at t2 b et a1 2tb 2et

1
ae1 a0b e1 a1b 2e1 b ae0 a0b e0 a1b 2e0 b 1 3e1 1
23. A 2'1 y dx 2'1 ab sin tbaa sin tbdt 2ab'0 sin2 t dt 2ab'0
0
3
e
1 cos 2t
2
dt ab'0 a1 cos 2tb dt

1
abt 12 sin 2t abaa1 0b !b 1 ab

0
24. (a) x t2 , y t6 , 0 t 1 A '0 y dx '0 at6 b2t dt '0 2t7 dt 14 t8

1
1
4
0
(b) x t3 , y t9 , 0 t 1 A '0 y dx '0 at9 b3t2 dt '0 3t11 dt 14 t12

1
25.
dx
dt
sin t and
dy
dt
1
4
1
4
0
1
4
dy
asin tb# a1 cos tb# 2 2 cos t
1 cos t dx
dt
dt
cos t
2 ' sin# t dt
Length '0 2 2 cos t dt 2 '0 11
cos t (1 cos t) dt
1 cos t
0
1
2 '0
sin t
1 cos t
dt (since sin t 0 on [0 1]); [u 1 cos t du sin t dt; t 0 u 0,
#
t 1 u 2] 2 '0 u"# du 2 2u"# ! 4
2
26.
dx
dt
3t# and
dy
dt
Length '0
'1
27.
dx
dt
3
#
dy
a3t# b# (3t)# 9t% 9t# 3tt# 1 since t 0 on 0 3
3t dx
dt
dt
3tt# 1 dt; u t# 1
3
#
du 3t dt; t 0 u 1, t 3 u 4
u"# du u$# " (8 1) 7
t and
dy
dt
t# a2t 1b at 1b# kt 1k t 1 since 0 t 4

dy
(2t 1)"# dx
dt
dt
Length '0 at 1b dt t2 t a8 4b 12
4
%
!
658
28.

dx
dt
a2t 3b"# and
dy
dt
dy
a2t 3b a1 tb# t# 4t 4 kt 2k t 2
1 t dx
dt
dt
since 0 t 3 Length '0 (t 2) dt t2 2t

3
29.
dx
dt
8t cos t and
dy
dt
dx
dt
dy
a8t cos tb# a8t sin tb# 64t# cos# t 64t# sin# t
8t sin t dx
dt
dt
1
#
k8tk 8t since 0 t
30.
21
#
Length '0
1 2
1#
8t dt c4t# d !
sec t" tan t asec t tan t sec# tb cos t sec t cos t and
1#
#
dy
sin t dx
dt
dt
dy
dt
asec t cos tb# asin tb# sec# t 1 tan# t ktan tk tan t since 0 t
Length '0
1 3
31.
dx
dt
sin t and
dy
dt
tan t dt '0
1 3
1$
dt c ln kcos tkd !
sin t
cos t
"
#
ln
1
3
ln 1 ln 2
dy
asin tb# acos tb# 1 Area ' 21y ds
cos t dx
dt
dt
#
'0 21a2 sin tba1bdt 21 c2t cos td #!1 21[a41 1b a0 1b] 81#
21
32.
dx
dt
t"# and
'0
dy
dt
21 23 t$# t
"
t
'0
21 23 t$# t
#
fatb 21 23 t$# t
33.
dx
dt
'0
281
9
Fatb dt
1 and
dy
dt
"
t
dt
41
3
'0
1
t
Area ' 21x ds
tt# 1 dt; cu t# 1 du 2t dt; t 0 u 1,
'14 231 u du 491 u$# %" 2891
t 3 u 4
Note:
t t" t
dy
t"# dx
dt
dt
1
t
dt is an improper integral but limb fatb exists and is equal to 0, where

t!
. Thus the discontinuity is removable: define Fatb fatb for t 0 and Fa0b 0
.
#
#
2 t# 22 t 3 Area ' 21x ds
# dy
t 2 dx
dt
dt 1 t
'c2 21 t 2 t# 22 t 3 dt; u t# 22 t 3 du 2t 22 dt; t 2 u 1,
t 2 u 9 '1 1u du 23 1u$# "

9
21
3
a27 1b
521
3
' 21y ds '0

dy
34. From Exercise 30, dx
dt
dt tan t Area
#
1$
21 c cos td !
35.
dx
dt
2 and
dy
dt
#
1 3
21 cos t tan t dt 21 '0
13
sin t dt
21 "# (1) 1
2# 1# 5 Area ' 21y ds ' 21at 1b5 dt

dy
1 dx
dt
dt
0
#
"
215 t2 t 315. Check: slant height is 5 Area is 1a1 2b5 315 .

!

36.
dx
dt
h and
659
h# r# Area ' 21y ds ' 21rth# r# dt

dy
r dx
dt
dt
0
#
dy
dt
21rh# r#
'01 t dt 21rh# r# t2 " 1rh# r# .

#
Check: slant height is h# r# Area is
1rh# r# .
37. Let the density be $ 1. Then x cos t t sin t
dx
dt
t cos t, and y sin t t cos t
dy
dt
1
#
(t cos t)# (t sin t)# ktk dt t dt since 0 t

dy
dm 1 ds dx
dt
dt dt
M ' dm '0
12
1#
csin t t cos td !
y
Mx
M
1#
3
18
My
M
3
#
18
1#
ct# sin t 2 sin t 2t cos td !

24
1#
1#
ct# cos t 2 cos t 2t sin td !
12
1
Therefore ax yb 12
1
38. Let the density be $ 1. Then x et cos t
dx
dt
1 2
24
1#
, where we integrated by parts. Therefore,
acos t t sin tb t dt '0
1 2
24
1# .
1#
4
3
2. Next, My '
x dm '0
. The curve's mass is
12
12
12
. Also Mx '
y dm '0 asin t t cos tb t dt '0 t sin t dt '0 t# cos t dt
1#
ccos t t sin td !
3#1
1#
8
t dt
t sin t
31
#
t cos t dt '0
12
t# sin t dt
3, again integrating by parts. Hence
24
1# 2 .
et cos t et sin t, and y et sin t
dy
dt
et sin t et cos t
dy
aet cos t et sin tb# aet sin t et cos tb# dt 2e2t dt 2 et dt.
dm 1 ds dx
dt
dt dt
1
1
The curve's mass is M ' dm '0 2 et dt 2 e1 2 . Also Mx '
y dm '0 aet sin tb 2 et dt
2t
21
'0 2 e2t sin t dt 2 e5 (2 sin t cos t) 2 e5 5" y
Mx
M
2 e21 "
5
5
2 e1 2
e21 "
5 ae1 1b
2t
21
Next My '
x dm '0 aet cos tb 2 et dt '0 2 e2t cos t dt 2 e5 a2 cos t sin tb 2 2e5 25
My
M
1
!
21
2 2e5 52
2 e1 2
21
21
21
52eae1 12b . Therefore ax yb 52eae1 12b 5 eae1 11b .
39. Let the density be $ 1. Then x cos t
dx
dt
sin t, and y t sin t
dy
dt
1 cos t
dy
asin tb# a1 cos tb# dt 2 2 cos t dt. The curve's mass
dm 1 ds dx
dt
dt dt
is M ' dm '0 2 2 cos t dt 2'0 1 cos t dt 2 '0 2 cos# #t dt 2 '0 cos #t dt
1
2 '0 cos #t dt since 0 t 1 0

1
t
#
1
1# 2 2 sin 2t ! 4. Also Mx '
y dm
'0 at sin tb 2 cos #t dt '0 2t cos #t dt '0 2 sin t cos #t dt

1
1
1
2 4 cos 2t 2t sin #t ! 2 "3 cos 3# t cos "# t ! 41
16
3
Next My '
x dm '0 acos tb2 cos #t dt '0 cos t cos #t dt 2 sin 2t
1
4
3
My
M
43
4
"
3
41 16
Mx
3
1
M
4
sin 3# t 1
2 32
3
!
43 .
. Therefore ax yb 3" 1 34 .
40. Let the density be $ 1. Then x t$
dx
dt
3t# , and y
3t#
#
dy
dt
3t dm 1 ds
dy
a3t# b# (3t)# dt 3 ktk t# 1 dt 3tt# 1 dt since 0 t 3. The curve's mass
dx
dt
dt dt
is M ' dm '0
9
#
'0
$#
3tt# 1 dt at# 1b
t$ t# 1 dt
87
5
3
!
7. Also Mx '
y dm '0
17.4 (by computer) y
Mx
M
17.4
7
3t#
#
3tt# 1 dt
2.49. Next My '

x dm
660

3
'0 t$ 3t at# 1b dt 3 '0 t% t# 1 dt 16.4849 (by computer) x
My
M
2.35.
16.4849
7
Therefore, ax yb a2.35 2.49b.

2 sin 2t and
dx
dt
41. (a)
Length '0
12
1 cos 1t and
dx
dt
(b)
dy
a2 sin 2tb# a2 cos 2tb# 2
2 cos 2t dx
dt
dt
dy
dt
1#
2 dt c2td !
dy
a1 cos 1tb# a1 sin 1tb# 1
1 sin 1t dx
dt
dt
dy
dt
Length '12 1 dt c1td "# 1

1 2
"#
42. (a) x gayb has the parametrization x gayb and y y for c y d
dx
dy
gw ayb and
dy
dy
1; then
dx
dx
'
' 1 [gw ayb]# dy
Length 'c dy
dy dy dy c 1 dy dy c
#
(b) x y32 , 0 y
3 2
8
27 a4b
4
3
32
8
27 a1b
(c) x 32 y23 , 0 y 1
lim
3
2
a 0
32 y12 L '0
4 3
dx
dy
56
27
dx
dy
1 32 y12 # dy '
3 1
1
23
2
2 3 1
3 2
2 sin )b,
dy
dx
)0
(b) x 1 2 sin 1# cos 1# 0, y 1 2 sin 1# sin 1# 3;
y 1 2 sin 431 sin 431
45.
or t
31
2
(a) the maximum slope is
dy
dx
(a) the minimum slope is
dy
dx
dx
dt
cos t and
dy
dt
dx
dt
1,
d2 y
dx2
t12
2 3
2cos ) sin ) cos )a1 2 sin )b
01
20
2 sin2 1# cos 1#
2 cos2 1# sin 1#
3 3
2
dy
dx
)41/3
1
2
00
2 1
2 sin2 431 cos 431

2 cos2 431 sin 431
dy
dt
sin t
dy
dx
sin t
1
sin t
dy
dx ,
cos t
d2 y
dx2
cos t. The
cos t
1
in other words, points where
d2 y
dx2

312
1 2
sin 321 1, which occurs at x
dy
dx
2 cos# t 1 0 cos t
2
# 1
d dy
dt dx
sin 12 1, which occurs at x 12 , y 1 cos 12 1
t312
2 cos 2t
y sin 2 14 1
dy
d)
2 sina2a0bb cosa0b
2 cosa2a0bb sina0b
dy
dx
)1/2
maximum and minimum slope will occur at points that maximize/minimize

cos t 0 t
2 3
a 0
4 33
44. x t, y 1 cos t, 0 t 21
1
2
'a1 y y 1 dy
dy lim
(a) x a1 2 sina0bbcosa0b 1, y a1 2 sina0bbsina0b 0;
3 1
2 ,
3 2
32
lim 32 23 y23 1 lim a2b32 a23 1 22 1
a 0
a 0
dx
2
d) 2cos ) sin )a1
4cos ) sin ) cos )
2 sin 2) cos )
2cos2 ) 2sin2 ) sin ) 2 cos 2) sin )
(c) x 1 2 sin 431 cos 431
1
y23
4 3
'a1 y23 112 23 y13 dy
2cos ) sin ) cos )a1 2 sin )b

2cos2 ) sin )a1 2 sin )b
32
1 94 y dy 49 23 1 94 y
#
y13 L '0 1 ay13 b dy '0 1
43. x a1 2 sin )bcos ), y a1 2 sin )bsin )

dy
dx
43
dy/dt
dx/dt
"
2
2 cos 2t
cos t
1
4
31
4
2 a2 cos# t 1b
cos t
51
4
71
4
; then
31
2 ,
dy
dx
y 1 cos 321 1
2 a2 cos# t 1b
cos t
. In the 1st quadrant: t
1
4
x sin
1
4
2
#
is the point where the tangent line is horizontal. At the origin: x 0 and y 0
and

sin t 0 t 0 or t 1 and sin 2t 0 t 0,
the origin. Tangents at origin:
46.
dx
dt
dy
dx
2 cos 2t and
dy
dt
3 cos 3t
3 ca2 cos# t 1b (cos t) 2 sin t cos t sin td

2 a2 cos# t 1b
(3 cos t) a4 cos# t3b
2 a2 cos# t 1b
2 y 2x and
dy
dx t0
dy
dx
dy/dt
dx/dt
and y sin 3 16 1
3(cos 2t cos t sin 2t sin t)

2 a2 cos# t1b
(3 cos t) a2 cos# t 1 2 sin# tb

2 a2 cos# t 1b
3
#
3
# 1
1
6
51
6
(3 cos t) a4 cos# t 3b
2 a2 cos# t 1b
; then
71
6
111
6
. In the 1st quadrant: t
1
6
1
#
31
#
and
x sin 2 16
3
#
is the point where the graph has a horizontal tangent. At the origin: x 0
and y 0 sin 2t 0 and sin 3t 0 t 0,
1
#
, 1,
the tangent lines at the origin. Tangents at the origin:

3 cos (31)
2 cos (21)
3 cos 3t
2 cos 2t
1 give the tangent lines at
0 3 cos t 0 or 4 cos# t 3 0: 3 cos t 0 t
4 cos# t 3 0 cos t
1
31
# , 1, # ; thus t 0 and t
dy
dx t1 2 y 2x
661
31
#
and t 0,
dy
dx t0
3 cos 0
2 cos 0
1
3
21
3
, 1,
41
3
51
3
3
#
x, and
t 0 and t 1 give
3
#
dy
dt
a sin t Length
dy
dx t1
3# y 3# x
47. (a) x aat sin tb, y aa1 cos tb, 0 t 21
dx
dt
aa1 cos tb,
'0 aaa1 cos tbb# aa sin tb# dt '0 a# 2a# cos t a# cos# t a# sin# t dt
21
21
a2'0 1 cos t dt a2'0 2 sin2 2t dt 2a'0 sin 2t dt 4a cos 2t

21
21
21
21
4a cos 1 4a cosa0b 8a

(b) a 1 x t sin t, y 1 cos t, 0 t 21
dx
dt
21
1 cos t,
dy
dt
sin t Surface area
'0 21a1 cos tba1 cos tb# asin tb# dt '0 21a1 cos tb1 2 cos t cos# t sin# t dt
21
3 2
21'0 a1 cos tb2 2 cos t dt 221'0 a1 cos tb32 dt 221'0 1 cos 2 2t dt
21
21
21
3 2
221'0 2 sin2 2t dt 81'0 sin3 2t dt
21
21
t
2
du 12 dt dt 2 du; t 0 u 0, t 21 u 1
161'0 sin3 u du 161'0 sin2 u sin u du 161'0 a1 cos2 u bsin u du 161'0 sin u du 161'0 cos2 u sin u du
1
161cos u
1
161
3
3 cos u0
161
161
3
161
161
3
641
3
48. x t sin t, y 1 cos t, 0 t 21; Volume '0 1 y2 dx '0 1a1 cos tb2 a1 cos tbdt
21
21
2t
1'0 a1 3cos t 3cos2 t cos3 tbdt 1'0 1 3cos t 3 1 cos
cos2 t cos tdt
2
21
21
1'0 52 3cos t 32 cos 2t a1 sin2 tb cos tdt 1'0 52 4cos t 32 cos 2t sin2 t cos tdt
21
21
21
1 52 t 4sin t 34 sin 2t 31 sin3 t
1a51 0 0 0b 0 512
47-50. Example CAS commands:

Maple:
with( plots );
with( student );
x := t -> t^3/3;
y := t -> t^2/2;
a := 0;
b := 1;
N := [2, 4, 8 ];
for n in N do
662

tt := [seq( a+i*(b-a)/n, i=0..n )];
pts := [seq([x(t),y(t)],t=tt)];
L := simplify(add( student[distance](pts[i+1],pts[i]), i=1..n ));
# (b)
T := sprintf("#47(a) (Section 11.2)\nn=%3d L=%8.5f\n", n, L );
P[n] := plot( [[x(t),y(t),t=a..b],pts], title=T ):
# (a)
end do:
display( [seq(P[n],n=N)], insequence=true );
ds := t ->sqrt( simplify(D(x)(t)^2 + D(y)(t)^2) ):
# (c)
L := Int( ds(t), t=a..b ):
L = evalf(L);
11.3 POLAR COORDINATES

1. a, e; b, g; c, h; d, f
2. a, f; b, h; c, g; d, e
3. (a) 2 1# 2n1 and 2 1# (2n 1)1 , n an integer
(b) (# 2n1) and (# (2n 1)1), n an integer

(c) 2 3#1 2n1 and 2 3#1 (2n 1)1 , n an integer
(d) (# (2n 1)1) and (# 2n1), n an integer
4. (a) 3 14 2n1 and 3 541 2n1 , n an integer

(b) 3 14 2n1 and 3 541 2n1 , n an integer
(c) 3 14 2n1 and 3 341 2n1 , n an integer
(d) 3 14 2n1 and 3 341 2n1 , n an integer
5. (a) x r cos ) 3 cos 0 3, y r sin ) 3 sin 0 0 Cartesian coordinates are ($ 0)

(b) x r cos ) 3 cos 0 3, y r sin ) 3 sin 0 0 Cartesian coordinates are ($ 0)
(c) x r cos ) 2 cos 21 1, y r sin ) 2 sin 21 3 Cartesian coordinates are 1 3
3
(d) x r cos ) 2 cos
71
3
1, y r sin ) 2 sin
71
3
3 Cartesian coordinates are 1 3
(e) x r cos ) 3 cos 1 3, y r sin ) 3 sin 1 0 Cartesian coordinates are (3 0)

(f) x r cos ) 2 cos 1 1, y r sin ) 2 sin 1 3 Cartesian coordinates are 1 3
3
(g) x r cos ) 3 cos 21 3, y r sin ) 3 sin 21 0 Cartesian coordinates are (3 0)
(h) x r cos ) 2 cos 1 1, y r sin ) 2 sin 1 3 Cartesian coordinates are 1 3
3
6. (a) x 2 cos
1
4
1, y 2 sin
1
4
1 Cartesian coordinates are (1 1)
(b) x 1 cos 0 1, y 1 sin 0 0 Cartesian coordinates are (1 0)

(c) x 0 cos 1# 0, y 0 sin 1# 0 Cartesian coordinates are (! 0)
(d) x 2 cos 1 1, y 2 sin 1 1 Cartesian coordinates are (1 1)
4
(e) x 3 cos
51
6
3 3
2
, y 3 sin
51
6
3# Cartesian coordinates are 3 # 3 3#
(f) x 5 cos tan" 43 3, y 5 sin tan" 43 4 Cartesian coordinates are ($ 4)
Section 11.3 Polar Coordinates
663
(g) x 1 cos 71 1, y 1 sin 71 0 Cartesian coordinates are (1 0)

(h) x 23 cos 231 3, y 23 sin 231 3 Cartesian coordinates are 3 3
7. (a) a1, 1b r 12 12 2, sin )
1
2
and cos )
1
2
1
4
Polar coordinates are 2, 14
(b) a3, 0b r a3b2 02 3, sin ) 0 and cos ) 1 ) 1 Polar coordinates are a3, 1b
2
(c) 3, 1 r 3 a1b2 2, sin ) 12 and cos )

(d) a3, 4b r a3b2 42 5, sin )
4
5
3
2
111
6
Polar coordinates are 2,
111
6
and cos ) 35 ) 1 arctan 43 Polar coordinates are
5, 1 arctan 43
8. (a) a2, 2b r a2b2 a2b2 22, sin ) 12 and cos ) 12 ) 341 Polar coordinates are
22, 341
(b) a0, 3b r 02 32 3, sin ) 1 and cos ) 0 )
2
(c) 3, 1 r 3 12 2, sin )
1
2
1
2
and cos )
(d) a5, 12b r 52 a12b2 13, sin ) 12

13 and cos )
5
12
3
2
51
6
Polar coordinates are 2,
51
6
) arctan 12
5 Polar coordinates are
13, arctan 12
5
9. (a) a3, 3b r 32 32 32, sin ) 1 and cos ) 1 )
2
2
32,
51
4
Polar coordinates are
51
4
(b) a1, 0b r a1b2 02 1, sin ) 0 and cos ) 1 ) 0 Polar coordinates are a1, 0b
2
(c) 1, 3 r a1b2 3 2, sin )

2,
3
2
and cos )
1
2
51
3
Polar coordinates are
51
3
(d) a4, 3b r 42 a3b2 5, sin )
3
5
and cos ) 45 ) 1 arctan 34 Polar coordinates are
5, 1 arctan 43
10. (a) a2, 0b r a2b2 02 2, sin ) 0 and cos ) 1 ) 0 Polar coordinates are a2, 0b
(b) a1, 0b r 12 02 1, sin ) 0 and cos ) 1 ) 1 or ) 1 Polar coordinates are a1, 1b or
a1, 1b
(c) a0, 3b r 02 a3b2 3, sin ) 1 and cos ) 0 )
(d)
3 1
2 , 2
are 1,
r
71
6
3 2
2
12 1, sin ) 12 and cos )
1
2
3
2
71
6
or ) 561 Polar coordinates
or 1, 561
664
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
Section 11.3 Polar Coordinates
665
26.
27. r cos ) 2 x 2, vertical line through (# 0)
28. r sin ) 1 y 1, horizontal line through (0 1)
29. r sin ) 0 y 0, the x-axis
30. r cos ) 0 x 0, the y-axis
31. r 4 csc ) r
4
sin )
32. r 3 sec ) r
r sin ) 4 y 4, a horizontal line through (0 4)
3
cos )
r cos ) 3 x 3, a vertical line through (3 0)
33. r cos ) r sin ) 1 x y 1, line with slope m 1 and intercept b 1

34. r sin ) r cos ) y x, line with slope m 1 and intercept b 0
35. r# 1 x# y# 1, circle with center C (! 0) and radius 1
36. r# 4r sin ) x# y# 4y x# y# 4y 4 4 x# (y 2)# 4, circle with center C (0 2) and radius 2
37. r
5
sin )2 cos )
r sin ) 2r cos ) 5 y 2x 5, line with slope m 2 and intercept b 5
38. r# sin 2) 2 2r# sin ) cos ) 2 (r sin ))(r cos )) 1 xy 1, hyperbola with focal axis y x
) "
39. r cot ) csc ) cos
r sin# ) cos ) r# sin# ) r cos ) y# x, parabola with vertex (0 0)
sin )
sin )
which opens to the right

sin )
40. r 4 tan ) sec ) r 4 cos
r cos# ) 4 sin ) r# cos# ) 4r sin ) x# 4y, parabola with
#)
vertex (! 0) which opens upward
41. r (csc )) er cos ) r sin ) er cos ) y ex , graph of the natural exponential function
42. r sin ) ln r ln cos ) ln (r cos )) y ln x, graph of the natural logarithm function
43. r# 2r# cos ) sin ) 1 x# y# 2xy 1 x# 2xy y# 1 (x y)# 1 x y 1, two parallel
straight lines of slope 1 and y-intercepts b 1
44. cos# ) sin# ) r# cos# ) r# sin# ) x# y# kxk kyk x y, two perpendicular
lines through the origin with slopes 1 and 1, respectively.
45. r# 4r cos ) x# y# 4x x# 4x y# 0 x# 4x 4 y# 4 (x 2)# y# 4, a circle with
center C(2 0) and radius 2
666
46. r# 6r sin ) x# y# 6y x# y# 6y 0 x# y# 6y 9 9 x# (y 3)# 9, a circle with

center C(0 3) and radius 3
47. r 8 sin ) r# 8r sin ) x# y# 8y x# y# 8y 0 x# y# 8y 16 16 x# (y 4)# 16, a
circle with center C(0 4) and radius 4
48. r 3 cos ) r# 3r cos ) x# y# 3x x# y# 3x 0 x# 3x
#
x 3# y#
9
4
, a circle with center C 3# ! and radius
9
4
y#
9
4
3
#
49. r 2 cos ) 2 sin ) r# 2r cos ) 2r sin ) x# y# 2x 2y x# 2x y# 2y 0

(x 1)# (y 1)# 2, a circle with center C(1 1) and radius 2
50. r 2 cos ) sin ) r# 2r cos ) r sin ) x# y# 2x y x# 2x y# y 0
#
(x 1)# y "# 54 , a circle with center C 1 "# and radius
5
#
51. r sin ) 16 2 r sin ) cos 16 cos ) sin 16 2 #3 r sin ) "# r cos ) 2

3 y x 4, line with slope m " and intercept b 4
3
3
#
52. r sin 231 ) 5 r sin 231 cos ) cos 231 sin ) 5 #3 r cos ) "# r sin ) 5
3 x y 10, line with slope m 3 and intercept b 10
53. x 7 r cos ) 7
55. x y r cos ) r sin ) )
y "# x 2
3
#
x "# y 5
54. y 1 r sin ) 1
1
4
56. x y 3 r cos ) r sin ) 3
57. x# y# 4 r# 4 r 2 or r 2
58. x# y# 1 r# cos# ) r# sin# ) 1 r# acos# ) sin# )b 1 r# cos 2) 1
59.
x#
9
y#
4
1 4x# 9y# 36 4r# cos# ) 9r# sin# ) 36
60. xy 2 (r cos ))(r sin )) 2 r# cos ) sin ) 2 2r# cos ) sin ) 4 r# sin 2) 4
61. y# 4x r# sin# ) 4r cos ) r sin# ) 4 cos )
62. x# xy y# 1 x# y# xy 1 r# r# sin ) cos ) 1 r# (1 sin ) cos )) 1
63. x# (y 2)# 4 x# y# 4y 4 4 x# y# 4y r# 4r sin ) r 4 sin )
64. (x 5)# y# 25 x# 10x 25 y# 25 x# y# 10x r# 10r cos ) r 10 cos )
65. (x 3)# (y 1)# 4 x# 6x 9 y# 2y 1 4 x# y# 6x 2y 6 r# 6r cos ) 2r sin ) 6
66. (x 2)# (y 5)# 16 x# 4x 4 y# 10y 25 16 x# y# 4x 10y 13
r# 4r cos ) 10r sin ) 13
Section 11.4 Graphing in Polar Coordinates

67. (! )) where ) is any angle
68. (a) x a r cos ) a r
(b) y b r sin ) b r
a
cos )
b
sin )
r a sec )
r b csc )
11.4 GRAPHING IN POLAR COORDINATES

1. 1 cos ()) 1 cos ) r symmetric about the
x-axis; 1 cos ()) r and 1 cos (1 ))
1 cos ) r not symmetric about the y-axis;
therefore not symmetric about the origin
2. 2 2 cos ()) 2 2 cos ) r symmetric about the

x-axis; 2 # cos ()) r and 2 2 cos (1 ))
2 2 cos ) r not symmetric about the y-axis;
therefore not symmetric about the origin
3. 1 sin ()) 1 sin ) r and 1 sin (1 ))

1 sin ) r not symmetric about the x-axis;
1 sin (1 )) 1 sin ) r symmetric about
the y-axis; therefore not symmetric about the origin
4. 1 sin ()) 1 sin ) r and 1 sin (1 ))

1 sin ) r not symmetric about the x-axis;
1 sin (1 )) 1 sin ) r symmetric about the
y-axis; therefore not symmetric about the origin
667

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CHAPTER 11 PARAMETRIC EQUATIONS AND

5. x cos 2t, y sin 2t, 0 t 1

6. x cos (1 t), y sin (1 t), 0 t 1

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Chapter 11 Parametric Equations and Polar Coordinates

9. x sin t, y cos 2t, 12 t

y cos 2t 1 2sin# t y 1 2x2

10. x 1 sin t, y cos t 2, 0 t 1

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Section 11.1 Parametrizations of Plane Curves

16. x sec t, y tan t, 1# t

17. x cosh t, y sinh t, _ 1 _

18. x 2 sinh t, y 2 cosh t, _ t _

19. (a) x a cos t, y a sin t, 0 t 21

20. (a) x a sin t, y b cos t,

(b) x a cos t, y a sin t, 0 t 21

(b) x a cos t, y b sin t, 0 t 21

4. y gatb %t $ $ %t.

One possible parameterization is: x # $t, y $ %t, t !.

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Chapter 11 Parametric Equations and Polar Coordinates

One possible parameterization is: x " t, y # #t, t !.

xy t x yt. Substitution yields

21 0 s 21a is the interval for s.

4tan2 ) a4tan2 )b2 4 sec2 ) a4tan2 ) 1b

2sin2 ) cos )cos2 ) 3sin2 )

2 2cos2 ) cos )4cos2 ) 3 and y 2 2cos2 ) cos )4cos2 ) 3 2 tan )

2 2 cos# t 2 sin# t. Therefore let x 2 cot t and y 2 sin# t, 0 t 1.

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Section 11.1 Parametrizations of Plane Curves

); nOCG nOCP nPCE

Then x OG BG OG PE (a b) cos ) b cos ! (a b) cos ) b cos 1

(a b) sin ) b sin 1 a b b ) (a b) sin ) b sin a b b ) . Therefore

cos ) 4a (cos ) cos 2) sin ) sin 2))

cos ) a(cos )) acos# ) sin# )b (sin ))(2 sin ) cos ))b

sin ) 4a (sin ) cos 2) cos ) sin 2))

sin ) 4a a(sin )) acos# ) sin# )b (cos ))(2 sin ) cos ))b

a sin t tan t and

y OP cos t a sin t x a sin# t tan t and y a sin# t.

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Chapter 11 Parametric Equations and Polar Coordinates

b cos ) x h xw a) b sin ) and y k yw a b cos ) are parametric equations of the trochoid.

4t$ 4 0 t 1. The second derivative is always positive for t 0 t 1 gives a local

6 cos t 3 cos t 6 sin t so that

the point 34 ! 1 #3 and 1 #3 are the desired points.

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Section 11.1 Parametrizations of Plane Curves

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Chapter 11 Parametric Equations and Polar Coordinates

11.2 CALCULUS WITH PARAMETRIC CURVES

1; tangent line is y 2 1 x 2 or y x

2. t "6 x sin 21 6" sin 13

21 sin 21t

21 sin 21t

, y cos 21 6" cos 13

21 sec# 21t

21 sec# 21t

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Section 11.2 Calculus With Parametric Curves

"# ; tangent line is y 2 "# x 22 or y "# x 22 ;

y (1) "# (x 1) or y "# x "# ;

6. t 14 x sec# 14 1 1, y tan 14 1;

cot 14 #" ; tangent line is