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Atom Structure and Chemical Reactions Guide

This document provides information on the structure of atoms, chemical formulae and equations, the periodic table, chemical bonding, rates of reaction, carbon compounds, redox reactions, acids and bases, salts, alloys, carbon compounds, and chemicals for consumers. It discusses topics such as the electronic structure of atoms, writing chemical equations, periodic trends, ionic and covalent bonding, factors affecting reaction rates, hydrocarbon functional groups and reactions, oxidation-reduction reactions, acid-base theories, salt properties and analyses, alloy uses and glass types, and functions of soap, detergents, food additives, and medicines.

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Cherry T CY
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526 views16 pages

Atom Structure and Chemical Reactions Guide

This document provides information on the structure of atoms, chemical formulae and equations, the periodic table, chemical bonding, rates of reaction, carbon compounds, redox reactions, acids and bases, salts, alloys, carbon compounds, and chemicals for consumers. It discusses topics such as the electronic structure of atoms, writing chemical equations, periodic trends, ionic and covalent bonding, factors affecting reaction rates, hydrocarbon functional groups and reactions, oxidation-reduction reactions, acid-base theories, salt properties and analyses, alloy uses and glass types, and functions of soap, detergents, food additives, and medicines.

Uploaded by

Cherry T CY
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
  • The Structure of an Atom: Discusses the fundamental structure of atoms, isotopes, and electronic structure.
  • Chemical Formulae and Equations: Explains the chemical formulae, equations, and reactions, with focus on ionic and covalent bonds.
  • Acids and Bases: Covers the properties and reaction behaviors of acids and bases, including pH considerations.
  • Industry and Chemical Applications: Details industrial uses of chemicals, including synthesis processes and effects on materials.
  • Rate of Reaction: Examines factors affecting chemical reaction rates and introduces Collision Theory.
  • Redox Reactions: Explores oxidation-reduction reactions and their balancing with detailed examples.
  • Endothermic and Exothermic Reactions: Explains energy changes in reactions, including the concepts of endothermic and exothermic processes.
  • Chemical Effects and Consumers: Discusses practical applications of chemical reactions for consumers, including soap and detergents.

Chapter 2 The Structure of an atom

Atom , Molecule,
Ion
Structure of an atom

Standard
representation

Isotope

Electronic structure

Chapter 3 Chemical Formulae and Equations


Mol
Number of
Particles

Mass of
substance

Volume of
gas

Chemical
formulae
Cations
Mg2+

Anions
Cl

Ionic compound

Chemical equation
Combustion of magnesium
Reaction between Hydrogen gas and
copper (II) oxide
Combustion of ethanol
Displacement of metal
Displacement of halogen

Periodic Table of
Elements

Proton
number

Atomic size

Melting point and


Boiling Point

Group 1
Group 17
Period 3

Transition metal

Special characteristics
1.

Example

2.
3.
4.

Properties of metal oxide in Period 3

Chemical bond
Atoms are bonded together to

Reactivity

.
Ionic bond
metal

Non metal

Example

Non metal

Covalent bond
Non metal

Example

Compare and contrast the properties of


Ionic compound
Covalent compound

Electrochemistry
Electrolysis
Electrical chemical

3 factors :
At cathode

At anode

Molten Lead (II)


Bromide

Application
Extraction of metal

Copper (II) sulphate


solution, carbon
electrode
Copper (II) sulphate
solution, copper
electrode

Purification of metal /
electroplating

0.001 moldm-3
hydrochloric acid
0.5 moldm-3
hydrochloric acid

Voltaic cell
Chemical cell electrical cell
Copper - silver

Copper - magnesium

At negative terminal:

At negative terminal :

At positive terminal :

At positive terminal :

Construct the ECS


Arrange the three metals in increasing order of electropositivity Explain.

Acids and Bases


Acid

Alkali

Strong acid -PH

Strong Alkali-pH

Weak acid- pH

Weak alkali- pH

Chemical Properties
Acid

Alkali

Concentration and Molarity

Neutralization

Titration Method

Salts
Synthesizing salts
Soluble

Soluble

Insoluble salt

Na+ / K+ / NH4+

Other salt

Qualitative Analysis of Salt


Cation

Anions

Na+ ,Fe2+ ,Ca2+ ,Fe3+ ,Mg2+ ,Pb2+ ,


Al3+ ,Cu2+ ,Zn2+ ,NH4+

CO32- , SO42-,
NO3-, Cl-

Effect of Heat on carbonate salt

Effect of heat on nitrate salt

Manufactured Substances In Industry


Sulphuric Acid
Manufacture of sulphuric acid

Uses of sulphuric acid

Environmental problem

Ammonia
Manufacture of Ammonia

Uses of ammonia

Production of fertilizer ( ammonium


sulphate

Alloys
Type of alloy and its uses

Aim of alloying

Type of glass

Main component

Characteristics

Function

Soda lime,glass
Lead crystal glass
Borosilicate glass
Fused silicate glass

Rate of reaction : -

Average rate of reaction =

Instantaneous Rate of reaction at T2 =

Explain the effects of 4 factors by using Collision Theory

Presence of catalyst

Higher Temperature of
reactants

Smaller Size of
reactants

Higher Concentration
of reactants

4 factors affecting rate of reaction


(A) Size of reactants / Total surface area of
reactants

(B) Temperature of reactants

(C) Concentration of reactants

(D) Presence of catalyst

Carbon compound

Homologous
Series
Alkane
Alkene
Alcohol
Carboxylic acid

General Formula

Functional Group

Member with 2C

Chemical
Properties

Ester

Ethane

Ethene
Hydration
V

II

Ethanol

H2O (steam), 3000C,


60atm, phosphoric
acid

III

IV

Ethyl ethanoate

Ethanoic acid
Write the equations involved
I
II
III
IV
V

Difference between alkane and alkene


ALKANE CnH2n+2

ALKENE CnH2n

Saturated hydrocarbon

Unsaturated hydrocarbon

Example : hexane, _______

Example : hexene, _______

Reaction with bromine water, Br2 ( uv rays)

Reaction with bromine water, Br2


Brown

Eq :

Eq :
Reaction with acidified potassium

manganate(VII) solution
No visible change

Purple ________
Eq :

burns with a yellow sooty flame

burns with a yellow _____sooty flame

Eq:

because
__________________________________
_______________
Eq :

Redox reaction
Redox reaction
Oxidation

Reduction
Transfer of oxygen
Transfer of hydrogen
Oxidation number
Transfer of electron

Example of redox reaction


(A) change of iron (II) ions to iron (III) ions and vice versa

Observation :
Half equation :
1)
2)

Ionic equation :

Change of iron (III) ions to iron (II) ions

Observation :
Half equation :
1)
2)

Ionic equation :

(B) Displacement of metal from its salt solution

Observation :
Half equation :
1)
2)

Ionic equation :

(C) Displacement of halogen from its halide solution

Observation :
Half equation :
1)
2)

(D) Transfer of electrons at a distance

Ionic equation :

Observation :
Half equation :
1)
2)

Ionic equation :

OXIDIZIN
G
AGENTS

OBSERVATION

REDUCIN
G
AGENTS

KmnO4

MnO4 - + 8 H+ + 5e Mn2+ +
4H2O

Cl

OBSERVATION

Colourless pale yellow

Purple colourless
K2Cr2O7

Cr2O72- + 14H+ + 6e 2Cr3+ +


2H2O

Br

Colourless orange

Orange green
Cl

Pale yellow colourless


Br

Colourless yellow
Fe

Orange colourless

3+

Yellow pale green

Thermochemistry
Usually chemical reaction involved bond breaking ( __requires energy____) and bond
formation (___releases energy_____) .
Application of exothermic and endothermic reaction.
Cold pack

Help to reduce high temperature and


swelling

Hot pack

Help to warm up something, lessen


pain.

Endothermic reaction

Is a chemical reaction that ____________________ from the surrounding, causing the


temperature of surrounding to ____________ .

Total energy contained in the products is ______________ than of the reactant.

Example:
Dissolving (water)
ammonium chloride,
ammonium nitrate,

NH4+ + NO3-

ammonium sulphate.
Dissolving of hydrated salt
Copper sulphate (5)
Sodium carbonate
Thermal decomposition of salts
Nitrates salt and carbonate
salt( copper/Ca)

Exothermic reaction
Definition

CaO +
NO2+

Heat of
displacement

The heat change when one mole of a ____________ is


_______________ from its _________________ by __________________

Heat of
precipitation

The heat change when one mole of a ________________ is formed


from _________________ in _________________________

Heat of
neutralization

The heat change when one mole of ____________ is formed from


the reaction ______________ and _____________.

Heat of
combustion

The heat change when one mole of a ____________ is


___________________ under standard conditions.

Chemical for Consumers


Soap and Detergent
Saponification

Cleansing action of soap

Effectiveness of soap and detergent in hard


water

Food Additives

Examples

Function

Side effects on health

Medicines

Examples

Function

Side effects on health

Chapter 2 The Structure of an atom Atom , Molecule, Ion Structure of an atom Standard representation Isotope Electronic s
Chapter 3 Chemical Formulae and Equations Mol Number of Particles Mass of substance Volume of gas Chemical formulae Cati
Proton number Atomic size Melting point and Boiling Point Reactivity Group 1 Group 17 Period 3 Special characteristics Exam
……………………………………………………………………. Ionic bond Covalent bond metal Non metal Non metal Non metal Example Example Compare and contrast
3 factors : At cathode At anode Application Molten Lead (II) Bromide Extraction of metal Copper (II) sulphate solution, ca
Strong acid -PH Strong Alkali-pH Weak acid- pH Weak alkali- pH Chemical Properties Acid Alkali Concentration and Molarity N
Na+ / K+ / NH4 + Other salt Qualitative Analysis of Salt Cation Anions Na+ ,Fe2+ ,Ca2+ ,Fe3+ ,Mg2+ ,Pb2+ , Al3+ ,Cu2+ ,Zn2+
Ammonia Manufacture of Ammonia Uses of ammonia Production of fertilizer ( ammonium sulphate Alloys Type of alloy and its us
Presence of catalyst Higher Temperature of reactants Smaller Size of reactants Higher Concentration of reactants 4 factors
Ester Difference between alkane and alkene ALKANE CnH2n+2 ALKENE CnH2n Saturated hydrocarbon Unsaturated hydrocarbon Example

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