Professional Documents
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0323869
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TABLE OF CONTENT
No
.
Title
Page
2.0 Objectives
3.0 Brick
3.1 Brickwork
3.2 Materials
3.2.1 Brick
3.2.2 Mortar
3.2.3 Types of wall
34
45
5
67
89
10 - 11
12
2.0 Objectives
3.0 Brick
3.1 Brickwork
First and foremost, Brickwork refers to the process of stacking bricks evenly with
mortar to hold both of them together. Normally, we will lay bricks in rows, or commonly
known as the term courses, to form a basic brick wall or building. For every basic house or
any other building, we require a double layer of bricks with a cavity in between. A cavity is
basically a hollow space in between the bricks which serves the purpose to drain water out
through small weep holes at the base of the wall system. We normally use masonry like
bricks, stones and concrete for the two layers, known as skin of the building because they
are absorbent materials. This means that they can absorb humidity of the wall or rainwater
from the outside or inside the house and bring a more cooling environment to the building.
Wall dimension
Besides, each brick is buttered with mortar to form a tight bond between the bricks
which adds strength and stability with each row of bricks. A worker would rely on trowels to
add mortar and even the brick surface and use wet saws to cut the bricks to the desired size
to complete each row.
3.2
Materials
3.2.1
Brick
Brick
often
is
made
Common brick
Types of Bricks
a. Common Brick
These are bricks which are hard to safely carry the loads normally supported by brickwork,
but because they have a dull texture or poor colour they are not in demand for use as facing
bricks which show on the outside when built and affect the appearance of buildings. These
common bricks are used for internal walls and for rear walls which are not usually exposed
to view.
b.
Common brick
Engineering Brick
These
are
bricks
which
have
been
made
from
selected clay, which have been carefully prepared by crushing, have been very heavily
Engineering
brick
moulded and carefully burned so that the finished brick is very solid and hard, capable
of
safely carrying heavier loads than other types of brick. They are mainly used for walls like
brick piers and general engineering works. Examples of the best engineering brick are the
red South water brick and the blue Staffordshire brick.
Queen
Split
3.2.2Mortar
Three quarter
closure
Half bat
King
closer
Bevelled
Composition of Mortar
Mortar consists of a mixture of sand binder such as cement or
lime and water. Ratio to cement to sand and water is 1:3:4.
Types of Mortar
Cement
1 part
4 parts of
3 parts
ofof
sand
mortar
cement a. Cement
water
It is a mixture of cement, sand and water where cement acts as a binding material. The
proportion of cement to sand varies from 1:2 to 1:6.
b. Lime mortar
Lime Mortar
It is a mixture of lime, sand and water. Fat lime, which acts as a binding material, is added
for preparing mortar when it is to be used in masonry work and hydraulic lime is added when
mortar is to be used in foundation work or in damp conditions. Generally, lime to sand ratio is
Combination
kept 1:2.
It is a mixture of cement, lime, sand and water. The process of adding cement to lime mortar
to improve its quality is termed as gauging and mortar thus prepared is known as gauged
mortar. The preparation of cement to Lime mortar by volume is about 1:6 to 1:9.
foundation.
Examples are pre-cast concrete wall, retaining wall,
masonry wall and stone wall.
Types of bonds
Bonds are arrangement of bricks or horizontal patterns in which bricks are laid to
build a wall, in such a way they are overlapping in order to
ensure the stability and strength of the wall, not to mention
increase the appearance of brickwork. Normally, brick masonry
uses the mortar or cement mortar filling between layers of
bricks in walls. Cement and lime mortar is commonly used for
permanent buildings while mud mortar is used for temporary
sheds. The four main types of bonds generally used in brick masonry are Stretcher bond,
Header bond, English bond and Flemish bond. The others
include the Garden wall bond, Facing bond, Raking bond.
Stretcher bond
Stretcher Bond, or Running bond is one of the most
commonly used bonds which overlapped midway with courses
Stretcher Bond
above and below. Courses are bricks laid in a row. A stretcher is the longer face of the brick.
In the brick of size 190 mm 90 mm 90 mm, 190 mm 90 mm face is the stretcher.
However, the downside is that it is not suitable as an independent structural wall because of
its longer span and height. It would be very unstable. Wall ties are required to be fixed
directly behind the wall to support the wall such as brick masonry columns. Traditional
Stretcher bond is only one-half brick. They are used as the outer facing of cavity walls. Other
common applications of such walls are the boundary walls, gardens and more.
Overlapped midway
Header Bond
Header is the shorter square face of the brick which measures 90mm x 90mm.
Besides, Header bond in brick masonry is also known as heading bond. All bricks in each
course are arranged as headers on the faces of the walls. While Stretcher bond is used for
Stretcher bond
pattern (elevation)
the construction of walls of half brick thickness whereas header bond is used for the
construction of walls with full brick thickness which measures 18cm. In header bonds, the
overlap is kept equal to half width of the brick. To achieve this, three quarter brick bats are
used in alternate courses as quoins. This bond permits better alignment and as such it is
used for walls curved on plan. This bond is chiefly used for footings in foundations for better
transverse distribution of load. This type of bond is useful for the construction of one brick
thick walls.
English Bond
English bond in brick masonry consists of two alternating courses of stretchers and
headers, one course of stretcher only and a course of header above it. In this English bond
arrangement, vertical joints in the header courses come over each other and the vertical
joints in the stretcher course are also in the same line. For the breaking of vertical joints in
the successive course it is essential to place queen closer, after the first header in each
heading course.
Flemish Bond
Header course
Stretcher
course
etho
Take two long wooden boards or posts and measure each row of the
brick wall, or course. Mark the boards where each brick should be,
and include the mortar lines. Make sure that posts can be driven to the
ground so that they can be free-standing.
7. Build the First Row By laying first row on brick in foundation for a dry
run.
Space them out according to the dimensions, accounting the
mortar height and width.
10. Press the first brick to the mortar and then lay mortar
down for the next 2 or 3 bricks
Once the first brick is set, lay down some mortar for the next few.
11. Butter the end of the next brick with mortar and press
it into place.
Take a slab of mortar and coat the end of the brick that will be pushed up against the first
brick.
Excess
mortar
There are different kinds and sizes of trowels. Its handles are generally made of plastic or
wood while the blade is usually made of steel in order to last longer. A
trowel is a tool that is used for digging, smoothing, or otherwise moving
around small amounts of viscous or particulate material. Large trowels
are used for spreading mortar. A variety of smaller trowels are used
repairing old mortar joints and scraping off excess mortar. Most
common is pointing trowel.
Splitting
brick
way around the block or brick and then a sharp blow with the hammer
end will give a clean cut.
Masons Hammer
3) Chalk Line
A chalk line comes in a metal or plastic case, with a cotton line coming
Chalk line
out of one end. As the line is pulled out, it passes through a fine chalk
powder, usually blue or red. A chalk line is0 used for laying out a block
wall on a concrete foundation to get the alignment correct.
4) Jointers
Jointers
5) Brushes
Brushes
respond to brushing should be cleaned with a special solution and brushing with a stiff bristle
brush.
6) Wheelbarrow
It can be used to transport supplies, tools, materials and more.
Wheelbarrow
7) Mortar Mixer
Mortar Mixer
The barrel of a mortar mixer doesn't rotate the way that the
barrel of a drum mixer does. Instead, rotating paddles inside
a stationary barrel create the mixing action. The paddles
rotate on a shaft in the center of the barrel, and they're often
equipped with rubber strips that scrape the mixture from the
sides of the barrel as the paddles turn.
8) Brick Bolster
Brick Bolster
Brick bolsters are designed for cutting brick and stone. They have a
wider cutting edge than an electrician's bolster. A brick bolster is
designed for making cleaner, more exact cuts through material.
9) Tape Measure
Tape measure
10)
Level
To ensure bricks are horizontal and uses the string to label the
bricks to be placed in straight lines.
6.0 Conclusion
Level
constructing it. However, we should not take the task lightly because there can be a lot of
mistake if we dont follow the steps efficiently. Nobody wants a tilted wall or house right?
That is why specific measure should be taken to follow the steps to build a brick wall.
I find that I learnt a lot through this report. I gained a lot of knowledge about brickworking and brick wall construction. I do not really understand at first. However, after some
research and some reading, now I can relate the concepts of brick wall constructing methods
from the tools required such as trowel to even out the mortar, to the building materials
needed such as bricks and mortar and also the types of bonding such as Stretcher bond and
English bond.