Timber and Steel Design

Lecture 13

Welded Connections I

Advantages of Welding

Types of Welding

Welding Symbols

Groove & Fillet Welds

Allowable Strength of Welds

Slot and Back Welds
Mongkol JIRAVACHARADET

SURANAREE
UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Advantages of Welding
- Economic : save gusset and spice plates
- Applicability : such as connection of steel pipe column
- Rigidity & Continuity : strong joint makes one-pieces construction
- Easier to make changes during construction
- Relative silence

Disadvantages of Welding
- Fatique
- Inspection Cost

Welding Process

Electric arc produces 3600oC

between section to be welded
and the electrode.
Filler and Base metal are melt in a weld pool and join into one
homogeneous solid
Arc is shielded by slag to protect molten metal from air

Welding Inspection
1. Visual inspection
2. Liquid penetrants
3. Magnetic particles
4. Ultrasonic testing
5. Radiographic procedures

Classification of Welds
Types of welds made:

Fillet welds

Slot welds

Groove welds

Plug welds

Fillet welds

Typical uses of fillet welds

Lapped plate

Tee connection

Stitch plate

Slotted connection

Bracket

Beam bearing plate

Typical uses of fillet welds

Column base plate

Pipe connection

Beam bracket

Built-up sections

Classification of Welds
Positions of welds:

Vertical
weld

Flat weld

Horizontal
weld

Overhead
welds

Types of joint:

Butt

Lap

Tee

Edge

Corner

Examples of Lap Joints

Ease of fitting : pieces dont required precise fabrication.

pieces can be slightly shifted for adjustment
Ease of joining : edge of pieces dont need
special preparation and are usually sheared
or flame cut.



   
#$,-"








'(

#)




*


*+
&$
 



 






 T



S(E)

$ 

#&
  


F
A



 !"#


L-P


 
 




Reference line & Arrow

Arrow side & Other side

below=arrow and above=other

Weld-all-around
The open circle at the
arrow/reference line junction

arrow
side

other
side



 &
 




 

 







 




 

Fillet Welds

- For lap joints, corner joints and T joints

- Triangular in cross-section

Transverse fillet weld

Longitudinal fillet weld

Example of Fillet Welds

8 mm
8

8 mm

Symbol

As built

10 mm

6 mm
6 x 10

Symbol

As built

Example of Fillet Welds

8 mm
8

8 mm

15
15 cm

Symbol

As built

6 mm
6 mm
6

5-10
5 cm

Symbol

As built

10 cm

Groove Welds

- Commonly used to make edge-to-edge joints

8 mm max.

(a)
Reinforcement
(b)

(c)

Reasons for having reinforcement:

(a) To take care of pits and other irregularities
(b) Too difficult to make weld surface equal to material
Land
(a)

(b)
Spacer

(c)

(d)

Types of Groove Weld

3

Square groove weld

"groove" is created by either a tight fit
or a slight separation of the edges. The
amount of separation, if any, is given on
the weld symbol.

3 mm

V-groove weld, in which the edges of both pieces are chamfered, either
singly or doubly
3

60o

60o

60o

60o

3 mm

If the depth of the V is not the full thickness--or half the thickness in the
case of a double V--the depth is given to the left of the weld symbol.
o
10 60
6

60o

60o

60o
6 mm

10 mm

10

10 mm

60o

The bevel groove weld, in which the

edge of one of the pieces is chamfered
and the other is left square.

40o

40o

60o
15

The U-groove weld, in which the edges

of both pieces are given a concave
treatment.
15 mm

60o

15

The J-groove weld, in which the edge of

one of the pieces is given a concave
treatment and the other is left square.

40o

40o
15 mm

The flare-V groove weld, commonly used to join two round or curved parts.
The intended depth of the weld itself are given to the left of the symbol, with
the weld depth shown in parentheses.
25 (16)

16

25

The flare bevel groove weld, commonly used to join a round or curved
piece to a flat piece.
20 (10)

20 mm
20 mm

Plug & Slot Welds

10 mm

10 mm

- Used to join overlapping members, one of which has

holes in it.
- Weld metal is deposited in the holes and penetrates
and fuses with the base metal.

22

25 15 8-12
(2)

8
(3)

25
Det. B

8 cm
25 mm

22 mm
8

12 cm

8 cm

15 mm
Section thru plug

Section thru plug

Det. B

 


45o
Throat = 0.707 leg

(a)   



(b)    



FILLET WELDS
Throat = size cos 45o
Failure
plane

= size 0.707

size
45o

P
size
P
L

size

P
Shear stress:

Leg
Root

Weld face
Theoretical face
Theoretical throat

fv =

0.707 size L

Weld face
Theoretical throat

Leg

(a) Convex

(b) Concave

 

Throat = size cos 45o = 0.707 size
size

! "" :

$ 
:

Fv = 0.30 Fu

t
oa
r
Th

P = 0.707 size L Fv

$ 
 !%:

45o

P = 0.707 size Fv

size



 E60XX: &$ ' ($%  2,500 ksc


 E70XX: &$ ' ($%  2,500 4,200 ksc


 E80XX: &$ ' ($%  4,500 ksc


 E60:


 E70:


 E80:

Fu = 60 ksi = 4,200 kg/cm2

Fu = 70 ksi = 4,900 kg/cm2
Fu = 80 ksi = 5,600 kg/cm2

   13.3 $ 

 (../+.)



(..)
3
5
6
8
10
12
16

E60

E70

267
445
530
710
890
1070
1425

310
520
620
830
1040
1250
1660

E70XX size 5 mm: 0.707 (0.5) (0.3) (4,900) = 520 kg/cm

-


1) Min. length of fillet weld 4 leg size
4x

2) Max. weld size :

t = Material
thickness

- t 6 mm, weld size = t

- t > 6 mm, weld size = t - 2 mm

Weld
size

3) Min. weld size :

Material thickness

Min. size

t 6 mm

3 mm

6 mm < t 12 mm

5 mm

12 mm < t 19 mm

6 mm

t 19 mm

8 mm

-

 ( !)
4) End return length 2 weld size
End
Return

5) Longitudinal fillet:

weld length

weld distance

weld distance

20 cm

Weld
distance

Weld length

6) Min. lap joint 5 thickness 25 mm

P

P
66"'

  13-1 -

.  (+$*
& .
#'
A36, #

3* E70 *#

*7  10 .
15 cm

PL 2 x 20

20 cm

10 mm

!" #$

:;#
# 10 .. = 1,040 ./?.
*
)  

 = (15+20+15)(1,040)/1,000 = 52 $
*
)  *"
#' = (2 x 20)(0.60 x 2.5) = 60 $
P

= 52 

  13-2  
#' A36 *##
 E70 *


*7

7 $

+
' *"
#' 1 x 10 ?. $*

&
PL 1 x 10

!" P = (1.0)(10)(0.6)(2.5) = 15 $



I+ = 10 J 2 = 8 .,



#'+ = 5 .
'(
 - . 8 . #$  

 = 830 ./?.
 

 
= 15(1,000)/830 = 18 ?.


# G  2 x 0.8 = 1.6 ?. ('( 2 ).)
 

*# = 18/2-2 = 7.0 ?. ('( 10 ).)

Slot and Back Welds

when welds length not sufficient
L

Slot weld

P
L=

load
(width)(allowable stress)

Weld on back
of channel

15 cm

-(" 0.
" 0
1
 2113.
4 :
1. 6 ( -
4 G *"
#' 8 . *#G
 2 14




2. - .
  
$*"
#'G
 16 ., 


$
*"
#' *#
$*"
#' 16 ., 

G 
))
*"
#'
 16 .
3. 6  
3.-
4 (
$




  13-3 *


*7
7$
 C380x54.5 $
*"
#'$*
& $

+ 80 $  #
 E70 $



. *"
#'G
7  15 ?.
(
 ($ *#G
.

 #$$
G

80 t

C380x54.5
(tw=10.5 mm)

Weld on back
of channel

Slot weld
80 t

15 cm

!"
(
  ($

I+

 = tw J 2 = 10.5 J 2 = 8.5 . ('( 8 ..)
#$

 8 . = 830 ./?.
 

 
= 80(1,000)/830 = 96 ?. > 68 ?.  
.'(
 211
4 

 +
&  = 10.5 + 8 = 18.5 .
+
&  = 2 1/4 x 


= (2.25)(tw 
) = 2.25(10.5)
= 24 . ('( 25 .)
#$

 *7 8 .=(830)(15+15+38-2.5)/1,000=54.4 $
$

+ 
$


&  = 80 J 54.4 = 25.6 $
 
& 
= 25.6/(2.5 x 0.30 x 4.9) = 7.2 ?. ('( 7.5 ).)
 +   = 10(1.05) = 10.5 ?. > 7.5 ?.
'(
 211
4 - . 2.5 x 7.5 ).

OK