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Objective:
- Describe the general properties of
viruses.
- Briefly explain the replication of RNA
and DNA viruses.
- Outline the classification of medically
important viruses.
- Laboratory diagnosis of viral infections
Definition
Virus: Small living particles that can
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF
VIRUSES
Obligate intracellular parasites*
Contain a single type of nucleic acid,
HOST RANGE
Refers to the spectrum of host cells the virus can
infect
VIRAL SIZE
Determined with the aid of electron microscopy
Range from 20 to 1000 nm in length.
VIRAL STRUCTURE
A virion is a complete, fully developed, infectious
particle.
Composed of nucleic acid, and surrounded by a
protein coat
Viruses are classified by differences of these
protein coats.
VIRAL STRUCTURE
NUCLEIC ACID
Have either DNA or RNA, but never both
stranded
Can be linear or circular
Amount varies from a few thousand
nucleotides to as many as 250,000
nucleotides.
VIRAL STRUCTURE
CAPSID AND ENVELOPE
The nucleic acid of a virus is surrounded
of capsomeres is
characteristic of a particular type of virus
(ICOSAHEDRAL or HELICAL)
VIRAL STRUCTURE
Some viruses have capsid covered by an
envelope.
Some envelopes are covered
by spikes (are
carbohydrate-protein complexes that project
from the surface of the envelope)that are used
by viruses to attach to host cells.
covered by an envelope
VIRAL STRUCTURE
GENERAL MORPHOLOGY
Different morphological types are based on the capsid
architecture
HELICAL VIRUSES
The viral nucleic acid is found within a hollow,
cylindrical capsid that has a helical structure.
VIRAL STRUCTURE
ENVELOPED VIRUSES
Are
roughly spherical.
Helical Viruses
Polyhedral Viruses
ENVELOPED VIRUSES
Complex Viruses
DEFINITION:
Taxonomy organization of organism
TAXONOMY OF VIRUSES
Families of viruses are based on
Nucleic acid type
CLassification
Based on:
1. Viral morphology
-Size, Shape, presence of envelope
2. Genome properties
-DNA/RNA, size, strandedness,
linear/circular
3. Physicochemical properties
Nomenclature
Family: - viridae
e.g. Herpesviridae
Sub family: - virinae
e.g. betaherpesvirinae
Genus virus
e.g. Herpes simplex virus
Virus Families
Single-stranded DNA,
nonenveloped viruses
Parvoviridae
Human
parvovirus
Double-stranded DNA,
nonenveloped viruses
Mastadenovirus
Respiratory infections in humans
Double-stranded DNA,
nonenveloped viruses
- Papillomavirus
(human wart virus)
- Polyomavirus
viruses
Orthopoxvirus (vaccinia and smallpox viruses)
Molluscipoxvirus
Smallpox, molluscum contagiosum, cowpox
viruses
Simplexvirus (HHV1 and HHV 2)*
Varicellavirus (HHV 3)*
Lymphocryptovirus (HHV 4)
Cytomegalovirus (HHV 5)*
Roseolovirus (HHV 6)*
HHV 7
viruses
Hepadnavirus (Hepatitis B virus)
Use reverse transcriptase to
nonenveloped
Enterovirus
Enteroviruses include
nonenveloped
Hepatitis E virus
Norovirus (Norwalk agent) causes gastroenteritis
enveloped
Alphavirus
Alphaviruses are transmitted by arthropods
enveloped
Arboviruses can replicate in arthropods; include
Yellow fever
enveloped
Coronavirus
Upper respiratory infections
enveloped
Vesiculovirus
Lyssavirus (rabies virus)
Cause numerous animal diseases
enveloped
Filovirus
Enveloped, helical viruses
Ebola and Marburg viruses
enveloped
Paramyxovirus
Causes parainfluenza, mumps, and Newcastle
disease
Morbillivirus
enveloped
Hepatitis D virus
Depends on coinfection with Hepadnavirus
agglutinate RBCs
viral genome
Includes all RNA tumor viruses
Double-stranded RNA,
nonenveloped
Reovirus (Respiratory Enteric Orphan)
Rotavirus
Mild respiratory infections and gastroenteritis
DNA VIRUSES
HHAPPPy
1. Herpes
2. Hepadna
3. Adeno
4. Papova
5. Parvo
6. Pox
RNA VIRUSES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Toga
Corona
Retro
Picorna
Calici
Reo
7. Orthomyxo
8. Paramyxo
9. Rhabdo
10. Bunya
11. Arena
12. Filo
GROWING VIRUSES
Viruses must be grown in living cells
Bacteriophages form plaques on lawn of bacteria
Animal viruses maybe grown in living animals or in
embryonated eggs
Animal and plants viruses may be grown in cell culture
VIRAL MULTIPLICATION
For a virus to multiply , it must invade a
Lytic cycle-
host cell
Lysogenic cycle-
Fig. 13.10
Attachment- phage attaches by tail fibers to host
cell
Penetration- Phage lysozyme opens cell wall, tail
sheath contracts to force tail core and DNA into cell
Biosynthesis- Production of phage DNA and
proteins
Maturation- Assembly of phage particles
Release- Phage lysozyme breaks cell wall
Bacterial
cell wall
Bacterial
chromosome
Capsid
DNA
Capsid
Sheath
Tail fiber
1 Attachment:
Phage attaches
to host cell.
Base plate
Pin
Cell wall
Tail
Plasma membrane
2 Penetration:
Phage pnetrates
host cell and
injects its DNA.
Sheath contracted
Tail core
3 Biosynthesis:
Tail
DNA
4 Maturation:
Viral components
are assembled into
virions.
Capsid
5 Release:
Tail fibers
Figure 13.10.2
Figure 13.12
Specialized Transduction
Prophage
gal gene
Bacterial DNA
gal gene
MULTIPLICATION OF ANIMAL
VIRUSES
ATTACHMENT- viruses attaches to cell wall
membrane
PENETRATION- by endocytosis or fusion
UNCOATING- by viral or host enzymes
BIOSYNTHESIS- Production of nucleic acid
and proteins
MATURATION Nucleic acid and capsid
proteins assemble
RELEASE- By budding (enveloped viruses) or
rupture
BIOSYNTHESIS OF DNA
VIRUSES
DNA containing viruses replicate their
Host cell
DNA
Capsid
DNA
2 Virion penetrates
Cytoplasm
6 Virions mature
Capsid proteins
mRNA
5 Late translation;
capsid proteins
are synthesized
4 Late transcription;
DNA is replicated
o VIRUS FAMILY
o RNA, + strand
o Picornaviridae
o Togaviridae
o RNA, - strand
o Rhabdoviridae
o RNA, double
stranded
o Reoviridae
o RNA, reverse
transcriptase
o Retroviridae
o SPECIAL FEATURE OF
BIOSYNTHEIS
Viral RNA functions as a
template for synthesis of RNA
polymerase which copies
strand RNA to make mRNA in
cytoplasm
Viral enzyme copies viral RNA
to make mRNA in cytoplasm
Viral enzyme copies strand
RNA to make mRNA in
cytoplasm
Viral enzyme copies viral RNA
to make DNA in cytoplasm;
DNA moves to nucleus.
Figure 13.17
TUMOR CELLS
Oncogenes part of the genome that result from cancer-
Oncogenic Viruses
Oncogenic DNA Viruses Oncogenic RNA viruses
Adenoviridae
Retroviridae
Herpesviridae
Viral RNA is
Poxviridae
transcribed to DNA
which can integrate
Papovaviridae
into host DNA
Hepadnaviridae
HTLV 1
HTLV 2
viruses
Examples:
Epstein-Barr virus
Hepatitis
B virus
cancer
Examples are the human T-cell leukemia viruses
(HTLV-1 and HTLV-2)
The ability of retroviruses to induce tumors is related to
their production of a reverse transcriptase, some contain
oncogenes, others contain promoter of oncogenes.
PRIONS
Coined from the name proteinaceous infectious particle
Example:
spongiform encephalopathies (Mad Cow disease)
Kuru
Creutzfeldt-Jakob diseaseGerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker syndrome
Fatal familial insomnia
Plant Viruses
Plant viruses
enter through
wounds or via
insect bites
Viroids
Viroids *are
infectious
RNA; potato
spindle tuber
disease
Figure 13.22
A.
1.
Varicella-Zoster virus
3.
Genital Herpes
Herpes simplex virus 2 (Human herpesvirus 2 or
HHV2)
Neonatal herpes transmitted to fetus or newborns
Recurrences from viruses latent in nerves
Suppression: Acyclovir or valacyclovir
Herpesviruses
Varicella-zoster virus
Shingles
Reactivation of
latent HHV-3
releases viruses
that move along
peripheral
nerves to skin.
Measles (Rubeola)
B. Hepatitis B virus
Cytomegalovirus Infections
Cytomegalovirus (Human herpesvirus 5)
Infected cells swell (cyto-, mega-)
retardation
Transmitted sexually, by blood, or by transplanted tissue
B.
Papilloma virus
Genital Warts
Human papillomaviruses
Treatment: Imiquimod to stimulate interferon
HPV 16 causes cervical cancer and cancer of the penis.
DNA test is needed to detect cancer-causing strains.
Vaccination against HPV strains
C. Smallpox virus
Disease: smallpox
Mode of transmission: respiratory route
Poxviruses
Smallpox (variola)
Smallpox virus (orthopox
virus)
Variola major has 20%
mortality
Variola minor has <1%
mortality
Monkeypox
Prevention by smallpox
vaccination
Influenza
Chills, fever, headache, and muscle aches (no
intestinal symptoms).
1% mortality due to secondary bacterial infections.
Treatment: Amantadine.
Vaccine for high-risk individuals.
Influenza
Hemagglutinin (H) spikes
Influenza
Antigenic shift
Changes in H and N spikes
Probably due to genetic recombination between different
strains infecting the same cell
Antigenic drift
Mutations in genes encoding H or N spikes
May involve only 1 amino acid.
Allows virus to avoid mucosal IgA antibodies.
Influenza Serotypes
A: Causes most epidemics, H3N2, H1N1, H2N2
B: Moderate, local outbreaks
C: Mild disease
B. Measles virus
Disease: measles
Mode of transmission: respiratory droplet
Respiratory tract lymphohematogenous dissemination
C.
Measles (Rubeola)
Measles virus
Transmitted by respiratory route.
Macular rash and Koplik's spots.
Prevented by vaccination.
Encephalitis in 1 in 1,000 cases.
Subacute sclerosing
panencephalitis in 1 in 1,000,000
cases.
Mumps
Mumps virus
Enters through
respiratory tract
Infects parotid glands
Prevented with MMR
vaccine
D. Rubella virus
Belongs to Togaviridae
Disease: Rubella
Mode of transmission: respiratory route, vertical
transmission
Complication: congenital rubella syndrome deafness,
cataract, heart defect, mental retardation
Prevention: MMR
Congenital rubella
Roseola
Human herpesvirus 6 causes a high fever and rash, lasting
for 1-2 days.
Disease: AIDS
Mode of transmission: exchange of body fluids via sexual,
parenteral, transplacental, or peinatal routes
Diagnosis:
ELISA screening test
Western blotting - confirmatory test
G. Hepatitis C virus
E.
Rabies virus
Clinical stage:
1. Prodrome - fever, headache, nausea, sore throat, fatigue, painful
bite site, fasciculations
2. Acute encephalitis - Confusion, meningismus, seizure
3. Classic brainstem encephalitis *- hydrophobia, frothing of the
mouth
4. Death - secondary to respiratory center dysfunction
Prevention: vaccination of pets
Treatment: Rabies Ig, Rabies vaccine
encephalitis.
Initial symptoms may include muscle spasms of the mouth and
pharynx and hydrophobia.
Furious rabies: Animals are restless then highly excitable.
Paralytic rabies: Animals seem unaware of surroundings.
Preexposure prophylaxis: Infection of human diploid cells vaccine.
Postexposure treatment: Vaccine plus immune globulin.
H. Hepatitis D virus
Coxsackie virus
B.
Belong to Picornaviridae
Diseases: pericarditis, myocarditis, meningitis
Mode of transmission: feco-oral route
Poliomyelitis
Poliovirus
Transmitted by ingestion.
Initial symptoms: Sore throat and nausea
Viremia may occur; if persistent, virus can enter the CNS;
Poliomyelitis
C. Rotavirus
Belongs to Reoviridae
Disease: Most common cause of viral gastroenteritis in children
Mode of transmission: feco-oral
D. Rhinovirus
Belongs to Picornaviridae
Disease: common cold
Mode of transmission: respiratory droplet, hand-to-nose
Has 100 serotypes*
Replicate well at low temperatures
Hepatitis A virus
E.
Belongs to Picornaviridae
Disease: Acute Hepatitis
Mode of transmission: feco-oral
Resolves in 2-4 wks in most number of cases
Viral Gastroenteritis
Rotavirus:
3 million cases annually
1-2 day incubation; 1 week illness
Norovirus:
50% of U.S. adults have antibodies
1-2 day incubation; 1-3 day illness
F. Hepatitis E virus
Arboviral Encephalitis
Arboviruses are arthropod-
Arboviral Encephalitis
Encephalitis
Reservoir
Culex
Eastern equine
Birds, horses
Aedes, Culiseta
St. Louis
Birds
Culex
California
Small
mammals
Aedes
West Nile
Birds,
Culex, Aedes
mammals
Portal of
entry
Reservoir
Skin
Monkeys
Dengue
Skin
Humans
Arbovirus
Marburg,
Ebola,
Lassa
Filovirus,
arenavirus
Mucous
Probably
membranes fruit bats;
other
mammals
Hantavirus
pulmonary
syndrome
Method of
transmission
Aedes
aegypti
Aedes
aegypti;
A. Albopictus
Contact with
blood
Inhalation
Viral Pneumonia
Viral pneumonia as a complication of influenza,
measles, or chickenpox.
Viral etiology suspected if no cause determined.
Hepatitis
Inflammation of the liver.
Hepatitis may result from drug or chemical toxicity, EB
Hepatitis
Transmission
Causative agent
Chronic
liver
disease?
Vaccine?
Hepatitis A
Fecal-oral
Picornaviridae
No
Inactivated
virus
Hepatitis B
Parenteral,
STD
Hepadnaviridae
Yes
Recombinant
Hepatitis C
Parenteral
Filoviridae
Yes
No
Hepatitis D
Pareteral, HBV
coinfection
Deltaviridae
Yes
HBV vaccine
Hepatitis E
Fecal-oral
Caliciviridae
No
No
Hepatitis B Virus
THE END