Equipment for Engineering Education

Instruction Manual
HM150.07 Bernoullis Principle
Demonstrator

G.U.N.T. Gertebau GmbH

P.O. Box 1125
D-22881 Barsbttel Germany
Phone (040) 670854-0
Fax
(040) 670854-42

All rights reserved G.U.N.T. Gertebau GmbH, Barsbttel

HM150.07 Bernoullis Theorem

Demonstration Apparatus

Instruction Manual

Puplication No. 917.00007A15012

10/95

HM150.07 Bernoullis Theorem

Demonstration Apparatus

Contents

1 Unit description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2 Performance of experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

All rights reserved G.U.N.T. Gertebau GmbH, Barsbttel

3 Assessment of experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.1

Velocity Profile Venturi Tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

3.2

Pressure Distribution Venturi Tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

3.3

Determining the Flow Rate Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

4 Technical Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

HM150.07 Bernoullis Theorem

Demonstration Apparatus
1

Unit description
The HM150.07 is used to investigate Bernoullis
law.
The measurement object is a venturi tube with 6
pressure measurement points.
The 6 static pressures are displayed on a board
with 6 water pressure gauges.

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The overall pressure can also be measured at

various locations in the venturi tube and indicated
on a second water pressure gauge.
Measurement is by way of a probe which can be
moved axially with respect to the venturi tube. The
probe is sealed by way of a compression gland.
Water is supplied either from the HM150 Fluid
Mechanics Basic Module or from the laboratory
mains.
The HM150 enables a closed water circuit to be
constructed.
Possible experiments:

1 Unit description

Demonstration of Bernoullis law

Pressure measurements along venturi tube

Determination of flow rate factor K

HM150.07 Bernoullis Theorem

Demonstration Apparatus

Components:
10

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3
9

1 Assembly board

6 Compression gland

3 Discharge pipe

7 Probe for measuring overall pressure

(can be moved axially)

4 Outlet ball cock

8 Hose connection, water supply

5 Venturi tube with

6 measurement points

9 Ball cock at water inlet

1 Unit description

Single water pressure gauge

10 6-fold water pressure gauge

(pressure distribution in venturi tube)

HM150.07 Bernoullis Theorem

Demonstration Apparatus

All rights reserved G.U.N.T. Gertebau GmbH, Barsbttel

Performance of experiment

Arrange the experimentation set-up on the

HM150 such that the discharge routes the
water into the channel

Make hose connection between HM150 and

unit

Open discharge of HM150

Set cap nut [1] of probe compression gland

such that slight resistance is felt on moving
probe

Open inlet and outlet ball cock

Close drain valve [2] at bottom of single water pressure gauge

Switch on pump and slowly open main cock

of HM150

Open vent valves [3] on water pressure gauges

Carefully close outlet cock until pressure gauges are flushed

By simultaneously setting inlet and outlet

cock, regulate water level in pressure gauges such that neither upper nor lower range
limit [4,5] is overshot or undershot

Record pressures at all measurement points.

Then move overall pressure probe to corresponding measurement level and note down
overall pressure

Determine volumetric flow rate. To do so,

use stopwatch to establish time t required for
raising the level in the volumetric tank of the
HM150 from 20 to 30 litres

2 Performance of experiment

HM150.07 Bernoullis Theorem

Demonstration Apparatus

ATTENTION! The experimental set-up should

be arranged absolutely plane to avoid falsification of measurement results (use of spirit level
recommended).

All rights reserved G.U.N.T. Gertebau GmbH, Barsbttel

For taking pressure measurements, the volumetric

tank of the HM150 must be empty and the outlet
cock open, as otherwise the delivery head of the
pump will change as the water level in the volumetric tank increases.
This results in fluctuating pressure conditions. A
constant pump delivery pressure is important with
low flow rates to prevent biasing of the measurement results.

80 mm

The zero of the single pressure gauge is 80 mm

below that of the 6-fold pressure gauge. Allowance
is to be made for this fact when reading the pressure level and performing calculations.

Both ball cocks must be reset whenever the flow

changes to ensure that the measured pressures
are within the display ranges.

2 Performance of experiment

HM150.07 Bernoullis Theorem

Demonstration Apparatus
3

Assessment of experiment
The measured values are to be compared to
Bernoullis equation.
Bernoullis equation for constant head h:

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p1 w12 p2 w22
+ 2 = + 2 = const.
Allowance for friction losses and conversion of the
pressures p1 and p2 into static pressure heads h1
and h2 yields:

w2
w2
h1 + 2g1 = h2 + 2g2 + hv

Condition 1

Condition 2

p1:

Pressure at cross-section A1

h1:

Pressure head at cross-section A1

w1: Flow velocity at cross-section A1

p2:

Pressure at cross-section A2

h2:

Pressure head at cross-section A2

w2: Flow velocity at cross-section A2

3 Assessment of experiment

Density of medium = constant for

incompressible fluids such as water

hv

Pressure loss head

HM150.07 Bernoullis Theorem

Demonstration Apparatus
The mass flow is constant in closed systems.
.
.
m1 = m2

Given
.
m1

.
.
m =V

.
m2

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.
.
V1 = V2

.
.
V1 = V2

Given

.
V =Aw

.
A1 w1 = A2 w2 = V = const.

3 Assessment of experiment

HM150.07 Bernoullis Theorem

Demonstration Apparatus
3.1

Velocity profile in venturi tube

The venturi tube used has 6 measurement points.

2 3

The table below shows the standardised refer__

ence velocity w . This parameter is derived from
the geometry of the venturi tube.

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__
A
wi = A1
i

Point
i

Di
[mm]

[m 10 ]

reference
__
velocity w

28,4

6,33

22,5

3,97

1,59

14,0

1,54

4,11

17,2

2,32

2,72

24,2

4,60

1,37

28,4

6,33

A
2

Multiplying the reference velocity values with a

starting value, the student can calculate the theoretical velocity values wcalc at the 6 measuring
points of the venturi tube.
At constant flow rate, the starting value for calculating the theoretical velocity is found as:
.
V
w1 = A
1

The results for the calculated velocity wcalc can be

found in the following table.

3 Assessment of experiment

HM150.07 Bernoullis Theorem

Demonstration Apparatus

All rights reserved G.U.N.T. Gertebau GmbH, Barsbttel

The following values were determined for various

flow rates:

h1
[mmWS]

h2
[mmWS]

h3
[mmWS]

h4
[mmWS]

h5
[mmWS]

h6
[mmWS]

hstat.

280

269

120

195

242

250

htotal

369

369

370

364

359

352

hdyn.

20

170

89

37

22

wmes.

0,420

0,626

1,826

1,320

0,852

0,594

wcalc.

0,435

0,692

1,785

1,185

0,592

0,4355

hstat.

205

196

62

128

166

173

htotal

293

294

292

288

280

276

hdyn.

18

150

80

34

23

wmes.

0,396

0,594

1,715

1,250

0,816

0,671

wcalc.

0,404

0,644

1,662

1,100

0,556

0,404

hstat.

195

191

130

158

173

176

htotal

276

275

273

271

268

264

hdyn.

57

33

15

wmes.

0,140

0,280

1,057

0,800

0,520

0,396

wcalc.

0,262

0,418

1,073

0,715

0,362

0,262

t fr
10 l

.
V
[l/s]

36,29

0,275

39,0

0,256

60,0

0,166

The table makes allowance for the following relationships.

Calculation of dynamic pressure head:
hdyn. = htot. 80mm hstat.
80 mm must be subtracted, as there is a zero-point
difference of 80 mm between the pressure gauges.
The velocity wmeas was calculated from the dynamic pressure
wmeas. =

2 g hdyn
.

3 Assessment of experiment

HM150.07 Bernoullis Theorem

Demonstration Apparatus
Graphical representation
The graph below illustrates the measured and
calculated velocity profile along the venturi tube at
a flow rate of 0,275 l/s.
The deviations can be attributed to inexact
measurements.

Flow velocity

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w [m/s]

1,8

Measured
1,4

1,0

0,6
Calculated
0,2

Measurement points i on venturi tube

3 Assessment of experiment

10

HM150.07 Bernoullis Theorem

Demonstration Apparatus
3.2

Pressure Distribution Venturi Tube

Graphical representation
The pressure changes in the venturi tube can be
represented in a graph directly:
Pressure Distribution Venturi Tube
400
350

htotal

hstat

250

hdyn in mm WC

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300

200
150
100

hdyn
50
0
1

Measuring Point

The graph shows, that the equation

hdyn. = htot. 80mm hstat.
is fullfilled at every point in the venturi tube.
Furthermore, it becomes clear, that there is a slight
overall pressure loss in the venturi tube.

3 Assessment of experiment

11

HM150.07 Bernoullis Theorem

Demonstration Apparatus
3.3

Determination of Flow Rate Factor

A venturi tube can be used for flow rate measurements. In comparison with orifice or nozzle, there
is a far more smaller pressure loss during measurements of flow rate. The pressure loss p between largest and smallest diameter of the tube is
used as measure for the flow rate:

p::

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.
V = K
p
The flow rate factor K is generally made available
for the user by the manufacturer of a venturi tube.
If the flow rate factor is unknown, it can be determined from the pressure loss p::
.
V
K = p

The following table shows the pressure loss for

various flow rates as well as the flow rate factor K.
.
V =0,275 l/s
Measuring p
K
l
Point
[mm WC]
[

s bar

1
3

160

2,1

.
V =0,256 l/s
p
K
]

[mm WC]

143

.
V =0,166 l/s
p [mm WC] K

l
]
s
bar

2,1

[
65

l
]
s
bar

2,1

The pressure loss is read off from the six -tube

manometer in mm water column and set in the
equation as bar. The flow rate can be used with
unit l/s.

3 Assessment of experiment

12

HM150.07 Bernoullis Theorem

Demonstration Apparatus
4

Technical Data
Water multi tube manometer
6-fold:
300 mm H2O
Total pressure tube manometer
1-fold:

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Venturi meter
nom. diameter:
min. diameter:
Overall dimension
(L x W x H):
Weight:

4 Technical Data

530 mm H2O

28.4 mm
14 mm

1100 x 640 x 900 mm

40 kg

13