iu Ha Khng Kh V Thng Gi

Bin tp bi:
V Ch Chnh

iu Ha Khng Kh V Thng Gi
Bin tp bi:
V Ch Chnh
Cc tc gi:
inh Vn Thun
V Ch Chnh

Phin bn trc tuyn:

http://voer.edu.vn/c/017efaab

MC LC
1. Nhng kin thc c bn v khng kh m
2. nh hng ca mi trng khng kh v chn thng s tnh ton cc h thng iu
ho khng kh
3. TNH CN BNG NHIT V CN BNG M
4. X L NHIT M KHNG KH
5. THNH LP V TNH TON CC S IU HO KHNG KH PHN I
6. Thnh lp v tnh ton cc s iu ho khng kh
7. H THNG IU HO KHNG KH KIU KH
8. H THNG IU HO KHNG KH KIU KH PHN II
9. H THNG IU HO KHNG KH KIU T
10. TUN HON KHNG KH TRONG PHNG
11. H thng vn chuyn khng kh
12. H THNG VN CHUYN KHNG KH PHN II
13. H THNG VN CHUYN KHNG KH PHN III
14. h thng vn chuyn khng kh (tip theo)
15. iu khin t ng trong iu ho khng kh
16. thng gi v cp gi ti
17. lc bi v tiu m
18. lc bi v tiu m(tip)
19. lp t, vn hnh, bo dng v sa cha my iu ho
20. H thng my v thit b lnh - phn ph lc
Tham gia ng gp

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Nhng kin thc c bn v khng kh m

NHNG KIN THC C BN V KHNG KH M
KHNG KH M
Khi nim v khng kh m
Khng kh xung quanh chng ta l hn hp ca nhiu cht kh, ch yu l N2 v O2
ngoi ra cn mt lng nh cc kh tr, CO2, hi nc . . .
- Khng kh kh: Khng kh khng cha hi nc gi l khng kh kh. Trong thc t
khng c khng kh kh hon ton, m khng kh lun lun c cha mt lng hi nc
nht nh. i vi khng kh kh khi tnh ton thng ngi ta coi l kh l tng.
Thnh phn ca cc cht kh trong khng kh kh c phn theo t l phn trm sau
y:
Bng 1.1. T l cc cht kh trong khng kh kh

- Khng kh m: Khng kh c cha hi nc gi l khng kh m. Trong t nhin ch

c khng kh m v trng thi ca n c chia ra cc dng sau:
Khng kh m cha bo ha: L trng thi m hi nc cn c th bay hi thm vo
c trong khng kh, ngha l khng kh vn cn tip tc c th nhn thm hi nc.
Khng kh m bo ha: L trng thi m hi nc trong khng kh t ti a v khng
th bay hi thm vo c. Nu tip tc cho bay hi nc vo khng kh th c bao
bao nhiu hi bay vo khng kh s c by nhiu hi m ngng t li.
Khng kh m qu bo ha: L khng kh m bo ha v cn cha thm mt lng hi
nc nht nh. Tuy nhin trng thi qu bo ho l trng thi khng n nh v c xu

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hng bin i n trng thi bo ho do lng hi nc d b tch dn ra khi khng

kh . V d nh trng thi sng m l khng kh qu bo ha.
Tnh cht vt l v mc nh hng ca khng kh n cm gic ca con ngi ph
thuc nhiu vo lng hi nc tn ti trong khng kh.
Nh vy, mi trng khng kh c th coi l hn hp ca khng kh kh v hi nc.
Chng ta c cc phng trnh c bn ca khng kh m nh sau:
- Phng trnh cn bng khi lng ca hn hp:
G = Gk + Gh (1-1)
G, Gk, Gh - Ln lt l khi lng khng kh m, khng kh kh v hi nc trong
khng kh, kg.
- Phng trnh nh lut Dantn ca hn hp:
B = Pk + Ph (1-2)
B, Pk, Ph - Ap sut khng kh, phn p sut khng kh kh v hi nc trong khng kh,
N/m2.
- Phng trnh tnh ton cho phn khng kh kh:
Pk.V = Gk.Rk.T (1-3)
V - Th tch hn hp, m3;
Gk - Khi lng khng kh kh trong V (m3) ca hn hp, kg;
Rk - Hng s cht kh ca khng kh kh, Rk = 287 J/kg.K
T - Nhit hn hp, T = t + 273,15 , oK
- Phng trnh tnh ton cho phn hi m trong khng kh:
Ph.V = Gh.Rh.T (1-4)
Gh - Khi lng hi m trong V (m3) ca hn hp, kg;
Rh - Hng s cht kh ca hi nc, Rh = 462 J/kg.K

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Cc thng s vt l ca khng kh m
Ap sut khng kh.
Ap sut khng kh thng c gi l kh p, k hiu l B. Ni chung gi tr B thay i
theo khng gian v thi gian. c bit kh p ph thuc rt nhiu vo cao, mc mt
nc bin, p sut kh quyn khong 1 at, nhng cao trn 8000m ca nh Everest
th p sut ch cn 0,32 at v nhit si ca nc ch cn 71oC (xem hnh 1-1). Tuy
nhin trong k thut iu ha khng kh gi tr chnh lch khng ln c th b qua v
ngi ta coi B khng i. Trong tnh ton ngi ta ly trng thi tiu chun Bo = 760
mmHg.
th I-d ca khng kh m thng c xy dng p sut B = 745mmHg v Bo =
760mmHg.

Hnh 1.1. S thay i kh p theo chiu cao so vi mt nc bin

Nhit .
Nhit l i lng biu th mc nng lnh. y l yu t nh hng ln nht n
cm gic ca con ngi. Trong k thut iu ha khng kh ngi ta thng s dng 2
thang nhit l C v F. i vi mt trng thi nht nh no ca khng kh
ngoi nhit thc ca n trong k thut cn c 2 gi tr nhit c bit cn lu

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trong cc tnh ton cng nh c nh hng nhiu n cc h thng v thit b l nhit

im sng v nhit nhit k t.
- Nhit im sng: Khi lm lnh khng kh nhng gi nguyn dung m d (hoc
phn p sut ph) ti nhit ts no hi nc trong khng kh bt u ngng t thnh
nc bo ha. Nhit ts gi l nhit im sng (hnh 1-2).
Nh vy nhit im sng ca mt trng thi khng kh bt k no l nhit
ng vi trng thi bo ha v c dung m bng dung m ca trng thi cho. Hay ni
cch khc nhit im sng l nhit bo ha ca hi nc ng vi phn p sut
ph cho. T y ta thy gia ts v d c mi quan h ph thuc.
Nhng trng thi khng kh c cng dung m th nhit ng sng ca chng nh
nhau. Nhit ng sng c ngha rt quan trng khi xem xt kh nng ng sng
trn cc b mt cng nh xc nh trng thi khng kh sau x l. Khi khng kh tip
xc vi mt b mt, nu nhit b mt nh hn hay bng nhit ng sng ts th
hi m trong khng kh s ngng kt li trn b mt , trng hp ngc li th khng
xy ra ng sng.
- Nhit nhit k t: Khi cho hi nc bay hi on nhit vo khng kh cha bo
ha (I=const). Nhit ca khng kh s gim dn trong khi m tng i tng ln.
Ti trng thi bo ho = 100% qu trnh bay hi chm dt. Nhit ng vi trng
thi bo ho cui cng ny gi l nhit nhit nhit k t v k hiu l t. Ngi
ta gi nhit nhit k t l v n c xc nh bng nhit k c bu thm t nc
(hnh 1-2).
Nh vy nhit nhit k t ca mt trng thi l nhit ng vi trng thi bo ha
v c entanpi I bng entanpi ca trng thi khng kh cho. Gia entanpi I v nhit
nhit k t t c mi quan h ph thuc. Trn thc t ta c th o c nhit nhit
k t ca trng thi khng kh hin thi l nhit trn b mt thong ca nc.

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Hnh 1.2. Nhit ng sng v nhit nhit k t ca khng kh

m
m tuyt i.
L khi lng hi m trong 1m3 khng kh m. Gi s trong V (m3) khng kh m c
cha Gh (kg) hi nc th m tuyt i k hiu l h c tnh nh sau:

(1-5)
V hi nc trong khng kh c th coi l kh l tng nn:

(1-6)
trong :
ph - Phn p sut ca hi nc trong khng kh cha bo ho, N/m2
Rh - Hng s ca hi nc Rh = 462 J/kg.oK
T - Nhit tuyt i ca khng kh m, tc cng l nhit ca hi nc, oK
m tng i.
m tng i ca khng kh m, k hiu l (%) l t s gia m tuyt i h ca
khng kh vi m bo ha max cng nhit vi trng thi cho.

, % (1-7)
hay:

, % (1-8)
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 m tng i biu th mc cha hi nc trong khng kh m so vi khng kh

m bo ha cng nhit .
Khi = 0 l trng thi khng kh kh.
0 < < 100 l trng thi khng kh m cha bo ho.
= 100 l trng thi khng kh m bo ha.
- m l i lng rt quan trng ca khng kh m c nh hng nhiu n cm
gic ca con ngi v kh nng s dng khng kh sy cc vt phm.
- m tng i c th xc nh bng cng thc, hoc o bng m k. m k l
thit b o gm 2 nhit k: mt nhit k kh v mt nhit k t. Nhit k t c bu
bc vi thm nc hi nc thm vi bc xung quanh bu nhit k khi bc hi
vo khng kh s ly nhit ca bu nhit k nn nhit bu gim xung bng nhit
nhit k t t ng vi trng thi khng kh bn ngoi. Khi m tng i b, cng
bc hi cng mnh, chnh nhit gia 2 nhit k cng cao. Do chnh nhit
gia 2 nhit k ph thuc vo m tng i v n c s dng lm c s xc
nh m tng i . Khi =100%, qu trnh bc hi ngng v nhit ca 2 nhit
k bng nhau.
Khi lng ring v th tch ring.
Khi lng ring ca khng kh l khi lng ca mt n v th tch khng kh. K
hiu l , n v kg/m3.

, kg/m3 (1-9)
i lng nghch o ca khi lng ring l th tch ring. K hiu l v

, m3/kg (1-10)
Khi lng ring v th tch ring l hai thng s ph thuc.
Trong :

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(1-11)
Do :

(1-12)
Mt khc:

Thay vo ta c:

(1-13)
trong B l p sut khng kh m: B = pk + ph
- Nu l khng kh kh hon ton:

(1-14)
- Nu khng kh c hi m:

(1-15)

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Lu trong cc cng thc trn p sut tnh bng mmHg

iu kin: t = 0oC v p = 760mmHg: = o = 1,293 kg/m3. Nh vy c th tnh khi
lng ring ca khng kh kh mt nhit bt k da vo cng thc:

(1-16)
Khi lng ring thay i theo nhit v kh p. Tuy nhin trong phm vi iu ho
khng kh nhit khng kh thay i trong mt phm vi kh hp nn cng nh p sut
s thay i ca khi lng ring ca khng kh trong thc t k thut khng ln nn
ngi ta ly khng i iu kin tiu chun: to = 20oC v B = Bo = 760mmHg: =
1,2 kg/m3
Dung m ( cha hi).
Dung m hay cn gi l cha hi, c k hiu l d l lng hi m cha trong 1 kg
khng kh kh.

, kg/kg khng kh kh (1-17)

- Gh: Khi lng hi nc cha trong khng kh, kg
- Gk: Khi lng khng kh kh, kg
Ta c quan h:

(1-18)
Sau khi thay R = 8314/ ta c

(1-19)

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Entanpi
Entanpi ca khng kh m bng entanpi ca khng kh kh v ca hi nc cha trong
n.
Entanpi ca khng kh m c tnh cho 1 kg khng kh kh. Ta c cng thc:
I = Cpk.t + d (ro + Cph.t) kJ/kg kkk (1-20)
Trong :
Cpk - Nhit dung ring ng p ca khng kh kh Cpk = 1,005 kJ/kg.oK
Cph - Nhit dung ring ng p ca hi nc 0oC: Cph = 1,84 kJ/kg.oK
ro - Nhit n ha hi ca nc 0oC: ro = 2500 kJ/kg
Nh vy:
I = 1,005.t + d (2500 + 1,84.t) kJ/kg kkk (1-21)
CC TH TRNG THI CA KHNG KH M
th I-d.
th I-d biu th mi quan h ca cc i lng t, , I, d v pbh ca khng kh m.
th c gio s L.K.Ramzin (Nga) xy dng nm 1918 v sau c gio s Mollier
(c) lp nm 1923. Nh th ny ta c th xc nh c tt c cc thng s cn li
ca khng kh m khi bit 2 thng s bt k. th I-d thng c cc nc ng u
v Lin x (c) s dng.
th I-d c xy dng p sut kh quyn 745mmHg v 760mmHg.
th gm 2 trc I v d nghing vi nhau mt gc 135o. Mc ch xy dng cc trc
nghing mt gc 135o l nhm lm gin khong cch gia cc ng cong tham s c
bit l cc ng = const nhm tra cu cc thng s thun li hn.
Trn th ny cc ng I = const nghing vi trc honh mt gc 135o, ng d =
const l nhng ng thng ng. i vi th I-d c xy dng theo cch trn cho
thy cc ng cong tham s hu nh ch nm trn gc 1/4 th nht ca to Cc
. V vy, hnh v c gn ngi ta xoay trc d li vung gc vi trc I m vn gi
nguyn cc ng cong nh biu din, tuy nhin khi tra cu entanpi I ca khng kh

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ta vn tra theo ng nghing vi trc honh mt gc 135o. Vi cch xy dng nh vy,

cc ng tham s ca th s nh sau:
Cc ng I = const nghing vi trc honh mt gc 135o.
Cc ng d = const l ng thng ng
Cc ng t = const l ng thng chch ln pha trn, gn nh song song vi nhau.
Tht vy, ta c biu thc:

(1-22)
ng t = 100oC tng ng vi nhit bo ho ca hi nc ng vi p sut kh
quyn c t m
d) ng p h = f(d)
Ta c quan h:

(1-23)
Quan h ny c xy dng theo ng thng xin v gi tr ph c tra cu trn trc
song song vi trc I v nm bn phi th I-d.
Cc ng =const
Trong vng t < ts(p) ng cong = const l nhng ng cong li ln pha trn, cng
ln trn khong cch gia chng cng xa. i t trn xung di m cng tng. Cc
ng = const khng i qua gc ta . ng cong =100% hay cn gi l ng
bo ho ngn cch gia 2 vng: Vng cha bo ho v vng ngng kt hay cn gi l
vng sng m. Cc im nm trong vng sng m thng khng n nh m c xung
hng ngng kt bt hi nc v chuyn v trng thi bo ho.
Trn ng t > ts(p) ng = const l nhng ng thng ng
Khi p sut kh quyn thay i th th I-d cng thay i theo. p sut kh quyn thay
i trong khong 20mmHg th s thay i l khng ng k.
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Trn hnh 1-2 l th I-d ca khng kh m, xy dng p sut kh quyn Bo=

760mmHg.
Trn th ny xung quanh cn c v thm cc ng =const gip cho tra cu khi
tnh ton cc s iu ho khng kh.

Hnh 1.3. th I-d ca khng kh m

th d-t.
th d-t c cc nc Anh, M, Nht, c vv... s dng rt nhiu.
th d-t c 2 trc d v t vung gc vi nhau, cn cc ng ng entanpi I=const to
thnh gc 135o so vi trc t. Cc ng = const l nhng ng cong tng t nh
trn th I-d. C th coi th d-t l hnh nh ca th I-d qua mt gng phn chiu.
th d-t chnh l th t-d khi xoay 90o, c Carrrier xy dng nm 1919 nn thng
c gi l th Carrier (hnh 1-4).
Trc tung l cha hi d (g/kg), bn cnh l h s nhit hin SHF (Sensible)

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Trc honh l nhit nhit k kh t (oC)

Trn th c cc ng tham s sau y:
- ng I=const to vi trc honh mt gc 135o. Cc gi tr entanpi ca khng kh cho
tbn cnh ng =100%, n v kJ/kg khng kh kh
- ng =const l nhng ng cong lm, cng i ln pha trn (d tng) cng ln.
Trn ng =100% l vng sng m.
- ng th tch ring v = const l nhng ng thng nghing song song vi nhau, n
v m3/kg khng kh kh.
- Ngoi ra trn th cn c ng Ihc l ng hiu chnh entanpi (s sai lch gia
entanpi khng kh bo ho v cha bo ho)

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Hnh 1.4. th t-d ca khng kh m

MT S QU TRNH C BN TRN TH I-D
Qu trnh thay i trng thi ca khng kh.
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Qu trnh thay i trng thi ca khng kh m t trng thi A (tA, A) n B (tB, B)

c biu th bng on thng AB, mi tn ch chiu qu trnh gi l tia qu trnh.

Hnh 1.5. ngha hnh hc ca

t (IA - IB)/(dA-dB) = I/d =AB gi l h s gc tia ca qu trnh AB
Ta hy xt ngha hnh hc ca h s AB
K hiu gc gia tia AB vi ng nm ngang l . Ta c
I = IB - IA = m.AD
d= dB - dA = n.BC
Trong m, n l t l xch ca cc trc to .
m - kCal/kg kkk / 1mm
n - kg/kg kkk / 1mm

Nh vy trn trc to I-d c th xc nh tia AB thng qua gi tr AB. tin cho

vic s dng trn th ngoi bin ngi ta v thm cc ng = const ly gc O
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ca to lm khi im. Nhng khng lm ri th ngi ta ch v 01 on ngn

nm bn ngoi th pha trn, bn phi v pha di. Trn cc on thng ngi
ta ghi gi tr ca cc gc tia . Cc ng c ngha rt quan trng trong cc tnh ton
cc s iu ho khng kh sau ny v c nhiu qu trnh ngi ta bit trc trng thi
ban u v h s gc tia qu trnh . Nh vy trng thi cui ca qu trnh s nm
v tr trn ng song song vi on c cho v i qua trng thi ban u.
Cc ng = const c cc tnh cht sau:
- H s gc tia phn nh hng ca qu trnh AB, mi qu trnh c mt gi tr nht
nh.
- Cc ng c tr s nh nhau th song song vi nhau.
- Tt c cc ng u i qua gc ta (I=0 v d=0).
Qu trnh ha trn hai dng khng kh.
Trong k thut iu ha khng kh ngi ta thng gp cc qu trnh ha trn 2 dng
khng kh cc trng thi khc nhau. Vn t ra l phi xc nh trng thi ho trn.
Gi s ha trn mt lng khng kh trng thi A(IA, dA) c khi lng phn kh l
LA vi mt lng khng kh trng thi B(IB, dB) c khi lng phn kh l LB v thu
c mt lng khng kh trng thi C(IC, dC) c khi lng phn kh l LC. Ta xc
nh cc thng s ca trng thi ho trn C.

Hnh 1.6. Qu trnh ho trn trn th I-d

Ta c cc phng trnh:
- Cn bng khi lng
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LC = LA + LB (1-26)
- Cn bng m
dC.LC = dA.LA + dB.LB (1-27)
- Cn bng nhit
IC.LC = IA.LA + IB.LB (1-28)
Th (1-25) vo (1-26) v (1-27) v chuyn v ta c:
(IA - IC).LA = (IC - IB).LB
(dA - dC).LA = (dC - dB).LB

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nh hng ca mi trng khng kh v

chn thng s tnh ton cc h thng iu
ho khng kh
NH HNG CA MI TRNG KHNG KH V CHN THNG
S TNH TON CC H THNG IU HO KHNG KH
Mi trng khng kh xung quanh chng ta c tc ng rt ln trc tip n con ngi
v cc hot ng khc ca chng ta. Khi cuc sng con ngi c nng cao th nhu
cu v vic to ra mi trng nhn to phc v cuc sng v mi hot ng ca con
ngi tr nn v cng cp thit.
Mi trng khng kh tc ng ln con ngi v cc qu trnh sn xut thng qua nhiu
nhn t, trong cc nhn t sau y nh hng nhiu nht n con ngi:
- Nhit khng kh t, oC;
- m tng i , %;
- Tc lu chuyn ca khng kh , m/s;
- Nng bi trong khng kh Nbi, %;
- Nng ca cc cht c hi Nz; %
- Nng xi v kh CO2 trong khng kh; NO2, NCO2, %;
- n Lp, dB.
Di y chng ta s nghin cu nh hng ca cc nhn t .
NH HNG CA MI TRNG KHNG KH N CON NGI
Anh hng ca nhit .
Nhit l yu t gy cm gic nng lnh i vi con ngi. C th con ngi c nhit
xp x 37oC. Trong qu trnh vn ng c th con ngi lun lun thi ra mi trng
nhit lng qta. Lng nhit do c th to ra ph thuc vo cng vn ng: vn
ng cng nhiu th nhit lng to ra cng ln. V vy duy tr thn nhit c th

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thng xuyn trao i nhit vi mi trng xung quanh. thi nhit ra mi trng c
th c 02 hnh thc trao i:
- Truyn nhit ra mi trng do chnh lch nhit t. Nhit lng trao i theo dng
ny gi l nhit hin qh.
- Thi nhit ra mi trng do thot m hi hay cn gi l to m. Nhit lng trao i
di hnh thc ny gi l nhit n q.
Mi quan h gia 2 hnh thc thi nhit v nhit to ca c th c th hin bi phng
trnh sau y:
qta = qh + q (2-1)
y l mt phng trnh cn bng ng, gi tr ca mi mt i lng trong phng
trnh c th thay i tu thuc vo cng vn ng, nhit , m, tc chuyn
ng ca khng kh mi trng xung quanh vv... Trong phng trnh q l i lng
mang tnh cht iu chnh, gi tr ca n ln nh ph thuc vo mi quan h ca qto v
qh m bo phng trnh (2-1) lun lun cn bng.
- Nu cng vn ng ca con ngi khng i th qto = const, nhng qh gim,
chng hn khi nhit mi trng tng, t = tct-tmt gim; khi tc gi gim hoc khi
nhit tr tng. Phng trnh (2-1) mt cn bng, khi c th s thi m, q xut hin
v tng dn nu qh gim.
- Nu nhit mi trng khng i, tc gi n nh v nhit tr cng khng i th
qh = const, khi cng vn ng tng qto tng, phng trnh (2-1) mt cn bng, khi
c th cng s thi m, qto cng tng cao th q cng tng ln tng ng.
Nu v mt l do g mt cn bng th s gy ri lon v sinh au m
Quan h gia nhit hin v nhit n theo nhit mi trng c th hin trn hnh
2-1.

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Hnh 2.1. Quan h gia nhit hin q h v nhit n q theo nhit phng
- Nhit hin : Truyn nhit t c th con ngi vo mi trng xung quanh di 3
phng thc: dn nhit, i lu v bc x. Nhit hin qh ph thuc vo chnh nhit
gia c th v mi trng xung quanh t = tct-tmt, tc chuyn ng ca dng
khng kh v nhit tr (o qun, chn vv . . . )
c im ca nhit hin l ph thuc rt nhiu vo t = tct-tmt : khi nhit mi trng
tmt nh hn thn nhit, c th truyn nhit cho mi trng, khi nhit mi trng ln
hn thn nhit th c th nhn nhit t mi trng. Khi nhit mi trng kh b, t
= tct-tmt ln, qh ln, c th mt nhiu nhit nn c cm gic lnh v ngc li khi nhit
mi trng ln kh nng thi nhit ra mi trng gim nn c cm gic nng.
Khi nhit mi trng khng i, tc khng kh n nh th qh khng i. Nu
cng vn ng ca con ngi thay i th lng nhit hin qh khng th cn bng
vi nhit to qto thi ht nhit lng do c th sinh ra, cn c hnh thc trao i th
2, l to m.
- Nhit n: Nhit truyn ra mi trng di hnh thc to m gi l nhit n. Ta m c
th xy ra trong mi phm vi nhit v khi nhit mi trng cng cao, cng
vn ng cng ln th to m cng nhiu. Nhit nng ca c th c thi ra ngoi cng
vi hi nc di dng nhit n, nn lng nhit ny c gi l nhit n.
Ngay c khi nhit mi trng ln hn thn nhit (37oC), c th con ngi vn thi
c nhit ra mi trng thng qua hnh thc ta m, l thot m hi. Ngi ta
tnh c rng c thot 1 g m hi th c th thi c mt lng nhit xp x 2500J.
Nhit cng cao, m mi trng cng b th mc thot m hi cng nhiu.
Nhit n c gi tr cng cao khi hnh thc thi nhit bng truyn nhit khng thun li.

20/419

R rng rng, con ngi c th sng trong mt phm vi thay i nhit kh ln, tuy
nhin nhit thch hp nht i vi con ngi ch nm trong khong hp. Nhit v
m thch hp i vi con ngi c th ly theo TCVN 5687-1992 cho bng 2-1
di y.
B ng 2-1: Thng s vi kh hu tin nghi ng vi trng thi lao ng
Trng thi lao ng
Ma H

Ma ng

toC

, %

, m/s toC

Ngh ngi

22 - 24

60 - 75 0,1-0,3 24 - 27 60 - 75 0,3-0,5

Lao ng nh

22 - 24

60 - 75 0,3-0,5 24 - 27 60 - 75 0,5-0,7

Lao ng va

20 - 22

60 - 75 0,3-0,5 23 - 26 60 - 75 0,7-1,0

Lao ng nng

18 - 20

60 - 75 0,3-0,5 22 - 25 60 - 75 0,7-1,5

, %

, m/s

Trn hnh 2.2 biu th th vng tin nghi ca hi lnh, si m, thng gi v iu ho

khng kh ca M gii thiu. th ny biu din trn trc to vi trc tung l nhit
ng sng ts v trc honh l nhit vn hnh tv, nhit bn trong th l nhit
hiu qu tng ng. Nhit vn hnh tv c tnh theo biu thc sau:

(2-2)
tk, tbx - Nhit khng kh v nhit bc x trung bnh, oC;
l, bx - H s to nhit i lu v bc x, W/m2.K
Nhit hiu qu tng ng c tnh theo cng thc:

(2-3)
t - Nhit nhit k t, oC;
K - Tc chuyn ca khng kh, m/s.

21/419

Hnh 2.2. th vng tin nghi theo tiu chun ASHRAE (M)
Nhit hiu qu tng ng xc nh nh hng tng hp ca cc yu t : nhit ,
m v tc chuyn ng ca khng kh n con ngi.
Theo th tin nghi, nhit hiu qu thch hp nm trong khong 20?26oC, m
tng i khong 30?70%, nhit ng sng 2?15oC.
R rng theo th ny vng tin nghi ca M c nhng im sai khc so vi TCVN.
Trn hnh 2.3 l th vng tin nghi c biu din theo trc tung l nhit nhit k
t t v trc hnh l nhit nhit k kh tk, nhit gia l nhit hiu qu tc.
Theo th ny vng tin nghi nm trong khong nhit nhit k t t 10?20oC,
nhit nhit k kh t 18?28oC v nhit hiu qu t 17?24oC.

22/419

Hnh 2.3. th vng tin nghi theonhit t k v t

Anh hng ca m tng i
m tng i c nh hng ln n kh nng thot m hi vo trong mi trng
khng kh xung quanh. Qu trnh ny ch c th xy ra khi < 100%. m cng thp
th kh nng thot m hi cng ln, c th s cm thy d chu.
m qu cao, hay qu thp u khng tt i vi con ngi.
- Khi m cao: Khi m tng ln kh nng thot m hi km, c th cm thy rt
nng n, mt mi v d gy cm cm. Ngi ta nhn thy mt nhit v tc gi
khng i khi m ln kh nng bc m hi chm hoc khng th bay hi c, iu
lm cho b mt da c lp m hi nhp nhp.

23/419

Hnh 2.4. Gii hn min m hi trn da

Trn hnh 2.4 biu th min xut hin m hi trn b mt da. Theo th ny ta thy,
ng vi mt gi tr m nht nh, khi nng nhit ln mt gi tr no th trn b
mt da xut hin lp m hi v ngc li khi m cao trn b mt da xut hin m hi
ngay c khi nhit khng kh kh thp. V d m trn 75% th xut hin m hi
ngay c khi nhit di 20oC.
- m thp: Khi m thp mi hi s bay hi nhanh lm da kh, gy nt n chn
tay, mi vv. ... Nh vy m qu thp cng khng tt cho c th.
m thch hp i vi c th con ngi nm trong khong tng i rng = 60?
75% v c th chn theo TCVN 5687-1992 nu bng 2-1.
Anh hng ca tc khng kh
Tc khng kh xung quanh c nh hng n cng trao i nhit v trao i cht
(thot m hi) gia c th con ngi vi mi trng xung quanh. Khi tc ln cng
trao i nhit m tng ln. V vy khi ng trc gi ta cm thy mt v thng da
kh hn ni yn tnh trong cng iu kin v m v nhit .
Khi nhit khng kh thp, tc qu ln th c th mt nhiu nhit gy cm gic
lnh. Tc gi thch hp ty thuc vo nhiu yu t: nhit gi, cng lao ng,
m, trng thi sc khe ca mi ngi vv...
Trong k thut iu ha khng kh ngi ta ch quan tm tc gi trong vng lm vic,
tc l vng di 2m k t sn nh. y l vng m mt ngi bt k khi ng trong
phng u lt hn vo trong khu vc (hnh 2.5).

24/419

Hnh 2.5. Gii hn vng lm vic

Tc khng kh lu ng c la chn theo nhit khng kh trong phng nu
bng 2-2. Khi nhit phng thp cn chn tc gi nh , nu tc qu ln c th
mt nhiu nhit, s nh hng sc kho .
c c tc hp l cn chn loi ming thi ph hp v b tr hp l .
Bng 2.2. Tc tnh ton ca khng kh trong phng
Nhit khng kh, oC

Tc k, m/s

16 ? 2021 ? 2324 ? 2526 ? 2728 ?

30> 30

< 0,250,25 ? 0,30,4 ? 0,60,7 ? 1,01,1 ? 1,31,3

? 1,5

Theo TCVN 5687:1992 tc khng kh bn trong nh c quy nh theo bng 2-3.

Bng 2.3. Tc khng kh trong nh qui nh theo TCVN 5687 : 1992
Loi vi kh hu

Ma H

Ma ng

Vi kh hu t nhin 0,5 m/s 0,1 m/s

Vi kh hu nhn to 0,3 m/s

0,05

Nh vy, ch iu ho khng kh, tc gi thch hp kh nh. V vy ngi thit

k phi ht sc ch m bo tc hp l.
Anh hng ca bi

25/419

 trong sch ca khng kh l mt trong nhng tiu chun quan trng cn c khng
ch trong cc khng gian iu ho v thng gi. Tiu chun ny cng quan trng i vi
cc i tng nh bnh vin, phng ch bin thc phm, cc phn xng sn xut
in t, thit b quang hc .. vv
Bi l nhng phn t vt cht c kch thc nh b khuch tn trong mi trng khng
kh.
Khi trong khng kh c cc cht c hi chim mt t l ln th n s c nh hng n
sc khe con ngi: nh hng n h h hp, th gic v cht lng cuc sng. c
bit i vi ng h hp, ht bi cng nh nh hng ca chng cng ln, vi c ht
0,5 ?10m chng c th thm nhp su vo ng h hp nn cn gi l bi h hp.
Mc tc hi ca mi mt cht ty thuc vo bn cht ca bi, nng ca n trong
khng kh, thi gian tip xc ca con ngi, tnh trng sc khe, kch c ht bi vv. . .
- Kch thc cng nh th cng c hi v n tn ti trong khng kh lu v kh nng thm
nhp vo c th su hn v rt kh kh bi. Ht bi ln th kh nng kh d dng hn
nn t nh hng n con ngi.
- V bn cht : Bi c 2 ngun gc hu c v v c. Ni chung bi v c c hi hn bi
hu c v thng c kch thc nh hn v c s lng ln hn, thng gp hn trong
thc t. Nht l tnh hnh cc th Vit Nam hin nam ang trong qu trnh ci to v
xy dng ton din.
- Nng bi cho php trong khng kh ph thuc vo bn cht ca bi v thng c
nh gi theo hm lng xit silic (SiO2) v c ly thao bng 2.4 di y:
Bng 2.4. Nng cho php ca bi trong khng kh
Hm lng SO2, Nng bi cho php ca khng
kh trong khu lm vic
%

Nng bi cho php ca

khng kh tun hon

Z > 102 ? 10<

2Bi aming

Zb< 0,6 mg/m3< 1,2< 1,8

Zb < 2 mg/m32 ? 44 ? 6< 2

Theo TCVN 5687:1992 nng bi cho php ca cc cht c cho c th theo bng
2.5 di y.
Bng 2.5. Nng cho php ca cc loi bi theo TCVN 5687:1992
STT

Lo

26/419

B
am
xil
t
12345678910111213141516171819202122232425262728293031323334353637383940414243 thu
SiO
CC
?)H
ph
STT

Lo

4344454647484950515253545556575859606162636465666768697071

D
van
As
tata
Cr2

Anh hng ca cc cht c hi

Trong qu trnh sn xut v sinh hot trong khng kh c th c ln cc cht c hi nh
NH3, Clo vv. . . l nhng cht rt c hi n sc khe con ngi.
Cho ti nay khng c tiu chun chung nh gi mc nh hng tng hp ca cc
cht c hi trong khng kh. Theo TCVN 5687 : 1992 nng cc cht c hi ca
khng khng kh trong phng cho bng 2.5 di y.
Bng 2.6. Nng cho php ca mt s cht theo TCVN 5687:1992
TT

123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445

27/419

Anh hng ca kh CO2 v tnh ton lng gi ti cung cp

Kh CO2 khng phi l mt kh c, nhng khi nng ca chng ln th s lm gim
nng O2 trong khng kh, gy nn cm gic mt mi. Khi nng qu ln c th dn
n ngt th, kch thch thn kinh, tng nhp tim v cc ri lon khc.
Trong cc cng trnh dn dng, cht c hi trong khng kh ch yu l kh CO2 do con
ngi thi ra trong qu trnh sinh hot.
Bng 2-7 di y trnh by mc nh hng ca CO2 theo nng ca n trong
khng kh. Theo bng ny khi nng CO2 trong khng kh chim 0,5% theo th tch
l c th gy nguy him cho con ngi. Nng cho php ca CO2 trong khng kh
thng ly l 0,15% theo th tch.
Bng 2.7. nh hng ca nng CO2 trong khng kh
Nng
CO2% th
tch

Mc nh hng

0,07

- Chp nhn c ngay c khi c nhiu ngi trong phng

0,10

- Nng cho php trong trng hp thng thng

0,15

- Nng cho php khi dng tnh ton thng gi

0,20-0,50

- Tng i nguy him

> 0,50

- Nguy him

4?5

- H thn kinh b kch thch gy ra th su v nhp th gia tng. Nu ht

th trong mi trng ny ko di th c th gy ra nguy him.

- Nu th trong mi trng ny ko di 10 pht th mt bng v au

u

18 hoc ln
- Ht sc nguy him c th dn ti t vong.
hn
Cn c vo nng cho php c th tnh c lng khng kh cn cung cp cho 1
ngi trong 1 gi nh sau:

(2-4)

28/419

trong :
- VCO2 l lng CO2 do 01 ngi thi ra trong 1 gi, m3/h.ngi
- Nng CO2 cho php, % th tch. Thng chn = 0,15
- a Nng th tch ca CO2 c trong khng kh bn ngoi mi trng, % th tch.
Thng ngi ta chn a=0,03%.
- VK : Lng khng kh ti cn cung cp cho 1 ngi trong 1 gi, m3/h.ngi
Lng CO2 do 01 ngi thi ra ph thuc vo cng lao ng, nn Vk cng ph
thuc vo cng lao ng. Cc i lng ny c th ly theo bng 2-8 di y
Bng 2.8. Lng CO2 do mt ngi pht thi v lng kh ti cn cp trong mt
gi
(m3/h.ngi)
Cng vn ng VCO2, m3/h.ngi
VK, m3/h.ngi
=0,1

=0,15

- Ngh ngi

0,013

18,6

10,8

- Rt nh

0,022

31,4

18,3

- Nh

0,030

43,0

25,0

- Trung bnh

0,046

65,7

38,3

- Nng

0,074

106,0 61,7

Trong trng hp trong khng gian iu ho c ht thuc l, lng khng kh ti cn

cung cp i hi nhiu hn, loi tr nh hng ca khi thuc v c th ly theo bng
2-9.
Bng 2.9. Lng kh ti cn cung cp khi c ht thuc
Mc ht thuc, iu/h.ngi Lng khng kh ti cn cung cp, m3/h.ngi
0,8 ? 1,01,2 ? 1,62,5 ? 33 ? 5,1

13 ? 1720 ? 2642 ? 5151 ? 85

29/419

Anh hng ca n
n nh hng n con ngi thng qua cc nhn t sau:
- Anh hng n sc kho: Ngi ta pht hin ra rng khi con ngi lm vic lu di
trong khu vc c n cao th lu ngy c th s suy sp, c th gy mt s bnh nh:
Stress, bn chn v gy cc ri lon gin tip khc. n tc ng nhiu n h thn
kinh v sc kho ca con ngi.
- Anh hng n mc tp trung vo cng vic hoc n gin hn l gy s kh chu
cho con ngi. V d cc m thanh ca qut trong phng th vin nu qu ln s lm
mt tp trung ca ngi c v rt kh chu. n trong cc phng ng phi nh khng
gy nh hng n gic ng ca con ngi, nht l nhng ngi ln tui.
- Anh hng n cht lng cng vic. Chng hn trong cc phng Studio ca cc i
pht thanh v truyn hnh, i hi n rt thp, di 30 dB. Nu n cao s nh
hng n cht lng m thanh.
V vy n l mt tiu chun quan trng khng th b qua khi thit k mt h thng
iu ha khng kh. c bit cc h thng iu ho cho cc i pht thanh, truyn hnh,
cc phng studio, thu m thu li th yu cu v n l quan trng nht.
n cho php trong cc cng trnh c th tham kho theo bng 2.10 di y
Bng 2.10. n cho php trong phng
Khu vc

Gi trong ngy

n cc i cho php, dB
Cho php

Nn chn

- Bnh vin, Khu iu dng 6 - 2222 - 6

3530 3030

- Ging ng, lp hc

40

35

- Phng my vi tnh

40

35

- Phng lm vic

50

45

- Phn xng sn xut

85

80

- Nh ht, phng ha nhc

30

30

- Phng hi tho, hi hp

55

50

- Rp chiu bng

40

35

30/419

- Phng

6 - 2222 - 6

4030 3030

- Khch sn

6 - 2222 - 6

4540 3530

- Phng n ln, qun n ln

50

45

NH HNG CA MI TRNG N SN XUT

Con ngi l mt yu t v cng quan trng trong sn xut. Cc thng s kh hu c nh
hng nhiu ti con ngi tc cng c nh hng ti nng sut v cht lng sn phm
mt cch gin tip.
Ngoi ra cc yu t kh hu cng nh hng trc tip ti cht lng sn phm. Trong
phn ny chng ta ch nghin cu kha cnh ny. Nhiu sn phm i hi tin hnh
sn xut trong nhng iu kin kh hu rt nghim ngt. Di y chng ta nh gi
mc nh hng ca cc yu t .
Anh hng ca nhit
Nhit c nh hng n nhiu loi sn phm. Mt s qu trnh sn xut i hi nhit
phi nm trong mt gii hn nht nh. V d:
- Ko Scla: 7 - 8 oC
- Ko cao su: 20oC
- Bo qu rau qu: 10oC
- o lng chnh xc: 20 - 24 oC
- Dt : 20 - 32oC
- Ch bin tht, thc phm: Nhit cao lm sn phm chng b thiu.
Bng 2.11 di y l tiu chun v nhit v m ca mt s qu trnh sn xut
thng gp
Bng 2.11. iu kin cng ngh ca mt s qu trnh
Qu trnh

Cng ngh sn xut

Nhit , oC

m, %

31/419

Xng in

- ng v gi sch- Phng in n- Ni
lu tr giy- Phng lm bn km

21 ? 2424 ?
2720 ? 3321 ?
33

4545 ? 5050 ?
6040 ? 50

Sn xut
bia

- Ni ln men- X l malt- chnCc ni khc

3 ? 410 ? 1518
? 2216 ? 24

50 ? 7080 ?
8550 ? 6045 ?
65

Xng
bnh

- Nho bt- ng gi- Ln men

24 ? 2718 ?
2427

45 ? 5550 ?
6570 ? 80

Ch bin
- Ch bin b- Mayonaise- Macaloni
thc phm

162421 ? 27

6040 ? 5038

Cng ngh
- Lp rp chnh xc- Gia cng khc
chnh xc

20 ? 2424

40 ? 5045 ? 55

Xng len - Chun b- Ko si- Dt

27 ? 2927 ?
2927 ? 29

6050 ? 6060 ?
70

Xng si - Chi si- Xe si- Dt v iu tit

bng
cho si

22 ? 2522 ?
2522 ? 25

55 ? 6560 ?
7070 ? 90

Anh hng ca m tng i

m cng c nh nhiu n mt s sn phm nu khng tho mn nhng iu kin
yu cu:
* Khi m cao c th gy nm mc cho mt s sn phm nng nghip v cng nghip
nh, chng hn nh trong cng nghp thuc l, si dt, dy da vv . . .
V d
+ Sn xut bnh ko: Khi m cao th ko chy nc. m thch hp cho sn xut
bnh ko l = 50-65%
+ Ngnh vi in t, bn dn: Khi m cao lm mt tnh cch in ca cc mch in
* Khi m thp sn phm s kh, gin khng tt c th gy gy v cc sn phm hoc
bay hi lm gim cht lng sn phm hoc hao ht trng lng.
V d cng nghip thuc l v dt, khi m nh, hi nc bay hi nhiu cc si thuc
l, si vi qu kh rt d gy. Trong k thut ch bin thc phm, rau qu, kh ln
lm bay hi nc gim s lng v cht lng thc phm.
Anh hng ca vn tc khng kh.
32/419

Tc khng kh cng c nh hng n sn xut nhng mt kha cnh khc

* Khi tc ln: Trong nh my dt, sn xut giy vv. . sn phm nh s bay khp
phng hoc lm ri si. Trong mt s trng hp th sn phm bay hi nc nhanh lm
gim cht lng v trng lng. Ngoi ra tc cao cng nh hng n ngi lm
vic trong phng c bit cc khu vc nhit thp.
V vy trong mt s x nghip sn xut ngi ta cng qui nh tc khng kh khng
c vt qu mc cho php.
* Khi chn tc nh: tun hon gi trong phng qu thp th kh nng trao i khng
kh b hn ch nn c nhng nh hng nht nh. Lng hi m hoc nhit c thvtch
t ti mt s vng nht nh trong phng, t nhiu nh hng n con ngi v cht
lng sn phm trong phng.
Anh hng ca trong sch ca khng kh.
trong sch ca khng kh c th hin qua nng bi c trong khng kh, nng
c dn ra trong cc ti liu chuyn mn cho tng loi bi.
C nhiu ngnh sn xut yu cu phi thc hin trong gian cc k trong sch. V d
nh ngnh sn xut hng in t bn dn, phim nh, sn xut thit b quang hc. Mt
s ngnh khc cng i hi mi trng trong sch nh ngnh sn xut v ch bin thc
phm v cc ngnh sn xut khc.
KHI NIM V PHN LOI IU HO KHNG KH
Khi nim v iu ho khng kh
Khng gian iu ho lun lun chu tc ng ca nhiu lon bn trong v bn ngoi lm
cho cc thng s ca n lun lun c xu hng x dch so vi thng s yu cu t ra.
V vy nhim v ca h thng iu ho khng kh l phi to ra v duy tr ch vi kh
hu .
iu ha khng kh cn gi l iu tit khng kh l qu trnh to ra v gi n nh cc
thng s vi kh hu ca khng kh trong phng theo mt chng trnh nh sn khng
ph thuc vo iu kin bn ngoi.
Khc vi thng gi, trong h thng iu ha , khng kh trc khi thi vo phng
c x l v mt nhit m. V th iu tit khng kh t hiu qu cao hn thng gi.
Phn loi cc h thng iu ho khng kh

33/419

Cho n nay c rt nhiu cch phn loi cc h thng iu ho khng kh da trn nhng
c s rt khc nhau. Di y trnh by 2 cch ph bin nht :
Theo mc quan trng ca cc h thng iu ho : Ngi ta chia ra lm 3 cp nh
sau:
H thng iu ha khng kh cp I
L h thng iu ho c kh nng duy tr cc thng s vi kh hu trong nh vi mi
phm vi thng s ngoi tri, ngay ti c nhng thi im khc nghit nht trong nm
v ma H ln ma ng.
H thng iu ha khng kh cp II
L h thng iu ho c kh nng duy tr cc thng s vi kh hu trong nh vi sai s
khng qa 200 gi trong 1 nm, tc tng ng khong 8 ngy trong 1 nm. iu
c ngha trong 1 nm nhng ngy khc nghit nht v ma H v ma ng h thng
c th c sai s nht nh, nhng s lng nhng ngy cng ch xp x 4 ngy trong
mt ma.
H thng iu ha khng kh cp III
H thng iu ho c kh nng duy tr cc thng s tnh ton trong nh vi sai s khng
qa 400 gi trong 1 nm, tng ng 17 ngy.
Khi nim v mc quan trng mang tnh tng i v khng r rng. Chn mc
quan trng l theo yu cu ca khch hng v thc t c th ca cng trnh. Tuy nhin
hu ht cc h thng iu ho trn thc t c chn l h thng iu ho cp III.
Vic chn cp ca cc h thng iu ho khng kh c nh hng n vic chn cc
thng s tnh ton bn ngoi tri trong phn di y.
Theo phng php x l nhit m :
H thng iu ho kiu kh
Khng kh c x l nhit m nh cc thit b trao i nhit kiu b mt. c im ca
vic x l khng kh qua cc thit b trao i nhit kiu b mt l khng c kh nng
lm tng dung m ca khng kh . Qu trnh x l khng kh qua cc thit b trao i
nhit kiu b mt tu thuc vo nhit b mt m dung m khng i hoc gim. Khi
nhit b mt thit b nh hn nhit ng sng ts ca khng kh i qua th hi m
trong n s ngng t li trn b mt ca thit b, kt qu dung m gim. Trn thc t,
qu trnh x l lun lun lm gim dung m ca khng kh.

34/419

 H thng iu ho khng kh kiu t

Khng kh c x l qua cc thit b trao i nhit kiu hn hp. Trong thit b ny
khng kh s hn hp vi nc phun qua x l trao i nhit m. Kt qu qu trnh
trao i nhit m c th lm tng, gim hoc duy tr khng i dung m ca khng kh.
Theo c im khu x l nhit m :
H thng iu ho cc b
L h thng nh ch iu ha khng kh trong mt khng gian hp, thng l mt phng.
Kiu iu ho cc b trn thc t ch yu s dng cc my iu ho dng ca s , my
iu ho kiu ri (2 mnh) v my iu ho ghp.
H thng iu ho phn tn
H thng iu ha khng kh m khu x l nhit m phn tn nhiu ni. C th v d
h thng iu ho khng kh kiu khuych tn trn thc t nh h thng iu ho kiu
VRV (Variable Refrigerant Volume ) , kiu lm lnh bng nc (Water chiller) hoc kt
hp nhiu kiu my khc nhau trong 1 cng trnh.
H thng iu ho trung tm
H thng iu ho trung tm l h thng m khu x l khng kh thc hin ti mt
trung tm sau c dn theo h thng knh dn gi n cc h tiu th. H thng
iu ho trung tm trn thc t l my iu ho dng t, khng kh c x l nhit
m ti t my iu ho ri c dn theo h thng knh dn n cc phng.
Theo c im mi cht gii nhit
Gii nhit bng gi (air cooled)
Tt c cc my iu ho cng sut nh u gii nhit bng khng kh, cc my iu ho
cng sut trung bnh c th gii nhit bng gi hoc nc, hu ht cc my cng sut
ln u gii nhit bng nc.
Gii nhit bng nc (water cooled)
nng cao hiu qu gii nhit cc my cng sut ln s dng nc gii nhit cho
thit b ngng t. i vi cc h thng ny i hi trang b i km l h thng bm, thp
gii nhit v ng ng dn nc.
Theo kh nng x l nhit

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 My iu ho 1 chiu lnh (cooled only air conditioner)

My ch c kh nng lm lnh v ma H v mua ng khng c kh nng si m.
My iu ho 2 chiu nng lnh (Heat pump air conditioner)
My c h thng van o chiu cho php hon i chc nng ca cc dn nng v lnh
v cc ma khc nhau. Ma H bn trong nh l dn lnh, bn ngoi l dn nng v ma
ng s hon i ngc li.
Theo c im ca my nn lnh
Ngi ta chia ra cc loi my iu ho c my nn piston (reciprocating compressor),
trc vt (screw compressor), kiu xon, ly tm (Scroll compressor).
Theo c im, kt cu v chc nng ca cc my iu ho
Theo c im ny c rt nhiu cch phn loi khc nhau.
Chn thng s tnh ton bn ngoi tri
Thng s ngoi tri c s dng tnh ton ti nhit c cn c vo tm quan trng
ca cng trnh, tc l ty thuc vo cp ca h thng iu ha khng kh v ly theo
TCVN 5687 - 1992 nh bng 2-11 di y:

Bng 2.12. Nhit v m tnh ton ngoi tri

H thng

Ma H

Ma
ng

Nhit tN , oC

m
N,
%

H thng cp I

tmax

H thng cp II

***SORRY, THIS MEDIA

TYPE IS NOT
SUPPORTED.***

H thng cp III

***SORRY, THIS MEDIA

TYPE IS NOT
SUPPORTED.***

Nhit
tN , m
N,
o
C
%

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***SORRY, THIS MEDIA

TYPE IS NOT
SUPPORTED.***
tmin
***SORRY, THIS MEDIA
TYPE IS NOT
SUPPORTED.***
***SORRY, THIS MEDIA
TYPE IS NOT
SUPPORTED.***
***SORRY, THIS MEDIA
TYPE IS NOT
SUPPORTED.***
Trong :
tmax , tmin Nhit ln nht v nh nht tuyt i trong nm o lc 13?15 gi, tham
kho ph lc PL-1
ttbmax , ttbmin Nhit ca thng nng nht trong nm, tham kho ph lc PL-2, v
PL-3.

,
- m o lc 13-15 gi ca thng nng nht v lnh nht trong nm.

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Hnh 2.6. Thng s tnh ton bn ngoi tri

???

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TNH CN BNG NHIT V CN BNG

M
TNH CN BNG NHIT V CN BNG M
PHNG TRNH CN BNG NHIT M
Xt mt h nhit ng bt k, h lun lun chu tc ng ca mi trng bn ngoi v
cc i tng bn trong v nhiu mt. Kt qu cc thng s vi kh hu ca h b thay
i. Ta gi cc tc ng l cc nhiu lon. i vi khng gian iu ho, cc nhiu
lon bao gm: nhiu lon v nhit, v m, v pht tn cc cht c hi vv. ..
Phng trnh cn bng nhit
H iu ho chu tc ng ca cc nhiu lon nhit di hai dng ph bin sau:
- Nhit ta ra t cc ngun nhit bn trong h gi l cc ngun nhit to: Qta
- Nhit truyn qua kt cu bao che gi l ngun nhit thm thu: Qtt
Tng hai thnh phn trn gi l nhit tha
QT = Qta + Qtt (3-1)
duy tr ch nhit trong khng gian iu ho, trong k thut iu ho khng kh
ngui ta phi cp cho h mt lng khng kh c lu lng Gq (kg/s) trng thi V(tV,
V) no v ly ra cng lng nh vy nhng trng thi T(tT,T). Nh vy lng
khng kh ny ly i t phng mt lng nhit bng QT. Ta c phng trnh cn bng
nhit nh sau:
QT = Gq.(IT - IV) (3-2)
Gq - Gi l lu lng thi nhit tha, kg/s.
Phng trnh cn bng m
Tng t nh trn, ngoi cc nhiu lon v nhit h cng b tc ng ca cc nhiu lon
v m nh sau:
- m ta ra t cc ngun bn trong h: Wta

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- m thm thu qua kt cu bao che: Wtt

Tng hai thnh phn trn gi l m tha
WT = Wta + Wtt (3-3)
h cn bng m v c trng thi khng kh trong phng khng i T(tT, T) ngui
ta phi cung cp cho h mt lng khng kh c lu lng Gw (kg/s) trng thi V(tV,
V). Nh vy lng khng kh ny ly i t h mt lng m bng WT. Ta c phng
trnh cn bng m nh sau:
WT = Gw.(dT - dV) (3-4)
GW - Gi l lu lng thi m tha, kg/s.
Phng trnh cn bng nng cht c hi (nu c)
kh cc cht c hi pht sinh ra trong h ngi ta thi vo phng lu lng gi Gz
(kg/s) sao cho:
M = Gz.(zT - zV), kg/s (3-5)
M: Lu lng cht c hi ta ra v thm thu qua kt cu bao che, kg/s;
ZT v Zv: Nng theo khi lng ca cht c hi ca khng kh cho php trong
phng v thi vo.
Nhit tha, m tha v lng cht c to ra l c s xc nh nng sut ca cc thit
b x l khng kh. Trong phn di y chng ta xc nh hai thng s quan trng nht
l tng nhit tha QT v m tha WT.
Lng cht c hi pht sinh thc t rt kh tnh nn trong phn ny khng gii thiu.
Ring lng CO2 pht sinh do con ngi c xc nh chng 2, ph thuc cng
vn ng ca con ngi.
XC NH LNG NHIT THA Q T
Nhit do my mc thit b in ta ra Q1
Nhit to ra t thit b dn ng bng ng c in

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My mc s dng in gm 2 cm chi tit l ng c in v c cu dn ng. Tn tht

ca cc my bao gm tn tht ng c v tn tht c cu dn ng. Theo v tr tng
i ca 2 cm chi tit ny ta c 3 trng hp c th xy ra:
- Trng hp 1: ng c v chi tit dn ng nm hon ton trong khng gian iu ho
- Trng hp 2: ng c nm bn ngoi, chi tit dn ng nm bn trong
- Trng hp 3: ng c nm bn trong, chi tit dn ng nm bn ngoi.
Nhit do my mc to ra ch di dng nhit hin.
Gi N v ? l cng sut v hiu sut ca ng c in. Cng sut ca ng c in N
thng l cng sut tnh u ra ca ng c, l cng sut trn trc. Cng sut ny
truyn cho c cu c kh. Cng sut u vo ng c bao gm c tn tht nhit trn
ng c. V vy:
- Trng hp 1: Ton b nng lng cung cp cho ng c u c bin thnh nhit
nng v trao i cho khng kh trong phng. Nhng do cng sut N c tnh l cng
sut u ra nn nng lng m ng c tiu th l:

, kW (3-6)
? - Hiu sut ca ng c
- Trng hp 2: V ng c nm bn ngoi, cm chi tit chuyn ng nm bn trong
nn nhit tha pht ra t s hot ng ca ng c chnh l cng sut N.
q1 = N, kW (3-7)
- Trng hp 3: Trong trng ny phn nhit nng do ng c to ra bng nng lng
u vo tr cho phn to ra t c cu c chuyn ng:

, kW (3-8)
tin li cho vic tra cu tnh ton, tn tht nhit cho cc ng c c th tra cu c
th cho tng trng hp trong bng 3.1 di y.
Bng 3.1. Tn tht nhit ca cc ng c in
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Cn lu l nng lng do ng c tiu th ang cp l ch nh mc. Tuy

nhin trn thc t ng c c th hot ng non ti hoc qu ti. V th chnh xc hn
cn tin hnh o cng dng in thc t xc nh cng sut thc.
Nhit to ra t thit b in
Ngoi cc thit b c dn ng bng cc ng c in, trong phng c th trang b cc
dng c s dng in khc nh: Ti vi, my tnh, my in, my sy tc vv... i a s cc
thit b in ch pht nhit hin.
i vi cc thit b in pht ra nhit hin th nhit lng to ra bng chnh cng sut
ghi trn thit b.

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Khi tnh ton tn tht nhit do my mc v thit b in pht ra cn lu khng phi tt

c cc my mc v thit b in cng u hot ng ng thi. cho cng sut my
lnh khng qu ln, cn phi tnh n mc hot ng ng thi ca cc ng c.
Trong trng hp tng qut:
Q1 = q1.Ktt.kt (3-9)
Ktt - h s tnh ton bng t s gia cng sut lm vic thc vi cng sut nh mc.
Kt - H s ng thi, tnh n mc hot ng ng thi. H s ng thi ca mi
ng c c th coi bng h s thi gian lm vic, tc l bng t s thi gian lm vic
ca ng c th i, chia cho tng thi gian lm vic ca ton b h thng. H s Kt c
th tham kho bng 3.3.
Nhit ta ra t cc ngun sng nhn to Q 2
Ngun sng nhn to y cp l ngun sng t cc n in. C th chia n in
ra lm 2 loi: n dy tc v n hunh quang.
Nhit do cc ngun sng nhn to to ra ch dng nhit hin.
- i vi loi n dy tc: Cc loi n ny c kh nng bin i ch 10% nng lng
u vo thnh quang nng, 80% c pht ra bng bc x nhit, 10% trao i vi mi
trng bn ngoi qua i lu v dn nhit. Nh vy ton b nng lng u vo d bin
i v pht ra di dng quang nng hay nhit nng nhng cui cng u bin thnh
nhit v c khng kh trong phng hp th ht.
Q21 = NS, kW (3-10)
NS - Tng cng sut cc n dy tc, kW
- i vi n hunh quang: Khong 25% nng lng u vo bin thnh quang nng,
25% c pht ra di dng bc x nhit, 50% di dng i lu v dn nhit. Tuy
nhin i vi n hunh quang phi trang b thm b chnh lu, cng sut b chn lu
c 25% cng sut n. V vy tn tht nhit trong trng hp ny:
Q22 = 1,25.Nhq, kW (3-11)
Nhq: Tng cng sut n hunh quang, kW
Q2 = Q21 + Q22, kW (3-12)
Mt vn thng gp trn thc t l khi thit k khng bit b tr n c th trong
phng s nh th no hoc ngi thit k khng c iu kin kho st chi tit ton b
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cng trnh, hoc khng c kinh nghim v cch b tr n ca cc i tng. Trong

trng hp ny c th chn theo iu kin chiu sng cho bng 3.2.
Bng 3.2: Thng s kinh nghim cho phng

Nh vy tn tht do ngun sng nhn to, trong trng hp ny c tnh theo cng
thc
Q2 = qs.F, W (3-13)
trong F - din tch sn nh, m2;
qs - Cng sut chiu sng yu cu cho 1m2 din tch sn, W/m2.
Nhit do ngi ta ra Q 3
Nhit do ngi ta ra gm 2 thnh phn:
- Nhit hin: Do truyn nhit t ngi ra mi trng thng qua i lu, bc x v dn
nhit: qh
- Nhit n: Do ta m (m hi v hi nc mang theo): q
- Nhit ton phn: Nhit ton phn bng tng nhit hin v nhit n:

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q = qh + qw (3-14)
i vi mt ngi ln trng thnh v kho mnh, nhit hin, nhit n v nhit ton
phn ph thuc vo cng vn ng v nhit mi trng khng kh xung quanh.
Tn tht do ngi ta c xc nh theo cng thc:
- Nhit hin :
Q3h = n.qh. 10-3, kW.
- Nhit n:
Q3w = n.qw.10-3, kW.
- Nhit ton phn:
Q3 = n.q.10-3, kW. (3-15)
n - Tng s ngi trong phng, ngi;
qh, qw, q - Nhit n, nhit hin v nhit ton phn do mt ngi ta ra trong mt n v
thi gian v c xc nh theo bng 3.4.
Khi tnh nhit tha do ngi to ra ngi thit k thng gp kh khn khi xc nh s
lng ngi trong mt phng. Thc t, s lng ngi lun lun thay i v hu nh
khng theo mt quy lut nht nh no c. Trong trng hp c th ly theo s liu
phn b ngi nu trong bng 3.2.
Bng 3.4 di y l nhit ton phn v nhit n do ngi to ra. Theo bng ny nhit
n v nhit hin do ngi to ra ph thuc cng vn ng ca con ngi v nhit
trong phng. Khi nhit phng tng th nhit n tng, nhit hin gim. Nhit ton phn
ch ph thuc vo cng vn ng m khng ph thuc vo nhit ca phng.
Ct 4 trong bng l lng nhit tha pht ra t c th mt ngi n ng trung nin c
khi lng c th chng 68kg. Tuy nhin trn thc t trong khng gian iu ho thng
c mt nhiu ngi vi gii tnh v tui tc khc nhau. Ct 4 l gi tr nhit tha trung
bnh trn c s lu ti t l n ng v n b thng c nhng khng gian kho st
nu trong bng. Nu mun tnh c th theo thc t th tnh nhit do ngi b to ra
chim 85%, tr em chim 75% lng nhit tha ca ngi n ng.
V vy tng s ngi c th coi l s ngi quy i. Chng hn trong phng c 5 ngi
n ng, 20 ngi n b v 12 tr em th tng s ngi quy i l:
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N = 5 + 20 x 0,85 + 12 x 0,75 = 5 + 17 + 9 = 31 ngi

Trong trng hp khng gian kho st l nh hng th nn cng thm lng nhit tha
do thc n to ra cho mi ngi l 20W, trong 10W l nhit hin v 10W l nhit n
* H s tc dng khng ng thi
Khi tnh ton tn tht nhit cho cng trnh ln lun lun xy ra hin tng khng phi
lc no trong tt c cc phng cng c mt y s lng ngi theo thit k v tt c
cc n u c bt sng. trnh vic chn my c cng sut qu d, cn nhn cc
tn tht Q2 v Q3 vi h s gi l h s tc dng khng ng thi Kt. V gi tr h s
tc dng khng ng thi nh gi t l ngi c mt thng xuyn trong phng trn
tng s ngi c th c hoc t l cng sut thc t ca cc n ang s dng trn tng
cng sut n c trang b. Trn bng trnh by gi tr ca h s tc ng khng ng
thi cho mt s trng hp.
Bng 3.3: H s tc dng khng ng thi

Bng 3.4: Nhit n v nhit hin do ngi to ra,W/ngi

Nhit do sn phm mang vo Q 4

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Tn tht nhit dng ny ch c trong cc x nghip, nh my, , trong khng gian

iu ho thng xuyn v lin tc c a vo v a ra cc sn phm c nhit cao
hn nhit trong phng.
Nhit ton phn do sn phm mang vo phng c xc nh theo cng thc
Q4 = G4.Cp (t1 - t2) + W4.r, kW (3-16)
trong :
- Nhit hin: Q4h = G4.Cp (t1 - t2), kW
- Nhit n : Q4w = W4.ro, kW
G4 - Lu lng sn phm vo ra, kg/s;
Cp - Nhit dung ring khi lng ca sn phm, kJ/kg.K;
W4 - Lng m ta ra (nu c) trong mt n v thi gian, kg/s;
ro - Nhit n ha hi ca nc ro = 2500 kJ/kg.
Nhit ta ra t b mt thit b nhit Q 5
Nu trong khng gian iu ha c thit b trao i nhit, chng hn nh l si, thit b
sy, ng dn hi . . vv th c thm tn tht do ta nhit t b mt nng vo phng. Tuy
nhin trn thc t t xy ra v khi iu ha th cc thit b ny thng phi ngng hot
ng.
Nhit ta ra t b mt trao i nhit thng c tnh theo cng thc truyn nhit v
ch l nhit hin. Ty thuc vo gi tr o c c m ngi ta tnh theo cng thc
truyn nhit hay to nhit.
- Khi bit nhit b mt thit b nhit t w :
Q5 = W.FW.(tW-tT) (3-17)
Trong W l h s ta nhit t b mt nng vo khng kh trong phng v c tnh
theo cng thc sau:

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, W/m2.K (3-18)
Khi tnh gn ng c th coi W = 10 W/m2.K
Trong :
t = tW - tT;
tW, tT - l nhit vch v nhit khng kh trong phng.
- Khi bit nhit cht lng chuyn ng bn trong ng dn t F :
Q5 = k.F.(tF-tT) (3-19)
trong h s truyn nhit k = 2,5 W/m2.oC
Nhit do bc x mt tri vo phng Q 6
Nhit bc x mt tri
C th coi mt tri l mt qu cu la khng l vi ng knh trung bnh 1,39.106km
v cch xa qu t 150.106 km. Nhit b mt ca mt tri khong 6000OK trong khi
tm t n 8?40.106 oK
Tu thuc vo thi im trong nm m khong cch t mt tri n tri t thay i,
mc thay i x dch trong khong +1,7% so vi khong cch trung bnh ni trn.
Do nh hng ca bu kh quyn lng bc x mt tri gim i kh nhiu. C nhiu yu
t nh hng ti bc x mt tri nh mc nhim bi, my m, thi im trong ngy
v trong nm, a im ni lp t cng trnh, cao ca cng trnh so vi mt nc
bin, nhit ng sng ca khng kh xung quanh v hng ca b mt nhn bc x.
Nhit bc x c chia ra lm 3 thnh phn
- Thnh phn trc x - nhn nhit trc tip t mt tri
- Thnh phn tn x - Nhit bc x chiu ln cc i tng xung quanh lm nng chng
v cc vt bc x gin tip ln kt cu
- Thnh phn phn chiu t mt t.
Xc nh nhit bc x mt tri.

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Nhit bc x xm nhp vo phng ph thuc kt cu bao che v c chia ra lm 2

dng:
- Nhit bc x qua ca knh Q61
- Nhit bc x qua kt cu bao che tng v mi: Q62
Q6 = Q61 + Q62 (3-20)
Nhit bc x qua knh
Nhit truyn qua knh c phn bit trong 2 trng hp:
- Trng hp 1: s dng knh c bn hoc knh thng nhng bn trong phng khng
c rm che.
- Trng hp 2: s dng knh thng bn trong c rm che
* Trng hp 1:
Knh c bn l loi knh trong sut, dy 3mm, c h s hp th m =6%, h s phn x
m = 8% (ng vi gc ti ca tia bc x l 30 o )
Nhit bc x mt tri qua knh c tnh theo cng thc:
Q61 = Fk.R.c.ds.mmkh.K.m, W (3-21)
trong :
+ Fk - Din tch b mt knh, m2. Nu khung g Fk = 0,85 F (F Din tch phn knh v
khung), khung st Fk = F
+ R- Nhit bc x mt tri qua ca knh c bn vo phng. Gi tr R cho bng 3-7
+ c - H s tnh n cao H (m) ni t ca knh so vi mc nc bin:

(3-22)
+ ds - H s xt ti nh hng ca chnh lch nhit ng sng so vi 20oC

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(3-23)
+ mm - H s xt ti nh hng ca my m. Tri khng my ly mm = 1, tri c my
mm=0,85
+ kh - H s xt ti nh hng ca khung knh. Ngi ta nhn thy khi tia bc x mt
tri i n ca knh, mt phn knh c che nng nh khung ca ca s, khung cng
to bn th din tch c che cng nhiu. Kt cu khung khc nhau th mc che khut
mt phn knh di cc tia bc x khc nhau. Vi khung g kh = 1, khung kim loi kh
= 1,17
+ K - H s knh, ph thuc mu sc v loi knh khc knh c bn v ly theo bng
3-5.
+ m - H s mt tri. H s ny xt ti nh hng ca mn che ti bc x mt tri. Khi
khng c mn che m = 1. Khi c mn m c chn theo bng 3-6
Bng 3-5: c tnh bc x ca cc loi knh

Bng 3-6: c tnh bc x ca mn che

Bng 3-7: Dng nhit bc x mt tri xm nhp vo phng R, W/m2

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Cng thc (3-21) trn y ch tnh cho cc trng hp sau:

- Knh l knh c bn (K = 1) c hoc khng c rm che
- Khng phi knh c bn (k 1) v khng c rm che (m = 1).
Trng hp knh khng phi knh c bn (K 1) v c rm che (m 1) ngi ta tnh
theo cng thc di y.

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* Trng hp 2: khng phi knh c bn v c rm che:

Q61 = Fk.R.c.ds.mmkh.K, W (3-24)
trong
Fk - Din tch ca knh, m2;

(3-25)
Rn - Nhit bc x n ngoi b mt knh; W/m2.

Tr s R ly theo bng 3-7, cc gi tr K, K, K ly theo bng 3-5, m, m, m ly theo

bng 3-6. Cc h s khc vn tnh ging nh cc h s cng thc (3-21)
* Bc x mt tri qua knh thc t
Nhit bc x mt tri khi bc x qua knh ch c mt phn tc ng tc thi ti khng
kh trong phng, phn cn li tc ng ln kt cu bao che v b hp th mt phn, ch
sau mt khong thi gian nht nh mi tc ng ti khng kh trong phng.
V vy thnh phn nhit tha do cc tia bc x xm nhp qua ca knh gy tc ng tc
thi n ph ti h thng iu ho khng kh
Rxn = Rmax.k.nt (3-26)
trong
Rxn - Lng bc x mt tri xm nhp qua ca knh gy tc ng tc thi n ph ti
ca h thng iu ho khng kh, W/m2;
Rmax - Lng bc x mt tri ln nht xm nhp qua ca knh, W/m2 (Tham kho bng
3-8a);
nt - H s tc dng tc thi (Tham kho bng 3-8b, v 3-8c);
k - Tch s cc h s xt ti nh hng ca cc yu t nh sng m, cao, nhit ng
ng sng, loi khung ca v mn che.
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H s tc ng tc thi cho trong cc bng 3-8b v 3-8c. Cn lu rng xc nh

h s tc dng tc thi phi cn c vo khi lng tnh cho 1m2 din tch. Tht vy khi
khi lng ring ca vt cng ln, kh nng hp th cc tia bc x cng ln, do mc
chm tr gia im cc i ca nhit bc x v ph ti lnh cng ln.
Bng 3-8a: Lng nhit ln nht xm nhp qua ca knh loi c bn Rmax, W/
m2

Bng 3-8b: H s tc dng tc thi nt ca lng bc x mt tri xm nhp qua

ca knh c mn che bn trong
(Hot ng 24gi/24, nhit khng kh khng i)

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Bng 3-8c: H s tc dng tc thi nt ca lng bc x mt tri xm nhp qua

ca knh khng c mn che hoc trong rm
(Hot ng 24gi/24, nhit khng kh khng i)

V d 1: Xc nh lng nhit bc x ln nht vo qua ca s bng knh c bn, rng

5m2. Cho bit a phng ni lp t cng trnh v 20o Bc, knh quay v hng

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ng, khung ca bng st, nhit ng sng trung bnh l 25oC, tri khng sng
m, cao so vi mt nc bin l 100m.
-ng vi 20o Bc, hng ng, theo bng 3-8, tra c Rmax = 520 W/m2 vo 8 gi
thng 4 v thng 8
- H s c = 1 + 0,023x100/1000 = 1,0023
- H s ds = 1 - 0,13 (25-20)/10 = 1,065
- Tri khng my nn mm = 1
- Khung ca knh l khung st nn kh = 1,17
- Knh l knh c bn v khng c rm che nn k = m =1
Theo cng thc (3-21) ta c:
Q = 5 x 520 x 1,0023 x 1,065 x 1,17 = 3247 W
V d 2: Xc nh lng nhit bc x xm nhp khng gian iu ho qua 10m2 knh
chng nng mu xm dy 6mm, t hng Ty Nam, TP. H Ch Minh, bn trong c
mn che kiu H Lan. V tr lp t c cao so vi mt nc bin khng ng k, nhit
ng sng trung bnh 24oC, tri khng my, khung ca bng g.
- Lng nhit bc x qua knh c xc nh theo cng thc:
Q = F.Rxn.c.ds.mmkh
- Cc h s c = mm = kh = 1
- H s ds = 1+ 0,13.(24 - 20)/10 = 1,052
- Lng nhit xm nhp:

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- Gi tr R tra theo bng 3-7 vi 10o v Bc, hng Ty Nam: Rmax = 508 W/m2 vo lc
15 gi thng 1 v 11.
Q = 10 x 0,375 x 508 x 1,052 = 2004 W
Nhit lng bc x mt tri qua kt cu bao che Q 62 .
Khc vi ca knh c ch bc x mt tri qua kt cu bao che c thc hin nh sau
- Di tc dng ca cc tia bc x mt tri, b mt bn ngoi cng ca kt cu bao che
s dn dn nng ln do hp th nhit. Lng nhit ny s to ra mi trng mt phn,
phn cn li s dn nhit vo bn trong v truyn cho khng kh trong phng bng i
lu v bc x. Qu trnh truyn ny s c chm tr nht nh. Mc chm tr ph
thuc bn cht kt cu tng, mc dy mng.
Thng thng ngi ta b qua lng nhit bc x qua tng. Lng nhit truyn qua
mi do bc x v chnh nhit trong phng v ngoi tri c xc nh theo cng
thc:
Q62 = F.k.m.t, W (3-27)
F - Din tch mi (hoc tng), m2;
k - H s truyn nhit qua mi (hoc tng), W/m2.K;
t = tTD - tT chnh nhit tng ng.

, K (3-28)
s - H s hp th ca mi v tng;
N = 20 W/m2.K - H s to nhit i lu ca khng kh bn ngoi;

- Nhit bc x p vo mi hoc tng, W/m2;

R - Nhit bc x qua knh vo phng (tra theo bng 3-7), W/m2;

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m - H s mu ca mi hay tng.
+ Mu thm : m = 1;
+ Mu trung bnh : m = 0,87;
+ Mu sng : m = 0,78.
s - H s hp th ca tng v mi ph thuc mu sc, tnh cht vt liu, trng thi b
mt tra theo bng di y
Bng 3.9: en b mt kt cu bao che

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Nhit do lt khng kh vo phng Q7

Khi c chnh p sut trong nh v bn ngoi th s c hin tng r r khng kh.
Vic ny lun lun km theo tn tht nhit.
Ni chung vic tnh tn tht nhit do r r thng rt phc tp do kh xc nh chnh
xc lu lng khng kh r r. Mt khc cc phng c iu ha thng i hi phi kn.
Phn khng kh r r c th coi l mt phn kh ti cung cp cho h thng.
Q7 = L7.(IN - IT) = L7 .Cp(tN-tT) + L7.ro(dN-dT) (3-29)
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L7 - Lu lng khng kh r r, kg/s

IN, IT - Entanpi ca khng kh bn ngoi v bn trong phng, kJ/kg;
tT, tN - Nhit ca khng kh tnh ton trong nh v ngoi tri, oC;
dT, dN - Dung m ca khng kh tnh ton trong nh v ngoi tri, g/kg.kk.
Tuy nhin, lu lng khng kh r r Lrr thng khng theo quy lut v rt kh xc nh.
N ph thuc vo chnh lch p sut, vn tc gi, kt cu khe h c th, s ln ng
m ca ...vv. V vy trong cc trng hp ny c th xc nh theo kinh nghim
Q7h = 0,335.(tN - tT).V.?, W (3-30)
Q7w = 0,84.(dN - dT).V.?, W (3-31)
V - Th tch phng, m3
? - H s kinh nghim cho theo bng 3.10 di y
Bng 3.10: H s kinh nghim ?
Th tch V, m3 < 500 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 > 3000
?

0,7

0,6 0,55 0,5

0,42 0,4

0,35

Tng lng nhit do r r khng kh:

Q7 = Q7h + Q7w (3-32)
Trong trng hp cc ca ra vo s lt ngi qua li tng i nhiu, cn b sung
thm lng khng kh.
Gc = Lc.n. (3-33)
Gc - Lng khng kh lt qua ca, kg/gi
Lc - Lng khng kh lt qua ca khi 01 ngi i qua, m3/ngi
n - S lt ngi qua li ca trong 1 gi.
- Khi lng ring ca khng kh, kg/m3

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Nh vy trong trng hp ny cn b sung thm

Q7h = 0,335.(tN - tT).Lc.n, W (3-34)
Q7w = 0,84.(dN - dT). Lc.n, W (3-35)
Bng 3-11 di y dn ra lng kh kh lt qua ca khi 01 ngi i qua.
Bng 3-11: Lng khng kh lt qua ca Lc, m3/ngi
n, Ngi/gi
Lu lng Lc, m3/ngi
Ca thng

Ca xoay

< 100100 ? 700700 ? 14001400 ? 2100 3332,75

0,80,70,50,3

Nhit truyn qua kt cu bao che Q8

Ngi ta chia ra lm 2 tn tht
- Tn tht do truyn nhit qua trn mi, tng v sn (tng trn) : Q81
- Tn tht do truyn nhit qua nn : Q82
Tng tn tht truyn nhit
Q8 = Q81 + Q82 (3-36)
Nhit truyn qua tng, trn v sn tng trn Q 81
Nhit lng truyn qua kt cu bao che c tnh theo cng thc sau y:
Q81 = k.F..t (3-37)
k -H s truyn nhit ca kt cu bao che, W/m2.oC
F - Din tch b mt kt cu bao che
t - chnh nhit gia bn ngoi v bn trong phng, oC
Ma h t = tN - tT , ma ng t = tT - tN.

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- H s xt n v tr ca vch:
i vi tng bao
- i vi tng bao trc tip xc vi mi trng khng kh bn ngoi th = 1.
i vi tng ngn
- Nu ngn cch vi khng kh bn ngoi qua mt phng m khng iu ho = 0,7;
- Nu ngn cch vi khng kh bn ngoi qua hai phng m khng iu ho = 0,4;
- Nu tng ngn vi phng iu ho = 0.
i vi trn c mi
- Mi bng tn, ngi, fibr xi mng vi kt cu khng kn = 0,9
- Mi bng tn, ngi, fibr xi mng vi kt cu kn = 0,8
- Mi nh lp bng giy du = 0,75
i vi sn trn tng hm
- Tng hm c ca s = 0,6
- Tng hm khng c ca s = 0,4
Xc nh h s truyn nhit qua tng v trn.

, W/m2.K, (3-38)
T - H s to nhit b mt bn trong ca kt cu bao che, W/m2.K;
N - H s to nhit b mt bn ngoi ca kt cu bao che, W/m2.K;
i, - Chiu dy ca lp th i, m;
i - H s dn nhit lp th i, W/m.K.

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H s trao i nhit bn ngoi v bn trong phng

H s ta nhit bn trong T v bn ngoi N phng iu ho c xc nh theo bng
3.12 di y:
Bng 3.12: H s trao i nhit bn ngoi v bn trong
Dng v v tr b mt kt cu bao che
- B mt tng, trn, sn nhn

T W/
2

m .K

NW/
m2.K

11,6

- B mt tng, trn, sn c g, t s chiu cao ca g v khong

8,7
cch 2 mp g < 0,24
- Trn c g h/a = 0,23 ? 0,3

8,1

- Trn c g h/a > 0,3

7,6

- Tng ngoi, sn, mi tip xc trc tip khng kh bn ngoi.

23,3

- B mt hng ra hm mi, hoc hng ra cc phng lnh, sn

trn tng hm

11,6

Nhit tr ca lp khng kh
Nu trong kt cu bao che c lp m khng kh th tng nhit tr dn nhit phi cng
thm nhit tr ca lp khng kh ny. Thng lp m ny c lm trn trn chng
nng.
Bng 3.13: Tr s nhit tr ca khng kh R kk
B dylp khng
khmm
Nhit tr lp khng
khRkk, m2.K/W
Lp khng kh nm
Lp khng kh nm ngang, dng nhit
ngang, dng nhit i
i t trn xung
t di ln
Ma H

Ma ng

Ma H

10203050100150200
0,1290,1380,1380,1380,1460,1550,155 0,1460,1550,1630,1720,1810,1810,1
? 300

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Ghi ch:
Tr s Rkk cho bng trn y ng vi chnh nhit trn 2 b mt ca lp khng
kh t = 10oC. Nu t 10oC ta cn nhn tr s cho bng 3-14 di y
Bng 3.14: H s hiu chnh nhit tr khng kh
chnh nhit t, oC 10 8
H s hiu chnh

1,05 1,1 1,15 1,2

H s dn nhit ca vt liu xy dng

H s dn nhit ca vt liu thay i ph thuc vo rng, m v nhit ca vt
liu.
- rng cng ln th cng b, v cc l kh trong vt liu c h s dn nhit thp
- m tng th h s dn nhit tng do nc chim ch cc l kh trong vt liu, do h
s dn nhit ca nc cao hn nhiu so vi h s dn nhit ca khng kh.
- Nhit tng, h s dn ca vt liu tng. S thay i ca h s dn nhit khi nhit
thay i theo quy lut bc nht:
= o + b.t kCal/m.h.K (3-39)
trong :
o - H s dn nhit ca vt liu 0oC, kCal/m.h.K;
t - Nhit vt liu, oC;
b - H s t l ph thuc vo tnh cht vt liu, c gi tr nm trong khong 0,0001 ?
0,001.
Tuy nhin, do s ph thuc vo nhit ca vt liu khng ng k nn trong cc tnh
ton thng coi h s dn nhit ca cc vt liu l khng i v ly theo bng di y.
Bng 3.15: H s dn nhit ca cc vt liu

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Nhit truyn qua nn t Q 82

tnh nhit truyn qua nn ngi ta chia nn thnh 4 di, mi di c b rng 2m nh
hnh v 3-1.
Theo cch phn chia ny
- Di I : k1 = 0,5 W/m2.oC , F1 = 4.(a+b)

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- Di II : k2 = 0,2 W/m2.oC , F2 = 4.(a+b) - 48

- Di III: k3 = 0,1 W/m2.oC , F3 = 4.(a+b) - 80
- Di IV: k4 = 0,07 W/m2.oC , F4 = (a-12)(b-12)
Khi tnh din tch cc di, di I cc gc c tnh 2 ln v cc gc nhit c th truyn
ra bn ngoi theo 2 hng khc nhau.
- Khi din tch phng nh hn 48m2 th c th coi ton b l di I.
- Khi chia phn di nu khng cho 4 di th u tin t 1 n 4. V d ch chia c 3
di th coi di ngoi cng l di I, tip theo l di II v III.
Tn tht nhit qua nn do truyn nhit:
Q82 = (k1.F1 + k2.F2 + k3.F3 + k4.F4).(tN - tT) (3-40)

Hnh 3.1: Cch phn chia di nn

Tng lng nhit tha QT
Tng nhit tha ca phng:

(3-41)
Nhit tha QT c s dng xc nh nng sut lnh ca b x l khng kh trong
chng 4. Khng nn nhm ln khi cho rng nhit tha QT chnh l nng sut lnh ca
b x l khng kh.

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Tng nhit tha ca phng QT gm nhit hin Qhf v nhit n Qwf ca phng.
- Tng nhit hin ca phng:
Qhf = Q1 + Q2 + Q3h + Q4h + Q5 + Q6 + Q7h + Q8
- Tng nhit n ca phng:
Qwf = Q3w + Q4w + Q7w
Nh trnh by trn, trng hp khng gian kho st l nh hng th bnh qun mi
ngi cng thm 20W do thc n to ra, trong 10W l nhit hin v 10w l nhit n.
c s liu tham kho tnh nhit, bng di y l mt s s liu v ph ti nhit trung
bnh ca mt s khng gian, theo kinh nghim
Bng 3.16: Cc thng s kinh nghim

XC NH LNG M THA W T
Lng m do ngi ta ra W1
Lng m do ngi ta ra c xc nh theo cng thc sau:
W1 = n.gn, kg/s (3-42)
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n - S ngi trong phng, ngi;

gn - Lng m do 01 ngi ta ra trong phng trong mt n v thi gian, kg/s.
Lng m do 01 ngi to ra gn ph thuc vo cng lao ng v nhit phng:
Khi nhit phng cng ln v cng vn ng cng mnh th c th thi m hi
cng nhiu, ni cch khc l gn cng ln. Tr s gn c th tra cu theo bng 3.17 di
y:
Bng 3.17. Lng m do ngi ta ra, g/gi,ngi

Lng m bay hi t cc sn phm W 2

Khi a cc sn phm t vo phng th c mt lng hi nc bc vo phng. Ngc
li nu a sn phm kh th n s ht mt lng m.

, kg/s (3-43)
y1, y2 - Ln lt l thy phn ca sn phm khi a vo v ra, %;
G2 - Lu lng ca sn phm, kg/s.
Thnh phn m tha ny ch c trong cng nghp
Lng m do bay hi on nhit t sn m W 3

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Khi sn b t th mt lng hi m t c th bc hi vo khng kh lm tng m

ca n. Lng hi m c tnh nh sau:
W3 = 0,006.Fs.(tT - t) kg/s (3-44)
Fs - Din tch sn b t, m2;
t - Nhit nhit k t ng vi trng thi trong phng.
Lng m do bay hi on nhit c tnh cho ni thng xuyn nn nh b t nh
khu nh git, nh bp, nh v sinh. Ring nn t do lau nh thng nht thi v khng
lin tc, nn khi tnh lu n im ny.
Lng m do hi nc nng mang vo W4
Khi trong phng c r r hi nng, v d nh hi t cc ni nu, th cn phi tnh thm
lng hi m thot ra t cc thit b ny.
W4 = Gh (3-45)
Lng m tha W T
Tng tt cc ngun m to ra trong phng gi l lng m tha

(3-46)
Nhit tha WT c s dng xc nh nng sut lm kh ca thit b x l khng kh
chng 5.
KIM TRA NG SNG TRN VCH
Nh bit khi nhit vch tW thp hn nhit ng sng ca khng kh tip xc
vi n th s xy ra hin tng ng sng trn vch . Tuy nhin do xc nh nhit
vch kh nn ngi ta quy iu kin ng sng v dng khc.
* V ma h: Ma h ta thc hin ch iu ha (lm lnh), nhit bn ngoi ln
hn nhit bn trong:
Khi bn trong nhit vch lun lun cao hn nhit khng kh trong phng v
nhit ng sng ca n (

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) nn trn vch trong khng th xy ra hin tng ng sng.

Tuy nhin, bn ngoi nhit vch nh hn nhit khng kh nn cng c th xy ra
hin tng ng sng. Gi tSN l nhit ng sng ca khng kh bn ngoi phng,
iu kin khng xy ra ng sng l:

(3-47)
By gi ta hy xem, khi no xy ra iu kin trn. Theo phng trnh truyn nhit ta c:

(3-48)
hay:

(3-49)
S
Khi gim tW
N th k tng, khi gim ti tN th trn tng bt u ng sng, khi ta c
gi tr kmax

(3-50)
iu kin khng xy ra ng sng trn vch v ma H l:

(3-51)
* V ma ng: V ma ng nhit khng kh bn trong ln hn bn ngoi nn nu
c xy ra ng sng th ch din ra vch bn trong ca phng. Khi iu kin
khng xy ra ng sng trn vch trong l:

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(3-52)
*****

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X L NHIT M KHNG KH
X L NHIT M KHNG KH
CC QU TRNH X L NHIT M KHNG KH
Khi nim v x l nhit m khng kh
Bn cht ca qu trnh iu ho khng kh l to ra v duy tr cc thng s vi kh hu
ca khng kh trong phng bng cch thi vo phng khng kh sch qua x l. Qu
trnh x l khng kh ca h thng bao gm x l tt c cc mt, c th nh sau:
- X l v nhit : Lm lnh hoc gia nhit;
- X l m: Lm m hoc lm kh;
- Kh bi trong khng kh;
- Kh cc cht c hi;
- Kh kh CO2 v b sung O2;
- m bo tc lu ng khng kh trong phng mc cho php;
- m bo n trong phng di n cho php.
Trong cc nhn t trn, hai yu t u l nhit v m rt quan trng, n c nh hng
nhiu n trng thi ca khng kh , nn trong chng ny ch tp trung nghin cu 2
nhn t . Cc nhn t cn li s c nghin cu cc chng sau ny, trong phn
thng gi, lc bi v tiu m.
Cc qu trnh x l nhit m trn th I-d
By gi ta xt xem trn th I-d c th c cc qu trnh x l khng kh nh th no,
c im v tn gi ca cc qu trnh .

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Hnh 4.1 Cc qu trnh x l nhit m trn th I-d

Trn th I-d im A l trng thi khng kh ban u trc khi cha x l. Cc im
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 l trng thi cui qu trnh x l khng kh. By gi ta hy xt c
im, tn gi v cc thit b, phng php c kh nng x l khng kh theo qu trnh
.
- Xt qu trnh A1 : y l qu trnh m dung m gim, nhit gim v entanpi ca
khng kh cng gim, tc: d= d1 - dA < 0, I < 0 v t < 0.
C th gi qu trnh ny l qu trnh lm lnh, lm kh. x l khng kh theo qu
trnh A1 c th s dng thit b trao i nhit kiu b mt hoc thit b bung phun
c nhit b mt v nc phun thp hn nhit ng sng ts ca trng thi A. Khi
khng kh tip xc vi dn lnh hoc cc git nc lnh, n s nh nhit, ng thi cc
git hi m trong khng kh ngng kt li trn b mt thit b trao i nhit hoc trn
b mt git nc. Kt qu lng m trong khng kh gim hay ni cch khc dung m
gim.
- Xt qu trnh A2 : Qu trnh A2 c dung m khng i, nhit v entanpi gim, d
= dA - d2 = 0, I < 0 v t < 0, h s gc tia qu trnh = - . N c gi l qu trnh
lm lnh ng dung m. Qu trnh ny c th thc hin dn trao i nhit kiu b mt
c nhit b mt ln hn nhit ng sng ts nhng nh hn nhit trng thi A:
tS < t w < t A

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- Qu trnh A3 : Dung m tng, nhit v entanpi gim, d > 0, I < 0 v t < 0. Qu

trnh A3 gi l qu trnh tng m, gim nhit. N ch c th thc hin thit b bung
phun, nu thit b lm lnh kiu b mt th phi tin hnh phun m b sung.
- Qu trnh A4 : Dung m tng, entanpi khng i v nhit gim, d>0, I=0 v t
<0. Qu trnh gi l tng m on nhit (bay hi hi on nhit). Qu trnh A4 c = 0.
x l khng kh theo qu trnh ny ch cn cho bay hi nc vo khng kh l c.
- Qu trnh A5 : Dung m tng, entanpi tng v nhit vn gim, d > 0, I> 0,t <
0. H s gc tia qu trnh c gi tr dng. Qu trnh A5 gi l qu trnh tng m, tng
nhit, nhit gim. Qu trnh ny cng c x l bng nc phun c nhit cao.
- Qu trnh A6 : Dung m tng, entanpi tng v nhit khng i d > 0, I > 0, t =
0. Qu trnh A6 c h s gc tia = ro 2500 kJl/kg 600 kCal/kg. Qu trnh A6 gi l
qu trnh tng m, tng nhit, ng nhit.
- Qu trnh A7 : Dung m, entanpi v nhit u tng, d > 0, I > 0, t > 0. l
qu trnh tng m, tng nhit, nhit tng.
- Qu trnh A8 : Dung m khng i, nhit v entanpi tng, d = 0, I > 0, t > 0.
l qu trnh Gia nhit ng dung m. Qu trnh ny c th thc hin thit b gia
nhit kiu b mt.
- Qu trnh A9 : Dung m gim, nhit v entanpi tng, d < 0, I > 0, t > 0. l
qu trnh tng nhit gim m.
Cn ch l cc qu trnh A1, A3, A5 v A7 ch v tng trng, thc ra mi qu trnh
nh vy c th qut trn mt min kh rng. Chng hn qu trnh A3 qut t tia A2 n
tia A4.
Trong ta cn lu :
Cc qu trnh t A1 - A7 thc hin thit b trao i nhit kiu hn hp (gia
nc v khng kh)
Qu trnh A1, A2 thc hin thit b trao i nhit b mt nhit thp.
Qu trnh A8 thc hin thit b trao i nhit b mt nhit cao.
Qu trnh A9 : Thc hin trong iu kin c bit khi dng ha cht ht m
km thit b gia nhit.
Tt c cc qu trnh trn y u c l tng ho, thc t cc qu trnh x l khng
kh thc t c th khng bin i theo dng ng thng m thng thay i theo nhng
ng cong nht nh tu thuc nhiu yu t, chng hn nh chiu chuyn ng tng
i gia khng kh v tc nhn x l lnh.

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CC PHNG PHP V THIT B X L KHNG KH

Lm lnh khng kh.
Lm lnh bng dn ng c cnh.
Trong k thut iu ha khng kh ngi ta s dng ph bin cc thit b trao i nhit
kiu b mt lm lnh khng kh.
V cu to: Ph bin nht l dn trao i nhit kiu ng ng cnh nhm. Khng kh
chuyn ng bn ngoi dn trao i nhit. Bn trong c th l nc lnh (cht ti lnh)
hoc chnh mi cht lnh bay hi.
Khng kh khi chuyn ng qua dn mt mt c lm lnh mt khc mt phn hi
nc c th ngng t trn b mt trao i nhit v chy xung mng hng nc ngng.
V th trn th I-d qu trnh bin i trng thi ca khng kh s theo qu trnh A1
hay l qu trnh lm lnh lm kh. Khi nhit b mt ln hn ts th qu trnh din ra
theo ng A2, lm lnh ng dung m.
Hu ht cc my iu ho trong i sng s dng thit b lm lnh kiu b mt.

Hnh 4.1. Cc kiu loi dn lnh khng kh

Lm lnh bng nc phun x l.

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Ngi ta c th lm lnh khng kh thng qua thit b trao i nhit kiu hn hp, trong
ngi ta cho phun nc lnh x l tip xc trc tip vi khng kh lm lnh.
Thit b ny cn c gi l thit b bung phun.
Khng kh khi qua bung phun nhit gim cn dung m c th tng, khng i hoc
gim ty thuc vo nhit ca nc phun. Khi nhit nc phun nh hi nc trong
khng kh s ngng t trn b mt cc git nc v lm gim dung m. Nh vy c th
iu chnh dung m ca khng kh thng qua iu chnh nhit nc phun.
Trong thit b bung phun, nc c phun thnh nhng git nh li ti nh cc vi phun.
Do cc git nc rt nh nn din tch tip xc cc k ln, tuy nhin trong bung
phun thi gian tip xc gia khng kh vi nc rt nh, nn hiu qa trao i nhit m
t nhiu cng b hn ch.
tng din tch tip xc, ngi ta c th to mng nc trn cc b mt rn. Hiu qa
ca phng php ny cng tng t kiu phun.
Thit b bung phun c s dng nhiu trong cng nghip dt v nhiu ngnh khc,
i hi khng ch m theo nhng chng trnh kht khe.

Hnh 4.2. Bung x lnh khng kh

Lm lnh bng nc t nhin
Lm mt bng nc lnh chi ph khc cao cho vic lm lnh nc. Trong nhng trng
hp khi yu cu nhit khng kh cn lm lnh khng thp qu, c th dng nc t
nhin, cha qua lm lnh v cho bay hi vo trong khng kh gim nhit ca n.
Mc lm lnh khng kh ph thuc m ca n v nhit ca nc.

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Hnh 4.3. Qut nc

1- Lp vt liu xp mao dn; 2- Qut gi; 3- Bm nc; 4,5- Mt trc;
6 Mng hng nc; 7- Van phao khng ch mc nc
Hin nay th trng c bn rt nhiu loi qut nc, cc loi qut ny u c nguyn
l lm vic tng t nhau l cho nc bay hi vo khng kh khi chuyn ng qua qut.
Trn hnh 4.3 l mt kiu qut nc. Nc c mt bm nh bm ln pha trn v cho
chy qua mt lp vt liu xp mao dn. Khng kh chuyn ng qua lp mao dn c
thm t, nc s bay hi on nhit vo khng kh lm cho nhit khng kh gim
xung theo ng on nhit A4.
Trong cng nghip, chng hn cc x nghip dt s dng cc thit b bung phun vi
nc c lm lnh rt tn km. V vy nhng ngy tri t nng v nhng lc ph
ti khng qu ln ngi ta khng s dng nc lnh, m s dng nc thng x l
khng kh. Qu trnh x l trong trng hp ny cng din ra theo ng A4.
Nhit khng kh c x l theo nc thng h xung thp nht c th l bng nhit
nhit k t.
Lm lnh bng my nn - gin kh.
lm lnh khng kh trn cc my bay ngi ta s dng phng php nn v gin n
khng kh t c khng kh c nhit thp. Nh c sn my nn tua bin c th
s dng nn kh, khng phi trang b thm my nn, nn thng hay c s dng.

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S nguyn l ca h thng c trnh by trn hnh 4.4. Trong thit b ny ngi ta

tin hnh nn v lm mt trung gian 2 ln trc khi a vo my gin n h nhit .

Hnh 4.4. H thng thit b lm lnh khng kh trn my bay

1- My nn tua bin; 2,4- Thit b lm mt; 3- My nn li tm; 5- Tua bin gin n
Qu trnh thay i trng thi ca khng kh c trnh by trn hnh 4.4.
Qu trnh lm vic ca h thng nh sau: Khng kh np bn ngoi c my nn tua
bin, mt mt c a n bung t dt nhin liu cho ng c my bay, mt phn
cn li c a n thit b lm mt cp 1, y kh nn c lm my bng khng
kh bn ngoi tri. Sau khng kh nn c a n my nn ly tm nn cp 2 nn
n p sut cao hn, ri tip tc c a n thit b lm mt cp 2. Khng kh nn sau
lm mt cp 2 c a n tua bin, thc hin qu trnh gin n on nhit, p sut
v nhit gim xung (khong 10oC). Khng kh lnh c a vo cabin. Tua bin
c ni ng trc vi my nn cp 2 tn dng c nng do kh nn gin n sinh ra.
H thng lm mt my bay bng my nn - gin n nh vy thng ch c s dng
khi my bay dng. Khi my bay ang hot ng trn cao, c th trch khng kh bn
ngoi vo iu ho nhit trong khoang my bay, v trn cao, khng kh bn ngoi
kh lnh.

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Hnh 4.5. S thay i trng thi khng kh

Gia nhit khng kh.
Gia nhit bng dn ng c cnh s dng nc nng
Trong k thut iu ha khng kh ngi ta c th thc hin gia nhit cho khng kh
bng thit b trao i nhit b mt s dng nc hoc hi nc nng. Thng l dn
ng c cnh, khng kh chuyn ng cng bc bn ngoi ngang qua dn ng, nc
hoc hi nc chuyn ng bn trong.
cc nc chu u nhu cu si nng v ma ng l bt buc i vi mi nh. Trong
nh thng trang b cc b gia nhit kiu b mt s dng hi nc dn t cc trung tm
nhit in n.
cc nc v ma ng nhit khng qu lnh, chng hn nh nc ta th vic si
m ch thc hin cc cng trnh c bit, m khng phi bt buc i vi ton dn.
Vic si m thc hin t cc ngun cp nhit cc b.
Thit b gia nhit s dng nc nng hoc hi t ngun cp nc nng cc b. V d
mt s khch sn cao cp nc ta c trang b cc l hi cp hi nng cho cc b gia
nhit kiu b mt t cc phng si m v ma ng. y b x l khng kh
ca h thng thng c 02 dn trao i nhit : mt dn s dng nc nng, dn kia nc
lnh v chsung lm vic khng ng thi.

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Hnh 4.6. B tr cc dn x l khng kh

Nc nng c cp t l cp nc nng cc b ca cng trnh.
Trn th I-d trng thi khng kh s bin i theo qu trnh A8: Tng nhit ng dung
m.
Gia nhit bng dn ng c cnh s dng gas nng
Mt bin php khc cng hay c s dng l dng cc my lnh 2 chiu. Trong cc
my ny v ma ng nh h thng van o chiu hon i chc nng ca dn nng v
dn lnh, nh vy khng kh thi vo phng l khng kh nng ca dn nng. Nh vy
trong trng hp ny khng kh cng c gia nhit bng dn ng c cnh s dng gas
nng ca h thng my lnh.

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Hnh 4.7. H thng van o chiu

Trn hnh 4,7 l s nguyn l lm vic ca my lnh 2 chiu. Van o chiu RV c
nhim v hon i chc nng ca cc dn trao i nhit bn ngoi v bn trong phng.
V ma ng dn trao i nhit bn trong IC l dn nng.
Qu trnh thay i trng thi ca khng kh theo ng A8.
Gia nhit bng thanh in tr.
Ngi ta c th thc hin vic sy khng kh bng cc in tr thay cho cc thit b trao
i nhit b mt. Thng cc dy in tr c b tr trn cc dn lnh ca my iu
ha (hnh 4.8). V ma ng my dng chy lnh, ch c qut v thanh in tr lm
vic. Khng kh sau khi chuyn ng qua thanh in tr s c si m theo qu trnh
gia nhit ng dung m A8.
Vic s dng dy in tr c u im l gn nh v chi ph u t thp. Tuy nhin
chi ph tin in (chi ph vn hnh) kh ln v d gy chy, chp in do cc dn lnh
thng c lp t trn laphng ca cc cng trnh, c nhiu vt liu d chy, nguy
him.

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Hnh 4.8. Dan lanh co trang b in tr

Cu tao cua cac thanh in tr thng gm 3 lp, bn trong cung la dy kim
loai co in tr sut ln, dy c cach nhit bng lp vt liu cach nhit
dang bt. Ngoai cung la lp vo kim loai co canh tan nhit ln.
Thanh in tr c gn trc tip ln cac b trao i nhit va hoat ng
khng ng thi vi h thng lanh. Khi lam lanh mi cht (nc lanh hoc
tac nhn lanh) i qua dan trao i nhit va khng kh lam lanh.
Mt bin phap khac cung thng hay c s dung la lp t cac thanh
in tr trn cac oan ng ng.

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84/419

Hnh 4.9. Thanh in tr v cch lp trn ng ng

Tng m cho khng kh.
Trong cng nghip c bit trong cng nghip dt, i hi m khng kh kh cao.
Nhng ma hanh kh m khng kh khng m bo yu cu, cn phi tng m (dung
m) cho khng kh. lm iu cn cho bay hi nc vo trong khng kh. C
nhyi bin php khc nhau, di y l cc bin php thng c s dng.
Tng m bng thit b bung phun.
Bung phun thng c s dng tng m cho khng kh trong cng nghip v lu
lng i hi ln.
Khi phun hi nc vo trong khng kh, thng ngi ta s dng nc t nhin (tr
trng hp cn kt hp gia nhit). Khi phun nc, qu trnh xy ra gn vi qu trnh bay
hi on nhit, trng thi khng kh thay i theo ng A4 hoc A5.
c im c bn ca qu trnh ny l :
- Lng hi m bay hi vo khng kh rt t so vi lng nc phun.
- S thay i trng thi ca khng kh ph thuc nhiu vo nhit nc phun.
Tng m bng thit b phun m b sung.
Tng m b sung l hnh thc a hi nc trc tip vo khng gian bn trong gian my
vi lng hi nc a vo thng khng ln lm. C nhiu bin php tng m b sung
cho khng kh nhng c chung c in l:
- Lng hi m a vo khng ln lm
- Lm m cho khng kh trong mt khong khng gian hn ch.
- Khi phun hi m tuyt i khng c du tha, ton b hi m phi c khuych tn
vo trong khng kh.
Thng ngi ta s dng cc thit b phun m sau: Hp hi phun hi m bo ho, thit
b kiu kim phun, a quay hoc kh nn.
Phun nc bo ho vo khng kh nh hp hi:: Trn hnh 4.10 l cu to ca hp hi
phun hi m bo ho nh in tr. Thit b gm hp sinh hi 4, bn trong c cc si
dy in tr 3. Khi t nng hi nc bc ra theo ng 1 ri khuych tn vo khng kh.
Nc b sung c cp vo ng 2 v cha trong thng 5 thng vi thng 4. ng x 6
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nhm duy tr mc nc trong cc thng 4 v 5. Trng thi ca khng kh s thay i

theo qu trnh ng nhit = ro

Hnh 4.10. Hp phun hi m bo ho

Nh vy trng thi khng kh s thay i theo ng ng nhit A6, ngha l nhit
khng kh s khng thay i .
Nh vy ta c th tnh ton c trng thi khng kh nu bit c lng hi bay hi
vo khng kh. Chng hn hi nc bo ho 100oC vi lu lng 8 kg/h c phun vo
khng kh trng thi t1=27oC, 1 =50% (khng c hi m d tha) v lu lng 1000
kg/h. Nu hi khuych tn u vo khng kh th lng m tng l

, trng thi khng kh sau khi tng m l: d2=19 g/kg, 2 =85% v t2=27oC
. Phun nc cho bay hi on nhit vo khng kh
Yu cu c bn ca phun m b sung l hi phun phi mn khuych tn hon ton
vo trong khng kh khng c d tha. Qu trnh bay hi nc vo khng kh c
thc hin on nhit, tc =0. Thng ngi ta s dng cc thit b nh sau: vi phun
v a quay.

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- Dng vi phun vi bm: Trn hnh 4.11 l thit b vi phun vi bm. Nc c p sut
cao 9?90 bar t bm i vo ng dn 5 qua b lc 2, trong c li lc 6 dng hnh tr,
sau theo ng dn 7 vo vi phun 1. Bn trong vi phun cng c li lc bng ng
tip tc lc nc. Nc sch qua ng 8 c u phun nh tng tc, ra khi vi phun,
nc phun vo kim 9 t cch l mt khong nht nh v c th iu chnh c nh
vt 10. Sau khi va p mnh vo kim 9 nc b x ti thnh mn bi dng nng. Cc ht
bi khuych tn vo trong khong kh , cc ht ln mt phn p vo v 3 tip tc b
lm ti v bay hi tip, phn cn li (98%) ri xung phu 4 c y thng vi ng
thu hi v bm.
Sau mt thi gian lm vic cn x bn trong cc li lc v thi thng u mi phun.
Mun vy ngi ta s dng kh nn. Khi ngng phun, l xo p van 12 ln, m thng
ng kh nn t bu 11 vi ng x 14, kh nn s cun nc cng cn bn bm trn
li a vo phu 4.

Hnh 4.11. Vi phun hi nc

Nng sut lm m ca thit b l 7 kg/h v lng nc phun mi gi l 350 l, tiu hao
nng lng l 20W cho mi kilgam hi m.
Thit b phun m kiu vi phun tuy c u im l tiu hao in nng t, nhng t c
s dng do l phun kh nh hay b tc, nc d chy ra nn nh, vn hnh phc tp.

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- Phun m bng thit b a quay: Cu to ca thit b c a ra trn hnh 4.12. Thit

b gm c a 2 c gn vi trc quay dn ng nh ng c 1 quay vi tc rt cao
2850 vng/pht, chao 5 trn c gn cc cnh tnh 4 v l chn 11, qut gi 6 v v 10
lp ng trc vi a 2.
Nguyn l lm vic ca thit b nh sau: Nc t ng dn 3 c ti ln b mt bn
trong ca a 2. Khi a quay, nh lc ly tm cc git nc vng ra va p ln cc cnh
tnh 4 v c x ti. Nh qut 6 cc git nc c thi vo khng kh trong gian my
v khuych tn ht. Cc git nc ln b l chn 11 cn li, ri xung phn di ca
chao 5, theo ng 8 v bm.
Nng sut lm m ca thit b khong 10 kg/h, lu lng nc cung cp 90 l/h, tiu hao
in nng l 51W cho mi kilgam hi m. Nh vy so vi thit b phun kiu vi phun
thit b a quay tiu hao t nc hn nhiu, nhng chi ph in nng kh ln.
u im ca thit b l n gin, dn ch to, d vn hnh, t trc trc do tc nc. V
vy n thng hay c s dng trong cc x nghip cng nghip.
Nhc im l vn cn lng hi nc d tha nn c kh nng lm t nn nh., thit
b kh cng knh, cc chi tit d b hoen r.

Hnh 4.12. Thit b phun m kiu a quay

- Phun m bng thit b kh nn: Trn hnh 4.13 l thit b phun m kiu kh nn.

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Nguyn l lm vic ca thit b nh sau: Khng kh c p sut 2 bar c cp t h

thng kh nn theo ng dn 1 chuyn ng vo bc quanh ng 3 v thot ra l phun hp
5. Khi thot ra khi l phun kh nn cun theo mt lng hi nc v x ti thnh bi
v khuych tn vo khng kh.
Nc c cung cp t mt bnh cha, nh p sut ca kh nn a vo thng. Do
khi ngng cp kh nn th nc cng ngng chy vo ng phun.
Nng sut lm m ca mi ng phun l 2,7 kg/h; lng kh nn tiu hao cho mi ng
khong 4 m3/h; in nng tiu hao l 190W cho mi ng phun (khong 70w cho mi
kilgam hi m).
Mc d tiu hao nhiu in nng v phi c h thng kh nn nhng thit b phun m
b sung kiu ny vn hay c s dng v cu to rt gn, tin cy cao, d t ng,
khng c lng nc d tha.

Hnh 4.13. Thit b phun m kiu kh nn

Lm kh (gim m) cho khng kh.
Trong i sng v cng nghip, nhiu lc i hi gim m ca khng kh , chng hn
nh trong mt s phn xng ch to cc thit b c bit i hi m nh. V d ch
to my bin p, linh kin in t vv. . . Gim m cho khng kh l qu trnh rt mt
phn hi m trong khng kh nhm gim m (dung m) cho n. Qu trnh thng
c thc hin bng cch ngng kt hi nc trn cc b mt nhit thp hoc nh
cc loi ho cht c bit.

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Lm kh bng dn lnh.
Qu trnh lm lnh khng kh thng km theo lm kh n, do hi m trong khng kh
ngng kt li trn b mt ca thit b. Tuy nhin khng phi bao gi lm lnh cng km
theo lm kh, iu kin din ra ngng kt hi m l nhit b mt ca dn lnh phi
nh hn nhit ng sng ca khng kh. Thng thng iu kin lun lun tho
mn do nhit ca cc tc nhn lnh bn trong rt thp.
Qu trnh lm kh bng dn dn lnh din ra theo qu trnh A1.
Thng nhu cu gim m t c nhu cu trn thc t , qu trnh ny thng c din ra
km theo qu trnh lm lnh.
Lm kh bng thit b bung phun.
Trong cng nghip ta c th thc hin vic gim m bng thit b bung phun. Khi phun
nc lnh c nhit nh hn nhit im sng ca khng kh th mt phn hi m
trong khng kh s ngng t li trn b mt ca cc git nc. Nh vy mt mt git
nc phun ng vai tr nh nhng b mt ngng kt lm tch t nc v tng khi lng
cc git nc. Tuy nhin y l mt qu trnh phc tp nn rt kh khng ch v iu
khin.
Lm kh bng my ht m.
Ngi ta c th thc hin vic gim m trong mt khng gian bng my ht m. My
ht m c cc thit b nh mt my iu ho dng ca s, nhng cc dn nng v dn
lnh c b tr khc i. Trong my ht m khng kh vo mt u v ra u kia sau khi
chuyn ng qua dn lnh v dn nng.
Qu trnh thc hin nh sau: Khng kh c qut 2 ht a qua dn lnh 4. y thc
hin qu trnh lm lnh, lm kh A1, hn m trong khng kh ngng kt mt phn ri
xung mng 5 v chy ra b hng 6. Sau khng kh c dn n dn ngng 3, thc
hin qu trnh gia nhit ng dung m, lm cho m tng i gim xung, ng thi
tng nhit ca khng kh ln nhit nh sn.

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Hnh 4.14. Thit b hut m

Cc my ht m thng c t trong cc phng yu cu c bit hoctng cc nh
kho cha cc sn phm c bit.

Hnh 4.15. Qu trnh thay i trng thi khng kh my ht m

Qu trnh thay i trng thi ca khng kh din ra theo 2 giai on: Qu trnh lm lnh
lm kh AB dn lnh v qu trnh gia nhit ng dung m BC dn ngng (hnh
4-15).
Lm kh bng ha cht.
Trong mt s trng hp nht nh ngi ta c th s dng cc ha cht c kh nng
ht m tt nh: silicagen, vi sng, zeolit gim m cho khng kh . Nhng phng
php ny rt hn ch v kh nng ht m rt hn ch, cc cht nhanh chng bo ha
v thng ta nhit v nh hng nht nh n khng gian iu ha.
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Trn th I-d qu trnh ht m khng kh bng ho cht din ra theo ng A9.

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THNH LP V TNH TON CC S

IU HO KHNG KH PHN I
THNH LP V TNH TON
CC S IU HO KHNG KH
CC C S THNH LP S IU HO KHNG KH
Mc ch thnh lp s iu ho khng kh
Thnh lp s iu ha khng kh l xc nh cc qu trnh thay i trng thi ca
khng kh trn th I-d nhm mc ch xc nh cc khu cn x l v nng sut ca
n t c trng thi khng kh cn thit trc khi cho thi vo phng.
Cc c s thnh lp s iu ho khng kh
Cc s iu ha khng kh c thnh lp trn cc c s sau y:
iu kin kh hu a phng ni lp t cng trnh, chn thng s tnh ton ngoi
tri: tN v N.
Yu cu v tin nghi hoc cng ngh sn xut, chn thng s tnh ton bn trong
cng trnh: tT v T.
Kt qu tnh cn bng nhit, cn bng m v cht c hi ca cng trnh, tc phi bit
trc QT, WT v GT cho mi khu vc thuc cng trnh, iu ng ngha vi vic
xc nh c trc h s tia ca qu trnh thay i trng thi ca khng kh sau khi thi
vo phng T =

QT
WT .

iu kin v v sinh v an ton cho sc kho ca con ngi:

iu kin v nhit khng kh thi vo phng
Nhit khng kh trc khi thi vo phng khng c qu thp so vi nhit trong
phng nhm trnh gy cm lnh cho ngi s dng, c th nh sau:
tV tT - a (5-1)

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- i vi h thng iu ho khng kh thi t di ln (ming thi t trong vng lm

vic) th: a = 7 oC
- i vi h thng iu ho khng kh thi t trn xung, tc l khng kh ra khi ming
thi phi i qua khng gian m trc khi i vo vng lm vic: a = 10oC
Nu iu kin v sinh khng tha mn th phi tin hnh sy nng khng kh n nhit
tV = tT - a tho mn iu kin v sinh ri cho thi vo phng.
iu kin v cung cp gi ti
Lng kh ti cung cp phi y cho ngi trong phng :
GN = n.mk = n.k.Vk , kg/s (5-2)
trong :
n - S ngi trong phng, ngi;
mk- Khi lng gi ti cn thit cung cp cho 01 ngi trong mt n v thi gian, kg/
s.ngi;
Vk - Lng khng kh ti cn cung cp cho mt ngi trong mt n v thi gian, tra
theo bng 2-8, m3/s.ngi ;
- Khi lng ring ca khng kh, = 1,2 kg/m3.
Tuy nhin lu lng gi b sung khng c nh hn 10% tng lng gi cung cp cho
phng G (kg/s).
TNH TON CC S IU HO KHNG KH THEO TH I-d
Phng trnh tnh nng sut gi
T cc phng trnh cn bng nhit, m v cht c hi ta xc nh c phng trnh
xc nh nng sut gi.
- Nng sut gi thi nhit:

, kg/s (5-3)

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- Nng sut gi thi m:

, kg/s (5-4)
- Nng sut gi thi cht c hi:

, kg/s (5-5)
Trong cc cng thc trn T l trng thi khng kh trong phng, V l trng thi khng
kh trc khi thi vo phng.
Khi thit k h thng iu ho thng phi m bo 2 thng s nhit v m khng i
theo yu cu, tc l phi tha mn ng thi 2 phng trnh cn bng nhit v m. Hay
ni cch khc ta c: GQ = GW

, (5-6)
Suy ra:

(5-7)
i lng T gi l h s gc tia ca qu trnh t thay i trng thi ca khng kh trong
phng VT khi nhn nhit tha QT v m tha WT.
Nh vy trng thi ca khng kh trong phng khng i th trng thi khng kh thi
vo phng V(tV, V) phi lun lun nm trn ng

i qua im T(tT, T).

Cc s iu ho khng kh ma H

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S thng
S nguyn l v nguyn tc hot ng
S thng l s khng c ti tun hon khng kh t gian iu ho v thit b x l
khng kh. Trong s ny ton b khng kh a vo thit b x l khng kh l khng
kh bn ngoi tri tc l kh ti. Trn hnh 5.1 l s nguyn l v qu trnh x l
nhit m khng kh ca s ny trn th I-d.
Khng kh bn ngoi tri c trng thi N(tN,N) qua ca ly gi c van iu chnh 1
c a vo bung x l nhit m 2, ti y khng kh c x l theo chng trnh
nh sn n mt trng thi O nht nh no v c qut 3 vn chuyn theo ng
ng gi 4 vo phng 6 qua cc ming thi 5. Khng kh ti ming thi 5 c trng thi V
sau khi vo phng nhn nhit tha QT v m tha WT v t thay i n trng thi T(tT,
T) theo tia qu trnh T = QT/WT. Sau khng kh c thi ra bn ngoi qua cc ca
thi 7.

Hnh 5.1. S nguyn l v biu din s thay i trng thi khng kh trn
th I-d
S thng c s dng trong cc trng hp sau:
- Khi knh gi hi qu ln vic thc hin hi gi qu tn km hoc khng thc hin
c do khng gian khng cho php.
- Khi trong phng pht sinh ra nhiu cht c hi, vic hi gi khng c li.
Xc nh cc im nt trn th I-d
Cc im nt l cc im c bit sau mi qu trnh x l, bao gm trng thi khng kh
tnh ton bn ngoi tri N, trng thi tnh ton bn trong phng, trng thi ho trn C
(nu c) trng thi sau x l nhit m O, trng thi trc khi thi vo phng V.
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Ma h nc ta nhit v m bn ngoi phng thng cao hn nhit v m

trong phng, v th im N thng nm bn trn phi ca im T.
c th xc nh cc im nt ta hy tin hnh phn tch c im ca cc qu trnh.
- Qu trnh NO l qu trnh x l khng kh din ra thit b x l khng kh. Trng
thi O cui qu trnh x l khng kh c m o =90?95%.
- Qu trnh OV l qu trnh khng kh nhn nhit khi dn qua h thng ng ng. V
ng ng dn gi rt kn nn khng c trao i m vi mi trng, m ch c nhn
nhit, l qu trnh gia nhit ng dung m. V tt c cc ng ng dn khng kh
lnh u bc cch nhit nn tn tht ny khng ng k, thc t c th coi V?O.
- Qu trnh VT l qu trnh khng kh t thay i trng thi khi nhn nhit tha v m
tha nn c h s gc tia VT = T = QT/WT
T phn tch trn ta c th xc nh cc im nt nh sau:
- Xc nh cc im N(tN, N), T(tT, T) theo cc thng s tnh ton ban u.
- Qua im T k ng = T = QT/WT ct ng o = 0,95 ti O?V
- Ni NO ta c qu trnh x l khng kh
Cn lu trng thi thi vo V?O phi m bo iu kin v sinh l nhit khng
c qu thp so vi nhit trong phng trnh gy cm lnh cho ngi s dng,
tc:
tV t T - a
Nu khng tha mn iu kin v sinh, th phi tin hnh gia nhit khng kh t trng
thi O ln trng thi V nh b sy khng kh cp II cho ti khi tho mn iu kin v
sinh, ri mi thi vo phng, tc l tV = tT - a (hnh 5.2).
Trong trng hp ny cc im O v V xc nh li nh sau:
- im V l giao ca ng = T = QT/WT qua im T v ng t = tT - a.
- im O l giao ca ng thng ng (ng dung m) qua im V v ng o =
0,95.

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Hnh 5.2. S thng khi nhit tV thp

Cc thit b chnh cn c ca s thng
thc hin c s thng ma h h thng cn c cc thit b chnh sau: Thit b
x l khng kh, qut cp gi, b sy cp II, h thng knh cp gi, ming cp gi.
Xc nh nng sut cc thit b
- Nng sut gi thi vo phng:

, kg/s (5-8)
- Nng sut lnh ca thit b x l:

, kW (5-9)
- Nng sut lm kh ca thit b x l:

, kg/s (5-10)
- Cng sut nhit ca thit b sy cp II (nu c):

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, kW (5-11)
u nhc im ca s thng
- S thng c u im l n gin, gn nh d lp t;
- Khng tn dng lnh (hay nhit) ca khng kh thi nn hiu qu kinh t thp;
- S thng c s dng trong cc h thng ni c pht sinh cc cht c vic tun
hon gi khng c li hoc ng ng qu xa, cng knh khng kinh t hoc khng th
thc hin c.
S tun hon khng kh mt cp
tn dng nhit ca khng kh thi ngi ta s dng s tun hon1 cp. l s
c tun hon gi t gian my iu ho tr li thit b x l nhit m. Trn hnh 5.3 l
s nguyn l h thng iu ho khng kh c tun hon gi 1 cp.
S nguyn l v nguyn tc lm vic
Trn hnh 5.3 trnh by s nguyn l ca h thng iu ho khng kh tun hon gi
1 cp. Nguyn l lm vic ca h thng nh sau: Khng kh bn ngoi tri c trng thi
N(tN,N) vi lu lng GN qua ca ly gi c van iu chnh 1, c a vo bung
ha trn 3 ha trn vi khng kh hi c trng thi T(tT,T) vi lu lng GT t
ming hi gi 2. Hn hp ha trn c trng thi C s c a n thit b x l nhit
m 4, ti y n c x l theo mt chng trnh nh sn n trng thi O v c
qut 5 vn chuyn theo knh gi 6 vo phng 8. Khng kh sau khi ra khi ming thi 7
c trng thi V vo phng nhn nhit tha QT v m tha WT v t thay i trng thi
t V n T(tT, T). Sau mt phn khng kh c thi ra ngoi qua cuqra thi gi 12
v mt phn ln c qut hi gi 11 ht v qua cc ming ht 9 theo knh hi gi 10.

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Hnh 5.3. S tun hon 1 cp

Xc nh cc im nt trn I-d
Tng t s thng ta c th nhn thy c im ca cc im nt v cc qu trnh
nh sau:
- Trng thi C l trng thi ho trn ca dng khng kh ti c lu lng GN v trng
thi N(tN, N) vi dng khng kh ti tun hon vi lu lng GT v trng thi T(tT,
T )
- Qu trnh VT l qu trnh khng kh t thay i trng thi khi nhn nhit tha v m
tha nn c h s gc tia = T = QT/WT. im O?V c o 0,95.
T phn tch trn, c th xc nh cc im nt ca s tun hon 1 cp nh sau:
- Xc nh cc im N(tN, N), T(tT, T) theo cc thng s tnh ton ban u.
- im C nm trn on NT v v tr c xc nh theo t l ha trn, c th:

(5-12)
trong :
GN - Lu lng gi ti cn cung cp c xc nh theo iu kin v sinh, kg/s.;
G - Lu lng gi tng tun hon qua thit b x l khng kh c xc nh theo cng
thc (5-13), kg/s.
- im V? O l giao nhau ca ng = T = QT/WT i qua im T vi ng o =
0,95. Ni CO ta c qu trnh x l khng kh.

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Hnh 5.4. Biu din s tun hon 1 cp trn th I-d

Nu nhit im O khng ph hp iu kin v sinh th phi tin hnh sy khng kh
n im V tho mn iu kin v sinh tc l tV = tT - a (xem hnh 5.5). Khi cc im
V v O xc nh nh sau:
- T T k ng = T = QT/WT ct t = tT - a ti V;
- T V k ng thng ng d=const ct o = 0,95 ti O;
- Cc im cn li vn gi nguyn v tr.
Cc thit b chnh
thc hin s iu ha khng kh mt cp h thng cn trang b cc thit b: Qut
cp gi, qut hi gi, thit b x l khng kh, thit b sy cp II, h thng knh cp gi,
knh hi gi, ming thi v ming ht.

Hnh 5.5. S tun hon 1 cp khi nhit t V thp

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Xc nh nng sut cc thit b

- Nng sut gi cp vo phng:

, kg/s (5-13)
- Lng khng kh b sung GN c xc nh cn c vo s lng ngi v lng gi
ti cn cung cp cho mt ngi trong mt n v thi gian:
GN = n.k.Vk, kg/s (5-14)
trong n - Tng s ngi trong phng, ngi;
Vk - Lng khng kh ti cn cung cp cho mt ngi trong mt n v thi gian, tra
theo bng 2.8. Tuy nhin lu lng gi b sung khng c nh hn 10%.G. V th khi
GN tnh theo cc cng thc trn m nh hn 10% th ly GN = 0,1.G.
- Lu lng gi hi:
GT = G - GN, kg/s (5-15)
- Cng sut lnh ca thit b x l khng kh:

, kW (5-16)
- Nng sut lm kh ca thit b x l:

, Kg/s (5-17)
- Cng sut nhit ca thit b sy cp II (nu c)

, kW (5-18)

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u nhc, im ca s
S tun hon 1 cp c cc u v nhc im nh sau:
- Do c tn dng nhit ca khng kh ti tun hon nn nng sut lnh v nng sut lm
kh gim so vi s thng, c th:

(kW) v

(kg/s);
- S c h thng ti tun hon khng kh nn chi ph u t tng, bao gm qut tun
hon gi, knh hi gi v cc ming ht;
- H thng vn cn phi trang b thit b sy cp II sy nng khng kh khi trng thi
khng kh thi vo phng khng tha mn iu kin v sinh.
S tun hon khng kh hai cp
khc phc nhc im ca s tun hon 1 cp do phi c thit b sy cp II
phng khi trng thi V khng tha mn iu kin v sinh cn sy nng khng kh, ngi
ta s dng s 2 cp c th iu chnh nhit khng kh thi vo phng m khng
cn c thit b sy cp II.
S tun hon 2 cp c 2 dng: S c iu chnh nhit thi vo v s iu
chnh m.
S iu chnh nhit thi vo
S nguyn l v nguyn tc hot ng
Trn hnh 5.6 l s nguyn l h thng iu ho khng kh 2 cp c iu chnh nhit
thi vo. Trong s ny nng nhit tV ngi ta tin hnh ho trn khng kh
sau b x l vi khng kh ti tun hon.

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Hnh 5.6. S tun hon 2 cp c iu chnh nhit

Khng kh bn ngoi tri vi lu lng GN v trng thi N(tN,N) c ly qua ca ly
gi c van iu chnh 1 vo bung ho trn 3 ha trn vi khng kh hi c lu lng
GT1 v trng thi T(tT,T) t mt trng thi C1 no . Hn hp ha trn C1 s c
a n thit b x l nhit m 4 v c x l n trng thi O. Sau n bung ho
trn 6 ha trn vi khng kh hi c lu lng GT2 v trng thi T(tT,T) t trng
thi C2 v c qut 7 vn chuyn theo ng ng gi 8 vo phng 10. Khng kh sau
khi ra khi ming thi 9 c trng thi C2 vo phng nhn nhit tha QT v m tha WT
v t thay i trng thi n T(tT, T). Cui cng mt phn khng kh c thi ra ngoi
qua ca thi 14, phn ln cn li c hi v thit b x l khng kh tip tc x l.
Xc nh cc im nt trn th I-d
- Cc im N(tN, N), T(tT, T) c xc theo cc thng s tnh ton ban u;
- im ha trn C2: Mc ch ca vic ho trn l nhm m bo nhit khng kh
khi thi vo phng tho mn yu cu v sinh. Hay tC2 = tT - a. Nh vy im C2 l giao
im ca ng T = QT/WT i qua T vi tC2 = tT - a;
- im O nm trn ng o = 0,95 v ng ko di TC2;
- im C1 c xc nh theo t s ha trn: GN/GT1 = TC1/C1N.
Cc thit b chnh ca h thng
thc hin s iu ha khng kh tun hon hai cp h thng phi c cc thit b
chnh sau y: Qut cp gi, qut hi gi, thit b x l khng kh, h thng knh cp
gi, knh hi gi v cc ming thi, ming ht.

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Hnh 5.7. Biu din s tun hon 2 cp c iu chnh nhit trn I-d
Xc nh nng sut cc thit b
- Lu lng gi tng cp vo phng:

, kg/s (5-19)
- Lng khng kh b sung GN c xc nh cn c vo s lng ngi v lng gi
ti cn cung cp cho mt ngi trong mt n v thi gian:
GN = n.k.Vk, kg/s (5-20)
- Lu lng gi GT2 xc nh theo phng php hnh hc da vo qu trnh ha trn
thit b ha trn 6:

(5-21)
Cc im T, C2, O c xc nh v G xc nh theo cng thc (5-19) nn c th
tnh c GT2

, kg/s (5-22)
- Lu lng gi GT1
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GT1 = G - GN - GT2, kg/s (5-23)

- Nng sut lnh ca thit b x l:
Qo = (G-GT2).(IC1 - IO), kW (5-24)
- Nng sut lm kh ca thit b x l:
W = (G-GT2).(dC1 - dO), kg/s (5-25)
u nhc im ca s
S tun hon 2 cp c iu chnh nhit thi vo c u im:
- Nhit thi vo phng c th d dng iu chnh c nh iu chnh lng gi trch
GT2 nhm nng nhit thi vo phng tho mn iu kin v sinh. Do s 2 cp
c iu chnh nhit khng cn trang b thit b sy cp II;
- Nng sut lnh v nng sut lm kh yu cu ca thit b x l gim:
Cng sut lnh gim QO = GT2.(IC1 - IO), kW;
Lu lng gi gim Wo = GT2.(dC1 - dO), kg/s;
Nh vy ta khng cn phi u t h thng x l khng kh qu ln, cng knh.
- Phi c thm bung ha trn th 2 v h thng trch gi n bung ha trn ny nn
chi ph u t v vn hnh tng.
S tun hon 2 cp iu chnh m
S nguyn l v nguyn tc hot ng
Trn hnh 5.8 l s nguyn l h thng iu ho tun hon 2 cp iu chnh m.

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Hnh 5.8. S tun hon 2 cp iu chnh m

Khng kh bn ngoi tri c lu lng GN v trng thi N(tN,N) c ly qua ca ly
gi c van iu chnh 1, vo bung 3 ha trn vi khng kh hi c lu lng GT v
trng thi T(tT,T) t mt trng thi C1 no . Hn hp ha trn C1 c chia lm
2 dng, mt dng c lu lng (GN + GT1) c a n thit b x l khng kh 4 v
c x l n mt trng thi O sau a n bung 6 ha trn vi dng th 2 c
lu lng GT2 trng thi C1 v t c trng thi C2. Khng kh c trng thi C2 tip
tc c qut 7 thi theo knh cp gi 8 vo phng 10 qua cc ming thi 9. Mt phn
gi c thi ra bn ngoi qua ca thi gi 14, phn cn li tip tc c hi v v lp
li chu trnh mi.
Xc nh cc im nt trn th I-d
- Cc im nt N(tN, N), T(tT, T) c xc theo cc thng s tnh ton.
- im C1 c xc nh theo t s ha trn: GN/GT = TC1/C1N
- im ha trn C2: Mc ch ca vic ho trn l nhm nng nhit khng kh thi
vo phng t yu cu v sinh, hay tC2 = tT - a. Nh vy im C2 l giao im ca
ng song song vi T = QT/WT i qua T vi tC2 = tT - a.
- im O l giao ca C1C2 vi ng o = 0,95.

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Hnh 5.9. S tun hon 2 cp c iu chnh m trn I-d

Xc nh nng sut cc thit b
- Nng sut gi:G = GT + GN = GT1 + GT2 + GN

, kg/s (5-26)
- Lng khng kh b sung GN c xc nh cn c vo s lng ngi v lu lng
gi ti cn thit cung cp cho mt ngi trong mt n v thi gian:
GN = n.k.Vk (5-27)
trong n - Tng s ngi trong phng, ngi;
Vk - Lng khng kh ti cn cung cp cho mt ngi trong mt n v thi gian, tra
theo bng 2.8.
- Xc nh lu lng GT1 v GT2 cn c vo h phng trnh sau:
Theo qu trnh ho trn bung ho trn 3:

Theo qu trnh ho trn bung ho trn 6:

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- Nng sut lnh ca thit b x l:

Qo = (G-GT2).(IC1 - IO), kW (5-28)
- Nng sut lm kh ca thit b x l:
W = (G-GT2).(dC1 - dO), kg/s (5-29)
u nhc im ca s
S tun hon 2 cp c iu chnh m c c im nh sau:
- Nhit v m khng kh thi vo phng c th iu chnh tha mn iu kin
v sinh hoc tho mn v m do khng cn thit b sy cp II v thit b phun m
b sung;
- Nng sut lnh v nng sut lm kh yu cu ca thit b x l gim so vi s 1 cp
tng t.
Cng sut lnh gim QO = GT2.(IC1 - IO). kW ;
Lu lng gi gim Wo = GT2.(dC1 - dO), kg/s;
- H thng bt buc phi c thm bung ha trn th 2 v h thng trch gi n bung
ha trn ny nn chi ph u t v vn hnh tng.
S c phun m b sung

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S ny c s dng nhm tit kim nng lng trong trng hp cn tng m

ca khng kh trong phng nhng vn tit kim nng lng.
Vic phun m b sung c th thc hin cho s thng, s tun ho 1 cp hoc 2
cp.

Hnh 5-10. So snh chu trnh c v khng c phun m b sung

khng kh trong phng t c trng thi T(tT,T) ta c th thc hin bng 2 cch:
Cch 1: X l khng kh n trng thi O nht nh no v thi vo phng nhn
nhit tha QT v m tha WT cho t thay i trng thi n T(tT,T) theo qu trnh OT
(T = QT/WT )
Theo cch ny ta c:
- Nng sut gi cung cp cho phng:

, kg/s (5-30)
- Nng sut lnh yu cu ca thit b x l khng kh:

, kW (5-31)
- Nng sut lm kh yu cu ca thit b x l khng kh:

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kg/s (5-32)
Cch 2: X l khng kh n trng thi O' vi tO' < tO. Sau thi khng kh vo phng
cho khng kh t thay i trng thi theo qu trnh T n T', sau phun m b sung
khng kh thay i trng thi n T.
- Nng sut gi cung cp cho phng:

, kg/s (5-33)
- Nng sut lnh yu cu ca thit b x l khng kh:

,kW (5-34)
- Nng sut lm kh yu cu ca thit b x l khng kh:

kg/s (5-35)
Cn lu rng IT = IT,
Kt lun
- Vic phun m b sung c th p dng cho bt c s no v em li hiu qu nhit
cao hn, nng sut gi cp vo phng yu cu nh, nng sut lnh v nng sut lm kh
ca b x l khng kh u gim;
- Tuy nhin phi c b tr thm thit b phun m b sung trong phng nn phi c chi
ph b sung. Thc t n ch c th p dng cho cc phng nh v c yu cu c bit v
m.
Cc s iu ho khng kh ma ng

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Khi ni n s ma ng l ni n s dng cho nhng ngy m nhit khng

kh ngoi tri nh hn nhit khng kh trong nh. duy tr nhit trong nh chng
ta phi tin hnh cp nhit. S ny thng ch s dng cho cc tnh pha Bc t Tha
Thin Hu tr ra. Cc tnh thnh t Nng tr vo khng cn s ma ng v ma
ng cc tnh pha Nam nhit khng thp. V th chng ta khng ngc nhin khi
cc h thng iu ho c cp nhit ma ng ch c thit k v lp t cc tnh pha
Bc.
Cc ngun nhit v thit b thng c s dng si m ma ng (xem chng
4):
- in tr: Trong nhiu trng hp ngi ta dng in tr sy nng khng kh trc
khi thi vo phng nhm duy tr nhit phng nm mc cho php. Phng php
dng in n gin, nhng khng kinh t do gi in nng tng i cao v khng an
ton v phng chy.
- Hi nc: Hi t cc l hi nh hoc trung tm nhit in c a n cc b trao
i nhit kiu b mt trao i nhit vi khng kh trc khi thi vo phng. Cc dn
trao i nhit ny c th t c lp hoc t ng b cng cm dn lnh my lnh ma
h.
- Bm
nhit: Mt s cng trnh c trang b my lnh 2 chiu, ma ng my hot ng theo ch
bm nhit nh h thng van o chiu: dn nng bn trong phng, dn lnh ngoi
phng.
S thng ma ng
S nguyn l v nguyn tc hot ng
Trn hnh 5-11 l s nguyn l h thng x l khng kh ma ng. S ny tng
t s ma H. im khc duy nht trong s ma ng l thay v s dng thit b
x l lnh khng kh 2 y s dng thit b si.
Nguyn l lm vic ca h thng nh sau: khng kh bn ngoi c trng thi N(tN,N)
c y qua ca ly gi c van iu chnh 1 vo b si nng khng kh. B si nng
khng kh c th l b in tr hoc b trao i nhit kiu b mt s dng hi bo ho,
hay ga nng. Khng kh c gia nhit ng dung m n trng thi O. Sau khng
kh c qut 3 thi vo phng 6 theo h thng knh gi 4 v ming thi 5. trong
phng khng kh nh nhit, hp th m tha v t thay i trng thi n trng thi
T(tT,T). Cui cng khng kh c thi ra bn ngoi qua ca thi 7.
Xc nh cc im nt trn th I-d
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- Cc im N(tN,N), T(tT,T) c xc nh theo cc thng s tnh ton;

- im O l giao ca ng = T = QT/WT i qua T vi ng ng dung m qua
im N. Cn lu rng i vi s ma ng th QT < 0 v WT > 0 v vy qu trnh
OT l qu trnh tng m, gim nhit. H s gc tia qu trnh c gi tr m < 0.

Hnh 5.11. S thng ma ng

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Thnh lp v tnh ton cc s iu ho

khng kh
Cc thit b chnh ca h thng
i vi h thng hot ng theo s ma ng cn trang b cc thit b chnh sau:
Thit b sy cp I, qut cp gi, h thng knh gi, ming thi.

Hnh 5.12. Biu din s thng ma ng trn th I-d

Xc nh nng sut cc thit b
- Nng sut gi ca h thng:

, kg/s (5-36)
- Cng sut b si:

, kW (5-37)
u nhc im ca s

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- S thng tuy n gin nhng khng tn dng c nhit ca gi thi nn khng

kinh t.
- S thng ch s dng trong trng hp vic xy dng knh hi gi khng kinh t
hoc khng th thc hin c. Khi trong khng gian iu ho sinh nhiu cht c hi
th cng nn s dng s thng.
S tun hon mt cp ma ng
S nguyn l v nguyn tc hot ng

Hnh 5.13. S tun hon 1 cp ma ng

Hnh 5.13 trnh by s nguyn l ca h thng tun hon 1 cp v ma ng. Nguyn
l lm vic ca h thng nh sau: Khng kh bn ngoi c trng thi N(tN,N) c ly
qua ca ly gi c van iu chnh 1 v a vo bung ho trn 3. y n c ho
trn vi khng kh hi c trng thi T(tT,T) c trng thi C. Hn hp ho trn
c a vo b sy khng kh cp I sy ln trng thi O. Sau khng kh c
qut 5 thi vo phng 8 theo h thng knh gi 6 v ming thi 7. trong phng khng
kh nh nhit, hp th m tha v t thay i trng thi n trng thi T(tT,T). Cui
cng mt phn khng kh c thi ra bn ngoi qua ca thi 12 phn ln c hi tr
li trc bung ho trn.
Xc nh cc im nt trn th I-d
- Cc im N(tN,N), T(tT,T) c xc nh theo cc thng s tnh ton.
- im C c xc nh theo t l ho trn nh sau:

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- im O l giao ca ng = T = QT/WT i qua T vi ng ng dung m qua

im C.
Cc thit b chnh ca h thng
i vi h thng 1 cp ma ng trn h thng cn trang b cc thit b chnh sau:
Bung ho trn, Thit b sy cp I, qut cp gi, h thng knh cp gi, knh hi gi,
ming thi v ming ht.

Hnh 5.14. Biu din s tun hon 1 cp ma ng trn th I-d

Xc nh nng sut cc thit b chnh
- Nng sut gi a vo phng:

, kg/s (5-38)
- Cng sut b sy cp I

, kW (5-39)
u nhc im ca s
- S tun hon mt cp tn dng c nhit ca gi thi nn kinh t hn s thng.

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- y l s thng hay c s dng trn thc t.

TNH TON CC S IU HO KHNG KH THEO TH d-t
Tnh ton cc s iu ho khng kh theo th t-d c cc nc t bn phng
Ty p dng rt ph bin. V mt bn cht, vic xc nh cc s theo th t-d cng
tng t nh th I-d.
Cc s iu ho trn th d-t
S thng
Khng kh bn ngoi tri c trng thi N(tN,N) i qua thit b x l khng kh bin
i trng thi n trng thi O, sau qua qut cp gi hp th mt phn nhit di
dng nhit hin v bin i n trng thi n Q, trn ng ng khng kh hp th mt
lng nhit t mi trng di dng nhit hin v thay i n trng thi V. Sau
c thi vo phng nhn nhit n v nhit hin thay i trng thi n T(tT,T).
- Cng sut lnh thit b x l khng kh:
Q = G.(IN - IO), kW
- Nhit do khng kh hp th qua qut:
Q1 = G.(IQ-IO), kW
- Nhit do khng kh nhn t mi trng qua ng ng:
Q2 = G.(IV-IQ), kW
- Nhit tha do khng kh nhn trong phng Q3:
Nhit hin:
Q31 = G.(IL-IV), kW
Nhit n
Q32 = G.(IT-IL)
- Nhit do khng kh ti nh ra bin i trng thi t N(tN,N) n trng thi
T(tT,T):
Q4 = G.(IN-IT)
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Ta c:
Q = Q1 + Q2 + Q3 + Q4
Nu b qua tn tht nhit t qut cp gi v ng ng (Q1=Q2=0) th:
Q = Q3 + Q4
Nh vy: Ph ti lnh ca thit b x l khng kh Q khng phi l nhit tha Q3, m
thc t c gi tr ln hn.

Hnh 5.15. S thng trn th d-t

S tun hon 1 cp
Khng kh bn ngoi tri c trng thi N(tN,N) ho trn vi khng kh hi c trng
thi ho trn l C. Khng kh trng thi C i qua thit b x l khng kh bin i
n trng thi O, sau qua qut cp gi v ng ng gi hp th mt phn nhit di
dng nhit hin v bin i n trng thi n Q v V. Gi tip tc c thi vo phng
nhn hit n v nhit hin thay i trng thi n T(tT,T).
- Cng sut lnh thit b x l khng kh:
Q = G.(IC - IO)
- Nhit do khng kh hp th qua qut:
Q1 = G.(IQ-IO)
- Nhit do khng kh nhn t mi trng qua ng ng:
Q2 = G.(IV-IQ)
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- Nhit tha do khng kh nhn trong phng Q3:

Nhit hin:
Q31 = G.(IL-IV)
Nhit n:
Q32 = G.(IT-IL)
- Nhit do khng kh ti nh ra bin i trng thi t N(tN,N) n trng thi
T(tT,T)
Q5 = G.(IN-IT)
trong G l lu lng kh ti.
Ta c:
Q = Q1 + Q2 + Q3 + Q4
Nu b qua tn tht nhit t qut cp gi v ng ng (Q1=Q2=0) th:
Q = Q3 + Q4

Hnh 5.16. S tun hon 1 cp trn th d-t

Cc c trng ca s iu ho
H s nhit hin SHF

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Gi s c mt qu trnh thay i trng thi khng kh t trng thi 1 n trng thi 2.

H s nhit hin SHF (Sensible heat factor) l t s gia tng nhit hin trn tng nhit
hin v nhit n:

(5-40)
Qh - nhit hin, kW; Qw - nhit n, kW
Q = Qh + Qw - nhit ton phn;
t1, t2 - Nhit khng kh u v cui qu trnh, oC;
I1, I2 - Entanpi ca khng kh u v cui qu trnh, kJ/kg.
H s nhit hin ca phng
H s nhit hin ca phng RSHF (Room sensible heat factor) c nh ngha nh sau:

(5-41)
trong :
Qhf - Tng nhit hin do bc x, truyn nhit qua kt cu bao che v nhit do cc ngun
nhit bn trong phng ta ra, kW;
Qwf - Tng nhit n to ra t phng, kW;
Qf - Tng nhit n v nhit hin t do bc x, truyn nhit qua kt cu bao che v do
cc ngun nhit ta ra t phng, y chnh l tng nhit tha ca phng; kW.
Trn th d-t, cc im V v T ln lt l trng thi khng kh cp vo phng v khng
kh trong phng. ng VT biu th qu trnh khng kh sau khi vo phng nhn nhit
tha v m tha v t thay i trng thi. ng ny c gi l ng h s nhit hin
ca phng RSHF.
Trong cc tnh ton thng im T bit trc, v th ng VT c th d dng xc
nh khi bit phng ca n. Cch xc nh theo cc bc sau:

120/419

Quan st th d-t ta thy c im G c nh du trn ti v tr t = 24oC v = 50%,

im ny gi l im c s. Mt khc song song vi trc d c ng biu th cc gi
tr khc nhau ca h s nhit hin RSHF. ng VT s song song vi ng thng ni
im G vi im xc nh gi tr RSHF trn ng biu th (hnh 5-17).

Hnh 5.17
H s nhit hin tng GSHF (Grand sensible heat factor)
Gi s im C v O ln lt l trng thi khng kh u vo v u ra thit b x l
khng kh. Khi i qua thit b x l, khng kh thi nhit hin Qh v nhit n Qw bin
i trng thi t C n O.
H s nhit hin tng c xc nh theo cng thc:

(5-42)
trong :
Qh v Qw - Nhit hin v nhit n m khng kh thi ra thit b x l khng kh.
ng thng CO biu th s thay i trng thi ca khng kh khi qua thit b x l
khng kh gi l ng GSHF. Cch xc nh phng ng thng CO cng tng t
nh cch xc nh ng RSHF, ngha l song song vi ng G-GSHF.
H s i vng BF

121/419

Khi khng kh i qua dn lnh, nu qu trnh tip xc tt, thi gian tip xc ln th
trng thi khng kh u ra l trng thi bo ho =100%. Tuy nhin thc t trng thi
u ra thng khng t trng thi bo ho, m nm trong khong = 90 ? 95%. Trng
thi c coi nh l hn hp ca 2 trng thi: trng thi ban u C v trng thi bo
ho S. Nh vy lng khng kh x l coi nh c phn thnh 2 dng: mt dng i
qua dn lnh v trao i nhit m v t trng thi bo ho, dng th 2 i vng qua dn
v khng trao i nhit m.
H s i vng BF (Bypass factor) l t s gia lng khng kh i qua dn lnh nhng
khng trao i nhit m so vi tng lng khng kh qua dn:

(5-43)
trong :
GC - Lu lng khng kh qua dn lnh nhng khng trao di nhit m, kg/s;
GS - Lu lng khng kh c trao i nhit m, kg/s;
G - Tng lu lng gi qua dn, kg/s.

Hnh 5.18.
Nu vit phng trnh cn bng nng lng ta c:
G.Io = Gc.Ic + GS.IS
S dng cng thc xc nh BF ta c:
122/419

G.Io = G.BF.Ic + G.(1-BF).IS

hay: Io = BF.Ic + (1-BF).IS
Rt ra:

(5-44)
Tng t c th rt ra:

(5-45)
v

(5-46)
H s i vng BF ph thuc vo din tch, cu to v tc khng kh qua dn.
Bng 5-1 di y trnh by gi tr ca h s BF trong mt s trng hp dng tham
kho khi tnh ph ti lnh.
Bng 5.1
Tr
s
BF

Trng hp p dng

0,3 ? Ti nhit nh hoc ti nhit tng i ln

0,5
nhng nhit hin nh

V d

Nh

0,2 ? Ti nhit tng i nh hoc ti nhit tng Nh , ca hng, phn xng

0,3
i ln vi nhit hin nh
sn xut
0,1 ? ng dng cho iu ho khng kh bnh
0,2
thng

Ca hng ln, ngn hng, phn

xng

123/419

0,05 ng dng khi lng nhit hin ln hoc

? 0,1 cn lng khng kh ti nhiu

Vn phng lm vic, ca hng,

nh hng, phn xng

0?
0,1

Bnh vin, phng th, phn

xng

Ch s dng khng kh ti (khng c ti

tun hon)

Bng 5-2 trnh by gi tr h s i vng BF ca mt s dn lnh kiu tip xc theo s

hng ng dc theo chiu chuyn ng ca khng kh v mt cnh trao i nhit.
Bng 5.2
S
hng
ng
H s
BF
315
550 cnh/m
cnh/m
234568

0,42 ? 0,550,27 ? 0,400,12 ? 0,280,08 0,22 ? 0,380,10 ? 0,230,04 ?

? 0,220,05 ? 0,150,02 ? 0,08
0,140,02 ? 0,090,01 ? 0,050 ? 0,02

Trng hp thit b x l khng kh kiu t (bung phun) gi tr BF ph thuc vo tc

chuyn ng ca khng kh, p sut nc ti l phun, kch thc l phun, lu lng
nc phun, s hng b tr l phun v s l phun trn 01 hng. Ngoi ra chiu chuyn
ng tng i gia khng kh v nc cng nh hng ti gi tr BF.
Bng 5.3 trnh by cc gi tr ca BF trong mt s trng hp dng tham kho.
Bng 5.3
S
hng
l
phun

Hng
phun nc

Tc
khng
1,5
kh, m/
s

L phun c
d=6mm,p=170
kPa, G= 2 Lt/
s.m2

L phun c
d=3mm,p=210
kPa, G= 1,7 Lt/
s.m2

3,5

1,5

3,5

124/419

- Song
song- Hn
hp

0,700,75

0,500,65

0,800,82

- Song
songNgc
chiu- Hn
hp

0,900,980,99

0,850,920,93

0,920,980,99 0,870,930,94

0,600,70

H s nhit hin hiu dng ESHF

H s nhit hin hiu dng ESHF (Effective sensible heat factor) l t s gia nhit hin
hiu dng Qhef v tng nhit hiu dng Qef

(5-47)
y:
Qhef = Qhf + BF.Q4h, kW - nhit hin hiu dng ca phng;
Qwef = Qwf + BF.Q4w, kW - nhit n hiu dng ca phng;
Qhf, Qwf, kW - nhit hin v nhit n tha ca phng;
Q4h, Q4w, kW - nhit hin v nhit n ca khng kh ti cn nh ra t c trng
thi trong phng.
Trn th d-t ng biu th mi quan h gia cc h s RSHF, GSHF, ESHF v nhit
ng sng

125/419

Hnh 5.19
Cc trng thi ln lt l:
C- Trng thi khng kh c ho trn trc khi vo dn lnh;
O ? V Trng thi sau dn lnh v thi vo phng;
T - Trng thi khng kh trong phng;
N - Trng thi khng kh ngoi tri;
S - Trng thi khng kh bo ho, phn khng kh tip xc dn lnh, nhit im K l
nhit ng ng sng ts.
Gia h s nhit hin hu dng v v nhit ng sng ca dn lnh c mi quan h
nh sau:

(5-48)
trong :
dT, dS - cha hi ca khng kh trong khng gian iu ho v trng thi ng
sng ca dn lnh, g/kg;

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tT, tS - Nhit ca khng kh trong khng gian iu ho v trng thi ng sng

ca dn lnh, oC.
Bng 5.4
t T , oC T , %

Gi tr

20
50
ESHF 1,00

0,97 0,88

0,83 0,73 0,72 0,70 0,68

tS

9,0

7,0

9,3

8,0

5,0

3,0

-5,5

55
ESHF 1,00

0,97 0,92

0,83 0,78 0,71 0,67 0,65

tS

10,8

10,5 10,0

9,0

ESHF 1,00

0,92 0,85

0,78 0,73 0,67 0,64 0,62 0,61

tS

12,1

11,5 11,0

10,0 9,0

ESHF 1,00

0,94 0,87

0,82 0,73 0,69 0,63 0,60 0,59

tS

13,3

13,0 12,5

12,0 11,0 10,0 8,0

ESHF 1,00

0,89 0,81

0,76 0,69 0,64 0,61 0,58 0,56

tS

14,5

14,0 13,5

13,0 12,0 11,0 10,0 8,0

ESHF 1,00

0,98 0,89

0,83 0,76 0,72 0,69 0,68 0,67

tS

10,0 9,0

8,0

ESHF 1,00

0,91 0,87

0,83 0,77 0,74 0,69 0,65 0,64

tS

11,0 10,5

10,0 9,0

8,0

6,0

3,0

-4,5

60

7,0

5,0

3,0

-3,0

65

5,0

70

2,0

21
50

10,2

6,0

4,0

1,0

-5,5

55

11,7

8,0

6,0

3,0

-3,5

127/419

60
ESHF 1,00

0,93 0,86

0,78 0,72 0,66 0,63 0,61 0,60

tS

13,0

12,5 12,0

11,0 10,0 8,0

ESHF 1,00

0,94 0,86

0,81 0,73 0,68 0,62 0,59 0,57

tS

14,2

14,0 13,5

13,0 12,0 11,0 9,0

ESHF 1,00

0,89 0,81

0,75 0,67 0,63 0,58 0,55 0,54

tS

15,4

15,0 14,5

14,0 13,0 12,0 10,0 7,0

ESHF 1,00

0,94 0,88

0,83 0,75 0,71 0,68 0,66 0,65

tS

11,1

10,5 10,0

9,0

ESHF 1,00

0,93 0,88

0,83 0,77 0,70 0,67 0,64 0,62

tS

12,5

12,0 11,5

11,0 10,0 8,0

ESHF 1,00

0,93 0,88

0,78 0,72 0,66 0,62 0,60 0,59

tS

13,8

13,5 13,0

12,0 11,0 9,0

ESHF 1,00

0,95 0,87

0,80 0,72 0,68 0,61 0,57 0,56

tS

15,2

15,0 14,5

14,0 13,0 12,0 10,0 7,0

ESHF 1,00

0,89 0,81

0,73 0,66 0,62 0,56 0,54 0,53

tS

16,0 15,5

15,0 14,0 13,0 11,0 9,0

6,0

3,0

-1,5

65

7,0

1,5

70

3,5

22
50

7,0

5,0

2,0

-1,0 -5,0

55

6,0

3,0

-3,5

60

7,0

4,0

65

2,0

70

16,4

4,5

23
50

128/419

ESHF 1,00

0,94 0,88

0,82 0,74 0,70 0,66 0,65 0,64

tS

12,1

11,5 11,0

10,0 8,0

ESHF 1,00

0,94 0,88

0,83 0,77 0,70 0,66 0,62 0,61

tS

13,5

13,0 12,5

12,0 11,0 9,0

ESHF 1,00

0,95 0,87

0,78 0,72 0,65 0,62 0,59 0,58

tS

14,9

14,5 14,0

13,0 12,0 10,0 8,0

ESHF 1,00

0,88 0,80

0,75 0,71 0,66 0,60 0,56 0,55

tS

16,1

15,5 15,0

14,5 14,0 13,0 11,0 8,0

ESHF 1,00

0,91 0,81

0,74 0,66 0,61 0,56 0,53 0,51

tS

17,3

17,0 16,5

16,0 15,0 14,0 12,0 10,0 5,0

ESHF 1,00

0,94 0,89

0,82 0,74 0,69 0,65 0,64 0,63

tS

13,0

12,5 12,0

11,0 9,0

ESHF 1,00

0,93 0,87

0,82 0,76 0,69 0,64 0,61 0,60

tS

14,5

14,0 13,5

13,0 12,0 10,0 8,0

ESHF 1,00

0,95 0,87

0,77 0,71 0,64 0,60 0,58 0,57

tS

15,8

15,5 15,0

14,0 13,0 11,0 9,0

ESHF 1,00

0,88 0,81

0,71 0,65 0,59 0,56 0,55 0,54

tS

16,5 16,0

15,0 14,0 12,0 10,0 9,0

6,0

3,0

-4,0

55

7,0

4,0

-2,0

60

5,0

1,0

65

3,5

70

24
50

7,0

4,0

1,0

-3,5

55

5,0

-1,0

60

6,0

2,0

65

17,0

4,0

129/419

70
ESHF 1,00

0,92 0,82

0,73 0,65 0,56 0,52 0,51 0,50

tS

18,3

18,0 17,5

17,0 16,0 14,0 11,0 10,0 6,0

ESHF 1,00

0,94 0,89

0,82 0,73 0,68 0,64 0,63 0,62

tS

14,0

13,5 13,0

12,0 10,0 8,0

ESHF 1,00

0,94 0,88

0,83 0,76 0,68 0,62 0,60 0,59

tS

15,4

15,0 14,5

14,0 13,0 11,0 8,0

ESHF 1,00

0,96 0,86

0,76 0,70 0,63 0,59 0,57 0,56

tS

16,7

16,5 16,0

15,0 14,0 12,0 10,0 8,0

ESHF 1,00

0,88 0,79

0,69 0,64 0,58 0,54 0,53 0,52

tS

18,0

17,5 17,0

16,0 15,0 13,0 10,0 8,0

ESHF 1,00

0,92 0,81

0,73 0,63 0,58 0,53 0,50 0,49

tS

19,2

19,0 18,5

18,0 17,0 16,0 14,0 11,0 6,0

ESHF 1,00

0,96 0,90

0,81 0,76 0,69 0,66 0,63 0,61

tS

14,9

14,5 14,0

13,0 12,0 10,0 8,0

ESHF 1,00

0,95 0,86

0,82 0,75 0,67 0,63 0,59 0,57

tS

16,0 15,5

15,0 14,0 12,0 10,0 7,0

25
50

5,0

3,0

-3,0

55

5,0

60

2,5

65

5,0

70

26
50

6,0

-2,0

55

16,3

2,0

60

130/419

ESHF 1,00

0,88 0,82

0,76 0,69 0,62 0,57 0,55 0,54

tS

17,6

17,0 16,5

16,0 15,0 13,0 10,0 8,0

ESHF 1,00

0,90 0,80

0,70 0,63 0,57 0,53 0,52 0,51

tS

19,0

18,5 18,0

17,0 16,0 14,0 11,0 10,0 5,5

ESHF 1,00

0,83 0,73

0,64 0,54 0,50 0,49 0,48 0,47

tS

20,1

19,5 19,0

18,0 16,0 14,0 12,0 10,0 8,0

ESHF 1,00

0,97 0,90

0,82 0,76 0,69 0,65 0,61 0,60

tS

15,8

15,5 15,0

14,0 13,0 11,0 9,0

ESHF 1,00

0,88 0,82

0,75 0,66 0,61 0,58 0,57 0,56

tS

17,2

16,5 16,0

15,0 13,0 11,0 8,0

ESHF 1,00

0,90 0,82

0,77 0,69 0,64 0,59 0,55 0,53

tS

18,6

18,0 17,5

17,0 16,0 15,0 13,0 10,0 4,5

ESHF 1,00

0,90 0,80

0,75 0,69 0,58 0,52 0,50 0,49

tS

19,8

19,5 19,0

18,5 18,0 16,0 13,0 10,0 6,0

ESHF 1,00

0,84 0,74

0,68 0,63 0,57 0,53 0,49 0,46

tS

20,5 20,0

19,5 19,0 18,0 17,0 15,0 8,0

3,0

65

70

27
50

6,0

-0,5

55

6,0

2,0

60

65

70

21,0

Xc nh nng sut lnh, lu lng khng kh ca dn lnh

Trc ht xc nh nng sut lnh, lu lng khng kh thi vo dn lnh v nhit
thi vo chng ta phi c cc thng s tnh ton ban u

131/419

Cc bc xc nh
Bc 1:
- Xc nh RSHF, GSHF v ESHF.
- Xc nh cc im N(tN, N), T(tT, T), G(24oC, 50%).
Bc 2:
- K ng TS song song vi ng G-ESHF ct =100% ti S.
- K ng TH song song vi ng G-RSHF.
Bc 3:
- Qua S k ng SC song song vi ng G-GSHF ct TH im O?V.
Xc nh cc thng s t, d v I ti im C trc khi vo dn lnh, im V trc khi vo
phng.
Bc 4:
Kim tra iu kin v sinh ca trng thi khng kh thi vo phng
t V> t T - a
a = 10oC nu ming thi b tr trn cao
a = 7oC nu ming thi b tr di thp.
Nu iu kin v sinh tho mn th xc nh
- Lu lng gi qua dn lnh:
L=

Qhef
1,2.(tT tS).(1 BF) ,

l/s (5-49)

Lu lng khi lng:

G = 0,0012.V, kg/s (5-50)
- Nng sut lnh ca thit b x l khng kh:

132/419

Qo = G.(IC-IO), kW (5-51)
- Lu lng khng kh ti tun hon:
LT = L - LN , l/s (5-52)
LN - Lu lng khng kh ti, l/s

Hnh 5.20
Tnh ton s tun hon 2 cp
Trong trng hp iu kin v sinh khng tha mn th ngi ta s dng s tun
hon 2 cp. C 2 kiu tun hon 2 cp: S 2 cp iu chnh nhit v s 2 cp
iu chnh m.
S iu chnh nhit
Trn hnh 5-21 biu din s nguyn l thit b v s thay i trng thi ca khng kh
trn th d-t
Theo s lng khng kh ti tun hon LT trc khi n dn lnh c tch lm 2
dng: LT1 i qua dn lnh v LT2 i vng qua dn lnh. Lng khng kh i qua dn
lnh LT1 trc khi vo dn lnh c ho trn vi lng gi ti LN

133/419

Hnh 5.21
Cc im nt N, T, S, O v C c xc nh ging nh s 1 cp. im V c nhit
tV = tT - a.
- Lu lng gi cp vo phng:
L=

Qhef
1,2.(tT tS).(1 BF) ,

l/s (5-53)

- Lu lng gi GT1 v GT2 c xc nh da vo h phng trnh:

OV
VT

LT2
L1

LT2
LT1 + LN

v LT = LT1 + LT2 = L - LN (5-54)

- Nng sut lnh Qo ca dn lnh:

Qo = G1.(IC-IO), kW (5-55)
trong G1 = 0,0012.L1, Kg/s
S iu chnh m
Trn hnh 5-22 biu din s nguyn l thit b v s thay i trng thi ca khng kh
trn th d-t
Theo s lng khng kh ti tun hon GT c em ho trn vi lng gi ti GN
c trng thi C v lu lng tng L, c tch thnh 2: L1 i qua dn lnh v L2 i
vng qua dn lnh.
Lng khng kh L1 qua dn lnh bin i n trng thi O v ho trn vi L2 t
trng thi V tho mn iu kin v sinh trc khi thi vo phng tV=tT-a.
134/419

Hnh 5.22
Xc nh lu lng gi
xc nh lu lng gi trc ht cn phi xc nh cc im nt S, O, C v V tng
t nh s 1 cp. i vi im V, nhit tV phi tho mn iu kin v sinh v c
chn tV = tT - a.
- Lu lng gi cp vo phng:
L=

Qhef
1,2.(tT tS).(1 BF) ,

l/s (5-56)

- Lu lng gi L1 v L2 c xc nh da vo h phng trnh:

OV
VT

L2
L1

v L = L1 + L2 (5-57)

- Nng sut lnh Qo ca dn lnh:

Qo = G1.(IC-IO), kW (5-58)
trong G1 = 0,0012.L1, Kg/s
***

135/419

H THNG IU HO KHNG KH
KIU KH
H THNG IU HO KHNG KH KIU KH
KHI NIM V PHN LOI
Khi nim
H thng iu ho kiu kh l h thng iu ho m thit b x l nhit m l thit b
trao i nhit kiu b mt. Trong thit b iu ho kiu kh, khng kh chuyn ng
ngang qua bn ngoi thit b trao i nhit v thc hin qu trnh trao i nhit m. B
mt bn ngoi c th c cnh hoc khng c. B mt c cnh thng hay c s dng
nng cao hiu qu trao i nhit m. Bn trong b mt l mi cht chuyn ng, mi
cht c th l mi cht lnh, nc lnh hoc glycol.
Qu trnh trao i nhit m c thc hin nh truyn nhit qua vch ngn cch. Nh
qu trnh trao i nhit vi mi cht lnh m nhit khng kh gim xung, n nhit
yu cu, trc khi c thi vo phng.
ng thi vi qu trnh trao i nhit, cng xy ra qu trnh trao i cht khi khng kh
i qua thit b, qu trnh ny chnh l qu trnh lm thay i dung m khng kh. Khi
nhit b mt trao i nhit thp hn nhit ng sng ca khng kh i qua, mt
lng hi nc trong khng kh s ngng t li trn b mt ca thit b. Do qua qu
trnh x l, dung m ca khng khi gim. Khi nhit b mt cao hn nhit ng
sng, dung m ca khng kh khng i.
Nh vy qu trnh trao i nhit m khng kh thit b iu ho kiu kh ch c th
lm gim dung m hoc khng i. Mun lm tng m phi c thit b phun m b sung.

136/419

Hnh 6.1. Qu trnh x l nhit m ca my iu ho kiu kh

Phn loi cc h thng iu ho kiu kh
C nhiu cch phn loi phn loi h thng iu ho kiu kh da trn cc tiu ch khc
nhau, c th nh sau:
Theo c im ca thit b x l nhit m:
- H thng iu ho cc b.
- H thng iu ho kiu phn tn.
- H thng iu ho trung tm.
Theo c im mi cht gii nhit dn ngng
- H thng iu ho gii nhit bng nc (water cooled)
- H thng iu ho gii nhit bng khng kh (air cooled)
Theo kh nng x l khng kh
- My iu ho 1 chiu lnh: L dng my ch c kh nng lm lnh.
- My iu ho 2 chiu nng lnh: My va c kh nng lm lnh va c kh nng gia
nhit khng kh khi cn. V ma h my chy ch lm lnh, v ma ng, my chy
ch si m khng kh. chuyn sang ch si m ma ng, thng qua h
thng van o chiu, dn lnh chuyn thnh dn nng v dn nng chuyn thnh dn
lnh, my hot ng theo ch bm nhit v si m khng kh. i vi nc ta

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H THNG KIU CC B.
H thng iu ha khng kh kiu cc b l h thng ch iu ha khng kh trong mt
phm vi hp, thng ch l mt phng ring c lp hoc mt vi phng nh.
Trn thc t loi my iu ha kiu ny gm 4 loi ph bin sau:
My iu ha dng ca s (Window type);
My iu ha kiu ri (split type);
My iu ha kiu ghp (multi-split type);
My iu ho ri dng t thi trc tip.
c im chung ca tt c cc my iu ho cc b l cng sut nh v lun c dn
nng c gii nhit bng gi (air cooled), rt thch hp cho cc i tng c cng sut
nhit yu cu nh.
My iu ha khng kh dng ca s
My iu ha dng ca s thng c lp t trn cc tng trng ging nh cc ca
s nn c gi l my iu ha khng kh dng ca s.
My iu ho dng ca s l my iu ho c cng sut nh nm trong khong 7.000
? 24.000 Btu/h vi cc model ch yu sau 7.000, 9.000, 12.000, 18.000 v 24.000 Btu/
h. Tu theo hng my m s model c th nhiu hay t. Tt c cc cng sut nu trn l
cng sut danh nh, cng sut tht ca my s sai khc cht t tu theo ch lm vic
v tng hng my khc nhau.
V cu to
V cu to my iu ho dng ca s l mt t my lnh c lp t hon chnh thnh
mt khi ch nht ti nh my sn xut, trn c y dn nng, dn lnh, my nn
lnh, h thng ng ng ga, h thng in v ga c np sn. Ngi lp t ch
vic u ni in l my c th hot ng v sinh lnh.
Trn hnh 6.2 l cu to bn trong ca mt my iu ho dng ca s. Bnh thng, dn
lnh t pha bn trong phng, dn nng nm pha ngoi. Qut dn nng v dn lnh
ng trc v chung m t. Qut dn lnh thng l qut dng ly tm kiu lng sc cho
php to lu lng v p lc gi ln c th thi gi i xa. Ring qut dn nng l
kiu hng trc v ch cn lu lng ln gii nhit cho n.
gia cm my c vch ngn nhm ngn cch khoang lnh v khoang nng.
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Gi trong phng c ly vo ca ht nm mt trc cm my v c a vo dn

lnh thc hin qu trnh trao i nhit m, sau c thi ra ca thi gi nm pha
trn hoc bn cnh. Ca thi gi c cc cnh hng gi c th chuyn ng qua li
nhm hng gi ti cc v tr bt k trong phng.
Khng kh gii nhit dn nng c ly 2 bn hng ca v my. Khi qut hot ng
gi tun hon vo bn trong v c thi qua dn nng i ra ngoi. Khi lp t my iu
ho ca s cn lu trnh che lp ca ly gi ny.
***SORRY, THIS MEDIA TYPE IS NOT SUPPORTED.***
Hnh 6.2. Cu to my iu ha ca s
1- Dn nng ; 2- My nn; 3- Mt qut; 4- Qut dn lnh; 5- Dn lnh;
6- Li lc; 7- Ca ht gi lnh; 8 - Ca thi gi; 9- Tng nh
Pha trc mt my c b tr b iu khin. B iu khin cho php iu khin v chn
cc ch lm vic ca my c th nh sau:
- Bt tt my iu ho ON-OFF;
- Chn ch lm lnh v khng lm lnh (thng gi);
- Chn tc ca qut: Nhanh, va v chm;
- t nhit phng;
- Ngoi ra trong mt s my cn c thm cc chc nng hn gi, ch lm kh, ch
ng vv. . .
V chng loi, my iu ho ca s c 2 dng: ch lm lnh (my 1 chiu) v va lm
lnh va si m (my 2 chiu). my 2 chiu nng lnh c cm van o chiu cho
php hon i v tr dn nng v dn lnh vo cc ma khc nhau trong nm.
Ma h dn lnh trong phng, dn nng bn ngoi, chc nng my lc ny l lm lnh.
Ma ng ngc li dn nng trong phng, dn lnh bn ngoi phng, lc ny my
chy ch bm nhit, chc nng ca my l si m.
My nn lnh ca my iu ho ca s l my lnh kiu kn.
Gia khoang nng v khoang lnh c ca iu chnh cp gi ti, cho php iu chnh
lng kh ti cung cp vo phng.

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Khoang y ca v my dng cha nc ngng ri t dn lnh v hng dc ra ca

thot nc ngng.
H thng in v ng gas c lp t hon chnh ti nh my. i vi my iu ho
dng ca s thit b tit lu l chm cc ng mao bng ng.

Hnh 6.3. Hnh dng bn ngoi ca my iu ho ca s

c im my iu ho ca s
u im:
- D dng lp t v s dng;
- Gi thnh tnh trung bnh cho mt n v cng sut lnh thp;
- i vi cng s c nhiu phng ring bit, s dng my iu ho ca s rt kinh t,
chi ph u t v vn hnh u thp.
Nhc im:
- Cng sut b, ti a l 24.000 Btu/h;
- i vi cc to nh ln, khi lp t my iu ha dng ca s th s ph v kin trc
v lm gim v m quan ca cng trnh do s lng cc cm my qu nhiu;
- Dn nng x kh nng ra bn ngoi nn ch c th lp t trn tng bao. i vi cc
phng nm su trong cng trnh th khng th s dng my iu ho ca s, nu s dng
cn c ng thot gi nng ra ngoi rt phc tp. Tuyt i khng nn x gi nng ra
hnh lang v nh vy s to ra chnh nhit rt ln gia khng kh trong phng v
ngoi hnh lang rt nguy him cho ngi s dng i vo v ra phng;

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- Kiu loi khng nhiu nn ngi s dng kh khn la chn. Hu ht cc my c b

mt bn trong kh ging nhau nn v mt m quan ngi s dng khng c mt s la
chn rng ri.
Mt s vn cn lu khi s dng:
- Khng cc vt che chn lm nh hng ti tun hon gi dn lnh v dn nng.
- Khi va dng my khng nn cho chy li ngay , m ch khong 3 pht cho p lc ga
trong h thng tr li cn bng, ri mi chy li.
- nh k v sinh phin lc ht.
- Khng nn t nhit phng qu thp va khng kinh t li khng m yu cu v
sinh.
Di y l bng thng s k thut my iu ho dng ca s ca hng LG (Hn Quc)
sn xut.
- Bng 6.1 trnh by cc thng s k thut my iu ho dng ca s 1 chiu lnh ca
LG
- Bng 6.2 trnh by cc thng s k thut my iu ho dng ca s 2 chiu nng lnh
ca LG.
Bng 6.1. Thng s k thut my iu ho ca s , kiu 1 chiu lnh, hng LG

Bng 6.2. Thng s k thut my iu ho ca s 2 chiu, hng LG

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My iu ha khng kh kiu ri (2 mnh)

Cu to v nguyn l hot ng
khc phc nhc im ca my iu ho ca s l khng th lp t cho cc phng
nm su trong cng trnh v s hn ch v kiu mu, chng loi ngi ta pht minh ra
my iu ho kiu ri, dn nng v dn lnh c tch thnh 2 khi. V vy my
iu ho dng ny cn c tn l my iu ho kiu ri (split) hay my iu ho 2 mnh.
My iu ha ri gm 2 cm dn nng (gi l Outdoor Unit) v dn lnh (Indoor Unit)
c b tr tch ri nhau. Ni lin kt gia 02 cm l cc ng ng dn mi cht v dy
in iu khin (hnh 6.4). My nn thng t bn trong cm dn nng. Qu trnh
iu khin s lm vic ca my c thc hin t dn lnh thng qua b iu khin c
dy hoc iu khin t xa.

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Hnh 6.4. S nguyn l my iu ha ri

My iu ho kiu ri c cng sut nh t 9.000 Btu/h ? 60.000 Btu/h, bao gm ch
yu cc model sau: 9.000, 12.000, 18.000, 24.000, 36.000, 48.000 v 60.000 Btu/h. Tu
theo tng hng ch to my m s model c khc nhau.
Phn loi
- Theo ch lm vic ngi ta phn ra thnh hai loi my 1 chiu v my 2 chiu.
- Theo c im ca dn lnh c th chia ra: My iu ho gn tng, t nn, p trn,
du trn, cassette, my iu ho kiu v tinh.
Cc loi dn lnh v lp t
Dn lnh (indoor Unit) c t bn trong phng, l dn trao i nhit kiu b mt v
phn bin nht l kiu ng ng cnh nhm. Dn lnh c trang b qut kiu ly tm (lng
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sc). Dn lnh c nhiu dng khc nhau cho php ngi s dng c th la chn kiu
ph hp vi kt cu ta nh v khng gian lp t , c th nh sau:
. Dn lnh t sn (Floor Standing)
Loi t sn c ca thi gi t pha trn, ca ht t bn hng, pha trc. Loi ny
thch hp cho khng gian hp, nhng trn cao. Do c cu to mng, dt nn dn lnh t
sn c th t st tng ngay trong phng (xem hnh 6.5) rt thun li. Tuy nhin dn
lnh t sn cng c nhc im l do t trn sn nh nn chim mt phn din tch
phng lm vic, mt trc dn lnh cch mt khong nht nh khng c b tr thit
b bt k gy cn tr lu thng gi. Mt khc sinh hot ca con ngi cng nh hng
t nhiu n lnh, c bit ch ng ngi, nh hnh lang, snh khch sn khng nn s
dng loi ny, v ngi qua li thng hay vt cc loi giy vn, rc vo bn trong qua
ming thi ca dn lnh.

Hnh 6.5. Dn lnh t sn v cch lp t

. Dn lnh treo tng (Wall mounted)
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y l dng dn lnh ph bin nht, n c lp t trn tng, c cu to rt p, gi

phn b u trong phng. My iu ho dng treo tng thch hp cho phng cn i,
khng kh c thi ra ca nh pha di v ht v pha ca ht nm pha trn.
Ca thi c cnh hng dng, c th cho ng yn hoc chuyn ng chao qua li, tu
theo s thch ca ngi s dng (hnh 6.6).

Hnh 6.6. Dn lnh treo tng v cch lp t

. Loi p trn (Under Ceiling, Ceiling suspended)
Loi p trn c lp t p st laphng. Dn lnh p trn thch hp cho cc cng trnh
c trn thp v rng. Gi c thi ra i st trn, gi hi v pha di dn lnh. V hnh
thc dn lnh p trn rt ging dn lnh t sn v th khi lp t rt d nhm ln. Tuy
bn ngoi ging nhau nhng mng hng nc ngng bn trong t nhng v tr rt
khc nhau (hnh 6.7).

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Hnh 6.7. Dn lnh p trn v cch lp t

. Loi cassette
Dn lnh cassette c lp gp ln trn, vi ton b dn lnh nm khut trong laphng,
phn nh xung di l phn mt n. Mt n ca dn lnh cassette c 01 ca ht nm
gia v cc ming thi b tr 4 pha. Tu theo tng loi m mt n c 2, 3 hoc 4 ca
thi.

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Hnh 6.8. Dn lnh cassette v cch lp t

Loi cassette rt thch hp cho khu vc c trn cao, khng gian rng nh cc phng hp,
i snh, hi trng. Dn lnh kiu cassette c kiu dng rt p, l thit b c th dng
trang tr lm tng thm m b mt trn nh. Tuy nhin my iu ho c dn lnh kiu
casette c gi thnh cao. Do dn lnh rt st trn, nc ngng mun chy t do phi
b tr pha di laphng v vy my c trang b bm nc ngng, bm ln cao
cn thit pha trong laphng. Cng sut my cassette thng ln v nm trong khong
18.000?36.000 Btu/h.
e. Loi du trn (concealed type)
Dn lnh kiu du trn c lp t hon ton bn trong la phng. dn gi xung
phng v hi gi tr li bt buc phi c ng cp, hi gi v cc ming thi, ming ht.
Kiu du trn thch hp cho cc vn phng, cng s, cc khu vc c trn gi. Cng sut
dn lnh du trn thng ln v nm trong khong 36.000?60.000 Btu/h. My iu ho
c dn lnh kiu du trn c th lp t cho cc phng tng i ln.

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Hnh 6.9. Dn lnh m trn v cch lp t

. Loi v tinh (Ceiling mounted built-in)
Ngoi cc dng dn lnh ph bin nh trn, mt s hng cn ch to loi dn lnh kiu
v tinh. Dn lnh kiu v tinh gm mt dn chnh c b tr ming ht, dn chnh c
ni vi cc v tinh, l cc hp c cc ca thi gi. Cc v tinh c ni vi dn chnh
qua ng ni mm. Mi dn c t 2 n 4 v tinh t cc v tr tu .

Hnh 6.10. Dn lnh kiu v tinh

Dn lnh ni chung u c ng thot nc ngng, khi lp cn c dc nht nh
nc ngng chy kit v khng ng li trn ng ng gy ng sng. ng nc
ngng thng s dng l ng PVC v c bc mt cch nhit nhm trnh ng sng
bn ngoi v ng.
Dn nng

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Dn nng l dn trao i nhit kiu ng ng cnh nhm, c qut kiu

hng trc. Cu to cho php lp t ngoi tri m khng cn che chn
ma. Tuy nhin cn trnh ni c nng gt v bc x trc tip ca mt tri,
hoc ni c nn b tng qu nng. V nh vy hiu qu gii nhit gim rt
nhiu.

Hnh 6.11. Dn nng v yu cu lp t

ng dn ga
Lin kt dn nng v lnh l mt cp ng dch lng v gas. Kch c ng dn c ghi r
trong cc ti liu k thut ca my hoc c th cn c vo cc u ni ca n. ng dch
nh hn ng gas. Cc ng dn khi lp t nn kp vo nhau tng hiu qu lm vic
ca my. Ngoi cng bc ng mt cch nhit.
Bng 6.3. Kch c ng dn mi cht cc my iu ho dng ri
Cng sut 9.000

12.000

18.000

24.0000

36.000

ng y

1/4 (?6,35) 1/4 (?6,35) 3/8(?9,53) 3/8(?9,53) 1/2(?12,7)

ng ht

1/2(?12,7) 1/2(?12,7) 5/8(?16)

3/4(?19)

3/4(?19)

Dy in iu khin v ng lc
Dy in iu khin ni gia dn nng v dn lnh dng iu khin v phi hp hot
ng gia dn lnh v dn nng, ng thi cp in ngun cho qut dn lnh. Tu theo
hng my m s lng dy c khc nhau t 3?6 si. Kch c dy nm trong khong t
0,75 ? 2,5mm2. Thng thng my nn b tr dn nng, nu cp in ngun vo t
dn nng th kch c dy in khng cn ln. Tuy nhin nu ngun in cp vo t dn
lnh th dy in iu khin s c kch c ln hn.

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Dy in ng lc (dy in ngun) thng c ni vo dn nng. Tu theo cng sut

my m in ngun l 1 pha hay 3pha. Thng cng sut t 36.000 Btu/h tr ln s
dng in 3 pha. S dy in ng lc tu thuc vo my 1 pha, 3 pha v hng my.

Mt s lu khi lp t v s dng
- V tr dn nng v lnh: Khi lp dn nng v lnh phi ch vn hi du. Khi h
thng lm vic du theo ga chy n dn lnh, hn ch vic trao i nhit v lm my
thiu du. V th khi v tr dn lnh thp hn dn nng cn phi c cc by du u ra
dn lnh, thc hin vic hi du. Ngi thit k v lp t cn lu chnh lch
cao cho php gia dn nng v dn lnh v di cho php ca ng ng nu trong
cc ti liu k thut. Khi cao ln c th s dng mt vi by du, nhng cn lu khi
s dng qu nhiu by du tr lc ng ng ln s lm gim nng sut lnh ca my.
- V tr lp t dn nng phi thong, mt v trnh thi gi nng vo ngi, vo cc dn
nng khc.
- Khi lp t ng ng cn v sinh sch s, ht chn khng hoc ui kh khng ngng
khi ng ng, hn ch di ng ng cng ngn cng tt, trnh i ng ng khc
khuu, nhiu mi ni.

Hnh 6.12. Dng c ct v loe ng

- Sau khi va tt my khng nn chy li ngay m phi i t nht 3 pht cho u y
v ht my cn bng ri chy li. mt s my c r le thi gian hay mch tr cho
php my ch c th khi ng sau mt khong thi gian no k t khi bt my chy
(thng l 3 pht ).
- Khi s dng nn t nhit trong nh va phi trnh t qu thp va khng tt v
mt v sinh va tn in nng.
- Khng nn s dng dn nng my iu ha hong kh, sy kh cc vt khc.
c im ca my iu ho ri
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u im
- So vi my iu ha ca s, my iu ha ri cho php lp t nhiu khng gian
khc nhau.
- C nhiu kiu loi dn lnh cho php ngi s dng c th chn loi thch hp nht
cho cng trnh cng nh thch c nhn.
- Do ch c 2 cm nn vic lp t tng i d dng.
- Gi thnh r.
- Rt tin li cho cc khng gian nh hp v cc h gia nh.
- D dng s dng, bo dng, sa cha.
Nhc im
- Cng sut hn ch , ti a l 60.000 Btu/h.
- di ng ng v chnh lch cao gia cc dn b hn ch.
- Gii nhit bng gi nn hiu qu khng cao, c bit nhng ngy tri nng
- i vi cng trnh ln, s dng my iu ho ri rt d ph v kin trc cng trnh,
lm gim m quan ca n, do cc dn nng b tr bn ngoi gy ra. Trong mt s trng
hp rt kh b tr dn nng.
Cc bng (6.4) v (6.5) di y trnh by c tnh k thut ca my iu ho 2 mnh,
hng Trane vi dn lnh kiu treo tng v du trn l 2 dng s dng ph bin nht.
Bng 6.4. c tnh k thut my iu ho 2 mnh, treo tng, hng Trane

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Bng 6.5. c tnh k thut my iu ho 2 mnh, du trn, hng Trane

My iu ha kiu ghp (Multi - SPLIT)

My iu ha kiu ghp v thc cht l my iu ho gm 1 dn nng v 2 - 4 dn lnh.
Mi cm dn lnh c gi l mt h thng. Thng cc h thng hot ng c lp.
Mi dn lnh hot ng khng ph thuc vo cc dn lnh khc. Cc my iu ho ghp
c th c cc dn lnh chng loi khc nhau.
My iu ha dng ghp c nhng c im v cu to tng t my iu ha kiu ri.
Tuy nhin do dn nng chung nn tit kim din tch lp t.

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Hnh 6.13. My iu ho dng ghp

Trn hnh 6.13 l s ca mt my iu ho ghp. S ny khng khc s nguyn
l my iu ho ri nhng c nhiu dn lnh hn.
B tr bn trong dn nng gm 2 my nn v sp xp nh sau:
- Trng hp c 2 dn lnh: 2 my nn hot ng c lp cho 2 dn lnh.
- Trng hp c 3 dn lnh: 1 my nn cho 1 dn lnh, 1 my nn cho 2 dn lnh.
Nh vy v c bn my iu ho ghp c cc c im ca my iu ho 2 mnh. Ngoi
ra my iu ho ghp cn c cc u im khc:
- Tit kin khng gian lp t dn nng
- Chung in ngun, gim chi ph lp t.
Bng 6.6 di y gii thiu c tnh k thut ca mt s my iu ho dng ghp ca
hng Trane.

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Bng 6.6. c tnh k thut my iu ho ghp, hng Trane

My iu ho kiu ri dng t
My iu ho ri dng t l my iu ho c cng sut trung bnh. y l chng my
rt hay c lp t cc nh hng v snh ca cc c quan.
Cng sut ca my t 36.000 ? 120.000 Btu/h
V nguyn l lp t cng ging nh my iu ho ri gm dn nng, dn lnh v h
thng ng ng, dy in ni gia chng.
u im ca my l gi lnh c tun hon v thi trc tip vo khng gian iu ho
nn tn tht nhit b, chi ph lp t nh. Mt khc n ca my nh nn mc d c
cng sut trung bnh nhng vn c th lp t ngay trong phng m khng s b nh
hng.

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Hnh 6.14. My iu ho ri dng t

Dn nng
L dn trao i nhit ng ng cnh nhm, qut hng trc c th thi ngang hoc thi
ng, my nn lnh dng kn c t bn trong dn nng.
Dn lnh
C dng khi hp (dng t), ca thi gi b tr pha trn cao, thi ngang, ca ht pha
di. Trn ming thi c cc cnh hng dng c th ng yn hoc chuyn ng qua
li hng gi n cc v tr cn thit. Pha trc ca ht c phin lc bi, nh k
ngi s dng cn v sinh phin lc cn thn.
B iu khin dn lnh t pha mt trc ca dn lnh, c y cc chc nng
iu khin cho php iu khin cc thng s: t nhit phng, tc chuyn ng
ca qut, chn ch lm vic, .. .
Di y l bng c tnh k thut my iu ho ri, thi t do ca hng Trane
Bng 6.7. c tnh k thut my iu ho kiu ri, thi t do, hng Trane
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H THNG KIU PHN TN

My iu ha kiu phn tn l my iu ha khu x l khng kh phn tn ti
nhiu ni.
Thc t my iu ha kiu phn tn c 2 dng ph bin sau:
My iu ha kiu VRV (Variable Refrigerant Volume).
My iu ha kiu lm lnh bng nc (Water chiller).
Cc h thng iu ho nu trn c rt nhiu dn lnh x l khng kh, cc dn lnh b
tr ti cc phng, v th chng l cc h thng lnh kiu phn tn.
My iu ha khng kh VRV
My iu ho VRV ra i t nhng nm 70 trc yu cu v tit kim nng lng v
nhng yu cu cp thit ca cc nh cao tng.
Cho ti nay vn cha c tn gi ting Vit no phn nh ng bn cht my iu ho
kiu VRV. Tuy nhin trong gii chuyn mn ngi ta chp nhn gi l VRV nh cc
nc vn s dng v hin nay c mi ngi s dng rng ri.
My iu ho VRV do hng Daikin ca Nht pht minh u tin. Hin nay hu ht cc
hng sn xut cc my iu ho VRV v t di cc tn gi khc nhau , nhng v
mt bn cht th khng c g khc.
Tn gi VRV xut pht t cc ch u ting Anh: Variable Refrigerant Volume, ngha
l h thng iu ho c kh nng iu chnh lu lng mi cht tun hon v qua c
th thay i cng sut theo ph ti bn ngoi.
Cng sut my lnh c xc nh theo cng thc:
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trong :
- H s cp my nn;
Vlt - Th tch ht l thuyt, m3/s;
qo- Nng sut lnh ring ca my nn, kJ/kg;
S- Chiu di quet ca piston, m;
Z- S xy lanh ca my nn;
n- Tc quay ca my nn, v/giy;
Nh vy thay i Qo theo ph ti bn ngoi mt trong nhng bin php l thay i
tc quay ca my nn. thay i tc quayca my nn trong h thng VRV
ngi ta s dng b bin tn thay i tn s nmgun in v qua thay i tc
quay ca my nn.
My iu ho VRV ra i nhm khc phc nhc im ca my iu ho dng ri l
di ng ng dn ga, chnh lch cao gia dn nng, dn lnh v cng sut lnh
b hn ch. Vi my iu ho VRV cho php c th ko di khong cch gia dn nng
v dn lnh ln n 100m v chnh lch cao t 50m. Cng sut my iu ho VRV
cng t gi tr cng sut trung bnh.
S nguyn l v cu to.
Trn hnh 6.15 l s nguyn l ca mt h thng iu ho kiu VRV. H thng bao
gm cc thit b chnh: Dn nng, dn lnh, h thng ng ng dn v ph kin.
Dn nng
Dn nng l mt dn trao i nhit ln hoc t hp mt vi dn nng. Cu to dn nng
cng gm dn trao i nhit cnh nhm trong c b tr mt qut hng trc, thi gi ln
pha trn. Mt my nn v cc thit b ph ca h thng lm lnh t dn nng. My
nn lnh thng l loi my kn ly tm dng xon.
Dn lnh

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Dn lnh c nhiu chng loi nh cc dn lnh ca cc my iu ha ri. Mt dn nng

c lp khng c nh vi mt s dn lnh no , min l tng cng sut ca cc dn
lnh dao ng trong khong t 50 ? 130% cng sut dn nng. Ni chung cc h VRV
c s dn lnh trong khong t 4 n 16 dn. Hin nay c mt s hng gii thiu cc
chng loi my mi c s dn nhiu hn. Trong mt h thng c th c nhiu dn lnh
kiu dng v cng sut khc nhau. Cc dn lnh hot ng hon ton c lp thng qua
b iu khin. Khi s lng dn lnh trong h thng hot ng gim th h thng t
ng iu chnh cng sut mt cch tng ng.
- Cc dn lnh c th c iu khin bng cc Remote hoc cc b iu khin theo
nhm thng.
- Ni dn nng v dn lnh l mt h thng ng ng v dy in iu khin. ng ng
trong h thng ny c kch c ln hn my iu ha ri. H thng ng ng c ni
vi nhau bng cc chi tit ghp ni chuyn dng gi l cc REFNET rt tin li.
- H thng c trang b b iu khin t tch vi (PID) iu khin nhit phng.
- H c hai nhm o t , iu tn (Inverter) v hi nhit (Heat recovery). My iu ho
VRV kiu hi nhit c th lm vic 2 ch si nng v lm lnh.
c im chung
u im
- Mt dn nng cho php lp t vi nhiu dn lnh vi nhiu cng sut, kiu dng khc
nhau. Tng nng sut lnh ca cc IU cho php thay i trong khong ln 50-130%
cng sut lnh ca OU
- Thay i cng sut lnh ca my d dng nh thay i lu lng mi cht tun hon
trong h thng thng qua thay i tc quay nh b bin tn.

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Hnh 6.15. S nguyn l my iu ha VRV

- H vn c th vn hnh khi c mt s dn lnh hng hc hay ang sa cha.
- Phm vi nhit lm vic nm trong gii hn rng.
- Chiu di cho php ln (100m) v cao chnh lch gia OU v IU: 50m, gia cc IU
l 15m.
- Nh h thng ng ni REFNET nn d dng lp t ng ng v tng tin cy cho
h thng.
- H thng ng ng nh nn rt thch hp cho cc ta nh cao tng khi khng gian lp
t b.
Nhc im
- Gii nhit bng gi nn hiu qu lm vic cha cao.
- S lng dn lnh b hn ch nn ch thch hp cho cc h thng cng sut va. i
vi cc h thng ln thng ngi ta s dng h thng Water chiller hoc iu ha trung
tm
- Gi thnh cao nht trong cc h thng iu ho khng kh
Bng 6.8. c tnh k thut dn lnh my VRV - hng Daikin
c
tnh

MODEL K
20

25

Cng
sut
lnhKcal/
2.0007.5002,2 2.5009.6002,8
hBtu/
hkW

32

40

50

63

3.15012.3003,6 4.00015.4004,5 5.00019.1005,6 6.30024.

Cng
sut 2.2008.5002,5 2.80010.9003,2 3.40013.6004,0 4.30017.0005,0 5.40021.5006,3 6.90027.
si-

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Kcal/
hBtu/
hkW
Trn hnh 6.16. m t cc ch lm vic c th c ca cc h thng iu ho VRV.
Theo bng ny ta c cc ch lm vic ca my iu ho VRV nh sau:
- Ch lnh: Tt c cc phng u lm lnh (1)
- Ch hi nhit (2), (3) v (4): Mt s phng lm lnh, mt s phng si m.
i vi my c ch hi nhit ngoi cp ng ng lng i v ga v cn c thm
ng hi v h thng chn nhnh.
- Ch si: Tt c cc phng u si m.

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162/419

H THNG IU HO KHNG KH
KIU KH PHN II
Hnh 6.16. Cc ch iu khin dn lnh my iu ha VRV
Trn bng 6.7 gii thiu c tnh k thut ca cc my iu ho VRV hng Daikin loi
K, kiu Inverter (Bm nhit v lm lnh ring bit). y phn ch biu th kiu loi,
phn s biu th cng sut. V d loi dn lnh c cng sut 6300 kCal/h k hiu l 63K
nh FXYC63K, FXYK63K... ngha ca cc ch c th nh sau:
+ FXYC- L dn lnh thi theo 2 hng i din nhau (Double flow Type). Loi ny c
cc model: FXYC20K/25K/32K/40K/50K/63K/80K/125K
+ FXYF - L dn lnh thi theo 4 hng (multi flow type). Loi ny c cc model sau:
FXYF32K/40K/50K/63K/80K/100K/125K
+ Loi thi theo 1 hng, dng lp t gc (corner type): FXYK25K/32K/40K/63K
+ Loi p trn (ceiling suspended type): FXYH32K/63K/100K
+ Loi t nn (floor standing): FXYL25K/40K/63K
+ Loi du trn (ceiling mounted duct type). Loi ny c cc model c th nh sau:
FXYM40K/50K/63K/80K/100K/125K/200K/250K
+ Loi treo tng (wall mounted type): FXYA25K/32K/40K/50K/63K
+ Loi v tinh (Ceiling mounted buit-in type). Loi v tinh c cc model c th sau:
FXYS25K/32K/40K/50K/63K/80K/100K/125K
Bng 6.9. c tnh k thut dn nng my VRV - hng Daikin
c tnh
MODEL
RXS5K

RSX8K

RSX10K

RSXY5K

RSXY8K

Cng
sut
lnhKcal/h-

12.50047.80014,0 20.00076.40022,4 25.00095.50028,0 12.50047.80014,0 20.00076.4

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RSXY10K

Btu/hkW
Cng
sut
siKcal/hBtu/hkW

13.80054.60016,0 21.50085.3

Bng 6.9 gii thiu dn nng my iu ho loi K, kiu hi nhit (Heat Recovery ). i
vi loi hi nhit cn trang b b la chn r nhnh BS (Branch Selector Unit), la
chn ch vn hnh lm lnh, si m hoc c 2, tu thuc vo nhit ca phng.
i vi model loi K c 2 b la chn r nhnh l BSV100K v BSV160K.
Bng 6.10. c tnh k thut dn nng my VRV, loi hi nhit - hng Daikin
MODEL

RSEY8K

RSEY10K

Cng sut- KCal/h- Btu/h- kW 20.00076.40022.4 25.00095.50028.0

Cng sut- KCal/h- Btu/h- kW 21.50085.30025.0 27.000107.50031.5
My iu ha khng kh lm lnh bng nc (WATER CHILLER)
H thng iu ha khng kh kiu lm lnh bng nc l h thng trong cm my
lnh khng trc tip x l khng kh m lm lnh nc n khong 7oC. Sau nc
c dn theo ng ng c bc cch nhit n cc dn trao i nhit gi l cc FCU
v AHU x l nhit m khng kh. Nh vy trong h thng ny nc s dng lm
cht ti lnh.
S nguyn l
Trn hnh 6.17. l s nguyn l ca h thng iu ho lm lnh bng nc. H thng
gm cc thit b chnh sau:
- Cm my lnh Chiller
- Thp gii nhit (i vi my chiller gii nhit bng nc) hoc dn nng (i vi
chiller gii nhit bng gi)
- Bm nc gii nhit
- Bm nc lnh tun hon
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- Bnh gin n v cp nc b sung

- H thng x l nc
- Cc dn lnh FCU v AHU
c im ca cc thit b chnh:
Cm Chiller:
Cm my lnh chiller l thit b quan trng nht ca h thng iu ho kiu lm lnh
bng nc. N c s dng lm lnh cht lng, trong iu ho khng kh s dng
lm lnh nc ti khong 7oC (hnh 6.16). y nc ng vai tr l cht ti lnh.
Cm Chiller l mt h thng lnh c lp t hon chnh ti nh my nh ch to, vi
cc thit b sau:
+ My nn: C rt nhiu dng , nhng ph bin l loi trc vt, my nn kn, my nn
pittng na kn.
+ Thit b ngng t: Tu thuc vo hnh thc gii nhit m thit b ngng t l bnh
ngng hay dn ngng. Khi gii nhit bng nc th s dng bnh ngng, khi gii nhit
bng gi s dng dn ngng. Nu gii nhit bng nc th h thng c thm thp gii
nhit v bm nc gii nhit. Trn thc t nc ta , thng hay s dng my gii nhit
bng nc v hiu qu cao v n nh hn.
+ Bnh bay hi: Bnh bay hi thng s dng l bnh bay hi ng ng c cnh. Mi
cht lnh si ngoi ng, nc chuyn ng trong ng. Bnh bay hi c bc cc nhit
v duy tr nhit khng c qu di 7oC nhm ngn nga nc ng bng gy n
v bnh. Cng dng bnh bay hi l lm lnh nc.
+ T in iu khin.

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Hnh 6.16. Cm my chiller my nn pittng na kn Carrier

Trn hnh 6.16 v 6.18. l cm chiller vi my nn kiu pittng na kn ca hng
Carrier. Cc my nn kiu na kn c b tr nm trn cm bnh ngng - bnh bay
hi. Pha mt trc l t in iu khin. Ton b c lp t thnh 01 cm hon chnh
trn h thng khung chc chn.
Khi lp t cm chiller cn lu dnh khng gian cn thit v sinh cc bnh
ngng. Khng gian my thong ng, c th d dng i li xung quanh cm my lnh
thao tc.
Khi lp cm chiller cc phng tng trn cn lp thm cc b chng rung.
My lnh chiller iu khin ph ti theo bc , trong cc cm my c thi gian lm
vic khng u nhau. V th ngi vn hnh cn thng xuyn hon i tun t khi
ng ca cc cm my cho nhau. lm vic trong cc t in iu khin c trang b
cng tc hon i v tr cc my.
Bng 6.11 l cc thng s k thut c bn ca cm chiller ca hng Carrier loi 30HK.
y l chng loi my iu ho c cng sut trung bnh t 10 n 160 ton v c s
dng tng i rng ri ti Vit Nam.

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1- Cm chiller; 2- Thp gii nhit; 3- Bm nc lnh; 4- Bm nc gii

nhit; 5- AHU; 6- FCU; 7- Bnh gin n v cp nc b sung
Hnh 6.17. S nguyn l h thng iu ho water chiller
Bng 6.11. c tnh k thut cm my chiller Carrier

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FPT - Ni ren trong MPT - Ni ren ngoi F (Flange): Ni bch

tnl - Nhit nc lnh u ra, tk - Nhit nc ngng u ra
Bng 6-12 cng sut lnh ca cc cm my chiller Carrier, 30HKA
Bng 6.12. Cng sut lnh ca chiller 30HK - Carrier (khi t nl = 7 o C)

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tnl - Nhit nc lnh ra khi chiller, oC

tgn - Nhit nc gii nhit ra khi chiller, oC
Qo - Cng sut lnh, kW
Qk - Cng sut gii nhit, kW
N - Cng sut m t in, kW

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Hnh 6.18. Cm my lnh chiller . Dn lnh FCU

FCU ( Fan coil Unit) l dn trao i nhit ng ng cnh nhm v qut gi. Nc
chuyn ng trong ng, khng kh chuyn ng ngang qua cm ng trao i nhit,
khng kh c trao i nhit m, sau thi trc tip hoc qua mt h thng knh gi
vo phng. Qut FCU l qut lng sc dn ng trc tip.

Hnh 6.19. Cu to v lp t FCU

Trn bng 6.12 trnh by c tnh k thut c bn ca cc FCU hng Carrier vi 3 m
hiu 42CLA, 42VLA v 42VMA.

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Bng 6.13. c tnh k thut FCU hng Carrier

tnl - Nhit nc lnh vo FCU

tkk - Nhit khng kh vo
* Cc loi FCU: CLA: Loi du trn, VLA, VMA t nn,
. Dn lnh AHU
AHU c vit tt t ch ting Anh Air Handling Unit. Tng t FCU, AHU thc cht
l dn trao i nhit x l nhit m khng kh.
AHU thng c lp ghp t nhiu module nh sau: Bung ho trn, B lc bi, dn
trao i nhit v hp qut. Trn bung ho trn c 02 ca c gn van iu chnh, mt
ca ly gi ti, mt ca ni vi ng hi gi.
B lc bu thng s dng b lc kiu ti vi.

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Hnh 6.20. AHU

Nc lnh chuyn ng bn trong cm ng trao i nhit, khng kh chuyn ng ngang
qua bn ngoi, lm lnh v c qut thi theo h thng knh gi ti cc phng. Qut
AHU thng l qut ly tm dn ng bng ai.
AHU c 2 dng: Loi t nm ngang v t thng ng. Tu thuc vo v tr lp t m
ta c th chn loi thch hp. Khi t nn, chn loi t ng, khi g lp ln trn, chn
loi nm ngang.
Trn hnh 6.19 l hnh dng bn ngoi ca AHU kiu t ng.

Hnh 6.21. Cu to bn trong ca AHU

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Bng 6.14. c tnh k thut AHU hng Carrier, m hiu 39F

. Bm nc lnh v bm nc gii nhit

Bm nc lnh v nc gii nhit c la chn da vo cng sut v ct p
- Lu lng bm nc gii nhit:

, kg/s (6-1)
Qk - Cng sut nhit ca chiller, tra theo bng c tnh k thut ca chiller, kW
tgn - chnh nhit nc gii nhit u ra v u vo, t = 5oC
Cpn - Nhit dung ring ca nc, Cpn = 4,186 kJ/kg.oC
- Lu lng bm nc lnh:

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, kg/s (6-2)
Qk - Cng sut lnh ca chiller, tra theo bng c tnh k thut ca chiller, kW;
tnl - chnh nhit nc lnh u ra v u vo, t = 5oC;
Cpn - Nhit dung ring ca nc, Cpn = 4,186 kJ/kg.K.
Ct p ca bm c chn tu thuc vo mng ng ng c th , trong ct p tnh
ca ng ng c vai tr quan trng.
. Cc h thng thit b khc
- Bnh gin n v cp nc b sung: C cng dng b gin n khi nhit nc thay
i v b sung thm nc khi cn. Nc b sung phi c qua x l c kh cn thn.
- H thng ng ng nc lnh s dng ti nc lnh t bnh bay hi ti cc FCU
v AHU. ng ng nc lnh l ng thp c bc cch nhit. Vt liu cch nhit l mt,
styrofor hoc polyurethan.
- H thng ng ng gii nhit l thp trng km.
- H thng x l nc
. c im h thng iu ho lm lnh bng nc.
u im:
- Cng sut dao ng ln: T 5Ton ln n hng ngn Ton
- H thng ng nc lnh gn nh, cho php lp t trong cc ta nh cao tng, cng s
ni khng gian lp t ng nh.
- H thng hot ng n nh , bn v tui th cao.
- H thng c nhiu cp gim ti, cho php iu chnh cng sut theo ph ti bn ngoi
v do tit kim in nng khi non ti: Mt my thng c t 3 n 5 cp gim ti.
i vi h thng ln ngi ta s dng nhiu cm my nn tng s cp gim ti ln hn
nhiu.
- Thch hp vi cc cng trnh ln hoc rt ln.
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Nhc im:
- Phi c phng my ring.
- Phi c ngi chuyn trch phc v.
- Vn hnh, sa cha v bo dng tng i phc tp.
- Tiu th in nng cho mt n v cng sut lnh cao, c bit khi ti non.
H THNG KIU TRUNG TM.
H thng iu ha trung tm l h thng m x l nhit m c tin hnh mt
trung tm v c dn theo cc knh gi n cc h tiu th
Trn thc t my iu ha dng t l my iu ha kiu trung tm. trong h thng
ny khng kh s c x l nhit m trong mt my lnh ln, sau c dn theo h
thng knh dn n cc h tiu th.
C 2 loi:
- Gii nhit bng nc: Ton b h thng lnh c lp t kn trong mt t, ni ra
ngoi ch l cc ng ng nc gii nhit.
- Gii nhit bng khng kh: gm 2 mnh IU v OU ri nhau
S nguyn l
Trn hnh 6-22 l s nguyn l h thng my iu ho dng t, gii nhit bng nc.
Theo s , h thng gm c cc thit b sau:
- Cm my lnh:
Ton b cm my c lp t trong mt t kn ging nh t o qun.
+ My nn kiu kn.
+ Dn lnh cng kiu ng ng cnh nhm c qut ly tm.
+ Thit b ngng t kiu ng lng ng nn rt gn nh.
- H thng knh y gi, knh ht, ming thi v ming ht gi: knh gi bng tole
trng km c bc cch nhit bng thy tinh. Ming thi cn m bo phn phi khng
kh trong gian my ng u.

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C trng hp ngi ta lp t cm my lnh ngay trong phng lm vic v thi gi

trc tip vo phng khng cn phi qua knh gi v cc ming thi. Thng c t
mt gc phng no
- Ty theo h thng gii nhit bng gi hay bng nc m IU c ni vi thp gii
nhit hay dn nng. Vic gii nhit bng nc thng hiu qu v n nh cao hn. i
vi my gii nhit bng nc cm my c y dn nng, dn lnh v my nn, ni ra
bn ngoi ch l ng ng nc gii nhit.
u im
- Lp t v vn hnh tng i d dng

- Kh m v kh bi tt , nn i vi khu vc i hi n thp thng s

dng kiu my dng t.
- Nh c lu lng gi ln nn rt ph hp vi cc khu vc tp trung ng ngi nh:
Rp chiu bng, rp ht , hi trng, phng hp, nh hng, v trng, phng n.
- Gi thnh ni chung khng cao.
Nhc im
- H thng knh gi qu ln nn ch c th s dng trong cc ta nh c khng gian lp
t ln.
- i vi h thng iu ha trung tm do x l nhit m ti mt ni duy nht nn ch
thch hp cho cc phng ln, ng ngi. i vi cc ta nh lm vic, khch sn, cng
s.. l cc i tng c nhiu phng nh vi cc ch hot ng khc nhau, khng
gian lp t b, tnh ng thi lm vic khng cao th h thng ny khng thch hp.
- H thng iu ho trung tm i hi thng xuyn hot ng 100% ti. Trong trng
hp nhiu phng s xy ra trng hp mt s phng ng ca lm vic vn c lm
lnh.

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Hnh 6.22. S nguyn l h thng iu ho dng t

1- Hp tiu m ng y 5- Thp gii nhit
2- Hp tiu m ng ht MT - Ming thi gi
3- Cm my iu ho MH - Ming ht gi
4- Bm nc gii nhit VC - Van iu chnh cp gi

Hnh 6.23. Cm my lnh dng t

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Bng 6.15. c tnh my iu ho dng t 50BP - Carrier

178/419

H THNG IU HO KHNG KH
KIU T
H THNG IU HO KHNG KH KIU T
Qu trnh x l nhit m khng kh bng thit b trao i nhit kiu b mt c u im
l thit b gn nh, n gin vv. . . Tuy nhin x l nhit m bng thit b trao i nhit
kiu b mt, b hn ch bi kh nng x l khng kh, n khng c kh nng tng dung
m khng kh trong phng. Trong nhiu trng hp i hi tng m cho khng kh,
chng hn nh trong cc nh my dt c nhng giai on cng ngh i hi m kh
cao, t c trng thi yu cu, cn tin hnh phun m b sung, tng i phc tp,
tn km v hiu qu khng cao. Trong trng hp ny, ngi ta thng s dng thit b
x l khng kh kiu hn hp hay cn gi l thit b x l khng kh kiu t. Thit b
khng kh kiu t l thit b trao i nhit m kiu hn hp kh v nc, thng c
gi l thit b bung phun. Vic phun m khng thc hin trc tip trong phng m
thit b x l khng kh nn hiu qa v quy m ln hn nhiu.
Trong chng ny, s tin hnh nghin cu cc c s l thuyt v trao i nhit m gia
khng kh v nc; cc nhn t nh hng n qu trnh ; cc thit b bung phun
thng s dng v tnh ton thit k cc thit b .
CC QU TRNH X L NHIT M KHNG KH
Mt s gi thit khi nghin cu qu trnh trao i nhit m ca khng kh
Qu trnh thc x l nhit m kh phc tp, tin li cho vic phn tnh v tnh ton,
khi nghin cu qu trnh trao i nhit m ca khng kh v nc, ngi ta gi thit nh
sau:
- S tip xc gia nc v khng kh l l tng, thi gian tip xc bng v cng.
- Khng c tn tht nhit v m ra bn ngoi h trong qu trnh trao i nhit m.
- Kch thc ht nc nh nhit ng u trong ton th tch ht.
Vi nhng gi thit nh vy c th suy ra nhit khng kh trong lp bin (lp mng
st b mt git nc) t trng thi bo ho c cng nhit vi nhit git nc,
m khng kh u ra thit b t trng thi bo hi ng vi nhit cc git nc u
ra.

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Ngi ta nhn thy, s thay i trng thi ca khng kh ph thuc nhiu vo chiu
chuyn ng tng i gia nc v khng kh. Di y chng ta s kho st qu trnh
trao i nhit m gia nc v khng kh trong hai trng hp nu trn.
Trng hp nc v khng kh chuyn ng cng chiu
Xt trng hp trao i nhit m gia nc c nhit ban u l tn, khng kh c trng
thi A(tA, A) trong thit b trao i nhit m kiu hn hp. u ra thit b trao i
nhit m, khng kh t bo ho t =100%, nc v khng kh c cng nhit tnk
(trng thi AK ? BK ).

Hnh 7.1. Trao i nhit m gia khng kh v nc khi chuyn ng cng chiu
Ta nghin cu s thay i trng thi khng kh trong qu trnh trao i nhit m dc
theo chiu di ca thit b. thy r qu trnh thay i trng thi , ta chia thit b
trao i nhit m thnh k on (hnh 7.1).
Trong qu trnh trao i nhit m nhit nc tng t tn n tnk, khng kh thay i
trng thi t trng thi ban u A(tA, A) ti trng thi bo ho Ak(tnk,100%), v nh
gi thit trn qu trnh trao i l l tng v thi gian v cng nn trng thi khng
kh khi ra bung phun c nhit bng nhit nc tnk v t trng thi bo ho vi
m = 100%.
- Xt qu trnh trao i nhit m vng 1
Khng kh u vo c trng thi l A(tA,A) v nc c nhit tn. Do qu trnh trao
i nhit m vi cc git nc, lp khng kh ti lp bin tip xc vi cc git nc t
trng thi bo ho (=100%) v nhit bng nhit nc t = tn (trng thi B). Cc
phn t khng kh ngoi lp bin coi nh vn gi nguyn trng thi ban u A(tA,A).
Nh vy ra khi vng th nht khng kh c trng thi A1 l hn hp ca 2 khi kh c
trng thi A(tA,A) v B(tn,100%). Theo tnh cht ca qu trnh hn hp, im A1 nm
trn on AB, ng thi do c trao i nhit nn nhit ca nc tng ln tn1.
- Vng 2

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Khng kh u vo vng 2 l A1 v nc c nhit tn1. Bng cch phn tch tng t,

ta thy trng thi khng kh u ra A2 ca vng 2 l hn hp ca 2 khi kh c trng thi
A1 v B1(tn1,100%). Nh vy im A2 nm trn A1B1 v nhit nc tng ln tn2.
C phn tch tng t nh vy ta thy, trng thy khng kh u ra thit b s c trng
thi bo ho, c nhit bng nhit nc tnk (trng thi Ak?Bk)
Ni tt c cc im A, A1, . . . Ak ta c ng cong biu th s thay i trng thi ca
khng kh trong qu trnh trao i nhit m vi nc. Cc im B, B1, . . .Bn tng ng
l cc trng thi khng kh trong lp bin ca cc git nc, c nhit bng nhit
nc. Lp bin ln dn, n cui thit b x l nhit m s chim ton b dng khng
kh.

Hnh 7.2. S thay i trng thi khng kh khi chuyn ng cng chiu vi nc
Nh vy qu trnh thay i trng thi ca khng kh xt v l thuyt l mt ng cong.
i vi thit b trao i nhit m kiu song song cng chiu, n l c cong lm. Tu
thuc nhit nc u ra m dung m ca khng kh c th tng hoc gim. Nu nhit
nc u ra c nhit ln hn nhit ng sng ca khng kh u vo th dung
m ca khng kh tng, tc l c mt lng hi m khuych tn vo khng kh v ngc
li. Khi chuyn ng song song cng chiu, kh nng lm tng dung m rt ln do nhit
nc tng dn v nhit nc u ra c nhiu kh nng ln hn nhit ng
sng.
Tuy nhin trn thc t do chnh nhit gia nc v khng kh khng qu ln v
ngi ta ch ch trng n trng thi cui nn thng biu din qu trnh thay i trng
thi ca khng kh theo ng thng. Mt khc do trao i nhit m khng t l tng,
thi gian tip xc l hu hn nn m ca trng thi cui ch t ti c 90 - 95%, tc
l khng kh ch ti im O no m khng t ti B.

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Ngi ta nhn thy qu trnh thay i trng thi ca khng kh cng xy ra tng t khi
n trao i nhit m vi thit b trao i nhit.
Trng hp nc v khng kh chuyn ng ngc chiu
Trng hp khng kh chuyn ng ngc chiu, ta cng chia thit b thnh k on
(hnh 7.3).
Trng thi khng kh u vo cc on 1, 2, . . k ln lt l A, A1, A2 . . . Ak-1. u ra
cui cng l trng thi Ak.
Nhit nc u ra cc on 1, 2, . . k ln lt l tn, tn1, tn2 . . .tnk-1. Nhit nc
u vo on k l Ank. Cc im B, B1, B2, . . .Bk tng ng ln lt l trng thi khng
kh bo ho trong vng bin ca cc git nc c nhit tn, tn1, tn2 . . tnk .

Hnh 7.3. Trao i nhit m gia khng kh v nc khi chuyn ng ngc chiu
Khng kh thay i t trng thi ban u A qua cc trng thi trung gian A1, A2 v cui
cng l trng thi Ak. Trng thi cui cng Ak t bo ho v c nhit bng nhit
nc u vo thit b tnk. Ni tt c cc im A, A1, A2 . . .Ak ta c ng cong
biu th s thay i trng thi ca khng kh khi trao i nhit m vi nc. Kt qu cho
thy, l ng cong li, trng thi khng kh u ra l bo ho.
Nu nhit nc u vo kh nh, nh hn nhit ng sng ca khng kh th qu
trnh x l nhit m s lm gim dung m. Ngc li, nu nhit nc x l cao th s
lm tng dung m. Trn thc t, nu s dng nc lnh, th thng nhit nc nh
hn nhit ng sng. Ngc li nu s dng nc thng th nhit nc ln hn
nhit ng sng. Nh vy, gim dung m phi s dng nc lnh, mun tng m
s dng nc thng.
Qua nghin cu, qu trnh x l nhit m khng kh trong hai trng hp nc v khng
kh chuyn ng cng chhiu v ngc chiu, ta nhn thy:
- Trng thi ca khng kh thay i theo dng ng cong;

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- Trng thi u ra ca khng kh ph thuc vo nhit nc x l v chiu chuyn

ng tng h gia nc v khng kh. Dung m ca khng kh c th tng hoc gim.
Trn thc t chnh nhit ca khng kh u vo tA v u ra tAk khng ln v
trong cc tnh ton thng ch quan tm trng thi u v cui. V vy ngi ta coi qu
trnh thay i trng thi theo dng ng thng.
Khi lng nc phun v cng ln v thi gian tip xc = th qu trnh thay i trng
thi ca khng kh tun theo quy lut ng thng.

S thay i trng thi khng kh khi chuyn ng ngc chiu vi nc

Tuy nhin, trn thc t do lng nc phun v thi gian tip xc l hu hn nn trng
thi cui qu trnh x l khng kh khng t trng thi bo ho Ak m ch t trng thi
O c m O = 90?95%.
Gii hn ca qu trnh x l khng kh bng nc phun.
Trong thc t trng khng kh cui qu trnh x l khng kh bng nc phun khng
bao gi t ti m =1, m ch t = 0,9 - 0,95. l trng thi cui ca khng kh
khi ra khi bung phun.
Ngi ta chng minh c rng trn th I-d khng kh c trng thi A th mi qu
trnh nm ngoi tam gic cong AMN khng th thc hin ch bng nc phun. Tam gic
cong AMN c y l on MN trn ng cong =1 v NN, AM l cc tip tuyn t A
ti ng cong =1.

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Hnh 7.5. Gii hn qu trnh x l khng kh

V d:
- Qu trnh AB trn ng d=dA = const ch thc hin bng caloriphe (sy nng ng
dung m)
- Qu trnh AF: thc hin qua 2 giai on, tng m on nhit bng nc phun AP v
sy nng ng dung m PF.
- Qu trnh AC trong tam gic AMN c th thc hin bng nc phun.
THIT B IU HO KIU T
Khi nim, phn loi v cu to.
Bung my iu ha khng kh cn gi l bung iu khng l thit b c s dng
x l khng kh trc khi thi vo bung my
C nhiu cch phn loi bung
Theo cch b tr: bung ng, nm ngang, kiu thng v ngot.
Theo p sut lm vic (ty thuc vo v tr t qut): Kiu ht, thi, v kt hp
Thit b bung phun kiu nm ngang
Cu to
1- Ca iu chnh gi vo

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2- Bung ha trn
3- Lc bi
4- Caloriphe
5- H thng phun nc
6- Bung ha trn
7- Caloriphe
8- ng gi ra
9- ng hi gi cp 1
10- ng hi gi cp 2
11- ng ng gi ra
12- Bm nc phun
13- Mng hng nc

Hnh 7.6. Bung phun kiu nm ngang

Nguyn l hot ng
Khng kh bn ngoi c a qua van iu chnh vo bung ha trn 3 ha trn
vi khng kh tun hon, sau c a vo bung phun lm x l nhit m. Nu
cn si nng th s dng caloriphe. Trong bung phun c b tr h thng ng dn nc

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phun v cc vi phun. Nc c phun thnh cc ht nh d dng trao i nhit m

vi khng kh. trnh nc cun i theo dng khng kh v lm m t cc thit b,
pha trc v pha sau bung phun c b tr cc tm chn nc dng dch dc. Khng
kh sau khi x l xong c a vo bung ha trn 10 tip tc ha trn vi gi hi
cp 2. Caloriphe 12 dng si khng kh nhm m bo yu cu v sinh khi cn.
Nc c x l lnh c bm 15 bm ln cc vi phun vi p sut phun kh cao.
Nc ngng ng s c hng nh mng 14 v dn v li tip tc lm lnh.
Cc tm chn nc c dng dch dc c tc dng ngn v gt ri cc git nc b cun
theo dng hi. N c t 2 pha ca bung phun. V vt liu cc tm chn c th
ch to t cc tm tn trng km hoc inox mng c gp mt vi ln. S np gp cng
nhiu th hiu qu tch m ln nhng tr lc tng. Thng ngi ta ch gp 2-4 np.

Hnh 7.7. Cu to bung phun kiu nm ngang

Chi tit vi phun quyt nh kch thc cc git nc phun v do nh hng quyt
nh n hiu qu trao i nhit m. Nguyn l lm vic ca cc vi phun l s dng lc
ly tm x ti cc git nc.
Trn hnh 7.9 l cu to ca vi phun thng c s dng. Nc c p sut ln i theo
ng dn 2 vo bung xoy 3 theo phng tip tuyn. Trong bung xoy nc chuyn
ng xoy vi tc ln v thot ngoi qua l 4. Tc l 4 rt ln, i ra vi phun c
dng hnh cn v tc gim ngt v c x ti thnh nhng git nh. Mi phun
5 c lp vo thn vi phun bng ren v c th d dng iu chnh c bung xoy
ph hp nht.

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Hnh 7.8. Cc chi tit ca bung phun

1,5- Vch chn nc; 2- Trn bung phun; 3- ng gp phun; 4- Vi phun; 6- Bm nc
phun; 7- Mng hng nc; 8,9,11- ng nc; 10- Van 3 ng

Hnh 7.9. Chi tit tm chn

Cc c im ca bung phun kiu thng
- Hiu qu trao i cao do tc tng i gia gi v nc cao v thi gian trao i
cng kh lu;
- Thch hp cho h thng ln trong cng nghip;
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- H thng cng knh chim nhiu din tch lp t.

Hnh 7.10. Chi tit vi phun

1- Thn vi phun; 2- L nc vo; 3- Bung xoy; 4- Mi phun; 5- Np vi phun
Bung ti
Cu to
1- Qut ly tm vn chuyn gi
2- Chn nc
3- Lp vt liu m: G, Kim loi, snh s .
4- Ca ly gi
5- Bm nc
6- ng nc vo ra
7- Dn lm lnh nc

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Hnh 7.11. Bung ti

Nguyn l hot ng
Khng kh bn ngoi c ht vo ca ly gi 6 vo bung ti nh qut ly tm 5.
bung ti n trao i nhit m vi nc c phun t trn xung. tng cng lm
ti nc vag tng thi gian tip xc gia nc v khng kh ngi ta thm lp vt liu
m t gia bung. Vt liu m c th bng cc ng st, gm, snh s, kim loi,
g c tc dng lm ti nc v cn tr nc chuyn ng qu nhanh v pha di ng
thi to nn mng nc.
Nc c lm lnh trc tip ngay mng hng nh dn lnh 7.
Cc c im ca bung ti
- Hiu qu trao i nhit m khng cao lm do qung ng i ngn.
- Thch hp cho h thng nh v va trong cng nghip.
- Chim t din tch lp t.

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Hnh 7.12. Cc loi vt liu lm ti nc

NHNG NHN T NH HNG N HIU QU TRAO I NHIT M
H s hiu qu trao i nhit m
H s hiu qu trao i nhit m.
Trn thc t trng thi khng kh cui qu trnh trao i nhit m vi nc phun khng
th t trng thi = 100%, m ch t mt trng thi O vi = 0,9 ? 0,95 m thi.
c trng cho hiu qu ca qu trnh trao i nhit m gia nc v khng kh trong
bung phun ngi ta a ra mt i lng gi l h s hiu qu trao i nhit m, K
hiu l E.

(7-1)
H s trao i nhit m c th xc nh theo thng s trng thi ca khng kh.
T O, B ta k cc ng tO v tB ct ng dA cc im O' v B'. Ta c th coi cc
ng tO v tB song song vi nhau, khi :

(7-2)

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i vi qu trnh on nhit : tB = t,

(7-3)
H s hiu qu trao i nhit m vn nng
Trong mt s trng hp ngi ta s dng i lng gi l h s trao i nhit m vn
nng E':

(7-4)
H s hiu qu trao i nhit m vn nng thng c s dng tnh ton thit k
thit b bung phun.
Ngoi ra ngi ta cn a ra h s En nhm nh gi hiu qu trao i nhit m ca
bung phun.

(7-5)
Nhng nhn t nh hng n hiu qu trao i nhit m
Anh hng ca h s phun
H s phun l t l gia lu lng nc phun Gf (kg/s) vi lu lng khng kh c
x l G (kg/s). H s phun c k hiu l .

(7-6)
Khi h s phun tng, hiu qu trao i nhit m tng. Khi < 4, h s hiu qu trao
i nhit m tng ng k khi tng . Khi > 4, vic tng h s trao i nhit m E
tng khng ng k, nhng chi ph in nng cho bm nc phun ln, nn khng kinh
t. Trn thc t ngi ta ch vn hnh vi h s phun < 2.

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Anh hng ca kt cu bung phun

Kt cu bung phun c nh ln n hiu qu trao i nhit m ca bung phun. Cc
thng s kt cu nh hng ti hiu qu trao i nhit m bao gm:
S dy vi phun dc theo chiu chuyn ng ca bung phun: Khi s dy vi
phun tng th hiu qu s cao hn
S vi phun trn mt dy: Khi s vi phun tng th hiu qu s cao hn
Chiu phun nc so vi khng kh: Phun ngc chiu nc s tng hiu qu
trao i do vn tc tng i tng ln.
Bng 7.1
Emax

Dng kt cu

H s

+ S dy z =1, thun chiungc chiu+

S dy z =2, thun chiu + thun
chiungc chiu + ngc chiungc
chiu + ngc chiu+ S dy z =3

0,6 ? 0,70,65
? 0,750,85 ?
0,550,55>1,0>1,0>1,01,5 0,90,9 ?
0,950,9 ?
0,950,98

Anh hng ca ch phun nc

Khi ht nc phun cng b th b mt trao i nhit m tng nn hiu qu trao i nhit
m tng ln.
Ty theo kch thc ht nc c phun ra m ngi ta phn ra thnh 3 ch phun
khc nhau:
Phun mn
Phun trung bnh
Phun th
Thc nghim v l thuyt chng minh rng mn ca nc phun ra ph thuc vo
ng knh mi phun do v p sut d ca nc trc mi phun pf.
Kch thc do v p sut pf cng ln th ht nc phun ra cng mn. Tuy nhin khi
i hi nng lng dn ng tng v vi phun d b tc.
Theo kinh nghim
- Phun mn khi: do = 1,5 - 2 mm pf > 4 bar
- Phun trung bnh khi: do = 2 - 3 mm pf = 2 - 4 bar
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- Phun th khi: do = 2 - 6 mm pf < 2 bar

Vic chn ng knh mi phun v p sut cn ty thuc vo nng sut yu cu.
Anh hng ca tc dng kh.
Khi tc ca khng kh tng s lm tng trao i nhit m. Nhng nu k qu cao th
c kh nng cun theo cc ht nc vo gian my. Trong k thut ngi ta khng ch
k theo tr s lu tc k mt cch hp l. Thng chn k = 2,8 - 3,5 kg/m2.s
Anh hng ca chiu di qung ng dng kh.
Khi tng chiu di qung ng i ca khng kh th thi gian tip xc ln khi E
tng. Tuy vy kch thc ca bung phun tng nn lm tng gi thnh v vn hnh lp
t kh khn. V vy ch khi thc s cn thit ngi ta mi tng l, v d nh khi khng
kh ban u c m qu b.
Thi gian tip xc hp l gia nc v khng kh l 1 giy.
Quan h ph thuc ca h s hiu qu trao i nhit m vo h s phun c biu th
theo cng thc sau y:
- Khi phun mn:

, kg/kg (7-7)
- Khi phun trung bnh v th:

, kg/kg (7-8)
trong
z- S dy phun;
pf - Ap sut d ca nc phun, bar ;
k - Lu tc ca khng kh, kg/m2.s;
E- H s hiu qu trao i nhit m.
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TNH TON BUNG PHUN

Tnh thit k
Nhim v bi ton thit k bung phun l xc nh cc thng s k thut v kch thc
ch yu ca bung phun, khi bit trc cc thng s nhit ca khng kh vo ra, lu
lng khng kh cn x l.. c th:
Cc thng s ban u
- Lu lng gi cn x l G, kg/s;
- Trng thi khng kh u vo (t1, 1) v u ra (t2, 2);
- Nng sut lnh yu cu ca thit b Qo, kW;
- Nhit nc lnh u vo tnl
Cc thng s cn tnh ton
- Kch thc bung phun: Chiu cao h (m); chiu rng b(m) v chiu di l (m);
- Lu lng nc phun Gf, kg/s;
Cc bc tnh ton
Chn lu tc khng kh i qua tit din ngang ca bung phun k
Thng thng ngi ta chn k = 2,8 ? 3,2 kg.m2/s. Nu qu nh th hiu qu trao i
nhit m thp, nhng cao qu th c kh nng cun theo cc git hi m. Khi lng
ring ca khng kh khong 1,2 kg/m3, do tc chuyn ng ca khng kh nm
trong khong k = 2,3 ? 2,7 m/s. Chn K = 2,5 m/s.
Xc nh cc kch thc c bn ca bung phun
- Tit din ngang ca bung phun:

, m2 (7-9)
trong

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h - Chiu cao ca bung phun, chiu cao h cn chn hp l trong khong 2 ? 2,5 m. Nu
qu cao th s phn b lu lng gi kh u, ngc laih nu chn qu thp th b rng
ln, chim nhiu din tch;
b- Chiu rng bung phun, m;
G - Lu lng gi c cho trc hoc xc nh c khi thnh lp s ddoof iu
ho khng kh, kg/s.
Xc nh cc thng s c trng khc ca bung phun
- Chn s dy phun Z: Trn c s kch thc s b ca bung phun, chn s dy vi
phun. S dy vi phun, nh bit nm trong khong 1?3 dy;
- Chn cch b tr cc dy vi phun. C 2 cc cch b tr sau: thun chiu, ngc chiu
v kt hp c 2 cch trn. Cc trng hp c th b tr trnh by trn bng 6-1;
- Chn ch phun: Phun th, trung bnh v mn;
- Chn loi mi phun;
- Chn ng knh mi phun do: 3; 3,5; 4; 4,5; 5; 6mm;
- Chn mt mi phun trn tit din ngang ca bung phun n. Theo kinh nghim s
mi phun trn 1m2 din tch nm trong khong 18?24 ci;
- Tnh s mi phun: N = fb.Z n, ci.
Tnh h s phun,h s hiu qu E v lu lng nc phun
xc nh quan h
- Xc nh h s hiu qu trao i nhit m vn nng:

(7-10)
tu1, tu2 - Nhit nhit k t ng vi trng thi khng kh vo v ra.
- Xc nh h s phun da trn h s hiu qu trao i nhit m vn nng. Tnh theo cc
cng thc (7-7) v (7-8) nhng thay E bng E.

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Tnh nhit nc phun

xc nh nhit nc phun ta da vo phng trnh cn bng nhit. Nu b qua cc
tn tht th nhit lng lm lnh khng kh ng bng nhit lm tng nhit nc t
nhit tn n tn.
Qo = G.(I1-I2) = Gnl.Cpn.(tn-tn) (a)
Mt khc, ta c biu thc

(b)
Kt hp (a), (b) v cho bit Gf = Gnl ta c:

Gi tr tn phi tho mn iu kin tn 5oC, nu ln qu phi tng h s phun v

xc nh li gi tr En.
T suy ra:
tn = tn + tn
Nhit nc vo c suy ra t cc biu thc (7-3) v (7-10):

Tnh lu lng nc phun v lu lng nc lnh

H thng cp nc b phun c th thc hin theo mt trong hai cch sau:
- Nc c lm lnh v a n phun trc tip bung phun. Trong trng hp ny
lu lng nc phun bng lu lng nc lnh.
- Nu nc lnh c cp ti b cha v t y nc c bm n phun bung phun.
Trong trng hp ny nc c tun hon theo hai vng khc nhau v c th lu lng
nc phun v nc tun hon khng ging nhau (do bm hoc tr lc h thng khc
nhau).
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a). Lu lng nc phun (nc lnh) c xc nh theo cng thc:

Gf = G., kg/s (7-11)
b). Lu lng nc lnh: Nc lnh c cp vo b cha t c bm phun bm
vo bung phun trao i nhit m. Lu lng nc lnh c th khc lu lng nc
phun.

(7-12)
trong :
tn, tnl - Nhit nc phun u ra (bng nhit nc lnh hi v) v nhit nc
lnh vo b nc phun;
Qo - Cng sut lnh yu cu, kW.
Xc nh p sut trc mi phun v s mi phun N
- Nng sut phun ca mi mi phun c xc nh theo cng thc sau:

, kg/s (7-13)
Nng sut phun c nh hng ti p sut d trc cc mi phun v quan h c xc
nh nh sau:
i vi mi phun kim loi:

, l/h (7-14)
i vi mi phun nha:

, l/h (7-15)
trong

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do - ng knh mi phun, mm;

pf - Ap sut d ca mi phun, at.
T gi tr gf c th xc nh c p sut d nh sau:
i vi mi phun kim loi:

, at (7-16)
i vi mi phun nha:

, at (7-17)
Quan h gia p sut d v nng sut phun ng vi cc loi vi phun c ng knh
khc nhau biu th trn hnh 7.11 di y. Theo yu cu k thut p sut d trc cc
mi phun khng nn qu ln, v nu ln th yu cu v ct p ca bm phi cao. Thc
t nn chn pf < 2,5at. V vy khi tnh ton, nu p sut d ln qu th phi tng s mi
phun N, gim p sut d. Trong phn ny tu theo iu kin thc t m c th chn
p sut d pf nh trc v xc nh s mi phun cn thit. Tuy nhin nu chn s mi
phun nhiu, p sut gim, ch phun chuyn sang phun th, hiu qu trao i nhit m
gim.

Hnh 7.13. Cc loi vt liu lm ti nc

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B tr dn phun
C th tham kho cch b tr dn phun ca Nga nu trong ti liu [ ].
B rng chn nc trc a = 120mm;
B rng chn nc sau b = 185 ? 250mm;
Cc kch thc khc: c = 200mm; l = 1500mm; m=660mm; n=400mm;
p=600mm; v = 900mm;
Khong cch gia cc cc phun t 250?350mm. Khong cch gia cc mi
phun theo chiu ng khong 400?600mm.

Hnh 7.14: B tr bung phun ca Nga

a- Mt dy phun thun chiu; b- Mt dy phun ngc chiu; c- Hai dy phun ngc
chiu;
d-Hai dy phun thun v ngc chiu; e- Ba dy phun
Tnh kim tra
Cc bc tnh ton kim tra
Xc nh nng sut phun ca cc mi phun gf theo do v pf da vo th hnh 7.11
hoc theo cc cng thc (7-13) v (7-14)
Tnh lu lng nc phun Gn:
Gn = gf .N, kg/s
Tnh h s phun:
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Gn
G,

kg/kg

Tnh tc lu lng khi lng ca khng kh

, kg/m2.s
Xc nh Eb, Eb v khc.
E = Eb.khc
En = Eb.khc
Tnh nhit nhit k t ca khng kh sau khi x l
t2 = (1 - En).(t1 - tn) + tn
trong tn c xc nh theo cng thc sau:
tn = tn + (m1.t1 - m2.t2)/
trong m1 v m2 - cc h s t l ph thuc vo nhit c cho theo bng di y
ly theo p sut kh quyn
Bng 7.2
t, oC

10

15

B=760mmHg 0,89 0,698 0,67

B=745mmHg 0,90 0,71

20

25

0,685 0,73

28
0,764

0,678 0,692 0,735 0,77

xc nh m2 cn xc nh t2 do cn phi tin hnh tnh lp. Cc bc tnh lp

c thc hin nh sau:
Tm ly mt gi tr nc ra no theo kinh nghim: tn = tn + (3?5)oC;
Xc nh nhit t2 theo cng thc:
t2 = (1 - En).(t1 - tn) + tn
Tra bng 7.2 xc nh gi m1 theo t1 v m2 theo t2 ;

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 Tnh li gi tr tn theo cng thc:

tn = tn + (m1.t1 - m2.t2)/
Nu sai s khng ln th c th chp nhn c.
- Xc nh t2 theo gi tr tn xc nh c
Xc nh I2 theo t2 trn th I-d: ng I2 = const i qua im bo ho c nhit
bng t2.
Xc nh t2 theo E theo cng thc:
t2 = t2 + (1-E).(t1 - t2)
Theo t2 v I2 (hoc t2) xc nh im 2 trn I-d v cc thng s trng thi khc: 2, d2;
Xc nh nng sut lnh ca thit b x l khng kh:
Qo = G.(I1 - I2)
Kim tra nhit lng nc lnh nhn c
Qn = Gn.Cpn.(tn - tn)
So snh gi tr Qo v Qn; sai lch khng qu 10%.
***

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TUN HON KHNG KH TRONG

PHNG
TUN HON KHNG KH TRONG PHNG
Trong chng ny trnh by cc c s l thuyt tnh ton tc chuyn ng ca khng
kh dc theo lung, nhng nhn t nh hng n cu trc v tc lung. Trn c s
tnh ton thit k v b tr cc ming thi, ming ht sao cho tun hon gi trong
phng thun li nht, p ng cc tiu chun v sinh.
TNH HNH LUN CHUYN KHNG KH TRONG NH.
Mt trong nhng nhim v quan trng ca cc h thng iu ho khng kh l thc hin
vic tun hon v trao i khng kh trong phng c nhiu nht. Mc ch ca vic
thng gi v iu ha khng kh l thay i khng kh b nhim do nhit, m, cht
c hi, bi vv... trong phng bng khng kh qua x l. S trao i khng kh
trong phng c thc hin nh qu trnh lun chuyn, qu trnh c thc hin da
trn nhiu c ch hnh thc v ng lc khc nhau :
Chuyn ng i lu t nhin:
ng lc to nn chuyn ng i lu t nhin l do chnh lch mt ca khng kh
gia cc vng trong phng. S khc bit ca mt thng do chnh lch nhit v
m, trong chnh lch nhit l ch yu v thng gp nht, khi nhit chnh
lch cng cao th chuyn ng i lu cng mnh Cc phn t khng kh nng v kh
do nh hn nn bc ln cao v cc phn t khng kh lnh, m nng hn nn chm xung
pha di. Lc gy ra i lu t nhin c gi tr
P = g.(2-1) = g. (8-1)
Chuyn ng i lu t nhin tuy yu, nhng cng rt quan trng trong iu ho khng
kh, n gp phn lm ng u nhit trong phng.
Chuyn ng i lu cng bc
Chuyn ng i lu cng bc l chuyn ng do ngoi lc to nn. i vi khng
kh l do qut, n ng vai tr quyt nh trong vic tun hon v trao i khng kh
trong phng.

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Khc vi chuyn ng i lu t nhin, chuyn ng i lu cng bc c cng

ln, c th nh hng theo mun ch quan ca con ngi v c th thay i c nh
thay i tc qut.
V th, chuyn ng i lu cng bc l chuyn ng quan trng nht, c nh hng
ln nht n tun hon v trao i khng kh trong phng.
Chuyn ng khuych tn
Ngoi 2 chuyn ng nu trn, khng kh trong phng cn tham gia mt hnh thc
chuyn ng na gi l chuyn ng khuych tn. Chuyn ng khuych tn l s
chuyn ng ca khng kh ng yn trong phng vo mt lung khng kh ang
chuyn chuyn ng. Tc trung bnh ca lung cng ln th s chuyn ng khuych
tn cng mnh.
Chuyn ng khuych tn gy ra l do s chnh lch ct p thu tnh gia cc phn t
khng kh chuyn ng trong lung v khng kh ng yn trong phng. Cc phn t
khng kh trong phng ng yn nn c ct p thu tnh cao hn so vi cc phn t
chuyn ng, kt qu cc phn t khng kh trong phng s b cun vo lung v tr
thnh mt b phn ca lung.
Chuyn ng khuych tn c ngha ln trong vic gim tc ca dng khng kh
sau khi ra khi ming thi, lm ng u tc khng kh trong phng v gy ra s
xo trn cn thit trn ton b khng gian phng v nh vy m vic trao i khng kh
c u hn.
nh gi mc hon ho ca vic trao i khng kh trong nh ngi ta a ra h
s ng u sau :

(8-2)
tR, tV - Nhit khng kh ra vo phng
tL - Nhit khng kh ti vng lm vic.
H s kE cng cao cng tt
LUNG KHNG KH
Lung khng kh l dng khng kh c thi t do t mt ming gi vo mt khng
gian bt k, tp hp cc phn t chuyn ng to nn.
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Vic nghin cu lung khng kh vo ra cc ming gi nhm mc ch trao i khng

kh trong phng c u hn, gp phn nng cao hiu qu trao i nhit m khng kh
trong phng. l c s chn v b tr cc ming gi hp l nht .
Cu trc ca lung khng kh t ming thi
Lung khng kh t mt ming thi trn
Xt mt lung khng kh c thi ra t mt ming thi trn c ng knh do, tc
u ra ming thi l vo v c coi l phn b u trn ton tit din ming thi u
ra (x=0). B qua tc ng ca cc lc y ca khng kh trong phng ln lung.

Hnh 8.1. Lung khng kh u ra mt ming thi trn

Cng ra xa ming thi ng nng ca dng khng kh gim nn tc trung bnh ca
dng gim dn. Mt khc do nh hng ca ma st khng kh ng yn bn ngoi nn
tc lung ti bin bng 0, cn tc ti vng tm lung vn cn duy tr c vo.
Ngi ta nhn thy trong on u khi x < xd no tc ti tm lung lun bng vo.
Profil tc trn tit din trong khong ny c dng hnh thang vi chiu cao bng vo.
St bin lung do ma st nn tc gim dn cho n 0 st bin lung.
Trong on xd ny cng i ra xa phn li ca lung (ni tc bng vo) cng nh dn
cho n v tr xd th ht v profil tc bt u c dng tam gic vi chiu cao vo.
Ngoi khong xd ngi ta gi l on chnh ca lung tc ti tm vmax gim dn.
Ngi ta nhn thy cng vi vic gim tc , tit din ca lung cng tng ln do
chuyn ng khuych tn. iu ny c th gii thch nh sau: theo nh lut Becnuli
cc phn t khng kh trong lung chuyn ng nn c p sut tnh nh hn cc phn
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t ng yn bn ngoi, kt qu l khng kh xung quanh trn vo lung v to thnh

mt b phn ca lung nn tit din lung tng dn. Gc n ca lung gi l gc mp
khuych tn .
Nh vy, lung khng kh c th chia ra lm 02 vng: phn li (hoc nhn lung)
tc chuyn ng khng i v bng v = vo, , phn ny ch nm trong on u xd;
phn bin lung ni tc thay i theo tit din

l phn quan trng nht ca lung. l phn ch yu ca lung. Trong on xd lp

bin ch chim mt phn bn ngoi lung do bn trong vn cn phn li. Ngoi on xd
bin lung chim ton b tit din. on t u ra ming thi n khong cch xd trn
thc t rt ngn n t nh hng ti s lun chuyn khng kh trong phng. on ngoi
khong xd gi l phn chnh ca lung v n c nh hng quyt nh n s lun
chuyn khng kh trong phng.
Vic nghin cu phn b tc ca phn chnh ca lung rt quan trong trong vic tnh
ton tun hon khng kh trong phng cng nh xc nh tc dng khng kh trong
vng lm vic. l c s tnh ton thit k v lp t ming thi. Theo qui nh
v v sinh th tc gi trong vng lm vic phi nh hn mt gi tr no tu thuc
nhit khng kh trong phng (tham kho bng 2-2). V vy phi tnh ton v la chn
ming thi gi sao cho m bo yu cu nu trn.
Trn y l hnh dng ca lung i vi ming thi trn, trn khng c cnh. Thc t
hnh dng ca lung u ra ming thi ph thuc rt nhiu vo kt cu ming thi. Cc
ming thi trn thng c cc cnh iu chnh hng gi. Lung khng kh qua cc
ming thi thc t s khc nhiu.
Ngoi ming thi trn ra ngi ta cn s dng ph bin cc loi ming thi vung, ch
nht, ming thi dt, ming thi hnh dng khc na vi rt nhiu loi cnh hng khc
nhau. V vy rt kh xc nh chnh xc cc thng s ca lung trong nhng trng hp
ny.
Ngi ta nhn thy, cu trc lung ra khi cc ming thi vung, ch nht trong on
u tuy c khc ming thi trn, nhng cng ra xa, cng bin dng tr v thnh lung
i xng ging lung t ming thi trn. V vy c th p dng cc cng thc tnh ton
ming thi trn cho cc trng hp ny.
Lung khng kh t mt ming thi dt
Ming thi dt l ming thi c tit din ch nht aoxbo trong c mt cnh ln hn
cnh kia kh nhiu (ao/bo > 5)
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i vi ming thi dt ngi ta nhn thy tit din lung ch pht trin v pha cnh ln
ca ming thi, cn pha cnh cn li vic m rng tit din lung l khng ng k, c
th b qua. iu ny c th gii thch nh sau, lung khng kh ra khi ming thi dt
c dng ch nht ging tit din ming thi, do pha cnh ln tip xc nhiu vi khng
kh trong phng nn c nhiu phn t xung quanh khuych tn vo lung theo hng
ny v vy lung nhanh chng m rng theo hng . Ngc li, pha cnh nh din
tip xc vi khng kh xung quanh b nn s lng phn t khng kh khuych tn vo
lung khng ng k. V vy tit din lung hu nh khng tng.

Hnh 8.2. Lung khng kh u ra mt ming thi dt

Tnh ton cc thng s lung t ming thi trn v dt
Trong iu ha khng kh tc ti vng lm vic vL l mt thng s quan trng : Tc
khng c ln qu do yu cu ca iu kin v sinh v yu cu cng nghip. Tc
b qu th trao i nhit m km. Tc trong vng lm vic ph thuc vo nhit
khng kh thng kh b t 0,25 ?1,0 m/s tu thuc vo nhit phng (bng 2-2).
Cc thng s kch thc ca lung c ngi ta xc nh nh sau:
Chiu di on u x d
- i vi lung khng kh t ming thi trn:

(8-3)
- i vi lung khng kh t ming thi dt :

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(8-4)
- L gc mp khuych tn ca on u:=14o30' vi ming thi trn v =12o40' vi
ming thi dt.
do, bo - ng knh ca ming thi trn v chiu nh ca ming thi dt, mm
Phn b tc ti trc ca lung vng chnh
Trong trng hp tng qut c th xc nh tc cc i ca khng kh vmax, x ti v
tr trn trc ca lung, cch ming thi mt khong x theo cng thc sau:
- i vi lung khng kh t ming thi trn:

(8-5)
- i vi lung khng kh t ming thi dt :

(8-6)
m - L hng s ph thuc vo kch thc v loi ming thi: Chng hn ming thi trn
tp u m = 6,8, trn c loa khuych tn m = 1,35, ming thi dt m = 2,5.

x ta khng th nguyn : ming thi trn

, v

ming thi dt

Nh vy khi chn ming thi chng ta phi cn c vo tr s m c c lung kh

thi c tm vi xa hoc gn.
Mun lung khng kh i xa cn chn ming thi c tr s m ln, tc lung suy gim
chm. Khi cn hi cn lung suy gim nhanh th chn loi ming thi c tr s m nh.

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Cc loi ming thi dt c tr s m ln, ming thi c loa khuych tn th tr s m nh

hn. V vy trong cc x nghip cng nghip khi khng gian iu ha rng, tc cho
php ln c th chn ming thi dt, cn trong cc phng lm vic, phng khng gian
thng hp, trn thp, tc cho php nh th nn chn ming thi kiu khuych tn
hoc c cc cnh hng.
i vi lung khng kh khng ng nhit, nhit ti tm lung cng thay i theo v
c tnh theo cng thc sau:
- i vi lung khng kh t ming thi trn:

(8-7)
- i vi lung khng kh t ming thi dt :

(8-8)
trong :
max, x = tx - tf
O = to - tf
vi:
tf - Nhit khng kh trong phng, oC
to - Nhit khng kh u ra ming thi, oC
tx - Nhit trc lung ti tit din x, oC
Tr s n ca mi loi ming thi c khc nhau v c ly theo kinh nghim hoc c
cc nh. Di y l cc tr s n ca mt vi kiu ming thi ca Lin x (c).
- Ming thi tp u 30o: n = 4,8;
- Ming thi trn co loe khuych tn: n = 1,1;

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- Ming thi hnh dt: n = 1,8 ? 2,0.

Cng cn ch rng tr s n cho trn y khng th s dng tnh ton cho tt c
cc loi ming thi v ph thuc rt nhiu yu t k thut, cng ngh ch to, vt liu,
quy cch k thut khc. Trn thc t cn tin hnh thc nghim mi xc nh chnh xc.
Phn b tc trung bnh ca lung vng chnh:
Ta c th xc nh tc ti tm v tc trung bnh ti mt tit din x cch ming thi
mt khong x theo cc biu thc sau:
- i vi lung khng kh t ming thi trn:

(8-9)

(8-10)
- i vi lung khng kh t ming thi dt :

(8-11)

(8-12)
trong - gc mp khuych tn ca lung on chnh.
Ch rng cc nhng h s trong cc cng thc trn ch ng i vi dng khng kh
ng nhit tc l dng khng kh c nhit khng i v bng nhit trong phng.
Trong trng hp dng khng kh

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Cu trc ca dng khng kh gn ming ht.

Tc trung bnh ca khng kh trong lung c xc nh theo cng thc sau:

(8-13)
trong :
Vx - Lu lng khng kh trong lung, m3/s;
Fx - Tit din lung ti khong x cch ming thi hoc ming ht, m.
Khc vi lung khng kh trc cc ming thi, lung khng kh trc cc ming ht
c 2 c im khc c bn sau y:
- Lung khng kh trc ming thi c gc mp khuych tn nh, lung khng kh trc
cc ming ht chim ton b khng gian pha trc ming ht ngha l ln hn nhiu.
- Lu lng khng kh trong lung trc ming thi tng dn do chuyn ng khuych
tn ca khng kh bn ngoi vo, cn lung khng kh trc cc ming ht c lu lng
khng i.

Hnh 8.3. Lung khng kh trc ming ht

Do 2 c im trn nn theo cng thc (8-13) ta c th d dng nhn thy khi i ra xa
cch ming ht mt khong cch no tc lung trc ming ht gim mt cch
nhanh chng. Nn c th ni lung khng kh trc ming ht trit tiu rt nhanh, hay
ni cch khc l khng kh ch lun chuyn ti mt khu vc nh gn ming ht.
Tc trn trc ca lung khng kh trc ming ht xc nh theo cng thc sau:

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(8-14)
vo - Tc khng kh ti u vo ming ht, m/s;
do - ng knh ca ming ht, m;
x - Khong cch t ming ht ti im xc nh, m;
KH - H s ph thuc dng ming ht v cho bng (8-1).
T bng gi tr kH ta nhn thy tc khng kh ti tm lung trc ming ht gim
rt nhanh khi tng khong cch x. V d i vi ming thi trn, kh b tr nh ln khi
tng (gc khuych tn 2 > 180o ) khi x=do th vmax,x = 0,06.vo tc l tc khng
kh ti tm lung ch cn 6% tc ngay ming ht, trong khi khong cch bng do l
rt nh, trn thc t cha n 0,5m.
Vi cc kt qu trn ta c th rt ra kt lun sau :
- Ming ht ch gy xo ng khng kh ti mt vng rt nh trc n v do hu nh
khng nh hng ti s lun chuyn khng kh trong phng. V tr ming ht khng
nh hng ti vic lun chuyn khng kh. Do c th b tr ming ht nhng v
tr bt k, ngay bn cnh ming thi cng khng nh hng n lung khng kh i ra
ming thi.
- Do lung khng kh trc cc ming ht rt nh nn ht thi gi trong phng c
u cn b tr cc ming ht ri khp khng gian phng, ng thi to ra s xo trn
mnh khng kh trong phng nh qut hoc lung gi cp.
Bng 8.1. H s k H ca cc ming ht cc v tr lp t khc nhau
V tr v cch thc lp t

Hnh dng

Loi ming ht
Trn, vung

Dt

- Lp nh ln caoGc khuych tn 2 > 180o, mp c cnh

0,06 0,12

- Lp st tng, trnGc khuych tn 2 = 180o

0,12 0,24

- Lp gc Gc khuych tn 2 = 90o

0,24 0,48

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Lung khng kh i lu t nhin.

Khi nghin cu lung khng kh i lu t nhin ngi ta nhn thy cu trc ca lung
tng t nh lung khng kh trc cc ming thi.

Hnh 8.4. Lung khng kh i lu t nhin

Xt trng hp mt tm trn ta nhit t trn mt sn , khng kh trn b mt s c
t nng v bc ln.
- Tc trung bnh ti tit din cch b mt mt khong x

(8-15)
- Tc cc i ti tm lung :

(8-16)
dt - ng knh tng ng ca b mt nng :

, m;

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F - Din tch b mt t nng, m2;

Q - Cng sut nhit b mt, kCal/h.
NH HNG CA CC NHN T N KT CU LUNG KHNG KH.
Lung khng kh thc t trong phng chu nh hng ca nhiu nhn t nh nhit
lung, trn, vch phng v nh hng qua li gia cc lung khng kh trong phng nn
cu to lung v tc khng kh trong phng c nhiu thay i.
Lung khng kh khng ng nhit.
Cc cng thc xc nh di xd v cc tc trn ch xt trong iu kin dng khng
kh ng nhit, tc l c nhit bng nhau v bng nhit khng kh trong phng.
Trong thc t nhit ca dng khng kh thi vo bao gi cng khc nhit khng
kh trong phng. V ma H khi iu ho khng kh th nhit dng b hn v v ma
ng khi si th nhit khng kh trong lung cao hn.
Trn hnh 8.5. minh ha hnh dng lung khng kh c nhit ln hn nhit phng,
sau khi thi vo phng. Lung b chm xung, tm lung b un cong v pha di.
Profil tc v nhit lung c dng tng t lung ng nhit. Quan h gia cc to
tm lung c xc nh theo cng thc thc nghim Kostel [1]:

(8-17)
x,y - To tm lung tnh t tm ming thi, m;
- Gc to bi trc nm ngang v ng trc lung ti tit din ang kho st;
Ao - Tit din nh nht ca lung, m2 ;
K - Hng s;
i vi lung khng kh pht trin hon ton th K = 0,065.
Ar - Tiu chun Acsimet :

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(8-18)
g - Gia tc trng trng, ft/s2;
To - chnh nhit gia khng kh i ra ming thi v khng kh trong phng, oF;
Tf - Nhit tuyt i ca khng kh xung quanh; oR
vo - Tc trung bnh ti tit din co tht, fpm.

Hnh 8.5. Cu trc lung khng ng nhit

Quan h gia tc v cc nhit c th xc nh theo cng thc sau:

(8-19)
tf , tmax, x, to - L nhit trong phng, nhit tm lung ti v tr kho st v nhit
khng kh ti ming thi.
vmax,x, vo - Tc khng kh ti tm trc v tr kho st v ti tit din co tht.
nh hng ca trn v vch .
Khi lung khng kh c thi ra ming thi dc theo trn hoc vch th hnh dng c
nhiu thay i do tc ng ca trn v vch.
Giai on u khi dng mi thot ra khi ming thi, dng khng kh pht trin bnh
thng v m rng v 2 pha ging nh trong khng gian v hn.

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Sau khi i mt khong cch no , lung chm trn. Lc ny pha trn ca lung khng
c chuyn ng khuych tn nn tc lung hu nh khng i v duy tr tc
cao, trong khi pha di lung khng kh vn khuych tn vo lung v lm gim tc
khng kh trong lung. Kt qu phn b tc trong lung thay i, tc khng
kh pha trn lung cao hn pha di. Theo nh lut Becnuli p sut tnh pha di ca
lung ln hn pha trn v xut hin lc nng nng ton b lung ln st trn. Lung
khng kh lc ny chuyn ng la la st trn v i xa hn bnh thng. Do n i c
mt qung kh xa, trong trng hp ny tc lung pha cui st tng i din
kh ln, nu nh tng i din gn. Tuy nhin, khi thit k h thng cp gi ngi ta
ch quan tm n tc ca khng kh trong vng lm vic (vng t sn n cao
1800mm) v vng cch xa tng 300mm, vng gi l vng u tin. Trong trng
hp ny khong cch phun ln nht c th chp nhn l L+H.
V vy lung i c xa hn v xm phm t vo vng lm vic, nh vy c th chn
tc thi cao.

Hnh 8.6. Anh hng ca trn n cu trc lung khng kh

nh hng qua li gia 2 lung thi ngc chiu nhau
Khi hai lung thi ngc nhau th tc khng kh ti im va p 2 dng s i hng
ging nh vp mt bc tng thng ng v 2 lung nhp vo nhau v i xung pha
di phng. Trong trng hp ny cn lu khong cch phun T25 phi nh hn L+D
cho mi lung phun. Trng hp hp khong cch phun T25 ca mi lung ln hn
L+D th tc ti vng lm vic ti im giao nhau ca 2 lung ln hn 0,25 m/s khng
t yu cu v v sinh.
khc phc c th gim tc gi ra ming thi hoc b tr cc ming thi so le nhau,
khng nn trc din.

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Hnh 8.7. Anh hng ca hai lung khng kh i din nhau

nh hng qua li gia 2 lung t cnh nhau.
Khi 2 lung khng kh t cnh nhau vi mt khong cch D, sau khi ra khi ming thi
mt khong no 2 lung ny s giao vi nhau ti im A v hp thnh 01 lung duy
nht. Trc khong cch A, cc lung vn pht trin c lp mt cch bnh thng. Bt
u t A tr i c 2 lung nhp li thnh mt lung duy nht v trc ca lung mi l
trc i qua im A.

Hnh 8.8. Anh hng ca hai lung khng kh cnh nhau

MING THI V MING HT KHNG KH
Khi nim v phn loi
Ming thi v ming ht c rt nhiu dng khc nhau.
Theo hnh dng
- Ming thi trn;

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- Ming thi ch nht, vung;

- Ming thi dt.
Theo cch phn phi gi
- Ming thi khuych tn;
- Ming thi c cnh iu chnh n v i;
- Ming thi kiu l sch;
- Ming thi kiu chn ma;
- Ming thi c cnh c nh;
- Ming thi c l;
- Ming thi kiu li.
Theo v tr lp t
- Ming thi gn trn;
- Ming thi gn tng;
- Ming thi t nn, sn.
Theo vt liu
- Ming thi bng thp;
- Ming thi nhm c;
- Ming thi nha.
Yu cu ca ming thi v ming ht
- C kt cu p, hi ho vi trang tr ni tht cng trnh , d dng lp t v tho d
- Cu to chc chn, khng gy ting n.
- m bo phn phi gi u trong khng gian iu ho v tc trong vng lm vic
khng vt qu mc cho php.

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- Tr lc cc b nh nht.
- C van diu chnh cho php d dng iu chnh lu lng gi. Trong mt s trng
hp ming thi c th iu chnh c hng gi ti cc v tr cn thit trong phng.
- Kch thc nh gn v nh nhng, c lm t cc vt liu m bo bn p v khng
r
- Kt cu d v sinh lau chi khi cn thit.
Cc loi ming thi thng dng
Ming thi kiu khuych tn gn trn (ceiling diffuser)
Ming thi kiu khuych tn thng c s dng lp trn trn gi ca cc cng
trnh. y l loi ming thi c s dng ph bin nht v n gin v bn mt p,
rt ph hp vi cc loi mt bng trn. Dng khng kh khi i qua ming thi s c
khuych tn rng ra theo nhiu hng khc nhau nn tc khng kh ti vng lm vic
nhanh chng gim xung v lung khng kh phn b ng u trong ton b khng
gian. Nh vy ming thi kiu khuych tn thng c s dng nhiu trong cc cng
s, phng lm vic, phng ng khi m cao laphng kh thp. Thng thng cao
ca trn khong t 2800?3600mm, do khong khng t do dng khng kh chuyn
ng v khuych tn trc khi i vo vng lm vic kh ngn, cha n 2000mm, v
vy i hi s dng ming thi c kh nng khuych tn rng.

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219/419

Hnh 8.9. Ming thi kiu khuych tn gn trn (Ceiling diffuser)

Trn hnh 8.9 l cu to ca ming thi kiu khuych tn. Cc b phn chnh gm phn
v v phn cnh. Cc cnh nghing mt gc t 30, 45 v 60o, nhng ph bin nht l
loi nghing 45o. B phn cnh c th tho ri v sinh cng nh thun tin khi lp
ming thi.
V cu to b mt, ming thi khuych tn thng c 2 loi: ming thi trn v ming
thi vung hoc ch nht. Ming thi vung thng c s dung do d ch to v ph
hp vi cu trc v mt bng trn.
Ming thi khuych tn thng c dng hnh vung, ch nht hoc trn. La chn kiu
no l tu thuc vo cng trnh c th v s thch ca khch hng. Vi hnh dng nh
vy nn chng rt d lp t ln trn. C th phi kt hp vi cc b n hnh th khc
nhau to nn mt mt bng trn p. C th tham kho cc c tnh k thut ca ming
thi khuych tn ACD ca hng HT Air Grilles trn bng 8-2.

Hnh 8.10
Ming thi khuych tn c th c 1, 2, 3 hoc 4 hng khuych tn (hnh 8.11), ngi
thit k c th d dng chn loi tu b tr ti cc v tr khc nhau. V d khi lp t

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 gia phng chn loi a, tng chn loi b, gc phng th chn loi c, cui hnh
lang th chn loi d.

Hnh 8.11. Cc loi ming thi khuych tn

a) Thi 4 hng; b) Thi 3 hng; c) Thi 2 hng; d) Thi 1 hng
Vt liu
- Cnh thng lm t nhm nh hnh dy 1,2 mm hoc tn.
- Khung l nhm nh hnh dy 1,5mm hoc tn.
- Sn tnh in theo mu khch hng.
Ming thi c cnh chnh n v i (Single and double Deflection Register)
Trn hnh 8.12 l ming thi cnh chnh n v cnh chnh i.
c im s dng
- Thng s dng lm ming ht. C th lm ming thi khi cn lu lng ln.
- c lp trn trn, tng hoc trn ng gi
- Khi lm ming ht cn lp thm phin lc.
- Cc cnh c th iu chnh gc nghing tu theo yu cu s dng.
- Tu theo v tr lp t m chn loi cnh n hay cnh i cho ph hp
Vt liu v mu sc
- Cnh lm t nhm nh hnh dy t 1 n 1,5mm hoc tn.
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- Khung l t nhm nh hnh dy 1,5mm hoc 2,0mm hoc tn

- Sn tnh in mu trng hoc mu khc theo yu cu khch hng.
C th tham kho cc c tnh k thut ca ming thi c cnh chnh i ARS ca hng
HT Air Grilles trn bng 8.2.

a) Ming gi c cnh chnh n b) Ming gi c cnh chnh i

Hnh 8.12. Ming gi c cnh chnh
Ming thi di khuych tn
Ming thi di kiu khuych tn lm t vt liu nhm nh hnh. C kch thc tng
ng cc hp n trn nn c kh nng to ra mt bng trn hi ho , p. Cc cnh
hng cho php d dng iu chnh gi ti cc hng cn thit trong khong 0 n 180o.
Ming thi c t 1 n 8 khe thi gi. Kch thc chun ca cc khe l 20 v 25 mm.
Cc cnh hng gi cn ng vai tr l van chn, khi cn thit c th chn hon ton
mt ming thi hay mt khe bt k. C th d dng iu chnh cnh hng ngay c khi
ming thi c lp t, ph hp vi tt c cc loi trn.
C th tham kho cc c tnh k thut ca ming thi di khuych tn ALD ca hng
HT Air Grilles trn bng 8.3.

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a) Ming thi c 1 khe gi b) Ming thi c 2 khe gi

Hnh 8.13. Ming thi di kiu khuych tn
Ming gi di kiu l sch (Linear Bar Grille)
Ming thi di kiu l sch c thit k t nhm nh hnh c kh nng chng n mn
cao. B mt c ph lp men chng try xc. Ming thi di kiu l sch c s
dng rt ph bin cho h thng lnh, si v thng gi. N c thit k cung cp
lu lng gi ln nhng vn m bao n v tn tht p sut c th chp nhn c.
Ming thi di kiu l sch c thit k ch yu lp t trn cc tng cao. C th s
dng lm ming ht hay ming thi. nghing ca cnh t 0o n 15o.
Khong cch chun gia cc tm cnh l 12mm. T pha trc ming thi c th iu
chnh m ca van iu chnh pha sau nh inh vt t gc.

Hnh 8.14 : Cu to ming gi di kiu l sch

Ming gi kiu l sch cnh c nh (Fixed louvre Grille ) - AFL
Ming gi kiu l sch cnh c nh AFL c th s dng gn tng hay trn. N c
thit k thng lm ming hi gi v ht x , c lu lng gi ln, nhng tr lc

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v n b. C th s dng lm tm ngn cch gia cc phng m vn m bo thng

thong.
Cc cnh ming gi nghing 45o v cch khong 18mm t vt liu nhm nh hnh c
dy t 1,0mm n 1,5mm.
Khung lm bng nhm nh hnh hoc tn dy 1,5mm. Ton b c sn tnh in mu
trng hay theo yu cu ca khch hng.

Hnh 8.15. Cu to ming gi kiu l sch cnh c nh

Ming gi l sch kiu chn ma cnh n
* c im s dng:
- Ming gi l sch cnh n c 2 loi : Loi cnh 1 lp v cnh 2 lp (hnh 8.16.).
- c s dng lm ming thi gi , ming ht hoc tm ngn gia phng v ngoi tri.
c gn ln tng bo v cho ni s dung khng b nh hng bi thi tit bn ngoi.
Ming gi c th gn thm li chn cn trng.
- Cc cnh c nghing 45o v c c nh.
* Vt liu lm cnh
- Cnh c lm t nhm nh hnh hoc tn dy 2mm. Khung lm bng nhm nh
hnh dy 2?3mm hoc tn.
- Ton b c sn tnh in mu trng hoc theo yu cu ca khch hng.

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a) Cnh n 1 lp b) Cnh n 2 lp
Hnh 8.16. Ming gi l sch kiu chn ma cnh n
Ming gi l sch cnh i
* c im s dng:
- Ming gi l sch cnh i c 2 loi : Loi cnh i 1 lp v cnh i 2 lp (hnh
8.23).
- c s dng lm tm ngn trn tng, hoc ca ra vo ti v tr ngn cc gia cc
ni s dng. C tc dng ngn cch nh snh lt vo ni s dng m vn m bo thng
thong.
* Vt liu lm cnh
- Cnh c lm t nhm nh hnh hoc tn dy 1mm. Khung lm bng nhm nh
hnh dy 1,5?2mm hoc tn.
- Ton b c sn tnh in mu trng hoc theo yu cu ca khch hng.

a) Cnh i 1 lp b) Cnh i 2 lp

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Hnh 8.17. Ming gi l sch cnh i

Tnh chn ming thi
Chn loi ming thi
chn loi ming thi thch hp nht ta cn c vo :
- Cc ch tiu k thut, c tnh ca tng loi ming thi do cc nh sn xut cung cp.
- c im v kt cu v kin trc cng trnh, trang tr ni tht.
- Yu cu ca khch hng.
Tnh chn ming thi
Cn c vo c im cng trnh , mt bng trn, b tr s b chn s lng ming
thi N.
Tnh lu lng trung bnh cho mt ming thi

, m3/s (8-20)
trong
V - Lu lng gi yu cu trong khng gian iu ho, m3/s;
N - S lng ming thi;
VMT - Lu lng gi ca mt ming thi , m3/s.
Cn cu vo lu lng v qung ng i t ming thi n vng lm vic tin hnh
tnh ton kch thc ming thi hoc chn ming thi thch hp sao cho m bo tc
trong vng lm vic t yu cu.
- Tc khng kh u ra vo cc ming thi c tnh ton da vo cng thc (8.9) v
(8.11), trong vx ly theo tc cho php ti vng lm vic (bng 2.2) v x l khong
cch t ming thi n vng lm vic.
Vi ming thi trn

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(8-21)
Vi ming thi dt

(8-22)
- Din tch tit din ming thi:

(8-23)
Vic tnh ton theo cc cng thc trn gp kh khn do khng bit trc gc khuych
tn ca tt c cc loi ming thi. V vy thc t ngi ta cn c vo qung ng T
t v tr ming thi n im m tc gi ti tm t 0,25m/s. Cc s liu ny thng
c dn ra trong cc ti liu ca cc ming thi.
Cn c vo qung ng T v lu lng gi ta c th chn loi ming thi thch hp.
V d: Tnh chn ming gi cho phng iu ho vi cc thng s nh sau: lu lng gi
yu cu cho L = 0,8 m3/s; qung ng i t ming thi n vng lm vic l 3,5m.
- Chn kiu ming thi khuych tn lp trn.
- Chn s ming thi n = 8 ming.
- Lu lng gi qua 01 ming thi.
VMT = 0,8 /8 = 0,1 m3/s = 100 Lt/s
- Cn c vo VMT = 100 Lit/s v T = 3,5m ta chn loi ming thi ACD 150 x 150. Tc
gi ti khi vo vng lm vic T = 0,25 m/s
- Kch thc c ming thi 150 x 150
- Kch thc ca ra ming thi : 240 x 240
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- Din tch ca ra : F = 0,24 x 0,24 = 0,0576 m2

- Tc u ra ming thi : o = 0,1 / 0,0576 = 1,74 m/s
***
Bng 8.2. Thng s hot ng ming thi khuych tn gn trn - ACD (Air Ceiling
Diffuser)- hng HT Air Grilles (Singapore)

SP - p sut tnh
NC - n
T25 - Qung ng i t tc 0,25 m/s
Bng 8.3. Thng s hot ng ming thi cnh chnh i - ASR (Air supply Register) hng HT Air Grilles (Singapore)

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Bng 8.4. Thng c tnh k thut ming thi di kiu khuych tn ALD (Supply Air
Linear Diffuser) - HT (Singapore)

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SP (Stactic Pressure, Pa) - p sut tnh

NC (dB) - n
T (m) - Qung ng t ming thi n v tr tc tm lung t 0,25 m/s
Bng 8.5. Thng s hot ng ming di kiu l sch - ABL (Air Bar Linear Grille) hng HT Air Grilles (Singapore)

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Bng 8.6. Thng s hot ng ming ht l sch - AFL (Air fixed Louvres) - hng HT
Air Grilles (Singapore)

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232/419

H thng vn chuyn khng kh

H THNG VN CHUYN KHNG KH
H thng phn phi v vn chuyn khng kh bao gm cc b phn chnh sau:
- H thng ng ng gi: Cp gi, hi gi, kh ti, thng gi;
- Cc thit b ng ng gi: Van iu chnh, t, ct, chc, vv...;
- Qut cp v hi gi.
Chc nng v nhim v ca h thng vn chuyn khng kh l cng c v phng tin
truyn dn khng kh qua x l cp cho cc h tiu th, khng kh ti, khng kh
tun hon v khng kh thng gi. V l do m h thng vn chuyn khng kh phi
m bo bn p, trnh cc tn tht nhit , m trong qu trnh vn chuyn, m bo phn
phi kh u n cc h tiu th vv...
H THNG NG NG GI
Trong h thng iu ho khng kh h thng ng ng gi c chc nng dn v phn
gi ti cc ni khc nhau tu theo yu cu.
Phn loi v c im h thng ng ng gi
Phn loi
ng ng dn khng kh c chia lm nhiu loi da trn cc c s khc nhau:
Theo chc nng
Theo chc nng ngi ta chia h thng ng ng gi ra lm cc loi ch yu sau:
- ng ng cung cp khng kh (Supply Air Duct - SAD)
- ng ng hi gi (Return Air Duct - RAD)
- ng ng cp khng kh ti (Fresh Air Duct)
- ng ng thng gi (Ventilation Air Duct)
- ng ng thi gi (Exhaust Air Duct)

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Theo tc gi
Theo tc ngi ta chia ra loi tc cao v thp, c th nh sau:

Bng 9.1
Loi ng ng gi
H thng iu ha dn
dng

H thng iu ha cng
nghip

Cp gi

Hi gi

Cp gi

Hi gi

- Tc thp

< 12,7 m/s

< 10,2
m/s

< 12,7 m/s

- Tc cao

> 12,7 m/s

12,7 25,4m/s

< 12,7
m/s

Theo p sut
Theo p sut d ca dng khng kh trong ng ng ngi ta chia ra lm 3 loi: ng
ng c p sut thp, trung bnh v cao nh sau:
- p sut thp : 95 mmH2O
- p sut trung bnh : 95 ? 172 mmH2O
- p sut cao : 172 ? 310 mmH2O
Theo kt cu v v tr lp t
- ng ng gi treo
- ng ng gi ngm
Theo hnh dng tit din ng ng
- ng ng ch nht, hnh vung;
- ng ng trn;
- ng ng van.
Theo vt liu ch to ng ng
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- ng ng tn trng km;
- ng ng inox;
- ng ng nha PVC;
- ng ng polyurethan (foam PU).
Di y chng ta nghin cu c im v cu to ca hai loi ng ng thng hay
s dng trn thc t la: ng ng ngm v ng ng treo.
H thng ng ng gi ngm
ng ng gi ngm c xy dng bng gch hoc b tng v i ngm di t.
ng ng gi ngm thng kt hp dn gi v lp t cc h thng ng nc, in,
in thoi i km nn gn gng v tit kim chi ph ni chung. Tuy nhin chnh cc
hng mc i km trong ng ng gi cng gy ra nhng rc ri nht nh nh vn
v sinh, tun hon gi vv. . .
ng ng gi ngm c s dng khi khng gian lp t khng c hoc vic lp t
cc h thng ng ng gi treo khng thun li, chi ph cao v tun hon gi trong
phng khng tt. Mt trong nhng trng hp ngi ta hay s dng ng ng gi
ngm l h thng iu ho trung tm cho cc rp chiu bng, hi trng vv. . .
ng ng gi ngm thng s dng lm ng ng gi hi, rt t khi s dng lm
ng ng gi cp do s nh hng cht lng gi sau khi x l do m mc trong
ng ng, c bit l ng ng gi c hot ng lu ngy. Khi xy dng cn phi
x l chng thm ng ng gi tht tt.
ng ng thng c tit din ch nht v c xy dng sn khi xy dng cng trnh.
V vy c th ni ng ng gi ngm rt kh m bo phn phi gi u v tit din
ng ng thng c xy u nhau t u n cui.
H thng ng ng gi ngm thng c s dng trong cc nh my dt, rp chiu
bng.
Trong nh my dt, cc ng ng gi ngm ny c kh nng thu gom cc si bng ri
vi trnh phn tn trong khng kh nh hng n cng nhn vn hnh v my mc thit
b trong nh xng. V vy trong cc nh my dt, nh my ch bin g thu gom bi
ngi ta thng hay s dng h thng ng ng gi kiu ngm.
Ni chung ng ng gi ngm i hi chi ph ln, kh xy dng v c nhiu nhc
im. N ch c s dng trong trng hp bt kh khng hoc vi mc ch thu gom
bi.
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H thng ng kiu treo.

H thng ng ng treo l h thng ng ng c treo trn cc gi t trn cao.
Do yu cu i vi ng ng gi treo tng i nghim ngt:
- Kt cu gn, nhe;
- Bn v chc chn;
- Dn gi hiu qu, thi cng nhanh chng;
- D ch to v gi thnh thp.
ng ng gi treo c th ch to t nhiu loi vt liu khc nhau, tit din ng ng
cng c hnh dng rt khc nhau. ng ng gi treo cho php d dng iu chnh tit
din m bo phn phi gi u trn ton tuyn ng ng.
V vy ng ng gi treo c s dng rt ph bin trn thc t (hnh 9.1).

1- Trn b tng 5- Thanh st

2- Thanh treo 6- Bng thu tinh cch nhit
3- on ren 7- ng gi
4- Bu lng + ai c 8- Vt n

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Hnh 9.1: Treo ng ng gi

Vt liu s dng
Vt liu ch to ng ng gi thng l tole trng km, inox, nha tng hp, foam
nh hnh.
Trn thc t s dng ph bin nht l tn trng km c b dy trong khong t 0,5 ?
1,2mm theo tiu chun qui nh ph thuc vo kch thc ng ng. Trong mt s
trng hp do mi trng c n mn cao c th s dng cht do hay inox. Hin nay
ngi ta c s dng foam lm ng ng: u im nh , nhng gia cng v ch to
kh, do c im kch thc khng tiu chun ca ng ng trn thc t.
Khi ch to v lp t ng gi treo cn tun th cc qui nh v ch to v lp t.
Hin nay Vit nam cha c cc qui nh c th v chi tit v thit k ch to ng
ng. Tuy nhin chng ta c th tham kho cc qui nh cc ti liu nc ngoi nh
DW142, SMACNA. Bng 9.2 trnh by mt s qui cch v ch to v lp t ng ng
gi.
Bng 9.2. Cc qui nh v gia cng v lp t ng gi
Cnh ln ca ng gi, mm

Thanh st treo, mm

Thanh , mm

dy tn, mm
p sut thp, trung bnh

p sut cao

Khu gi , mm

400600800100012501600200025003000 ?6?8?8?8?10?10?0?12?12 25x25x325x25x330x30x330x

Hnh dng tit din
Hnh dng ng ng gi rt a dng: Ch nht, trn, vung v van. Tuy nhin, ng
ng gi c tit din hnh ch nht c s dng ph bin hn c v n ph hp vi kt
cu nh, d treo , ch to, d bc cch nhit v c bit cc chi tit ph nh ct, xuyt,
chc 3, chc 4 vv . . . d ch to hn cc kiu tit din khc.

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a- Ch nht; b- Tit din vung; c- Tit din trn; c- Tit din van
Hnh 9.2. Cc loi tit din ng ng
Cch nhit
trnh tn tht nhit, ng ng thng bc mt lp cch nhit bng bng thy tinh,
hay stirofor, bn ngoi bc lp giy bc chng chy v phn x nhit. trnh chut
lm hng ngi ta c th bc thm lp li st mng.
Bng 9.3. Qui nh v bc cch nhit
Loi ng ng Cp gi Hi gi Kh ti Thng gi
Bc cch nhit

Khng

Khng

Hin nay ngi ta thng s dng bng thu tinh chuyn dng bc cch nhit cc
ng ng gi, bng thu tinh c lp ln ng ng nh cc inh m c gn ln
ng ng bng cc cht keo, sau khi xuyn lp bng qua cc inh chng ngi ta lng
cc mnh kim loi trng ging nh cc ng xu vo bn ngoi kp chp bng v b gp
cc chng inh li.
Cn lu s dng s lng cch chng inh mt cch hp l , khi s lng qu nhiu
s to cu nhit khng tt, nhng nu qu t th bng s c gi khng cht. Mt
inh gn khong 01 inh trn 0,06m2 b mt ng gi.

1- inh chng; 2- Lp bng thu tinh cch nhit

Hnh 9.3. Cch gn lp cch nhit
Khi ng ng i ngoi tri ngi ta bc thm lp tn ngoi cng bo v ma nng

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Cn lu cc loi ng ng gi no th cn bc cch nhit v dy tng ng bao

nhiu. Cc ng ng bc cch nhit bao gm: ng cp gi v ng hi gi. Cc
ng ng cp gi ti, ht x v thng gi khng cn bc cch nhit.
ng hi gi i trong khng gian iu ha khng cn bc cch nhit. Ring ng ng
cp gi i trong khng gian iu ho c th bc hoc khng tu thuc nhit v tm
quan trng ca phng. Khi khng bc cch nhit trn b mt ng ng kh mi vn
hnh c th ng sng, do nhit trong phng cn cao, sau mt thi gian khi nhit
phng gim th khng xy ra ng sng na.
Chiu dy lp bng th tinh cch nhit ph thuc kch thc ng ng v tnh nng
ca ng ng. Ni chung ng ng cp gi cn bc bng thu tinh dy hn ng
hi gi. ng ng cng ln, bc cch nhit cng dy. Chiu dy lp bng cch nhit
nm trong khong 20?75mm.
Ghp ni ng ng
tin cho vic lp rp, ch to, vn chuyn ng ng c gia cng tng on ngn
theo kch c ca cc tm tn. Vic lp rp thc hin bng bch hoc bng cc np tn.
Bch c th l nhm c, st V hoc bch tn. Trc kia ngi ta thng s dng cc
thanh st V lm bch ng ng gi. u im ca bch ni kiu ny l rt chc chn,
ghp ni d dng, tuy nhin vic gn kt cc thanh st V vo ng ng gi kh khn
v kh t ng ho, nn ch yu ch to bng th cng. i vi cng trnh ln, vic lm
bch V s rt chm chp, kh t c tin yu cu.

1- Bch st V; 2- inh tn; 3- Gn gia cng; 4- ng gi

Hnh 9.4. Chi tit bch ni ng ng
ch to hng lot bng my, hin nay ngi ta thng s dng bch tn. Bch tn c
nhiu kiu gn kt khc nhau cho hnh 9-5 di y.

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Hnh 9.5. Cc kiu lp ghp ng ng

Treo
Vic treo ng ng ty thuc vo kt cu cng trnh c th: Treo tng, trn nh, x
nh .
- Khi ni ng ng gi vi thit b chuyn ng nh qut, ng c th cn phi ni qua
ng ni mm kh chn ng theo ng ng gi.
- Khi kch thc ng ln cn lm gn gia cng trn b mt ng gi.
- ng ng sau khi gia cng v lp rp xong cn lm kn bng silicon.
Cc c s l thuyt tnh ton thit k h thng ng ng gi
Nhim v ca ngi thit k h thng ng ng gi l phi m bo cc yu cu c
bn sau:
- t gy n;
- Tn tht nhit nh;
- Tr lc ng ng b;
- ng ng gn, p v khng lm nh hng m quan cng trnh;
- Chi ph u t v vn hnh thp;
- Tin li cho ngi s dng;
- Phn phi gi cho cc h tiu th u.
Quan h gia lu lng gi cc ming thi v ct p tnh trong ng ng gi
Quan h gia lu lng v tc gi ra ming thi

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Nhim v ca ngi thit k h thng ng ng gi l phi m bo phn b lu lng

gi cho cc ming thi u nhau. Gi s tt c cc ming thi c kch c ging nhau,
lu lng gi ra cc ming thi bng nhau ta ch cn khng ch tc gi trung bnh
cc ming thi bng nhau l c.
Lu lng gi chuyn ng qua cc ming thi c xc nh theo cng thc:
Lx = fx.vx , m3/s (9-1)
Lx - Lu lng gi ra mt ming thi, m3/s;
fx - Tit din thot gi ca ming thi, m2;
vx - Tc trung bnh ca gi ra ming thi, m/s.
Quan h gia ct p tnh trn ng v vn tc khng kh ra cc ming thi .
Tc trung bnh vx u ra ming thi c tnh theo cng thc:
vx = gx/fx , m/s (9-2)
Thc ra do b nn p khi ra khi ming thi nn tit din b gim v nh hn tit din
thot gi thc.
Theo nh lut Becnuli p sut tha ca dng khng kh (cn gi l p sut tnh Ht)
chuyn thnh ct p ng ca dng khng kh chuyn ng ra ming thi:

(9-3)
px, l p sut tuyt i ca dng khng kh trong ng dn trc ming thi, N/m2;
po l p sut khng kh mi trng ni gi thi vo, N/m2;
H s thu hp dng ph thuc iu kin thi ra ca dng khng kh;
Ht - Ct p tnh ti tit din ni t ming thi , N/m2.
T rt ra:

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(9-4)
Theo (9-3) v (9-4) c th nhn thy m bo phn b gi cho cc ming thi u
nhau ngi thit k phi m bo p sut tnh dc theo ng ng khng i l c.
V vy thay v kho st tc ra ming thi vx (hay gx vtit din ca cc ming thi
u nhau) ta kho st phn b ct p tnh Ht dc theo ng ng xem xt vi iu
kin no phn b ct p tnh s ng u trn ton tuyn ng.
S phn b ct p tnh dc ng ng dn gi.
Xt mt ng ng gi, tc gi trung bnh v ct p tnh ca dng khng kh ti tit
din c ming thi u tin l 1 v H1 , ca ming thi th 2 l 2 v H2 vv... v ca
ming thi th n l n v Hn (hnh 9.5).
Tr khng thy lc tng ca ng ng l p
Theo nh lut Becnuli ta c:

(9-5)

Hnh 9.6. Phn b ct p tnh dc theo ng ng gi

Hay:
Hn = H1 + .

2 2
1

pi (9-6)

T suy ra:

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(9-7)
Thnh phn (21 - 2n)/2 gi l gim ct p ng.
Nh vy duy tr ct p tnh trn tuyn ng khng i H =0 ta phi thit k h thng
ng ng gi sao cho (21 - 2n)/2 - p = 0, tc l gim ct p ng bng tng tr
lc trn ng ng.
Ta c cc trng hp c th xy ra nh sau:
. Trng hp (21 - 2n)/2 = p ta c Hn = H1: Ct p thu tnh ming thi u
bng ming thi cui. iu xay ra khi gim ct p ng bng tng tn tht trn tuyn
ng.
y l trng hp l tng, tc v lu lng cc ming thi u tin v cui tuyn
ng s u nhau. Tuy nhin tt c cc ming thi c lu lng gi u nhau th phi
tho mn iu kin sau:

(9-8)
Tc l gim ct p ng t ming thi th nht n ming thi bt k ng bng tng
tr lc t ming thi th nht n ming thi . Hay ni cch khc, trong qu trnh
chuyn ng ca dng khng kh cn thit k ng ng sao cho gim ct p ng va
b tn tht p sut tng on ng.
T y chng ta c th suy ra c s thit k ng ng gi m bo phn b gi u
gia cc ming thi l gim dn tc gi dc theo chiu chuyn ng va gim
ct p ng gia cc ming thi bng tng tr lc trn on y.
. Trng hp ( 2 1 - 2 n )/2 > p hay H n > H 1
Gim ct p ng ln hn tng tn tht p lc trn tuyn ng.
Trong trng hp ny ta c ct p thy tnh pha cui tuyn ng ln hn pha trc, gi
s dn v cui tuyn ng.
Trng hp ny c th xy ra khi:

243/419

- Tc on u qu ln, nn p sut tnh bn trong ng rt nh trong khi tc on

cui nh. Trong mt s trng hp nu tc i ngang qua tit din ni lp cc ming
thi on u qu ln th cc ming thi u c th tr thnh ming ht lc to nn
hin tng ht kiu EJect. khc phc, cn gim tc on u, tng tc on
cui. V th khi lu lng dc theo ng ng gi gim th phi gim tit din tng
ng duy tr tc gi, trnh khng nn tc gim t ngt .
- ng ng ngn, t tr lc cc b nhng c nhiu ming thi hoc on r nhnh.
Trng hp ny tr lc p rt nh, nhng tc gim nhanh theo lu lng. khc
phc cn gim nhanh tit din on cui nhm khng ch tc ph hp.
iu ny c th gp trong trng hp v d di y. Trn mt on ng kh ngn, b
tr nhiu ming thi . Do lu lng thay i mt cch nhanh chng nn nu khng thay
L

i tit din ng ng th tc i = fi gim rt nhanh, kt qu ct p ng cng gim

nhanh. Tuy nhin do on ng rt ngn nn pi rt nh, c th b qua. V vy ta s c
H4 >> H1 . Gi s tp trung v cui tuyn ng (trng hp A).

Hnh 9.7.
khc phc cn tng tc on cui bng cch gim din tch fi ca ng ng.
Trong trng hp ny do pi 0, nn phi tng fi sao cho i 1 tc l:

(9-9)
Nhng do:

244/419

nn suy ra

. Trng hp ( 2 1 - 2 n )/2 < p hay H n < H 1

Gim ct p ng nh hn tng tn tht p lc trn tuyn ng.
Trong trng hp ny gi tp trung vo u tuyn ng.
Nguyn nhn gy ra c th l:
- Chn tc on u qu nh, nhng ng ng qu di v khc khuu. Trong trng
hp ny gi khng nng lng chuyn ng n cui ng ng v tp trung
cc ming thi u.
- Tn tht ng ng qu ln: ng ng qu di, c nhiu ch khc khuu, nn tn
tht p sut qu ln, gim ct p ng khng b tn tht p sut.
- Tit din ng ng c gim qu nhanh khng tng ng vi mc gim lu
lng nn tc dc theo tuyn ng gim t, khng gim thm ch cn tng. V th ct
p tnh u tuyn ng ln hn cui tuyn ng.
V vy khi thit k ng ng cn phi ch :
S phn b ct p tnh trn ng ng ht.
Xt mt ng ng ht, tc trung bnh v ct p tnh ca dng khng kh ngang qua
tit din c ming ht u l 1 v H1 , ca ming ht th 2 l 2 v H2 ... v ca ming
ht th n l n v Hn .
Tr khng thy lc tng ca ng ng l p

245/419

Hnh 9.8. Phn b ct p tnh dc theo ng ng ht

Tng t nh trng hp dng khng kh dc theo ng ng cp gi, ta c biu thc:

(9-10)
Nh vy, m bo H1 = H2 = . . . = Hn
Th phi m bo

(9-11)
Xt ming ht th nht vi ming ht th n, m bo phn b gi u gia 02 ming
ht ta phi m bo gim ct p ng t ming ht th nht n ming ht th n
bng tng tn tht p sut trong khong , tc l:

(9-12)
Tnh ton tn tht p lc trn h thng ng ng gi
La chn tc khng kh trn ng ng
La chn tc gi c lin quan ti nhiu yu t.
- Khi chn tc cao ng ng nh, chi ph u t v vn hnh thp, nhng tr lc h
thng ln v n do kh ng ca dng khng kh chuyn ng cao.
- Ngc li khi tc b, ng ng ln chi ph u t v vn hnh ln, kh khn lp
t, nhng tr lc b.
Tc hp l l mt bi ton kinh t, k thut phc tp. Bng 9.3 di y trnh by
tc gi thch hp dng tham kho la chn khi thit k.

246/419

Bng 9.4. Tc gi trn ng ng gi, m/s

Khu vc

n
nh

Bnh thng
ng cp

ng
nhnh

ng i

ng v

ng
i

ng
v

- Nh

- Phng ng- Phng ng k.s v bnh vin

7,6

6,6

- Phng lm vic- Phng gim c- Th vin

10,2

7,6

8,1

- Nh ht- Ging ng

6,6

5,6

- Vn phng chung- Nh hng, ca hng cao cp7,6

Ngn hng

10,2

7,6

8,1

- Ca hng bnh thng- Cafeteria

9,1

10,2

7,6

8,1

- Nh my, x nghip, phn x

12,7

15,2

9,1

11,2 7,6

Xc nh ng knh tng ng ca ng ng
vn chuyn khng kh ngi ta s dng nhiu loi ng gi: Ch nht, vung, van,
trn. Tuy nhin tnh ton thit k ng ng gi thng thng ngi ta xy dng cc
gin cho cc ng dn trn. V vy cn qui i tit din cc loi ra tit din trn tng
ng, sao cho tn tht p sut cho mt n v chiu di ng ng l tng ng
nhau, trong iu kin lu lng gi khng thay i.
ng knh tng ng c th xc nh theo cng thc hoc tra bng. thun li
cho vic tra cu v la chn , ngi ta lp bng xc nh ng knh tng ng
ca cc ng ng dng ch nht nu bng 9-4.
- ng knh tng ng ca tit din ch nht c xc nh theo cng thc sau:

(9-13)

247/419

a, b l cnh ch nht, mm
Tuy tn tht ging nhau nhng tit din trn 2 ng khng ging nhau

(9-14)
- ng knh tng ng ca ng van:

(9-15)
A - Tit din ng van:

(9-16)
a, b l cnh di v cnh ngn ca van, mm
p L chu vi mt ct : p = .b + 2(a-b), mm

248/419

Bng 9.5. ng knh tng ng ca ng ch nht

Tip bng (9-4)

249/419

250/419

H THNG VN CHUYN KHNG KH

PHN II
Xc nh tn tht p sut trn ng ng gi
C 2 dng tn tht p lc:
- Tn tht ma st dc theo ng ng pms
- Tn tht cc b cc chi tit c bit: Cn, ct, t, chc, van ...
Tn tht ma st
Tn tht ma st c xc nh theo cng thc:

(9-17)
- H s tr lc ma st
l - chiu di ng, m;
d - ng knh hoc ng knh tng ng ca ng, m;
- Khi lng ring ca khng kh, kg/m3;
- Tc khng kh chuyn ng trong ng , m/s;
* i vi ng tn mng hoc nhm c b mt bn trong lng v tit din trn th h s
tr lc ma st c th tnh nh sau:

(9-18)
= 0,0032 + 0,221.Re-0,237, khi Re > 105 (9-19)
trong :

251/419

Re l tiu chun Reynolds :

(9-20)
- nht ng hc ca khng kh , m2/s
- Tc chuyn ng trung bnh ca khng kh trn ng ng, m/s
d - ng knh ca ng, m
i vi ng ch nht c th tnh theo cng thc ny nhng quy i ra ng knh tng
ng.
* i ng gi c b mt bn trong nhm

(9-21)
k1 l h s mc g gh trung bnh, m
Bng 9.6.
Loi ng

k1.103, mm

Ko linMi schKhng b rTrng km, mi 0 ? 0,23 ? 106 ? 2010 ? 30

* i vi ng bng nha tng hp
- i vi polyetylen:

(9-22)
- i vi vinylplast :

252/419

(9-23)
Vic tnh ton theo cc cng thc tng i phc tp, nn ngi ta xy dng th
xc tn tht ma st, c th nh sau:
T cng thc (9-18) ta c th vit li nh sau:
pms = l . p1 (9-24)
l - Chiu di ng ng, m
p1 - Tn tht p lc trn 1m chiu di ng ng, Pa/m

253/419

Hnh 9.9. th xc nh tn tht ma st

Ngi ta xy dng th nhm xc nh p1 trn hnh 9.9. Theo th ny khi bit
2 trong cc thng s sau: lu lng gi V (lt/s), tc khng kh (m/s) trong ng
ng, ng knh tng ng dt (mm) l xc nh c tn tht trn 1m chiu di
ng ng. Phng php xc nh theo th rt thun li v nhanh chng.

254/419

Tn tht cc b
Tn tht p lc cc b c xc nh theo cng thc:

(9-25)
Tr s ? tr lc cc b ph thuc hnh dng, kch thc v tc gi qua chi tit.
Nu tc trn ton b ng u th c th xc inh
C 2 cch xc nh tn tht cc b:
a). Xc nh tn tht cc b theo cng thc (9-25), trong h s ? c xc nh cho
tng kiu chi tit ring bit: Ct, cn, T, Chc ...vv v cho cc ph lc.

, N/m2 (9-26)
b). Qui i ra di ng thng tng ng v xc nh theo cng thc tn tht ma st:

trong

l chiu di tng ng, m

pc = lt . p1 (9-27)
Di y chng ti ln lt gii thiu cch tnh tn tht cc b theo 2 cch ni trn.
Xc nh h s tn tht cc b ?
Tn tht cc b xc nh theo h s ? c tnh ton theo cng thc:
pcb = ?.2/2 , N/m2
255/419

pcb - Tn tht tr lc cc b , N/m2

? - H s tr lc cc b.
- Khi lng ring ca khng kh. i vi khng kh trong pham vi iu ho khng
kh 1,2 kg/m3.
- Tc gi i qua chi tit tnh ton, m/s
i vi cc chi tit m tc u vo v u ra khc nhau, th thng c xc nh
theo tc u vo, trong trng hp c bit s c ch dn c th.
Di y l gi tr ca h s tn tht cc b cho cc trng hp thng gp
Ct tit din trn
Ct tit din trn c cc dng ch yu sau (hnh 9-9a,b,c):
- Ct 90o tit din trn, cong u;
- Ct 90o tit din trn, ghp t 3?5 on;
- Ct 90o ghp t 02 on thng to thnh gc o;

Hnh 9.10. Ct tit din trn

- Ct 90 o , tit din trn, cong u .
H s tr lc cc b ? c tra theo t s R/d bng 9.6 di y:
R - Bn knh cong tm ct ng, m;
d - ng knh trong ca ng, m;

256/419

Bng 9.7. H s ? ct tit din trn, cong u 90 o

R/d 0,5
?

0,75 1,0

1,5

2,0

2,5

0,71 0,33 0,22 0,15 0,13 0,12

i vi ct khc 90o cn nhn h s hiu chnh K cho bng 9.7 di y:

Bng 9.8. H s xt ti nh hng ca gc ct
0o 20o 30o 45o 60o 75o 90o 110o 130o 150o 180o
K 0

0,31 0,45 0,60 0,78 0,90 1,00 1,13 1,2

1,28 1,4

Ct 90 o , tit din trn, ghp t 3-5 on

Bng 9.9. H s ? ca ct trn ghp t 3-5 on
S on
T s R/d
0,5

0,75 1,0

1,5

2,0

0,46 0,33 0,24 0,19

0,50 0,37 0,27 0,24

0,98 0,54 0,42 0,34 0,33

R - Bn knh cong tm ct ng, m;

d - ng knh trong ca ng, m.
Ct tit din trn, ghp t 2 on to thnh gc .
Bng 9.10. H s ? ct tit din trn ghp t 2 on
Gc 20o 30o 45o 60o 75o 90o
?

0,08 0,16 0,34 0,55 0,81 1,2

- Gc gia 2 on ghp ca ct

257/419

Ct tit din ch nht

Ct tit din ch nht thng c ch to theo mt trong cc cch sau y:
Trn hnh 9-10 l cc dng ct tit din ch nht c th c.
- Trng hp 1: Ct 90o, tit din ch nht, cong u. Yu cu k thut l bn knh
trong R1 tu chn, nhng khng nn qu b. Ti u l R1= 0,75W , R2=1,75W v R =
1,25W
- Trng hp 2: Ct 90o, thng gc v khng c cnh hng. Loi ny t dng trn thc
t v tr lc cc b kh ln.
- Trng hp 3: Ct 90o, thng gc v c cc tm hng dngcnh n vi bc cnh
l S, on thng ca cnh l L
- Trng hp 4 : Ct 90 o , thng gc v c cc cnh hng dng kh ng, bc cnh
S, bn knh cong ca cnh l R.

Hnh 9.11. Ct tit din ch nht

Ct 90 o , tit din hnh ch nht , cong u
Cc thng s k thut ca ct bao gm:
R - Bn knh cong tm ct ng, mm;
H - Chiu cao ca ct (khi t nm), mm;

258/419

W - Chiu rng ca ct : W = R2 - R1 ;
R1, R2 - Bn knh trong v ngoi ca ct, mm
Bng 9.11. H s ?
R/W
H/W
0,25

0,5

0,75

1,0

1,5

0,50,751,01,52,0 1,50,570,270,220,20 1,40,520,250,200,18 1,30,480,230,190,16 1,20,440,210,17

T s ti u trong trng hp ny l R/W = 1,25
Ct 90 o , tit din ch nht, thng gc, khng c cnh hng
Bng 9.12. H s ?

H/W
0,25

0,5

0,75

1,00

20o30o45o60o75o90o 0,080,180,380,600,891,3 0,080,170,370,590,871,3 0,080,170,360,570,841,2

Ct 90 o , tit din ch nht , thng gc, c cnh hng n
Bng 9.13. H s ?
No
Kch thc, mm
R

H s ?
1*23

50115115 385783 19041 0,120,150,18

trong :
R - Bn knh cong ca cnh hng, mm;

259/419

S- Bc cnh hng, mm;

L- di phn thng ca cnh hng, mm;
* S liu tham kho
Ct 90 o , tit din ch nht, thng gc, c cnh hng i (dng kh ng)
Bng 8.14. H s ?
TT
Kch thc, mm Tc khng kh, m/s
R

10

15

20

50

38 0,27 0,22 0,19 0,17

50

38 0,33 0,29 0,26 0,23

50

54 0,38 0,31 0,27 0,24

115

83 0,26 0,21 0,18 0,16

trong :
R- Bn knh cong ca cnh hng, mm;
S - Bc cnh, mm
Cn m v t m
Cn m hay t m l chi tit ni tit din tng dn t t hay t ngt
Trong trng hp ny tc tnh theo tit din u vo
A1- Din tch tit din u vo, m2;
A2- Din tch tit din u ra, m2;
i vi cn m v t m ta c cc trng hp ph bin nh sau:
- Cn hoc t m tit din trn;
- Cn hoc t m tit din ch nht.

260/419

Cn lu rng t m l trng hp c bit ca cn khi gc m hoc gc thu l 180o

Hnh 9.12. Cn m v t thu

Cn hoc t m (khi =180 o ) tit din trn
Bng 9.15. H s ?
Re

A2/A1

16o

20o

30o

45o

60o

90o

0,5.105 24610>16 0,140,230,270,290,31 0,190,300,330,380,38 0,320,460,480,590,60 0,330,610

2.105

24610>16 0,070,150,190,200,21 0,120,180,280,240,28 0,230,360,440,430,52 0,280,550

6.105

24610>16 0,050,170,160,210,21 0,070,240,290,330,34 0,120,380,460,520,56 0,270,510

trong :
A1 - Tit din u vo cn, mm2;
A2- Tit din u ra, mm2;
Re = 66,34.D. (9-28)
D - ng knh ng nh (u vo), mm;
- Tc khng kh trong ng nh (u vo), m/s;

261/419

 - Gc cn, i vi t m = 180o.
Cn hoc t m (khi =180 o ) tit din ch nht.
Bng 9.16. H s ?
A2/A1
Gc o
16o

20o

30o

45o

60o

90o

246>10 0,180,360,420,42 0,220,430,470,49 0,250,500,580,59 0,290,560,680,70 0,310,610,720,

Trong :
A1 - Tit din u vo cn, mm2;
A2- Tit din u ra, mm2;
- Gc cn, i vi t m = 180o.
Cn thu v t thu
- Cn thu l ni tit din gim theo chiu chuyn ng ca khng kh. Cn thu c 2 loi:
loi tit din thay i t t v loi tit din thay i t ngt (t thu). Tit din cn c
th l loi trn hay ch nht.
- Khi tnh ton tr lc tnh theo tit din v tc u vo

Hnh 9.13. Cn thu v t thu

262/419

A1 - Tit din u vo ca cn, mm2;

A2- Tit din u ra ca cn (A2 > A1) , mm2;
- Gc cn, o.
Bng 9.17. H s ?
A2/A1

10o

15o-40o

50o-60o

90o

120o

150o

24610 0,050,050,050,05 0,050,040,040,05 0,060,070,070,08 0,120,170,180,19 0,180,270,280,2

on ng hi t
on ng hi t l on ng gp t 2 dng khng kh tr ln. Thng thng ta gp cc
on ng hi t trong cc ng ht v, ng thi. Trn hnh 9-9 l cc trng hp thng
gp.
tnh ton trong trng hp ny , tc c chn l tc on ng ra

Hnh 9.14. on ng hi t tit din ch nht

T hi t: ng nhnh trn ni vi ng chnh ch nht
263/419

Bng 9.18. H s ? , tnh cho ng nhnh

m/s
Lb/Lc
0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

0,6

0,7

0,8

0,9

1,0

<6

-0,63 -0,55 0,13 0,23 0,78 1,30 1,93 3,10 4,88 5,60

>6

-0,49 -0,21 0,23 0,60 1,27 2,06 2,75 3,70 4,93 5,95

Lb - Lu lng gi nhnh, m3/s ;

Lc- Lu lng gi tng (sau khi hi t), m3/s ;
- Tc khng kh u ra (sau khi hi t), m/s ;
* Cc gi tr m chng t mt phn p sut ng bin thnh p sut tnh v vt qu tn
tht. Bng trn tnh cho trng hp: AS = AC = 2.Ab
ng nhnh ch nht ni vi ng chnh ch nht
Bng 9.19. H s ? , tnh cho ng nhnh
m/s
Lb/LC
0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

0,6

0,7

0,8

0,9

1,0

<6

-0,75 -0,53 -0,03 0,33 1,03 1,10 2,15 2,93 4,18 4,78

>6

-0,69 -0,21 0,23 0,67 1,17 1,66 2,67 3,36 3,93 5,13

T hi t: ng nhnh hng gc 45 o vi ng chnh ch nht

Bng 9.20. H s ? , tnh cho ng nhnh
m/s
Lb/LC
0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

0,6

0,7

0,8

0,9

1,0

<6

-0,83 -0,68 -0,30 0,28 0,55 1,03 1,50 1,93 2,50 3,03

264/419

>6

-0,72 -0,52 -0,23 0,34 0,76 1,14 1,83 2,01 2,90 3,63

T hi t: Dng ch Y , tit din ch nht.

Bng 8.21.a: H s ? bc , tnh cho ng nhnh
Ab/AS

Ab/AC

Lb/Lc
0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0.250,330,50,671,01,01,332,0 0,250,250,50,50,51,01,01,0 -0,50-1,2-0,50-1,0-2,2-0,60-1,2-2,1 0-0

Ab - Tit din nhnh ng, mm2 ;
As - Tit din vo ca ng chnh, mm2 ;
Ac- Tit din ra ca ng chnh, mm2 ;
Lb - Lu lng gi ng nhnh, m3/s ;
Lc - Lu lng tng u ra, m3/s ;
?bc - H s tn tht cc b khi tnh theo ng nhnh t b n c
?sc - H s tn tht cc b khi tnh theo ng nhnh t s n c
Bng 9.21.b: H s ? sc , tnh cho ng chnh
AS/AC

Ab/AC

Lb/Lc
0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,751,00,750,51,00,750,5 0,250,50,50,51,01,01,0 0,300,170,271,200,180,750,80 0,300,160,351,1

T hi t ch Y ng nhnh nghing gc vi ng chnh
Bng 9.22. H s ?

265/419

L1b/Lc
hoc
L2b/Lc
0

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

0,6

153045 -2,6-2,1-1,3 -1,9-1,5-0,93 -1,3-1,0-0,55 -0,77-0,53-0,16 -0,30-0,100,20 0,100,280,56

T hi t ch Y i xng tit din ch nht
Trong trng hp i xng:
R/Wc = 1,5
L1b/Lc = L2b/Lc = 0,5
Bng 9.23. H s ?
A1b/Ac 0,5
?

1,0

0,23 0,07

on r nhnh
- on ng r nhnh l on ng m dng phn thnh 2 dng nh tr ln. Trong trng
hp ny tnh tn tht theo tc u vo ca on ng.
Trn hnh 9-10 trnh by cc trng hp thng gp ca on ng r nhnh, di y l
h s tr lc cc b cho tng trng hp c th:

266/419

Hnh 9.15. on ng r nhnh

T r nhnh 45o, ng chnh v ng nhnh ch nht
T r nhnh 45o, ng chnh v ng nhnh ch nht c cnh hng
T r nhnh 90o, ng chnh v ng nhnh ch nht, khng c cnh hng
T r nhnh 90o, ng chnh v ng nhnh ch nht c cnh hng
T r nhnh 90o, ng chnh v ng nhnh ch nht c nhiu cnh hng
T r nhnh 90o, ng chnh ch nht, ng nhnh trn
T r nhnh 90o, ng chnh ch nht, ng nhnh trn c on cn trn
T ch Y r nhnh , tit din ch nht

267/419

H THNG VN CHUYN KHNG KH

PHN III
T r nhnh 45 o , ng chnh v ng nhnh ch nht
Bng 9.24. H s ? , tnh cho ng nhnh
b/c
Lb/Lc
0,1

0,2

0,3

0,20,40,60,81,01,21,41,61,8 0,910,810,770,780,780,901,191,351,44 0,790,720,730,981,111,221,42

T r nhnh 45 o , ng chnh v ng nhnh ch nht c cnh hng
Bng 9.25. H s ? , tnh cho ng nhnh
b/c
Lb/Lc
0,1

0,2

0,3

0,20,40,60,81,01,21,41,61,8 0,610,460,430,390,340,370,570,891,33 0,610,500,430,570,640,711,08

T r nhnh , ng chnh v ng nhnh ch nht, khng c cnh hng
Bng 9.26. H s ? , tnh cho ng nhnh
b/c
Lb/Lc
0,1

0,2

0,3

0,20,40,60,81,01,21,41,61,8 1,031,041,111,161,381,521,792,072,32 1,011,031,211,401,612,012,28

T r nhnh , ng chnh v ng nhnh ch nht c cnh hng
Bng 9.27. H s ? , tnh cho ng nhnh

268/419

b/c
Lb/Lc
0,1

0,2

0,3

0,20,40,60,81,01,21,41,61,8 0,580,670,780,881,121,492,102,723,42 0,640,760,981,051,482,213,30

T r nhnh , ng chnh v ng nhnh ch nht c nhiu cnh hng
Bng 9.28.a: H s ? , tnh cho ng nhnh
b/c
Lb/Lc
0,1

0,2

0,3

0,20,40,60,81,01,21,41,61,8 0,600,620,740,991,481,912,473,173,85 0,690,801,101,121,331,672,40

Bng 9.28.b: H s ? , tnh cho ng chnh
b/c 0,2
?

0,4

0,6

0,8

1,0

1,2

1,4

1,6

1,8

0,03 0,04 0,07 0,12 0,13 0,14 0,27 0,30 0,25

T r nhnh , ng chnh ch nht, ng nhnh trn

Bng 9.29. H s ? , tnh cho ng nhnh
b/c
Lb/Lc
0,1

0,2

0,3

0,20,40,60,81,01,21,41,61,8 1,001,011,141,181,301,461,701,932,06 1,071,101,311,381,581,822,06

T r nhnh , ng chnh ch nht, ng nhnh trn c on cn trn
Bng 9.30. H s ? , tnh cho ng nhnh
b/c 0,4
?

0,5

0,75 1,0 1,3 1,5

0,80 0,83 0,90 1,0 1,1 1,4

269/419

T ch Y r nhnh , tit din ch nht

Bng 8.31.a: H s ? , tnh cho ng nhnh
Ab/As Ab/Ac
Lb/Lc
0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,25

0,250,330,500,671,001,001,332,00 0,550,350,620,520,440,670,700,60 0,500,350,480,400,

Bng 9.31.b: H s ? , tnh cho ng chnh

Ab/As

Ab/Ac

Lb/Lc
0,1

0,2

0,3

0,250,330,50,671,001,001,332,00 0,250,250,500,500,501,001,001,00 -0,100,08-0,030,040,72-0,02

on ng r nhnh ch Y i xng

Hnh 9.16. on ng r nhnh ch Y i xng

on ng ch Y i xng, nhnh r nghing vi nhnh chnh mt gc
Bng 9.32: H s ?

b/c
270/419

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

15o30o45o60o90o 0,810,840,870,901,00 0,650,690,740,821,00 0,510,560,630,791,00 0,380,440,

on ng ch Y i xng, nhnh r vung gc nhnh chnh
Bng 9.33: H s ?
A1b/Ac hay A2b/Ac 0,5

1,0

R/Wc

1,5

1,5

L1b/Lc hay L2b/Lc

0,5

0,5

0,30 0,25

Tn tht do cc vt chn
- Cc vt chn trn h thng ng ng ch yu l cc van iu chnh lu lng gi,
van chn la vv...
Trn hnh 9-12 trnh by 3 dng van iu chnh ch yu
+ Van iu chnh dng cnh bm.
+ Van iu chnh dng cng (trn, ch nht)
+ Van iu chnh kiu l sch (song song hoc i nhau)

Hnh 9.17. Cc dng vt chn trn ng ng

271/419

Van iu chnh gi dng cnh bm lp trn ng trn hoc ch nht (hnh 9-12a)
* Tit din ng trn
Bng 9.34: H s ?
D/Do
Gc nghing ca
cnh iu chnh ,

0o

10o

20o

30o

0,50,60,70,80,91,0 0,190,190,190,190,190,19 0,270,320,370,450,540,67 0,370,480,640,871,201,8

D- ng knh cnh van, mm;
Do- ng knh ng, mm;
- Gc nghing ca cnh iu chnh so vi trc ng.
* Tit din ng ch nht
Bng 9.35. H s ?
Loi

H/W

,
0o

10o

20o

30o

40o

50o

60o

65o

70o

Loi
<
1Loi
0,250,25?1,0> 0,040,080,13 0,300,330,35 1,11,21,3 3,03,33,6 8,09,010 232629 60708
1Loi
1,0
2
Lu : H, W l chiu cao v rng ca tit din van.
- Loi 1: C trc van song song cnh ln ca ng
- Loi 2: C trc van song song cnh b ca ng
- - Gc nghing ca trc van vi tm ng

272/419

Van iu chnh dng cng trn ng tit din trn (hnh 9-12b)
Bng 9.36. H s ?
h/D

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

0,6

0,7

0,8

0,9

Ah/Ao 0,25 0,38 0,50 0,61 0,71 0,81 0,90 0,96

?

35

10

4,6

2,1

0,98 0,44 0,17 0,06

Ao - Tit din ng dn trn, m2;

Ah - Tit din ca on ng khng b van iu chnh che, m2.
Van iu chnh dng cng lp trn ng tit din ch nht (hnh 9-12c)
Bng 9.37: H s ?
H/W
h/H
0,3

0,4

0,5

0,6

0,7

0,8

0,9

0,51,01,52,0 14192018 6,98,89,18,8 3,34,54,74,5 1,72,42,72,3 0,831,21,21,1 0,320,550,470,51

Van iu chnh dng c cc cnh song song, trong ng ch nht (hnh 9-12d)
Bng 9.38. H s ?
L/R
Gc nghing cnh
iu chnh ,
0o

10o

20o

30o

0,30,40,50,60,81,01,5 0,520,520,520,520,520,520,52 0,790,850,920,920,921,001,00 1,41,51,51,5

trong :
N - S cnh thng song song ca van;
W - Chiu di cnh song song trc quay ca van, mm;

273/419

H- Chiu cao ca tit din ng, mm;

L - Tng chiu di ca cc cnh, mm;
R- Chu vi ng tit din ng, mm;
- Gc nghing ca cnh vi trc ng.
Ta c:

(9-29)
Van iu chnh dng c cc cnh i nhau , trong ng ch nht (hnh 9-12e)
Bng 9.39. H s ?
L/R
Gc nghing ca
canh iu chnh ,
0o

10o

20o

30o

0,30,40,50,60,81,01,5 0,520,520,520,520,520,520,52 0,850,921,001,001,101,201,40 2,12,22,32,3

Cc tr s L v R xc nh ging trng hp trn a.8.4
Tn tht u ra ca qut
Tn tht u ra ca qut khi thi vo khng gian rng
xc nh tn tht p sut u ra ca qut trong trng hp ny, ngi ta da vo i
lng gi l chiu di hiu dng Le:

, khi o > 13 m/s (9-30)

, khi o< 13 m/s (9-31)

274/419

trong :
o - Tc khng kh trong ng dn, m/s;
Ao - Din tch tit din ng ng u ra ca qut, m2;
Ab - Din tch ming ra ca qut v tr nh nht, m2;
Le - Chiu di hiu dng, m;
L - Chiu di ca on ng thng u ra ca qut, m.
Bng 9.40. H s ?

Ab/Ao
L/Le
0

0,12

0,25

0,50

>

0,40,50,60,70,80,91,0 2,02,01,00,80,470,220 1,01,00,660,400,220,140 0,400,400,330,140,1000 0

Hnh 9.18.
Tn tht u ra ca qut khi c r dng
Theo s lng ca ht ca qut, c 2 dng qut sau y:
- Qut c 01 ca ht.
- Qut c 02 ca ht.
Nu lin ngay trn u ra ca qut, cch mt khong cch L no , ng ng r gc
90o theo mt trong cc hng A, B, C, D (hnh 9-14) th xut hin tr lc cc b. Tr
lc cc b ny c h s ? cho trn cc bng 9-40 v 9-41. Trong cc bng ny, cc i
lng Ab, Ao, L v Le ging nh trng hp a.9.1
Khi u ra ca qut ni vi ct lin ta. Ta c 4 trng hp xy ra

275/419

Hnh 9.19. Cc v tr lp t ct u ra
Bng 9.41: H s ? u ra qut c 1 ca ht
Ab/Ao

V tr
ct

L/Le
0

0,12

0,4

0,25

0,5

> 1,0

ABCD 3,24,05,85,8

2,73,34,84,8

1,82,23,23,2

0,841,01,51,5

0000

0,5

ABCD 2,32,84,04,0

1,92,43,33,3

1,31,62,22,2

0,600,721,01,0

0000

0,6

ABCD 1,62,02,92,9

1,31,72,42,4

0,881,11,61,6

0,400,520,760,76 0000

0,7

ABCD 1,11,32,02,0

0,881,11,61,6

0,600,721,11,1

0,280,360,520,52 0000

0,8

ABCD 0,760,961,41,4 0,640,801,21,2 0,440,520,760,76 0,200,240,360,36 0000

Bng 9.42: H s ? u ra qut c 2 ca ht

Ab/Ao

V tr
ct

L/Le
0

0,12

0,4

0,25

0,5

> 1,0

ABCD 3,25,05,84,9

2,74,24,84,1

1,82,83,22,7

0,841,31,51,3

0000

0,5

ABCD 2,33,64,03,4

1,93,03,32,8

1,32,02,21,9

0,600,901,00,88

0000

0,6

ABCD 1,62,52,92,5

1,32,12,42,1

0,881,41,61,4

0,400,650,760,65 0000

0,7

ABCD 1,11,72,01,7

0,881,41,61,4

0,600,901,10,92

0,280,450,520,44 0000

276/419

0,8

ABCD 0,761,21,41,2

0,641,01,20,99

0,440,650,760,65 0,200,300,360,31 0000

0,9

ABCD 0,600,941,10,95 0,480,800,920,78 0,320,550,780,54 0,160,250,540,24 0000

1,0

ABCD 0,560,851,00,85 0,480,700,840,71 0,320,450,560,48 0,160,200,280,24 0000

Tn tht u vo ca qut
ng ht tit din trn, ni ct lin tc, cch ming ht qut on L
Bng 9.43. H s ?

R/D
L/D
0

>5

0,751,01,52,03,0 1,41,21,11,00,66 0,800,660,600,530,40 0,400,330,330,330,22

Hnh 9.20.
R - Bn knh cong tm ct, m;
D- ng knh ng ht, m;
L- Khong cch t ming ht ca qut ly tm ti ct, m
ng ht tit din trn, ni ct thng gc hoc ct ghp t nhiu mnh, cch ming ht
mt khong L

Hnh 9.21.
Ct thng gc:
277/419

Bng 9.44. H s ?
L/D 0
?

2 >5

3,2 2 1

Ct thng gc ghp t 3 v 4 on on:

Bng 9.45. H s ?
R/D
L/D
0

>5

>5

R/D
L/D
0

0,500,751,01,52,03,0 2,51,61,21,11,00,8 1,61,00,660,660,530,47 0,800,470,330,330,330,26

a) Ct ghp t 3 mnh b) Ct ghp t 4 mnh
ng ht tit din vung, ni ct cong lin tc qua on ng thng di L v on ng
chuyn i tit din vung-trn c hoc khng c cc cnh hng dng

Hnh 9.22.
Bng 9.46. H s ?
R/H
278/419

0,5

L/H
0

2,5

>6

2,5

>6

R/D
L/D
0

0,500,751,01,52,0 2,52,01,21,00,8 1,61,20,660,570,47 0,800,660,330,300,26

0,501,01,52,0 0,

a) Khng c cnh hng dng b) C cnh hng dng

Xc nh h tn tht cc b theo chiu di tng ng
Theo nh ngha chiu di tng ng l chiu di ca on ng thng c tit din bng
tit din tnh ton ca chi tit gy nn tn tht cc b, nhng c tn tht tng ng
nhau . Hay:
lt = ?.dt / (9-32)
pc = lt . p1 (9-33)
Chiu di tng ng ca ct trn
Bng 9.47. Chiu di tng ng l t
Dng ct trn

Hnh v R/d a = lt/d

- Ct 90o, cong lin tc

1,5 9

- Ct 90o, ghp t 3 on

1,5 17

- Ct 90o, ghp t 5 on

1,5 12

- Ct 45o, ghp t 3 on

1,5 6

- Ct 45o, cong lin tc

1,5 4,5

- Ct thng gc+ C hng dng+ Khng c hng dng

2265

Trong :
R - Bn knh cong ca tm ct, mm

279/419

d- ng knh tit din ct, mm

Chiu di tng ng ca ct ch nht
Bng 9.48. Chiu di tng ng l t
Dng ct trn

Hnh dng W/H

lt/d

- Ct cong 90o, khng cnh hng R=1,25 W

0,5136 57812

-Ct cong 90o, 1 cnh hng dng, R = 0,75.W

0,5136 8101418

-Ct cong 90o, 2 cnh hng dng, R = 0,75.W

0,5136 781012

-Ct cong 90o, 3 cnh hng dng, R = 0,75.W

0,5136 77810

-Ct thng gc 90o, c nhiu cnh hng

0,5136 8101213

-Ct thng gc 90o, nhiu cnh hng dng kh ng

0,5136 68910

Tnh ton thit k ng ng gi

Cc phng php thit k ng ng gi
Hin nay thit k ng ng gi ngi ta s dng rt nmhiu phng php khc
nhau. Mi phng php c nhng u nhc im khc nhau, di y chng ti xin
trnh by cc nt chnh ca cc phng php .
- Phng php tnh ton l thuyt: Phng php ny da vo cc cng thc l thuyt
v tnh ton tun t kch thc ng ng tun t t u n cui tuyn ng sao cho p
sut tnh cc v tr lp cc ming thi v ht khng i. y l phng php c th coi
l chnh xc nht. Tuy nhin phng php ny tnh ton kh phc tp.
- Phng php gim dn tc . Ngi thit k bng kinh nghim ca mnh ch ng
thit k gim dn tc theo chiu chuyn ng ca dng khng kh trong ng ng.
y l phng php thit k tng i nhanh nhng ph thuc nhiu vo ch quan
ngi thit k v kh nh gi c mc chnh xc. Khi thit k theo phng php
ny h thng bt buc phi lp cc van iu chnh lu lng gi.
- Phng php ma st ng u: Thit k h thng ng ng gi sao cho tn tht trn
1 m chiu di ng ng u nhau trn ton tuyn, bt c tit din no v bng tn
tht trn 1m chiu di on ng chun. y l phng php c s dng ph bin nht,
nhanh v tng i chnh xc. Khc vi cc phng php khc l phi tnh ton thit k
ng ng mt cch tun t, mun xc nh kch thc on sau phi bit kch thc

280/419

on trc, phng php ma st ng u cho php xc nh bt c on ng no trn

mng m khng cn phi bit kch thc cc on trc . iu ny rt ph hp vi
thc t thi cng ti cc cng trng.
- Phng php phc hi p sut tnh
Phng php phc hi p sut tnh xc nh kch thc ca ng dn sao cho tn tht p
sut trn on ng bng gia tng p sut tnh do s gim tc chuyn ng ca
khng kh sau mi nhnh r .
Phng php ny tng t phng php l thuyt nhng y thit k ngi ta ch
yu s dng cc th.
Ngoi cc phng php trn ngi ta cn s dng mt s phng php sau y:
- Phng php T
- Phng php tc khng i
- Phng php p sut tng.
Phng php thit k l thuyt
Phng php l thuyt l phng php xc nh kch thc ng ng sao cho m bo
phn b ct p tnh ti cc ming thi u nhau trn c s tnh ton l thuyt.
Gi ct p tnh ti cc ming thi l H1, H2, . . Hn.
iu kin l:
H1 = H2 = . . . = Hn (9-34)
Hay:
(9-35)
Trn c s cng thc , phng php tnh ton l thuyt tin hnh theo cc bc sau:
Bc 1 - Chn tc on ng u tin 1 .
- Da vo lu lng gi tng u vo, xc nh kch thc ca on ng u tin:

281/419

(9-36)
- Da vo kch thc thit k chn, xc nh ng knh tng ng ca on ng
u tin theo bng hoc cng thc tnh ton.

(9-37)
- Xc nh tng tr lc t v tr ming thi u tin n ming thi th 2. Tn tht p
sut c th tnh hoc tra theo th.

(9-37)
Bc 2 - Xc nh tc cc on tip theo 2 da vo phng trnh:

(9-38)
trong p1-2 tng tn tht p sut t v tr lp ming thi 1 n v tr ming thi 2
(hoc on r nhnh vo cc ming thi)
Kim tra li so vi gi tr c chn trc , nu sai lch ln cn tnh lp li.
- Da vo lu lng gi on ng k tip, xc nh kch thc ca n:

(9-39)
- Xc nh ng knh tng ng on ng k tip
Bc 3 - Tip tc xc nh tun t tc v kch thc cc on k tip cho n on
cui cng ca tuyn ng nh tnh bc 2
Phng php l thuyt c cc c im sau:

282/419

- Cc kt qu tnh ton chnh xc, tin cy cao.

- Tnh ton tng i di v phc tp, nn thc t t s dng.
Phng php gim dn tc
Ni dung ca phng php gim dn tc l ngi thit k bng kinh nghim ca
mnh la chn tc on ng chnh trn c s n cho php v ch ng gim dn
tc cc on k tip dc theo chiu chuyn ng ca khng kh.
Phng php gim dn tc c thc hin theo cc bc sau:
Bc 1: - Chn tc trn ng ng chnh trc khi r nhnh 1.
- Da vo lu lng xc nh kch thc on ng chnh:

(9-40)
Bc 2: Ch ng gim dn tc gi dc theo tuyn ng chnh v ng r nhnh 2,3...
n
- Trn c s lu lng v tc trn mi on tin hnh tnh ton kch thc ca cc
on .

(9-41)
Bc 3: Da vo th xc nh tn tht p sut theo tuyn ng di nht (tuyn c tr
lc ln nht) . Tng tr lc theo tuyn ny l c s chn qut.
Phng php gim dn tc c nhc im l ph thuc nhiu vo ch quan ca ngi
thit k, v th cc kt qu l rt kh nh gi.
y l mt phng php n gin, cho php thc hin nhanh nhng i hi ngi thit
k phi c kinh nghim.
Ch nn s dng phng php ny cho trng hp h thng ng ng n gin ngn,
gn. i vi h thng ng ng phc tp nn la chn phng php khc.
Phng php ma st ng u
283/419

Ni dung ca phng php ma st ng u l thit k h thng ng ng gi sao cho

tn tht p sut trn 1m chiu di ng ng bng nhau trn ton tuyn ng. Phng
php ma st ng u cng m bo tc gi trn ng ng gim dn theo chiu
chuyn ng v do mt phn p sut ng c bin i thnh p sut tnh v vy
m bo phn b gi u.
Phng php ma st ng u thng hay c s dng cho ng ng gi tc thp
vi chc nng cp gi, hi gi v thi gi.
Theo phng php ny, c hai hng la chn thit k:
- Cch 1: Chn tit din on u ni gn qut lm tit din in hnh, chn tc
chuyn ng thch hp ca khng kh cho on . T xc nh kch thc onn
ng in hnh, xc nh tn tht ma st trn 1m chiu di ca on ng in hnh. Gi
tr tn tht c coi l chun trn ton tuyn ng.
- Cch 2: Chn tn tht p sut hp l v gi nguyn gi tr trn ton b h thng
ng ng gi. Trn c s lu lng tng on bit tin hnh xc nh kch thc
tng on.
Cch 2 c nhc im l la chn tn tht th no l hp l. Nu chn tn tht b th
kch thc ng ng ln chi ph u t tng, nhng nu chn tc ln s gy n, chi
ph vn hnh tng. Ngi ta khuyn rng i vi h thng tc thp nn chn tn thp
p=1 0,5 N/m2 cho 1 m chiu di ng ng.
Trn thc t ngi ta chn cch th nht v tc gi cho cc bng l cc thng s
c xc nh da trn tnh ton kinh t k thut cn nhc n cc yu t nu trn.
Sau y l cc bc thit k theo cch th nht.
Bc 1:
- La chn tit din u lm tit din in hnh.
- Chn tc gi cho tit din 1
- Tnh kch thc on ng in hnh:

- Xc nh ng knh tng ng on ng in hnh theo bng.

284/419

- T lu lng, ng knh tng ng xc nh tn tht p sut cho 1 m ng tit din

in hnh (theo th hnh 9-9) . Gi tr c c nh cho ton tuyn.
Bc 2:
Trn c s tn tht chun tnh kch thc cc on cn li da vo lu lng bit.
Tuy nhin tin li cho vic tnh ton ngi ta a ra s liu tnh ton trn bng
9-48. Theo bng ny nu ly tit din v lu lng on ng in hnh lm chun th c
th xc nh t l % ca on ng bt k so vi on ng chun ny khi bit c t l
% lu lng ca on ng so vi on ng in hnh.
- Xc nh t l % lu lng ca cc on ng theo tit din in hnh:

- Cn c vo bng 9-48 xc nh t l % v tit din

ca cc on ng
- Xc nh kch thc ca cc on ng theo t l % so vi tit din on ng in hnh
F1

Bc 3:
Tng tr lc on ng c chiu di tng ln nht l c s chn qut dn lnh.

L - Tng chiu di ca cc on ng trn tuyn ang xt, m;

Lt - Tng chiu di tng c ca cc tn tht cc b, m;
pl - Tn tht p sut trn 1 m chiu di ng ng (Gi tr c nh), N/m3
Bng 9.49. Xc nh t l phn trm tit din theo phng php ma st ng u

285/419

Lu lng, %

Tit din%

12345678910111213141516171819202122232425 2,03,55,57,09,010,511,513,014,516,517,518,519
c im ca phng php:
- Phng php ma st ng u c u im l thit k rt nhanh, ngi thit k khng
bt buc phi tnh ton tun t t u tuyn ng n cui m c th tnh bt c on ng
no tu , iu ny c ngha trn thc t thi cng cng trng.
- Phng php ma st ng u cng m bo tc gim dn dc theo chiu chuyn
ng, c tin cy cao hn phng php gim dn tc .
- Khng m bo phn b lu lng u trn ton tuyn nn cc ming thi cn phi b
tr thm van iu chnh.
- Vic la chn tn tht cho 1m ng kh khn. Thng chn p= 0,5 - 1,5 N/m2 cho 1
m ng
- Phng php ma st ng u c s dng rt ph bin.

286/419

h thng vn chuyn khng kh (tip theo)

V d 1:
Gi s c mt ng ng gi c 8 ming thi vi chiu di cc on th hin trn hnh
9-18. Lu lng yu cu cho mi ming thi l 0,32 m3/s. Thit k h thng ng ng
gi theo phng php ma st ng u.

Hnh 9.23. S ng ng
Bc 1: Chn v xc nh cc thng s tit din in hnh
- Chn on u tin AB lm tit din in hnh. Lu lng gi qua tit din u l
L1 = 8 x 0,32 = 2,56 m3/s
- Chn tc on u 1 = 8 m/s.
- Din tch tit din on ng u: f1 = L1/1 = 2,56 / 8 = 0,32 m2
- Chn kch thc on u: a1 x b1 = 800x400mm
- Tra bng (9-3) ta c ng knh tng ng ca on ng in hnh l: dt = 609mm
- Da vo lu lng L1 = 2560 L/s v dt = 609mm tra th ta c tn tht p sut
cho 1 mt ng l: p1 = 1,4 Pa/m.
Bc 2: Tnh ton kch thc cc on ng cn li
287/419

Trn c s t l phn trm lu lng ca cc on k tip ta xc nh c t l phn

trm din tch ca n, xc nh kch thc ai x bi ca cc on , xc nh din tch
thc v tc thc.
Bng 9.50. Kt qu tnh ton
on
Lu lng Tit din
%

m3/s

Tc

Kch thca x b (mm)

AB

100

2,56 100 0,32

BC

87,5

2,24 90,2 0,289 7,76

725 x 400

CD

75

1,92 80,5 0,258 7,45

600 x 400

DE

62,5

1,60 70

0,224 7,14

550 x 400

EF

50

1,28 58

0,186 6,90

475 x 400

FG

37,5

0,96 46

0,147 6,52

475 x 300

GH

25

0,64 32,5 0,104 6,15

350 x 300

HK

12,5

0,32 19,5 0,062 5,13

300 x 200

m2

8 m/s 800 x 400

Bc 3: Tnh tng tr lc
Bng 9.51
on Chi tit

dt , mm Chiu di, m Chiu ditng ng, m

AB

ng ng

609

BC

ng ngCt 583

12

CD

ng ng

533

DE

ng ng

511

EF

ng ng

476

FG

ng ng

410

GH

ng ngCt 354

12

4,1

2,5

288/419

HK

ng ng

266

Tng chiu di tng ng ca on AK l 60,6m bao gm cc on ng thng v

chiu di tng ng ca cc ct.
Tng tr lc ng ng:
p = 60,6 x 1,4 = 84,84 Pa
Phng php phc hi p sut tnh
Ni dung ca phng php phc hi p sut tnh xc nh kch thc ca ng dn sao
cho tn tht p sut trn on ng bng gia tng p sut tnh do s gim tc
chuyn ng ca khng kh sau mi nhnh r.
Phng php phc hi p sut tnh c s dng cho ng cp gi, khng s dng cho
ng hi. V thc cht ni dung ca phng php phc hi p sut tnh ging phng
php l thuyt , tuy nhin y ngi ta cn c vo cc th xc nh tc on
ng k tip.
Cc bc tnh thit k:
Bc 1: - Chn tc hp l ca on ng chnh ra khi qut 1 v tnh kch thc
on ng .
Bc 2: Xc nh tc on k tip nh sau
- Xc nh t s Lt/Q0,61 da vo tnh ton hoc th (hnh 9-16) cho on ng u.
trong
Lt - Chiu di tng ng ca on u gm chiu di thc ng ng cng vi chiu
di tng ng tt c cc ct.
Q - lu lng gi trn on u
- Da vo tc on u 1 v t s a = Lt/Q0,61 , theo th hnh 9-13, xc nh tc
on ng tip theo , tc l tc sau on r nhnh th nht 2.
- Xc nh kch thc on ng th 2
F2 = L2/2

289/419

Bc 3: Xc nh tc v kch thc on k tip nh xc nh vi on th 2

* c im ca phng php phc hi p sut tnh
- m bo phn b lu lng u v do h thng khng cn van iu chnh.
- Tc cui tuyn ng thp hn nn m bo n cho php.
- Khi lng tnh ton tng i nhiu.
- Kch thc ng ng ln hn cc cch tnh khc nht l cc on r nhnh, nn chi
ph u t cao.
V d 2:
Thit k h thng ng ng dn gi cho h thng ng ng gi gm 4 ming thi ,
mi ming c lu lng gi l 0,9 m3/s. Kch thc cc on nh trn hnh 9-15.

Hnh 9.24. S ng ng
* Xc nh cc thng s on u
- La chn tc on AB: 1 = 12 m/s
- Lu lng gi: Q1 = 4 x 0,9 = 3,6 m3/s
- Tit din on u: F1 = 3,6/12 = 0,3m2
- Kch thc cc cnh 600 x 500mm
- Tra bng ta c ng knh tng ng: dt = 598 mm
- Tn tht cho 1m ng: 0,4 Pa/m
* Xc nh tc v kch thc on tip

290/419

- T s a= L/Q0,61 : L1/Q0,61 = 49 / 7628 0,61 = 0,211

- Xc nh 2 theo th vi 1 =7628 FPM v L/Q0,61 = 0,211: 2 = 2000 FPM
hay 2 = 10,16 m/s
* Xc nh cc on k tip mt cch tng t bc 2 v ghi kt qu vo bng di y

Bng 9.52. Bng kt qu tnh ton

Tit din
Lu lng Tc Lt
m3/s

CFM

m/s

FPM m

FT

AB

3.6

7628 12

BC

2.7

5721 10.16 2000 12 39 0.201

CD

1.8

3814 8.53

1680 10 33 0.214

DE

0.9

1907 7.32

L/Q0,61
2362 15 49 0.211

11 36 0.360

291/419

Hnh 9.25. th xc nh tc on ng k tip

CC THIT B PH NG NG GI
Van iu chnh lu lng gi
Cng dng: Dng iu chnh lu lng gi cp
Phng php iu chnh: Bng tay hoc bng m t
V tr lp t: Ngay trc cc ming thi hoc trn ng ng gi
Ca iu chnh gi kiu l sch cnh gp 1 chiu
Van iu chnh gi kiu l sch thng hay c s dng lp t trn cc on ng
ng v u ra trc cc ming thi gi. Ca c mt hoc 1 vi cnh, khi chiu cao nh
hn hoc bng 200mm th ch c 1 cnh. Khi chiu rng ln hn 500mm th ca c
chia thnh nhiu phn, mi phn chiu di cnh khng qu 500mm. Kch thc chiuv
di L ph thuc vi kch thc van iu chnh.

292/419

Hnh 9.26. Van iu chnh kiu l sch gp a chiu

V cu to: Cnh c lm t tn trng km dy 1,2mm n 1,6mm. C th sn hoc
khng sn b mt.
ng dng: Dng iu chnh gi trn ng ng vung hoc u ra cc ming thi. B
phn iu chnh c th bng c kh hoc bng m t.
Ca iu chnh gi kiu l sch cnh gp i xng
Cu to: Ca iu chnh gi kiu l sch c tit din ch nht, gm phn khung v phn
cnh iu chnh.

Hnh 9.27. Van iu chnh kiu l sch gp i xng

Khung c lm t nhm nh hnh hoc tn dy khong 1,0mm. Cnh cng c
lm t nhm nh hnh hoc tn dy 1,0mm v c gn gia cng. Cc cnh c th d
dng xoay quanh cc trc ca n. Khi thay i hng cc cnh th tit din gi qua van
thay i v do o c th khng ch lu lng gi i ra cc ming thi mt cch ph hp.

293/419

Sau khi iu chnh xong, cc cnh c c nh ti v tr iu chnh nh c cu c nh

nm bn ngoi khung van.
c im s dng: Dng iu chnh lu lng gi v lp t lin cng vi cc ming
thi Di y l cc thng s van iu chnh gi loi DGA ca Reetech tng ng vi
cc loi ming gi lp t.
Bng 9.53. Cc thng s ca van iu chnh gi kiu l sch cnh gp i xng
Ming
150x150 225x225 300x300 375x375 450x450 525x525 600x600 675x675 750x750
thi
Van
/c

152x152 227x227 302x302 377x377 452x452 527x527 602x602 677x677 752x752

Ca iu chnh gi trn mt cnh gp

Cu to: Gm phn v, cnh hng v cnh iu chnh. Phn khung c lm t tn
trng km, bn trong c cc cnh hng gi c nh, cnh iu chnh cng c ch to
t tn trng km. Cnh iu chnh c c nh nh chi tit inh c nh gia cnh.
Gc nghing cc i ca cnh l 45o
c im s dng: Dng iu chnh lu lng gi v lp ti hp chp ming thi.

Hnh 9.28. Van iu chnh trn 1 cnh gp

Ca iu chnh gi trn hai cnh gp
Cu to: Gm phn v v b phn cnh iu chnh. Vt liu ch to l tn trng km
dy khong 1,2mm. Cnh iu chnh gm 02 cnh hnh bn nguyt i xng nhau. B
phn iu chnh l 01 c vt gia van c th quay chuyn ng ln xung thay i
gc m ca cnh iu chnh

294/419

c im s dng: Dng iu chnh lu lng gi v lp ti hp chp ming thi.

Hnh 9.29. Van iu chnh trn 2 cnh gp

Cc thng s c bn ca cc van iu chnh trn, hai cnh gp ca Reetech, model DGC:
Bng 9.54. Cc thng s ca van iu chnh trn, hai cnh gp
? (mm) 95 145 195 245 295 345 395 445
H (mm) 90 140 190 240 290 340 390 440
Ca iu chnh gi trn cnh xoay
Cu to gm phn v v b phn cnh iu chnh. Vt liu ch to l tn trng km hoc
thp tm dy khong 1,2mm.
V tr lp t: Lp cng ming thi hoc trn ng ng gi
B phn iu chnh: Bng tay hoc bng m t.
Cc thng s c bn ca cc van iu chnh trn, cnh xoay ca reetech, model DGD:
Bng 9.55. Cc thng s ca van iu chnh trn, cnh xoay
? (mm)

95

145 195 245 295 345 395 445

L (mm)

120 190 240 290 340 390 440 490

Tv(mm)
Lp vi ng gi

1,0 1,0 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,5 1,5 1,5

Lp vi ming thi 0,8 0,8 1,0 1,0 1,0 1,0 1,0 1,0
295/419

Tc (mm)

1,2 1,2 1,4 1,4 1,4 1,6 1,6 1,6

Tv - Chiu dy v .
Tc - Chiu dy cnh
Trn hnh 9.26 minh ho vic s dng v lp t van iu chnh M iu chnh lu
lng gi cho cc ng nhnh h thng cp gi ti cho cc FCU.

Hnh 9.30. Lp t van iu chnh trn ng ng

Van iu chn la
trnh hin tng ngn la ly lan theo h thng ng ng gi t khu vc b ho
hon sang khu vc khc. i vi cc cng trnh quan trng, v tr ng ng xuyn
qua tng ngn cch gia cc phng, ngi ta c b tr cc van chn la.
Khi xy ra ho hon, do nhit cao dy ch t v ca t ng ng li v chn khng
cho ngn la ly lan theo ng ng sang phng bn cnh.
Van chn la tit din ch nht , nhiu cnh
Cu to gm c khung, v v phn cnh. Khung c th lm t thp L, v c th t thp
tm hoc tn trng km, cnh c ch to t thp tm. Qui cch k thut ca cnh, v
v khung c th tham kho t bng 9- di y.

296/419

Cu ch s t nhit khong 75oC

V tr lp t chn la: Lp xuyn sn v lp xuyn tng. i vi loi lp xuyn sn
chiu di khong 350mm v c c cu l xo ng cht hn, trnh nh hng ca
trng lc. i vi loi xuyn tng chiu di L=150 hoc 250mm. Chiu rng ca cc
cnh khng qu 200mm v chiu di khng qu 500mm. Khi kch thc ln hn th
ghp nhiu cnh
Van chn la tit din ch nht c lp cho cc ng ch nht c cng kch thc.

Hnh 9.31. Van chn la tit din ch nht

Di y l cc kch thc c bn ca van chn la kiu CLA ca Reetech
Bng 9.56. Cc kch thc c bn ca van chn la CLA
Kch thc ng
giMm

Kch thc
khungmm

Chiu dy
vmm

Chiu dy
cnhmm

n 300

25 x 25 x 3

2,0

1,5

Trn 300 n 600

30 x 30 x 3

3,0

2,0
297/419

Trn 600 n 2000

30 x 30 x 3

3,0

3,0

Trn 2000

50 x 50 x 5

3,0

3,0

Van chn la tit din trn

Cu to gm c v v phn cnh. V v cnh c lm t thp tm hoc tn trng km.
Qui cch k thut ca cnh, v v khung c th tham kho t bng 9- di y.
Cu ch s t nhit khong 75oC

Hnh 9.32. Van chn la tit din trn

V tr lp t chn la: Lp xuyn sn v lp xuyn tng. i vi loi lp xuyn sn
chiu di khong 350mm v c c cu l xo ng cht hn, trnh nh hng ca
trng lc. i vi loi xuyn tng chiu di L=150 hoc 250mm. Chiu rng ca cc
cnh khng qu 200mm v chiu di khng qu 500mm.
Van chn la tit din trn c lp cho cc ng tit din trn c cng kch thc.
Di y l cc kch thc c bn ca van chn la trn kiu CLB ca Reetech
Bng 9.57: Cc kch thc c bn ca van chn la CLB
Kch thc ng gi? mm Chiu dy vmm Chiu dy cnhmm
n 300

1,5

1,5

Trn 300 n 600

2,0

2,0

Trn 600

3,0

3,0

Van gim p hay van 1 chiu

298/419

V cu to van gim p v van mt 1 chiu rt ging nhau, tuy nhin v cng dng c
khc nhau.
Van gim p c lp t trn tng u ra ca cc qut nhm lm gim p lc trn
ng ng.

Hnh 9.33. Van 1 chiu

Van 1 chiu c lp trn ng ng nhm ngn cn hin tng di ngc li .
Khi kch thc ng ng qu ln, ngi ta chia ca ra thnh nhiu phn. Chiu dy
ca cc cnh ph thuc vo tc chuyn ng ca gi trn ng ng. Nu tc di
7,5 m/s th chiu dy cnh l 0,6mm. Nu t ti 12 m/s th chiu dy cnh l 1,2mm.
Kch thc trc xoay cng ph thuc vo rng ca ca v khong ?8??12.
TNH CHN QUT GI
Khi nim v phn loi qut
Qut l thit b dng vn chuyn v phn phi khng kh l thit b khng th thiu
c trong h thng iu ha khng kh v i sng. C 2 loi qut: Loi c lp t
trong cc my iu ho hoc qut c s dng thng gi.
Mi qut u c c trng bi 2 thng s c bn sau:
Lu lng gi, V, m3/s hoc m3/h.
Ct p Hq , Pa hoc mmH2O
Phn loi
- Theo c tnh kh ng
299/419

Rheo c tnh kh ng ca khng kh ngi ta chia ra lm 02 loi qut: qut hng trc
v qut ly tm.
+ Qut hng trc: Khng kh vo v ra i dc theo trc. Qut hng trc c cu to
gn nh c th cho lu lng ln vi p sut b. Thng dng trong h thng khng c
ng gi hoc ng ngn.
+ Qut ly tm: Khng kh i vo theo hng trc quay, nhng i ra vung gc trc quay,
ct p to ra do lc ly tm. V vy cn c ng dn gi mi to p sut ln. N c th to
nn lung gi c p sut ln. Trong hu ht dn lnh my iu ho khng kh ngi ta
u s dng qut ly tm.
- Theo ct p:
Theo ct p ngi ta chia qut ra lm 03 loi c p sut: H p, trung p v cao p.
+ Qut h p: Hq < 1000 Pa
+ Qut trung p: 1000 Pa < Hq< 3000 Pa
+ Qut cao p Hq > 3000 Pa
- Theo cng dng
Theo cng dng ngi ta chia qut ra rt nhiu loi khc nhau:
+ Qut gi
+ Qut khi
+ Qut bi
+ Qut thng hi
Cc loi qut gi
Qut ly tm
Qut l tm c nhiu dng khc nhau. c im chung ca qut ly tm l phi c v
qut to ct p ln.
Theo c im cnh qut c th chia qut l tm ra cc dng chnh sau:
- Qut ly tm cnh cong v pha trc (forward Curve - FC)
300/419

- Qut ly tm cnh nghing v pha sau (Backward Inclined - BI)

- Qut ly tm cnh hng knh (Radial Blade - RB)
- Qut ly tm dng ng (Tubular Centrifugal - TC)
Nguyn tc hot ng ca hu ht cc qut ly tm nh sau: Khng kh c gung cnh
quay ht vo bn trong v p ln thnh v qut. V qut c cu to c bit bin p
sut ng thnh p sut tnh ln u ra, ng thi i hng chuyn ng ca lung
gi. Mt dn ng thng c gn trc tip ln trc qut hoc dn ng bng ai.

Hnh 9.34. Cc loi qut ly tm

Di y l c im ca mt s qut ly tm thng gp.
Qut ly tm cnh cong v pha trc (FC)
Qut ly tm cnh hng v pha trc c s dng trong cc trng hp cn lu lng
ln nhng p sut tnh thp. S lng cnh ca qut thng nm t 24 n 64 cnh.
Khong lm vic c hiu qa cao (hiu sut cao) ca qut nm trong khong 30% n
80% lu lng nh mc. Hiu sut c th t ti 70%. Qut ly tm c cnh cong v
pha trc c cc u im:
- n gin nn gi thnh r
- Tc quay thp.
- Phm vi hot ng rng.

301/419

Tuy nhin , qut FC cng c nhc im l khi ct p tnh thp c kh nng ng c b

qu ti, kt cu cnh khng vng chc.
Qut ly tm cnh nghing v pha sau (BI)
Qut ly tm cnh hng sau c 2 dng cnh n v cnh dng kh ng (cnh 2 lp).
c im ca qut BI l tc quay ln, p sut to ra ln. Do c im cu to nn
hiu sut qut BI kh ln, c th t 80%. Kh nng qu ti ca ng c t xy ra do
ng c tnh ca cng sut t cc i gn ngoi vng lm vic. Khong lm vic
hiu qu t 45% n 85% lu lng nh mc.
Qut ly tm cnh hng knh (RB)
Qut RB t c s dng trong k thut do ng knh rto ln. c im ca qut RB
l kh nng to p sut tnh ln , chnh v vy n thng c s dng vn chuyn
vt liu dng ht. ng c tnh cng sut N gn nh t l vi lu lng, v th loi
ny c th kim sot lu lng thng qua kim sot nng lng cung cp mt. Nhc
im ca qut RB l gi thnh cao v hiu sut khng cao. Hiu sut cc i c th t
68%.
Qut ly tm dng ng (TC)
Qut ly tm thi thng (dng ng): (Tubular centrifugal fan, in-line centrinfugal fan)
Qut TC gm mt v hnh tr, gung cnh, cnh, ming ht v ng cn. Dng kh i vo
qut theo trc, qua qut i hng 90o v b p vo v tr to nn p sut, sau li i
hng song song vi trc. Qut TC thot trng ging qut hng trc nhng nguyn l
kh ng khc hn. Hiu sut thp v n cao, nhng khng thay i dng nn c
s dng thay cho qut hng trc khi cn p sut cao.
Theo c im cu to
Qut c sn

302/419

Hnh 9.35. Qut ly tm

Nguyn l lm vic ca qut c sn nh sau: Dng khng kh theo ca ly gi 4 i vo
gung cnh 2 theo hng dc trc. Khi cnh quay s p dng khng kh ln v qut
1, dng b hm v bin ng nng thnh p nng. ng khuych tn c dng cn, tit
din tng dn c tc dng bin mt phn p sut ng thnh p sut tnh. Nh vy dng
khng kh i ra qut c p sut kh ln v hng chuyn ng thay i theo phng tip
tuyn vi gung cnh.
Trong iu ho khng kh, ngi ta thng s dng dng qut ly tm vi gung cnh
gm nhiu cnh nh gi l qut lng sc, qut ny c n nh

Hnh 9.36. Gung cnh qut ly tm ca cc my iu ho

Qut ly tm dng ng
Qut ly tm dng ng (tubular centrifugal hoc in-line centrifugal fan) c cu to gm
mt ng trc 1 c tc dng nn dng ly tm thnh dng hng trc, gung cnh 2 (t
6-12 cnh) c gn cc cnh tnh 3, ming ht gi 4 v ng cn 5. Khi lm vic, dng
khng kh i vo t ming ht gi, chuyn ng song song dc trc , sau c cc
cnh gi tc v dn p ln v qut theo hng vung gc vi trc, bin mt p sut ng
thnh p sut tnh. Sau dng khng kh i hng chuyn ng song song vi trc.
u ra qut c dng ng khuych tn c tc dng bin ng nng ca dng thnh p
nng. Cc cnh tnh c tc dng kh chuyn ng xoy ca dng u ra ng tr.
Qut ly tm dng ng c hiu sut thp v n cao. N thng c s dng trong cc
h thng thng gi hoc cp khng kh ti cho cc cng trnh ln.

303/419

Hnh 9.37. Qut ly tm dng ng

Qut mi
Qut ly tm lp mi thng c s dng ht thi gi t cc hp k thut ca cc to
nh cao tng thi b ra ngoi.
Cu to v nguyn l lm vic ca qut gm cc b phn chnh nh sau: Khng kh t
hp k thut pha di c ht ln theo ng ht 1, sau c gung cnh 2 gia tc
v p ln v bo v 3 v thot ra ngoi. Qut mi c ct p nh nhng lu lng ln.

Hnh 9.38. Qut ly tm lp mi

1- ng ht; 2- Gung cnh; 3- Chp bo v; 4- ng c; 5- Sn mi
Qut hng trc:
Qut hng trc c nhiu kiu loi, nhng ph bin nht l cc loi qut hng trc sau:
- Qut dc trc kiu chong chng;
- Qut hng trc dng ng;

304/419

- Qut hng trc dng ng c cnh hng

Hnh 9.39. Cc loi qut hng trc

i vi qut hng trc ccc c tnh ca n ph thuc rt ln vo t s ng knh
chn cnh v nh cnh Rh = Do/D1
Qut hng trc dng chong chng:
S dng tng i rng ri, c 3 n 6 cnh , t s Rh nh hn 0,15 nn ct p b trong
khi lu lng ln. Loi qut hng trc kiu chong chng thng thm vnh cnh hay
vnh a pha trc. Qut chong chng c cu to v hnh dng bn ngoi rt khc nhau.

Hnh 9.40. Cc loi qut chong chng

Qut hng trc dng ng

305/419

Loi dng ng thng c 6 n 9 cnh, t trong v tr, hai u un cong dng kh ng.
T s Rh khng qu 0,3. Qut c lu lng v ct p ln so vi kiu chong chng.

Hnh 9.41. Cc loi qut hng trc dng ng

Qut c cnh hng
Qut c cnh hng cng c v tr tng t qut dng ng. trit tiu dng xoy v
nn thng dng pha sau gung cnh cn c thm cc cnh hng . Cc cnh hng cn
c tc dng bin mt phn p sut ng thnh p sut tnh.
Qut c cnh hng thng c t s Rh> 0,3 , nn c kh nng to ra p sut cao v lu
lng ln. S lng cnh thng nhiu t 8 n 16 cnh.
c tnh qut v im lm vic ca qut trong mng ng ng.
th c tnh
th biu din quan h gia ct p H v lu lng V ng vi s vng quay n ca
gung cnh ca qut gi l th c tnh ca qut.
Trn th c tnh ngi ta cn biu th cc ng tham s khc nh ng hiu sut
qut ?q, ng cng sut qut Nq.
c tnh mng ng ng
Mi mt qut mt tc quay no u c th to ra cc ct p Hq v lu lng
Vkhc nhau ng vi tng tr lc p dng kh i qua
Quan h p - V gi l c tnh mng ng ng.

306/419

Trn th c tnh im A c xc nh bi tc lm vic ca qut v tng tr lc

mng ng ng gi l im lm vic ca qut. Nh vy mt tc quay qut c th
c nhiu ch lm vic khc nhau ty thuc c tnh mng ng ng. Do hiu
sut ca qut s khc nhau v cng sut ko i hi khc nhau.
Nhim v ca ngi thit k h thng ng ng l phi lm sao vi mt lu lng V
cho trc phi thit k ng ng sao cho t hiu sut cao nht hoc ch t cng gn
?max cng tt.

Hnh 9.42. th c tnh ca qut

La chn v tnh ton qut gi.
Mun chn qut v nh im lm vic ca qut cn phi tin hnh xc nh cc i
lng:
- Lu lng cn thit Vq
- Ct p cn thit Hq
Cc i lng Vq v Hq c xc nh thng qua lu lng tnh ton Vtt v ct p tnh
ton Htt. Sau cn lu mt s yu t nh: n cho php, rung ni t my, nhit
cht kh, kh nng gy n mn kim loi, nng bi trong kh
Lu lng tnh ton V tt
Lu lng tnh ton Vtt c xc nh tu thuc vo chc nng ca qut.
307/419

i vi h thng iu ho khng kh, qut dn lnh, dn ngng c lp t km theo

my. Ta c th xc nh im lm vic da vo ng c tnh ca qut
- Qut dn lnh: Lu lng tnh ton ca qut dn lnh chnh l lu lng gi cn thit
Lv ca thit b x l khng kh xc nh trong chng 4

Qo - Cng sut lnh ca dn lnh, W

IC, IO - Entanpi ca khng kh vo ra dn lnh, J/kg
- Khi lng ring ca khng kh: = 1,2 kg/m3
- Qut dn ngng: Khi qua dn ngng ch c trao i nhit khng c s trao i m nn
lu lng khng kh c xc nh theo cng thc:

trong :
Qk - Cng sut gii nhit ca dn ngng
Ct p tnh tan chnh l Htt = p
Lu lng cn thit ca qut chn nh sau
- Vi mi trng sch: Vq = Vtt
- Vi qut ht hay ti liu: Vq = 1,1 Vtt
Ct p cn tit ca qut Hq chn theo p sut kh quyn v v nhit cht kh:

k , kk khi lng ring ca cht kh v khng kh tnh 0oC v Bo = 760mmHg

- Nu qut ti bi hoc cc vt rn khc (bng, vi, si . . ) th chn

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Hq = 1,1 .(1 + K.N).Htt (6-34)

K l h s ty thuc vo tnh cht ca bi
N - Nng khi lng ca hn hp c vn chuyn
Cn c vo Vq v Hq tin hnh chn qut thch hp sao cho ng c tnh H-V c hiu
sut cao nht (gn ?max).
nh im lm vic ca qut v xc nh s vng quay n v hiu sut ca n. T tnh
c cng sut ng c ko qut.
Khi chn qut cn nh tc tip tuyn cho php nm trong khong u < 40 ? 45 m/s
trnh gy n qu mc. Ring qut c kch thc ln hn Do> 1000mm cho php chn u
< 60m/s
Cng sut yu cu trn trc
Nq = Vq.Hq.10-3/?q , kW (6-36)
Trong Vq m3/s v Hq , Pa
Vi qut ht bi hoc qut ti:
Nq = 1,2.Vq.Hq.10-3/?q , kW (6-37)
Cng sut t ca ng c:
Nc = Nq .Kdt/ ?t
?t - Hiu sut truyn ng
+ Trc tip ?t = 1
+ Khp mm: ?t = 0,98
+ ai: ?t = 0,95
Kdt - H s d tr ph thuc cng sut yu cu trn trc qut.
Bng 9.58.

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Nq , kW

Qut ly tm

Qut dc trc

< 0,50,51 - 1,01,1 - 2,02,1 - 5,0> 5 1,51,31,21,151,10 1,201,151,101,051,05

Khi chn qut phi lu n. n ca qut thng c cc nh ch to a ra
trong cc catalogue. Nu khng c catalogue ta c th kim tc di trn nh qut.
Tc khng c qu ln
= .D1.n < 40 ? 45 m/s
***

310/419

iu khin t ng trong iu ho khng

kh
H THNG NG NG TRONG IU HO KHNG KH
Trong cc k thut iu ho khng kh c s dng cc loi ng ng nc nh sau:
- ng ng nc gii nhit cho cc thit b ngng t;
- ng ng nc lnh lm lnh khng kh;
- ng ng nc nng v hi bo ho si m khng kh ma ng;
- ng ng nc ngng.
Mc ch ca vic tnh ton ng dn nc l xc nh kch thc hp l ca ng ng,
xc nh tng tn tht tr lc v chn bm. lm c iu cn phi bit trc lu
lng nc tun hon. Lu lng c xc nh t cc phng trnh trao i nhit.
H THNG NG NG DN NC
Vt liu ng ng
Ngi ta s dng nhiu loi vt liu khc nhau lm ng ng c th nh sau :
Bng 10.1. Vt liu ng dn nc
Chc nng

Vt liu

1. ng nc lnh chiller

- Thp en hoc thp trng km- ng ng

cng

2. ng nc gii nhit v nc cp

- ng thp trng km- ng ng cng

3. ng nc ngng hoc x cn

- ng thp trng km- ng ng cng- ng

PVC

4. Bo ho hoc nc ngng bo
ho

- ng thp en- ng ng cng

5. Nc nng

- ng thp en- ng ng cng

311/419

Cc loi ng thp en thng c s dng dn nc c nhiu loi vi dy mng

khc nhau. Theo mc dy ngi ta chia ra lm nhiu mc khc nhau t Schedul 10
n Schedul 160. Trn bng 10.2 cc loi ng k hiu ST l ng c dy tiu chun,
cc ng XS l loi ng c chiu dy rt ln
Bng 10.2 : c tnh ca ng ng thp

ng ng ng c chia ra cc loi K, L, M v DWV. Loi K c b dy ln nht,

loi DWV l mng nht. Thc t hay s dng loi L. Bng 10.3 trnh by cc c tnh
k thut ca mt s loi ng ng khc nhau.
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Bng 10.3 : c tnh ca ng ng ng

S gin n v nhit ca cc loi ng ng

Trong qu trnh lm vic nhit ca nc lun thay i trong mt khon tng i
rng, nn cn lu ti s gin n v nhit ca ng ng c cc bin php ngn nga
thch hp.
Trn bng 10.4 l mc gin n ca ng ng ng v ng thp, so vi trng thi
0oC. Mc gin n hu nh t l thun vi khong thay i nhit . b gin n
trong k thut iu ho ngi ta s dng cc on ng ch U, ch Z v ch L.
Bng 10.4 : Mc gin n ng ng
Khong nhit
Mc gin n,
mm/m
ng ng

ng thp

010203040506070 00,1680,3360,5040,6720,8401,0801,187 00,1110,2230,3360,4590,5720,6840,8

313/419

Ngoi phng php s dng cc on ng nu trn , trong thc t b gin n ngi

ta cn s dng cc ron gin n, dng ng mm cao su nu nhit cho php.
Gi ng ng
treo ng ng ngi ta thng s dng cc loi st ch L hoc st U lm gi
. Cc gi phi m bo chc chn, d lp t ng ng v c khu hp l.
Khi khu nh th s lng gi tng, chi ph tng. Nu khu ln ng ng
s vng, khng m bo chc chn. V th ngi ta qui nh khong cch gia cc gi
. Khong cch ny ph thuc vo kch thc ng ng, ng ng cng ln khong
cch cho php cng ln.
Bng 10.5 : Khu hp l ca gi ng thp
ng knh danh ngha ca ng , mm

Khu m

T 19,05 ? 31,7538,1 ? 63,576,2 ? 88,9101,6 ?

152,4203,2 n 304,8355,6 n 609,6

2,4383,0483,6574,2674,8776,096

Bng 10.6 : Khu hp l ca gi ng ng

ng knh danh ngha ca ng , mm

Khu m

15,87522,225 ? 28,57534,925 ? 53,97566,675 ?

130,175155,575 ? 206,375

1,8292,4383,0483,6574,267

TNH TON NG NG DN NC V CHN BM

Lu lng nc yu cu
Lu lng nc yu cu c xc nh tu thuc trng hp c th
- Nu nc s dng gii nhit bnh ngng my iu ho:

(10-1)
- Lu lng nc lnh

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(10-2)
Lu lng nc nng

(10-3)
trong :
Qk, Qo v QSI - Cng sut nhit bnh ngng, cng sut lnh bnh bay hi v cng sut
b gia nhit khng kh, kW;
tn, tnl, tnn - chnh nhit nc vo ra bnh ngng, bnh bay hi v b sy.
Thng t 3 ? 5 oC;
Cp - Nhit dung ring ca nc, Cp 4186 J/kg.K.
Dc theo tuyn ng lu lng thay i v vy cn phi thay i tit din ng ng mt
cch tng ng.
Chn tc nc trn ng ng
Tc ca nc chuyn ng trn ng ng ph thuc 2 yu t
- n do nc gy ra. Khi tc cao n ln , khi tc nh kch thc ng ng
ln nn chi ph tng
- Hin tng n mn : Trong nc c ln cn bn nh ct v cc vt khc , khi tc
cao kh nng m mn rt ln
Bng 10.7 : Tc nc trn ng ng
Trng hp

Tc ca nc

- u y ca bm- u ht ca bm- ng x- ng
gp- ng hng ln- Cc trng hp thng thngNc thnh ph

2,4 ? 3,61,2 ? 2,11,2 ?

2,11,2 ? 4,50,9 ? 3,0 1,5 ?
30,9 ? 2,1

Xc nh ng knh ng dn
Trn c s lu lng v tc trn tng on ng tin hnh xc nh ng knh trong
ca ng nh sau :
315/419

(10-4)
trong :
V- Lu lng th tch nc chuyn ng qua on ng ang tnh, m3/s
V = L/
L - Lu lng khi lng nc chuyn ng qua ng, kg/s
- Khi lng ring ca nc, kg/m3
- Tc nc chuyn ng trn ng, c la chn theo bng 10.7, m/s
Xc nh tn tht p sut
C 2 cch xc nh tn tht p lc trn ng ng
- Phng php xc nh theo cng thc
- Xc nh theo th
Xc nh tn tht p sut theo cng thc
Tn tht p lc c xc nh theo cng thc
p = pms + pcb (10-5)
trong :

(10-6)

(10-7)
* H s tr lc ma st

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- Khi chy tng Re = d/ < 2.103 , ta c:

(10-8)
- Khi chy ri Re > 104, ta c:

(10-9)
* H s ma st cc b ly theo bng 10.:.
Bng 10.8 : H s ma st
V tr

H s ?

- T bnh vo ng- Qua vanCt 45o tiu chun- Ct 90o

tiu chun- Ct 90o bn knh
cong ln- Ch T, nhnh
0,52 ?
chnh- Ch T, Nhnh phQua ng tht- Qua ng m- 30,350,750,450,41,50,10,250,040,200,904,524,06,49,5
Khp ni- Van cng m
100%m 75%m 50%m
25%- Van cu c m
100%m 50%
i vi on ng m rng t ngt, h s tn tht cc b c th tnh theo cng thc sau
:

(10-10)
trong : A1, A2 - ln lt l tit din u vo v u ra ca ng
Trng hp ng ng thu hp t ngt th h s tr lc ma st c th tra theo bng
10.9. Cn lu l tc dng tnh tn tht trong trng hp ny l on ng c
ng knh nh.
317/419

Bng 10.9 : H s ma st on ng t m
T s A2/A1

H s ?

0,10,20,30,40,50,60,70,80,91,0 0,370,350,320,270,220,170,100,060,020
* Xc nh tr lc cc b bng di tng ng
xc nh tr lc cc b ngoi cch xc nh nh h s tr lc cc b ?, ngi ta cn
c cch qui i ra tn tht ma st tng ng v ng vi n l chiu di tng ng.
Di y l chiu di tng ng ca mt s thit b ng ng nc.
Bng 10. 10 : Chiu di tng ng ca cc loi van (mt ng ng)

Bng 10. 11 : Chiu di tng ng ca T, ct

Bng 10. 12 : Chiu di tng ng ca mt s trng hp c bit

318/419

ng knhin

Ct 90o chun

T
ng nhnh
ng chnh
d khng i

d gim 25%

3/81/23/4111/411/2221/
2 1/
0,4270,4870,6090,7921,0061,2191,5241,8292,2862,7433,0483,6924,8776,0
33
2
456810121416182024
Cc trng hp ng ng ni vo thng :
(1) - Nc chuyn ng t ng vo thng v ng ng ni bng mt vi cnh thng.
(2) - Nc chuyn ng t thng ra ng ng v ng ng ni bng mt vi cnh
thng.
(3)- Nc chuyn ng t ng vo thng v ng ng ni nh ln khi cnh thng.
(4) - Nc chuyn ng t thng ra ng ng v ng ng ni nh ln khi cnh
thng.
Xc nh tn tht p sut theo th
Ngoi cch xc nh theo cng thc, trn thc t ngi ta hay s dng phng php
th. Cc th thng xy dng tn tht p sut cho 1m chiu di ng ng. Khi bit
2 trong ba thng s : Lu lng nc tun hon (L/s), ng knh ng (mm) v tc
chuyn ng (m/s). Thng thng chng ta bit trc lu lng v chn tc s xc
nh c kch thc ng v tn tht p sut cho 1m ng.

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Hnh 10.1 : Tn tht p sut (Pa/m) trn ng dn thp en Schedul 40

320/419

Hnh 10.2 : Tn tht p sut (Pa/m) trong ng dn nc bng ng

321/419

Hnh 10.3 : Tn tht p sut (Pa/m) trong cc ng dn nc bng plastic

Trn hnh 10.2 biu din th xc nh tn tht p sut (Pa/m) trong cc ng dn ng
loai K, L, M
Hnh 10.3 trnh by th xc nh tn tht p sut trong cc ng dn plastic. Khi xy
dng th ngi ta ly nhit nc l 20oC.
V d 1 : Xc nh tn tht p sut trn mt tuyn ng thp ?100mm trc u y bm,
bit chiu di tng l 50m, 01 van ca v c 6 ct 90o
- Chiu di tng ng ca 6 ct 90o
lt1 = 6 x 3,048m = 18,28 m
- Chiu di tng ng ca van chn
lt2 = 1,362 m
- Tng chiu di tng ng
322/419

Lt = 50 + 18,28 + 1,372 = 69,652 m

- i vi on ng trc u y ca bm , theo bng tc nm trong khong 2,4 ?
3,6 m/s. Chn = 3 m/s.
- Cn c vo th hnh 10.1 , xc nh c L= 25 Li/s v p = 800 Pa/m
- Tng tn tht trn ton tuyn
p = 69,652 x 800 = 55.722 Pa = 0,557 bar
THP GII NHIT V BNH GIN N
Thp gii nhit
Trong h thng iu ho khng kh gii nhit bng nc bt buc phi s dng thp
gii nhit. Thp gii nhit c s dng gii nhit nc lm mt bnh ngng trong h
thng lnh my iu ho khng kh.
Trn hnh 10-4 trnh by cu to ca mt thp gii nhit

Hnh 10.4 : Thp gii nhit RINKI (Hng Kng)

Cu to ca thp gii nhit gm: Thn v y thp bng nha composit. Bn trong c
cc khi si nha c tc dng lm ti nc, tng b mt tip xc, thng c 02 khi.
Ngoi ra bn trong cn c h thng ng phun nc, qut hng trc. H thng ng
phun nuc quay xung quanh trc khi c nc phun. M t qut t trn nh thp. Xung
quanh phn thn cn c cc tm li , c th d dng tho ra v sinh y thp, cho
php quan st tnh hnh nc trong thp nhng vn ngn cn rc c th ri vo bn trong

323/419

thp. Thn thp c lp t mt vi tm ring bit, cc v tr lp to thnh gn tng sc

bn cho thn thp.
Phn di y thp c cc ng nc sau : ng nc vo, ng nc ra, ng x cn, ng
cp nc b sung v ng x trn.
Khi chn thp gii nhit ngi ta cn c vo cng sut gii nhit. Cng sut c
cn c vo m hiu ca thp. V d thp FRK-80 c cng sut gii nhit 80 Ton
Bng 7-3 di y trnh by cc c tnh k thut ca thp gii nhit RINKI. Theo bng
ta c th xc nh c lu lng nc yu cu, cc thng s v cu trc v khi
lng ca thp. T lu lng ca thp c th xc nh c cng sut gii nhit ca
thp
Q = G.Cn.tn
G- Lu lng nc ca thp, kg/s
Cn- Nhit dung ring ca nc : Cn = 1 kCal/kg.
tn - chnh lch nhit nc vo ra thp tn = 4oC
Bng 10.13: Bng c tnh k thut ca thp gii nhit RINKI

324/419

Bnh (thng) gin n

Trong cc h thng ng dn nc kn thng c trang b bnh gin n. Mc ch ca
bnh gin n l to nn mt th tch d tr nhm iu ho nhng nh hng do gin n
nhit ca nc trn ton h thng gy ra, ngoi ra bnh cn c chc nng b sung nc
cho h thng trong trng hp cn thit.
C 2 loi bnh gin n : Loi h v loi kn.
Bnh gin n kiu h l bnh m mt thong tip xc vi kh tri trn pha u ht ca
bm v v tr cao nht ca h thng.
cao ca bnh gin n phi m bo to ra ct p thu tnh ln hn tn tht thu lc
t v tr ni thng bnh gin n ti u ht ca bm.

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Hnh 10.5 : Lp t thng gin n

Trn hnh 10.5 , ct p thu tnh on AB phi m bo ln hn tr lc ca on AC,
nu khng nc v trn ng (1) khng tr v u ht ca bm m b y vo thng
gin n lm trn nc. Khi lp thm trn ng ht ca bm cc thit b ph, v d nh
lc nc th cn phi tng cao on AB.
tnh ton th tch bnh gin n chng ta cn c vo dung tch nc ca h thng v
mc tng th tch ca nc theo nhit cho bng 10.14.
Bng 10.14 : Gin n th tch nc theo nhit
t, oC

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

% Th tch 0,02 0,11 0,19 0,28 0,37 0,46 0,55 0,69 0,90 1,11
t, oC

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

95

100

% Th tch 1,33 1,54 1,76 2,11 2,49 2,85 3,10 3,35 3,64 4,00
Bnh gin n kiu kn c s dng trong h thng nc nng v nhit cao. Bnh
gin n kiu kn khng m ra kh quyn v vn hnh p sut kh quyn. Bnh cn trang
b van x kh. Bnh gin n kiu kn c lp t trn ng ht ca bm, cho php khi
vn hnh p sut ht ca bm gn nh khng i.
Trong h thng iu ho chng ta t gp bnh gin n kiu kn.
LP T H THNG NG NG NC

326/419

Khi lp t h thng ng ng nc cn lu b tr sao cho tr lc trn cc nhnh ng

u nhau, mun vy cn b tr sao cho tng chiu di cc nhnh u nhau.
Trn hnh 10.6 trnh by s ng dn nc lnh cung cp cho cc FCU v AHU.
hnh 10.6a , ta thy chiu di ca cc nhnh ABGHA, ABCFGHA v ABCDEFGHA l
khng u nhau , do tr lc ca cc nhnh khng u nhau. S ny gi l s
ng quay v trc tip. y l s n gin, d lp t v tng chiu di ng ng
nh. Tuy nhin do tr lc khng u nn cn lp t cc van iu chnh iu chnh
lng nc cp cho cc nhnh u nhau.
hnh 10.6b l s ng quay v khng trc tip , trong trng hp ny chiu di
ng i ca cc nhnh n cc FCU v AHU u nhau. Cc FCU (AHU) c ng cp
nc di th ng hi nc ngn v ngc li.
Cn lu khi tr lc ca cc FCU u nhau th nn s dng s khng trc tip. Nu
cc FCU c tr lc khc nhau th v mt kinh t nn chn s loi trc tip , lc
cn s dng cc bin php khc hiu chnh cn thit. Mt trong nhng bin php m
ngi ta hay p dng l s dng van cu trn ng ht.

Hnh 10.6 : Cc loi s b tr ng ng

Trn hnh 10.7 trnh by hai trng hp lp t ng ng theo s khng trc tip ,
phng n thng c p dng cho h thng kn.
Hnh 10.7a trnh by minh ha ng vi trng hp cc FCU b tr vi cao khc nhau
v trn hnh 10.7b l trng hp cc FCU b tr trn cng mt cao. Trong trng hp
ny ngoi vic cn ch b tr ng ng i v v cho cc nhnh u nhau, ngi thit
327/419

k cn lu ti ct p tnh do ct nc to nn. Theo cch b tr nh trn qung ng

i cho tt c cc FCU gn nh nhau v ct p tnh u nhau, do m bo phn b
nc n cc nhnh u nhau.

Hnh 10.7 : Cch b tr ng ng cp nc FCU

***

328/419

thng gi v cp gi ti
IU KHIN T NG TRONG IU HO KHNG KH
H THNG IU KHIN T NG TRONG IU HO KHNG KH
Nhim v v chc nng ca h thng iu khin
Chc nng quan trng nht ca h thng iu ha khng kh l duy tr cc thng s kh
hu trong mt phm vi no khng ph thuc vo iu kin mi trng xung quanh
v s thay i ca ph ti.
Tuy nhin chng ta vn cha xem xt lm th no m h thng iu ho khng kh c
th thc hin c iu khi ph ti v mi trng lun lun thay i.
H thng iu khin c chc nng nhn cc tn hiu thay i ca mi trng v ph ti
tc ng ln h thng thit b nhm duy tr v gi n nh cc thng s kh hu trong
khng gian iu ha khng ph thuc vo iu kin kh hu bn ngoi v ph ti bn
trong.
Cc thng s c bn cn duy tr l :

Nhit ;
m;
p sut;
Lu lng.

Trong cc thng s trn nhit l thng s quan trng nht.

-Ngoi chc nng m bo cc thng s vi kh hu trong phng, h thng iu khin cn
c tc dng bo v an ton cho h thng, ngn nga cc s c c th xy ra; m bo h
thng hot ng hiu qu v kinh t nht; gim ch ph vn hnh ca cng nhn.
S iu khin v cc thit b chnh ca h thng iu khin
S iu khin t ng

329/419

Hnh 11.1: S h thng iu khin

Cc h thng iu khin t ng trong iu ha khng kh hot ng da trn nhiu
nguyn tc khc nhau. Tuy nhin mt h thng iu khin u c cc thit b tng t
nhau.
Ta nghin cu s iu chnh nhit u ra ca khng kh nu trn hnh 11.1.
y thng s cn duy tr l nhit khng kh u ra dn trao i nhit, c th gi
n l thng s iu khin. H thng hot ng nh sau: Khi nhit khng kh u ra
dn trao i nhit thay i (chng hn qu cao so vi yu cu , gi tr ny c ci
t sn b iu khin), s thay i c b cm bin (sensor) ghi nhn c v
truyn tn hiu phn hi ln thit b iu khin. Thit b iu khin tin hnh so snh
gi tr o c vi gi tr t trc (set point). Tu thuc vo mi quan h gia cc i
lng ny m tnh tn hiu u ra nhm tc ng ln thit b b iu khin (controlled
device) khc nhau. Tu thuc vo tn hiu t thit b iu khin m thit b iu khin
s c hnh ng mt cch ph hp nhm tc ng ln nguyn nhn gy thay i thng
s iu khin. y nguyn nhn lm thay i thng s iu khin l mi cht trao i
nhit.
Thng s iu khin:
Thng s iu khin l thng s nhit vt l cn phi duy tr ca h thng iu khin.
Trong cc h thng iu ho khng kh cc thng s thng gp l nhit , m, lu
lng, cng sut vv . ..
B cm bin (sensor)

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L thit b cm nhn s thay i ca thng s iu khin v truyn cc ghi nhn ln

thit b iu khin.
Nguyn tc hot ca b cm bin da trn s gin n nhit ca cc cht, da vo lc
dng chy ..
Thit b iu khin
Thit b iu khin s so snh gi tr ghi nhn c ca b cm bin vi gi tr t trc
ca n. Tu theo mi quan h ca 2 gi tr ny m tn hiu iu khin u ra khc nhau.
Phn t iu khin (C cu chp hnh)
Sau khi nhn tn hiu t thit b iu khin c cu chp hnh s tc ng, tc ng c
tc dng lm thay i thng s iu khin. Tc ng thng gp nht c dng ON-OFF
C c ngun nng lng cho h thng iu khin
Ngi ta s dng nhiu ngun nng lng khc nhau cho cc h thng iu khin :
- in nng : i b phn cc h thng iu khin s dng in nng iu khin do
tnh gn nh v d dng s dng. Ngun in c in p thng nm trong khong 24 220 V. Mt s h thng s dng h thng c in p v dng thp : U < 10V, I=4-50mA.
- H thng kh nn : Ngi ta c th s dng h thng kh nn iu khin. H thng
c p sut P= 0 - 20 lb/m2
- H thng thy lc : H thng ny thng c p sut ln P = 80 - 100 lb/m2
Cc thit b iu khin
B phn cm bin (sensor)
Trong iu ho khng kh c cc b cm bin nhit , m, p sut v lu lng
B cm bin nhit
Tt c cc b cm bin nhit u hot ng da trn nguyn tc l cc tnh cht nhit
vt l ca cc cht thay i theo nhit . C th l s gin b v nhit, s thay i in
tr theo nhit . Ta thng gp cc b cm bin nh sau:

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b) c)
a2)
a1)
Hnh 11.2. Cc kiu b cm bin
Thanh lng kim (bimetal strip)
Trn hnh 11.2a1 l c cu thanh lng kim, c ghp t 2 thanh kim loi mng c h
s gin n nhit khc nhau. Mt u ca thanh c gi c nh v u kia t do. Thanh
1 lm t vt liu c h s gin n nhit km hn thanh 2. Khi nhit tng thanh 2 gin
n nhiu hn thanh 1 v un cong ton b thanh sang tri. Khi nhit gim xung di
gi tr nh mc, thanh b un cong sang phi.
Mt dng khc ca b cm bin dng ny l thanh lng kim c un cong dng xoc
trn c, u ngoi c nh u trong di chuyn. Loi ny thng c s dng lm
ng h o nhit (hnh 11.2a2.
B cm bin ng v thanh
Cu to gm 01 thanh kim loi c h s gin n nhit ln t bn trong 01 ng tr kim
loi gin n nhit t hn. Mt u thanh kim loi hn cht vo y ca ng u kia t
do. Khi nhit tng hoc gim so vi nhit nh mc u t do chuyn ng sang
phi hoc sang tri.
B cm bin kiu hp xp
Cu to gm mt hp xp c cc np nhn hoc mt mng mng c kh nng co gin
ln, bn trong cha y mt cht lng hoc cht kh. Khi nhit thay i mi cht co
gin l hp xp hoc mng mng cng phng lm di chuyn 1 thanh gn trn

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Hnh 11.3. B cm bin kiu hp xp c ng mao v bu cm bin

Cm bin in tr
Cm bin in tr c cc loi sau y:
Cun dy in tr
in tr bn dn
Cp nhit

Hnh 11.4. B cm bin kiu in tr

B cm bin p sut
B cm bin p sut thng l b cm bin kiu hp xp. Khc vi b cm bin nhit
kiu hp xp lun lun i km vi bu cm bin, bn trong c mi cht, th y
hp xp c ni trc tip vi tn hiu p sut ghi nhn s thay i p sut ca mi
cht v tc ng ln mng xp.

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Hnh 11.5. B cm bin p sut

B cm bin m
B cm bin cng hot ng da trn nguyn l v s thay i cc tnh cht nhit vt
l ca mi cht khi m thay i.
C 02 loi cm bin m:
Loi dng cht hu c (organic element)
Loi in tr (Resistance element)

Hnh 11.6. B cm bin m

Trn hnh 11.6 l b cm bin m, n c cha mt si hp th m. S thay i m
lm thay i chiu di si hp th. Si hp th c th l tc ngi hoc vt liu cht do
axtat.
B cm bin lu lng

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 Phong k dy nng (hot wire anemometer)

Trn hnh 11.7 trnh by cu to ca phong k dy nng. Thit b gm mt dy in tr
v mt cm bin nhit . Mi cht i qua dy in tr v lm lnh n, tc gi t l
vi cng sut in cn thit duy tr nhit chun dng i chiu.

Hnh 11.7. Phong k dy nng

ng pit

Hnh 11.8. ng pit o p sut v lu lng

Trn hnh 11.8 trnh by ng pit o p sut: p sut tnh (11.8a), p sut tng (11.b) v
p sut ng (11.8c).
C s o lu lng l s ph thuc gia lu lng vo s thay i p sut khi i qua
thit b.

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v lu lng:

Tm c l

Hnh 11.9. Lu lng k c vng c l

Trn hnh 11.9 trnh by lu lng k s dng vng c c l nh gia. Ngi ta nhn
thy s thay i p sut tnh pha trc v pha sau ca vng ph thuc vo lu lng
theo quan h sau y:

trong :
C- Hng s;
F- Din tch tit din ca ng, m2.
ng Venturi

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Hnh 11.10. Lu lng k Venturi

Lu lng k kiu Venturi gm mt ng c c tht gia (hnh 11.10). chnh p
sut gia u vo ca ng v v tr c tht t l vi lu lng mi cht chuyn ng
ngang qua ng.

Lu lng k kiu chn vt xoay

Vng chn vt chuyn ng xoay di tc dng ca dng chy, vng quay cng nhanh
nu tc dng chy ln. Thit b c ni vi c cu o ch ch lu lng.

Hnh 11.11. Lu lng k chn vt

Cc thit b c iu khin
Van in t
C 2 loi van in t
* Loi ng m on-off: Van ch c 2 trng thi ng v m. Van thng c 2 loi van 2
ng v van 3 ng.
* Loi ng m bng m t (Motorize): Van ng m bng m t cho php ng m
nhiu v tr v thng c dng iu chnh lu lng.
- Cn c vo s hng ca dng, van in t c th chia lm loi 2 ng v 3 ng.
* Van 2 ng: Hai ng gm mt ng mi cht vo v 01 ng mi cht ra. Loi van ny
c 2 kiu : Loi thng m (NO- Normally Open) v loi thng ng (NC- Normally
Close)

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Hnh 11.12. Van in t 2 ng

a) Loi thng m; bc) Loi thng ng
* Van in t 3 ng: Gm c 3 ng mi cht vo ra. Loi 3 ng cng c chia ra lm 2
loi khc nhau:
- Van 3 ng hn hp: C 02 ca vo v 01 ca ra
- Van 3 ng kiu bypass: C 01 ca vo v 02 ca ra.

Hnh 11.13. Van in t 3 ng

a) Van 3 ng hn hp; b) Van in t 3 ng by-pass
Ca gi
Cc ca gi iu khin phi l ca gi m vic ng m thc hin bng m t. Trn
hnh 11.14 l ca gi iu chnh, bn hng cc ca gi c gn m t. M t c trc
gn vo trc qut ca cc cnh van iu chnh. Khi nhn tn hiu iu khin, m t hot
ng v thc hin vic ng hay m van theo yu cu.

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Hnh 11.14. Lu lng k Venturi

CC PHNG PHP IU KHIN
iu khin nhit

Hnh 11.15. S iu khin nhit

Trn hnh 11.15 l s iu khin nhit ca mt AHU. AHU c 02 dn trao i
nhit: mt dn nng v mt dn lnh cc dn hot ng c lp v khng ng thi.
Ma h dn lnh lm vic, ma ng dn nng lm vic.
u ra ca khng kh c b tr h thng phun nc b sung b sung m cho khng
kh.
Nc nng, nc lnh v nc phun c cp vo nh cc van in t thng ng
(NC-Normal Close) v thng m (NO- Normal Open).
iu khin cng sut

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Phng php iu khin ON-OFF

Phng php ny thng dc s dng trong cc h thng nh.
Khng ch trng thi ca mt phn t no 2 trng thi : ng v m
V d : iu chnh nhit khng kh trong phng, my iu ha ca s thc hin
nh sau :
+ Nhit t trong phng l 22 oC
+ Khi nhit trong phng xung 21oC my s dng chy.
+ Khi nhit ln 23 oC th my bt u chy li.
Nh vy my s lm vic trong khong nhit t 21 - 23oC .
chnh nhit gia 2 v tr ON v OFF gi l vi sai iu khin.
By gi ta hy biu th trn th s thay i nhit phng v cng sut theo thi
gian.
Trong iu kin l tng khi nhit ln 23oC th my bt u chy v ngc li khi
nhit t 21oC th my dng nhng do qu tnh nhit nn n 23oC v 21oC nhng
nhit phng vn thay i mt khong no .

Hnh 11.16. iu khin cng sut theo kiu ON-OFF

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Trong mt chu k, thi gian khng kh c lm lnh (nhit gim) v t nng (nhit
tng) ph thuc vo mi quan h gia cng sut lm lnh Qlnh v tng nhit tha
ca phng QT.
* c im ca phng php iu khin kiu ON-OFF
- n gin , gi thnh thp nn thng s dng cho h thng nh.
- Cng sut gia cc k dao ng ln. Nn khng thch hp cho h thng ln v iu
khin chnh xc.
Phng php iu khin bc.
Thng c s dng cho h thng ln c nhiu my. Phng php ny c u im hn
ch c s sai lch ln cng sut gia cc k.
Phng php iu khin bc l thay i cng sut theo tng bc, trnh cng sut thay
i qu t ngt. H iu ha c iu khin bc phi c nhiu t my.
Trong h thng ny b iu khin cn c vo tn hiu ca bin iu khin s tc ng
ln cc r le hay cng tc v lm thay i cng sut thit b ra theo tng bc hay giai
on.
Ta nghin cu mt v d: Thit b iu khin cng s mt h thng iu ha gm 3 cm
my chiller.
Bin iu khin l nhit ca nc lnh vo my tnv.
Gi tr nh trc l tnv = 8oC
* Khi nhit tng : Khi nc v tnv = 8,5oC ch c t my I lm vic. Nu nhit
tip tc tng n 9oC th t my II khi ng v lm vic cng t I. Nu nhit tng
n 9,5oC th t my th III khi ng lm vic.
* Khi nhit gim : Khi nhit gim xung 7,5 oC th t my th III ngng hot
ng. Nu tip tc gim xung 7oC th t my II dng tip. Nu xung 6,5oC th dng
thm t I.

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Hnh 11.17. iu khin cng sut theo bc

Ta nghin cu th thay i nhit v ph ti:
- Ta c nhn xt l th cng sut thay i tng bc, trnh hin tng xung (thay i
t ngt).
- Cc my lm vic nh sau :
+ My I : Lm vic trong khong khi nhit tng ln 8,5oC v dng khi nhit gim
xung 6,5oC. Nh vy my I lm vic trong khong thi gian di nht.
+ My II: lm vic trong khong khi nhit tng ln ti 9oC v dng khi nhit gim
xung 7oC.
+ My II: Lm vic khi nhit tng ln 9,5oC v dng khi nhit gim xung 7,5oC
Nh vy my I lm vic nhiu nht v my II lm vic t nht. trnh tnh trng
trong mch in ngii ta c thit k cng tc chuyn mch i vai tr cc my cho
nhau, trnh cho mt my nn bt k lm vic qu nhiu trong khi my khc hu nh
khng hot ng.
u, nhc im ca phng php iu khin theo bc :
- Trnh c s thay i cng sut qu t ngt. Thch hp cho h thng ln.

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- Cc my lm vic khng u nhau nn phi thng xuyn chuyn i vai tr ca cc

my.
- Bin dao ng (vi sai) ca bin iu khin tng i ln do phi qua tng cp.
*
***

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lc bi v tiu m
LC BI V TIU M
LC BI
Khi nim
trong sch ca khng kh l mt trong nhng tiu chun quan trng cn c khng
ch trong cc khng gian iu ho v thng gi. Tiu chun ny cng quan trong i vi
cc i tng nh bnh vin, phng ch bin thc phm, cc phn xng sn xut
in t, thit b quang hc .. vv
Bi l nhng phn t vt cht c kch thc nh b khuch tn trong mi trng khng
kh.
Bi l mt trong cc cht c hi. Tc hi ca bi ph thuc vo cc yu t: Kch c
bi, nng bi v ngun gc bi.
Phn loi bi
- Theo ngun gc ca bi
+ Hu c: Do cc sn phm nng nghip v thc phm nh thuc l, bng vi, bi g,
cc sn phm nng sn, da, lng sc vt.
+ Bi v c: C ngun gc t kim loi, khong cht, bi v c, t, , xi mng, aming.
- Theo kch c ht bi:
Bi c kch c cng b tc hi cng ln do kh nng xm nhp su, tn ti trong khng
kh lu v kh x l. Theo kch c bi c phn thnh cc dng ch yu sau:
+ Siu mn: L nhng ht bi c kch thc nh hn 0,001m. Loi bi ny l tc nhn
gy mi trong cc khng gian thng gi v iu ho khng kh.
+ Rt mn : 0,1 ? 1 m
+ Mn : 1 ? 10 m
+ Th : > 10 m

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- Theo hnh dng ht bi

Theo hnh dng c th phn thnh cc dng bi sau:
+ Dng mnh (dng tm mng)
+ Dng si
+ Dng khi
Tc hi ca bi
Bi c nhiu tc hi n sc kho v cht lng cc sn phm
- i vi sc kho ca con ngi bi nh hng n ng h hp, th gic v nh
hng n cuc sng sinh hot khc ca con ngi. c bit i vi ng h hp, ht
bi cng nh nh hng ca chng cng ln, vi c ht 0,5 ?10m chng c th thm
nhp su vo ng h hp nn cn gi l bi h hp. Mc nh hng ca bi ph
thuc nhiu vo nng bi trong khng kh (mg/m3). Nng bi cho php trong
khng kh ph thuc vo bn cht ca bi v thng c nh gi theo hm lng xit
silic (SiO2).
- Nhiu sn phm i hi phi c sn xut trong nhng mi trng ht sc trong sch.
V d nh cng nghip thc phm, cng nghip ch to thit b quang hc, in t ..
- Nng :
+ Nng bi cho php trong khng kh thng cho theo nng xit silic
Bng 13.1. Nng cho php ca bi trong khng kh
Hm lng SO2, Nng bi cho php ca khng
kh trong khu lm vic
%

Nng bi cho php ca

khng kh tun hon

Z > 102 ? 10<

2Bi aming

Zb< 0,6 mg/m3< 1,2< 1,8

Zb < 2 mg/m32 ? 44 ? 6< 2

Thit b lc bi, phn loi v cc thng s c trng ca n

Trong k thut iu ho khng kh v thng gi thng ngi ta c trang b i km theo
cc h thng lc bi cho khng kh. C nhiu kiu thit b lc bi hot ng da trn
nhiu nguyn l rt khc nhau.

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Phn loi
Thit b lc bi c nhiu loi, tu thuc vo nguyn l tch bi, hnh thc bn ngoi,
cht liu ht bi vv. . . m ngi ta chia ra cc loi thit b lc bi nh sau:
- Bung lng bi dng hp
- Thit b lc bi kiu xiclon
- Thit b lc bi kiu qun tnh
- Thit b lc bi kiu ti vi.
- Thit b lc bi kiu li lc.
- Thit b lc bi kiu thng quay
- Thit b lc bi kiu si bt
- Thit b lc bi bng lp vt liu rng
- Thit b lc bi kiu tnh in
Cc thng s c trng ca thit b lc bi
Cc thng s c trng cho mt thit b lc bi bao gm: Hiu qu lc bi, Ph ti khng
kh v tr lc ca thit b lc bi.
- Hiu qu lc bi ?b: L t l phn trm lng bi c x l so vi lng bi c trong
khng kh ban u.

G'b, G"b - Lng bi vo ra thit b trong mt n v thi gian, g/s

z'b, z"b - Nng bi vo ra thit b trong khng kh u vo v u ra thit b, g/m3
- Ph ti khng kh: Lu lng lu thng khng kh tnh cho 1m2din tch b mt lc.

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, m3/h.m2 (13-1)
L - Lu lng lu thng khng kh, m3/h
F - Din tch b mt lc bi, m2
- Tr lc thy lc: Mt trong nhng ch tiu quan trng ca thit b lc bi l tr lc cc
b do b lc gy ra i vi dng khng kh khi i qua n. Tr lc ca b lc c tnh
theo cng thc.

, N/m2 (13-2)
Trong
? - H s tr lc cc b ca b lc;
- Khi lng ring ca khng kh qua b lc, kg/m3 ;
- Tc khng kh qua b lc, m/s.
- Ngoi ra i vi cc b lc bi cn c cc ch tiu nh gi khc na nh: Mc tiu
th in nng, gi c, mc gn vv. . .
Mt s thit b lc bi
Bung lng bi.
Bung lng bi c cu to dng hp, khng kh vo 1 u v ra u kia. Nguyn tc tch
bi ca bung lng bi ch yu da trn:
- Gim tc hn hp khng kh v bi mt cch t ngt khi vo bung. Cc hi bi
mt ng nng v ri xung di tc dng ca trng lc.
- Dng cc vch chn hoc vch ngn t trn ng chuyn ng ca khng kh, khi
dng khng kh va p vo cc tm chn cc ht bi b mt ng nng v ri xung
y bung.
- Ngot dng khi chuyn ng trong bung.
Di y trnh by cu to mt s kiu bung lng bi

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* Bung lng bi loi n gin: Bung n gin c cu to hnh hp, rng bn trong,
nguyn l lm vic da trn gim tc t ngt ca dng khng kh khi i vo bung.
Bung c nhc im l hiu qu lc bi khng cao, ch t 50 ? 60% v ph ti khng
ln do khng th ch to bung c kch thc qu to, tc vo ra bung i hi khng
qu cao. Thc t t s dng bung lc kiu ny.

Hnh 13.1. Bung lng bi dng hp loi n gin

* Bung lng bi nhiu ngn hoc mt ngn c tm chn khc phc c nhc im
ca bung lng bi loi n gin nn hiu qu cao hn. Trong cc bung lng bi ny
khng kh chuyn ng dch dc hoc xoy trn nn khi va p vo cc tm chn v
vch ngn cc ht bi s mt ng nng v ri xung. Hiu qu c th t 85 ? 90%.

a) Bung lng bi nhiu ngn b) bung lng bi c tm chn

Hnh 13.2. Cc loi bung lng bi
Tnh ton bung lng bi hnh hp n gin
- Chiu di ti thiu cn thit ca bung lng bi gi li ht bi c ng knh d:

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, m (13-3)
trong :
- nht ng hc ca khng kh, kg.s/m2;
L - Lu lng khng kh i qua bung lng, m3/s;
m - Trng lng n v ca bi, kg/m3;
d - ng knh ht bi, m;
B - Chiu rng bung lng, m
- Ngc li, khi kch thc bung xc nh, ta c th xc nh ng knh ht bi b
nht m bung c kh nng gi li:

, m (13-4)
Cc cng thc trn y ch tnh trong trng hp khng kh chuyn ng trong bung
l chy tng. Thc t khng tc khng kh chuyn ng trong bung thng chn l
0,6 m/s. Khi dng khng kh ang chy tng. Khi chuyn sang ch chy ri cng
thc trn khng cn ng na.
B lc bi kiu xicln
B lc bi xiclon l thit b lc bi c s dng tng i ph bin. Nguyn l lm
vic ca thit b lc bi kiu xiclon l li dng lc ly tm khi dng khng kh chuyn
ng tch bi ra khi khng kh

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Nguyn l lm vic ca thit b lc bi xiclon nh

sau: Khng kh c bi ln i qua ng 1 theo phng
tip tuyn vi ng tr 2 v chuyn ng xoy trn i
xung di pha di, khi gp phu 3 dng khng
kh b y ngc ln chuyn ng xoy trong ng 4
v thot ra ngoi. Trong qu trnh chuyn ng xoy
c ln v xung trong cc ng cc ht bi di tc
dng ca lc ly tm va vo thnh, mt qun tnh v
ri xung di. y xiclon ngi ta c lp thm
van x x bi vo thng cha. Van x 5 l van x
kp 2 ca 5a v 5b khng m ng thi nhm m
bo lun cch ly bn trong xiclon vi thng cha
bi, khng cho khng kh lt ra ngoi.

Hnh 13.3. Cu to lc bi kiu xiclon

Tnh ton Xiclon:
tnh ton ngi ta gi thit
- Cc ht bi c kch thc hnh cu.
- Lc ly tm tc dng ln ht bi theo hng bn knh ca xiclon v b qua lc tc dng
ca trng lc.
- Ht bi c tch ra khi khng kh sau khi va chm vo thnh xiclon
Da vo cc gi thit ngi ta xc nh c c ht bi nh nht c th gi li
c trong xiclon v thi gian chuyn ng ca ht bi t lc vo n lc lng ng
di y xiclon:

, m (13-5)

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, s (13-6)
trong :
- nht ng hc ca khng kh, m2/s
k, m - Khi lng ring ca khng kh v bi, kg/m3
R1 - Bn knh ca ng thot kh, m
R2 - Bn knh hnh tr ca xiclon, m
? - Vn tc trung bnh ca ht bi, s-1
n - S vng quay ca ht bi dc theo chiu cao xiclon
nng cao hiu qu kh bi ca xiclon ngi ta cc gii php sau:
- S dng xicln c mng nc: Pha trn thn hnh tr c lp cc mi phun nc. Nc
phun theo chiu thun vi chiu chuyn ng ca khng kh trong xicln v phi to ra
mng nc mng chy t trn xung v lng b mt trong ca thit b. ng thot gi ra
v ng gi vo u c lp theo phng tip tuyn ng tr. Trong qu trnh khng kh
c ln bi chuyn ng bn trong tr, cc ht bi vng ln b mt bn trong xiclon v
lp tc b nc cun tri v theo nc ra ngoi. Kh nng ht bi b bn tr li t hn rt
nhiu so vi xicln kiu kh.
- S dng xicln t hp: Lc ly tm tc ng ln ht bi t l nghch vi ng knh
xiclon. Nh vy tng hiu qu lc bi, tc tch c cc ht bi nh cn gim ng
knh xicln. Tuy nhin khi gim ng knh xicln th lu lng gim, khng p ng
yu cu. gii quyt mu thun trn ngi ta s dng xicln t hp hay cn gi l
xicln chm. Trong xicln ny ngi ta ngi ta ghp t vi chc n hng trm xicln
con.
B lc bi kiu qun tnh
Nguyn l hot ng ca thit b lc bi kiu qun tnh l da vo lc qun tnh ca ht
bi khi thay i chiu chuyn ng t ngt.
Trn hnh 13-4 trnh by cu to ca thit b lc bi kiu qun tnh. Cu to gm nhiu
khoang ng hnh chp ct c ng knh gim dn xp chng ln nhau to ra cc gc

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hp vi phng thng ng khong 60o v khong cch gia cc khoang ng khong t

5 ? 6mm.
Khng kh c bi c a qua ming 1 vo phu th nht, cc ht bi c qun tnh ln
i thng, khng kh mt phn i qua khe h gia cc chp v thot ra ng 3. Cc ht bi
c dn vo cui thit b.
Thit b lc bi kiu qu tnh c cu to v nguyn l hot ng tng i n gin
nhng nhc im l hiu qa lc bi thp, tng hiu qu lc bi ngi ta thng kt
hp cc kiu lc bi vi nhau, c bit vi kiu lc kiu xicln, hiu qu c th t 80 ?
98%. Phn khng kh c nhiu bi cui thit b c a vo xicln lc tip.

Hnh 13.4. Cu to lc bi kiu qun tnh

B lc bi kiu ti vi.
Thit b lc bi kiu ti vi c s dng rt ph bin cho cc loi bi mn, kh kh
tch khi khng kh nh lc qun tnh v ly tm. lc ngi ta cho lung khng kh
c nhim bi i qua cc ti vi mn, ti vi s ngn cc ht bi li v khng kh i
thot qua.

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Hnh 13.5. Cu to lc bi kiu ti vi

Qua mt thi gian lc, lng bi bm li bn trong nhiu, khi hiu qu lc bi cao
t 90 ? 95% nhng tr lc khi ln p = 600 ? 800 Pa, nn sau mt thi gian lm
vic phi nh k r bi bng tay hoc kh nn trnh nghn dng gi i qua thit b.
i vi dng kh m cn sy kh trc khi lc bi trnh hin tng bt dnh trn b mt
vi lc lm tng tr lc v nng sut lc. Thit b lc bi kiu ti vi c nng sut lc
khong 150 ? 180m3/h trn 1m2 din tch b mt vi lc. Khi nng bi khong 30 ?
80 mg/m3 th hiu qu lc bi kh cao t t 96?99%. Nu nng bi trong khng kh
cao trn 5000 mg/m3 th cn lc s b bng thit b lc khc trc khi a sang b lc
ti vi.
B lc kiu ti vi c nhiu kiu dng khc nhau, di y trnh by kiu ti vi thng
c s dng. Trn hnh 13-5 l cu to ca thit b lc bi kiu ti vi n gin. Hn
hp khng kh v bi i vo ca 1 v chuyn ng xoy i xung cc ti vi 2, khng
kh lt qua ti vi v i ra ca thot gi 5. Bi c cc ti vi ngn li v ri xung
phu 3 v nh k x nh van 4
r bi ngi ta thng s dng cc cnh gt bi hoc kh nn chuyn ng ngc
chiu khi lc bi, cc lp bi bm trn vi s ri khi b mt bn trong ti vi.
B lc bi kiu li
B lc bi kiu li c ch to t nhiu loi vt liu khc nhau nhm lm cho dng
khng kh i qua chuyn ng dch dc nhm loi b cc ht bi ln trong khng kh.

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Loi ph bin nht gm mt khung lm bng thp, hai mt c li thp v gia l lp

vt liu ngn bi. Lp vt liu ny c th l cc mu kim loi, s, si thu tnh, si nha,
vv. . .
Kch thc ca vt liu m cng b th khe h gia chng cng nh v kh nng lc
bi cng cao. Tuy nhin i vi cc loi lc bi kiu ny khi hiu qu lc bi tng u
km theo tng tr lc

Hnh 13.6. Cu to lc bi kiu li

Trn hnh 13-6 l tm li lc vi vt liu m l li kim loi hoc s. Kch thc thng
thng ca tm lc l 500 x 500 x (75 ? 80)mm, khu kim loi c kch thc 13 x 13 x
1mm. Li lc c tr lc kh b 30 ? 40 Pa. Hiu qu lc bi c th t 99%, nng sut
lc t 4000 ? 5000 m3/h cho 1m2 din tch b mt li lc. Loi lc bi kiu li ny
rt thch hp cho cc loi bi l si bng, si vi vv . . . Hm lng bi sau b lc t 6
? 20 mg/m3
Tu theo lu lng khng kh cn lc cc tm c ghp vi nhau trn khung phng
hoc ghp nhiu tng tng hiu qu lc (hnh 13-7).
Trong mt s trng hp vt liu m c tm du nng cao hiu qu lc bi. Tuy
nhin du s dng cn lu m bo khng mi, lu kh v kh xi ho.
Sau mt thi gian lm vic hiu qu kh bi km nn nh k v sinh b lc

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Hnh 13.7. Lp ghp b lc bi kiu li

B lc bi kiu thng quay
B lc bi thng quay thng c s dng trong cc nh my dt lc bi bng trong
khng kh.
Trn hnh 13-8 trnh by cu to b lc kiu thng quay. Cu to gm mt khung hnh
trng c qun li thp quay quanh trc vi tc 1?2 vng pht.

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Hnh 13.8. Lp ghp b lc bi kiu li

Tc quay ca b lc kh thp nh hp gim tc v c th iu chnh tu thuc vo
lng bi thc t. Khi quay cng chm, lng bi bm trn b mt tang trng cng
nhiu, hiu qu lc bi cao nhng tr lc ca thit b ln.
Nguyn l lm vic ca thit b nh sau: khng kh c a vo t pha di v x ln
b mt ngoi ca trng. Khng kh i vo bn trong tang trng, bi c gi li trn b
mt trng v khng kh sch i ra hai u theo cc khe h 4.
tch bi trn b mt trng, ngi ta s dng c cu tch bi 5, c cu c tc dng
bc lp bi ra khng b mt v ri xung ng 6 v ti gom bi 7. Ngoi ra ngi ta c
th s dng h thng ng ht bi c ming ht t ln b mt tang trng v ht sch bi
a ra ngoi.
Trong trng hp trong khng kh u ra cn ln nhiu bi mn th c th kt hp vi
b lc bi kiu ti vi t pha sau lc tinh. Khng kh ra thit b co hm lng bi
thp c 0,5 mg/m3, nhng tr lc khc ln, c th ln n 1000 Pa, ph ti c th ti
7000?8000 m3/h cho mi b lc.
B lc bi kiu si bt
Thit b lc bi kiu si bt nhm to mng nc, khng kh co ln bi i qua, cc ht
bi b t v c mng nc gi li v a ra ngoi.
Trn hnh 13-9 l cu to ca b lc kiu si bt. Khng kh c a vo thit b qua
ng 1, sau n c thot ln pha trn qua tm thp c l 5 lm cho lp nc chy
pha trn si bt. Mng bt 3 to ra s gi bi li. Nc sch c a vo t ng cp
nc 2 v mang bi thot ra ngoi theo ng x 4. Lp bt cng dy th hiu qu lc
bi cng ln, nhng tng tr lc dng khng kh. B dy hp l ca lp bt khong
80?100mm v vn tc khng kh ra khi lp bt khong 2?2,5m/s l ti u. Nu tc
qu ln s lm tng tr lc v c th cun theo c nc ln bi theo dng khng kh i
ra. Lu lng nc cp khong 0,2?0,3 lt cho 1m3 khng kh.

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a) B lc bi si bt 1 tng b) B lc bi nhiu tng si bt

Hnh 13.9. B lc bi kiu si bt
Nhc im ca b lc si bt l tiu tn nc kh nhiu. khc phc nhc im
ny ngi ta ch to thit b lc nhiu tng, nc tng trn c a xung tng di.
Trong thit b ny tng th nht tm thp c c l d = 6mm v bc s = 12mm, tng
di c l d=8mm, bc s = 16mm. Thit b lc bi nhiu tng bt nh vy hiu qu
lc bi kh cao, t 99,7%, nng bi trong khng kh cn li kh thp, di 12 mg/
m 3.
B lc bi lm bng vt liu rng
C nhiu kiu thit b lc bi lm bng vt liu rng, nhng hiu qu hn hn l thit b
kt hp ti nc.
Trn hnh 13-10 l cu to ca thit b dng ny. C 02 lp vt liu rng bng nha.
Khng kh i t di ln, nc c phun t trn xung. Cc vi phn nc t ngay
pha bn di lp vt liu rng pha trn. Lp vt liu di c tc dng lc bi, lp trn
ngoi tc dng lc bi, cn c nhim v quan trng l ngn cn cc git nc b cun
theo dng khng kh.
Thit b lc bi kiu vt liu rng c kh nng kh mi rt tt c bit kh cc mi v
cht c hi trong kh thi cng nghip.
Cc thng s k thut ca b lc bi bng vt liu rng nh sau:

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- Vn tc khng kh qua tit din ngang thit b: v = 1,8?2,0 m/s

- Kch thc ht bi c th lc 25 m

Hnh 13.10. B lc bi bng vt liu rng

Di y l hiu qu kh cht c hi ca thit b lc hng Scrubber United Specialists.
Inc (M):
Bng 13.2. Hiu qu kh kh c ca thit b lc
hng Scrubber United Specialists. Inc (M)
TT Cht kh

Hiu qu Cht lng ti

Axit cromic

98 ? 99% Nc

Axit axtic

80 ? 90%

Alkaline

85 ? 90%

Xyanic

80 ? 85%

HCl

75 ? 85% Dung dch kim

H2SO4, SO3, SO2 95 ? 98%

NO, NO2

65 ? 85%

HNO3

80 ? 90%

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B lc bi kiu hp xp hoc kiu ti

Nhc im ca mt s loi thit b lc l khi bi bm trn b mt tuy hiu qu kh bi
c nng cao nhng tr lc tng ln ng k, trong nhiu trng hp tr nn qu ln
lm gim ng k lu lng gi tun hon. khc phc nhc im ngi ta thit
k b lc kiu hp xp.
B phn chnh ca b lc bi l mt tm lc bng vi, giy lc hoc si tng hp c
xp dch dc nh vy tng din tch thot gi, ng thi bi c ngn li trn b mt
ca tm lc c dn v cc gc cui ti, tr li b mt cho gi thot.
nng cao hiu qu kh bi ngi ta ghp nhiu lp vi lc c mn khc nhau cng
v pha cui cng mn.
B lc bi kiu tnh in
B lc tnh in c s dng lc ht gia cc ht nh np in m. Cc ht bi bn
trong thit b lc bi ht nhau v kt li thnh khi c kch thc ln cc tm thu gp.
Chng rt d kh b nh dng kh.
Thit b lc bi kiu in hnh trnh by trn hnh 13-11. Thit b c chia thnh 2
vng: Vng in ho v vng thu gp. Vng in ho c cng cc si dy mang in tch
dng vi in th 1200V. Cc ht bi trong khng kh khi i qua vng in ho s mang
in tch dng. Sau vng in ho l vng thu gp, gm cc bn cc tch in dng v
m xen k nhau ni vi ngun in 6000V. Cc bn tch in m ni t. Cc ht bi
tch in dng khi i qua vng thu gp s c bn cc m ht vo. Do gia cc ht
bi c rt nhiu im tip xc nn lin kt gia cc ht bi bng lc phn t s ln hn
lc ht gia cc tm cc vi cc ht bi. Do cc ht bi kt li v ln dn ln. Khi
kch thc cc ht ln s b dng khng kh thi ri khi b mt tm cc m. Cc ht
bi ln ri khi cc tm cc vng thu gp s c thu gom nh b lc bi th kiu
trc quay t cui gom li.

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Hnh 13.11. B lc bi kiu tnh in

Thit b lc bi kiu tnh in rt hiu qu i vi cc loi bi kch c t 0,5 m 8m.
Khi cc ht bi c kch c khong 10m v ln hn th hiu qu gim. Tn tht p sut
khi i qua vng in ho v vng thu gp thp v nm trong khong t 0,15 n 0,25 in.
WG (t 37 n 62 Pa) v tc khong kh t 300 n 500 fpm (1,5 n 2,5m/s).
Cn lu vn an ton v in th s dng rt cao v nguy him n tnh mng con
ngi.
TIU M
Khi nim.
Ting n l tp hp nhng m thanh c cng v tn s khc nhau sp xp khng c
trt t, gy kh chu cho ngi nghe, cn tr con ngi lm vic v ngh ngi.
Cc c trng c bn ca m thanh
c trng ca ngun m bao gm cc i lng sau: Cng sut m thanh, p sut m,
cng , vang vng, tn s, tc v hng
. Nng lng m thanh, cng m thanh, ngng nghe v ngng chi tai.
Ngun m thanh pht ra nng lng di dng m thanh. Nng lng m thanh c
o bng Watt. Mc nng lng m thanh 10-12W c coi nh ngng nghe thy ca
tai mt ngi tr bnh thng c th cm nhn c. n ca n c coi c gi tr l
0 dB (deciben). Gi tr n tng ng vi nng lng m thanh cho bn di y
Nng lng m thanh ca cc ngun m c th hnh dung theo bng di y.
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Bng 13.3. Tiu chun n

STT Ngun gy n

Cng sutW ndB

Ting n ca tn la

108

200

ng c phn lc (Pha sau ng c)

105

170

My bay phn lc khi ct cnh

104

160

ng c tua bin khi khi ng

103

150

My bay cnh qut khi khi ng

102

140

m thanh ca n organ ng ln

101

130

ng c my bay loi nh

100

120

Ting loa radio

10-1

110

t trn ng cao tc

10-2

100

10

Ting ht, ting ci

10-3

90

11

Ting n khi sp xp tha

10-4

80

12

Ni chuyn, tr chuyn

10-5

70

13

Thit b in, qut thng gi

10-6

60

14

Khng kh ra ming thi gi trong vn phng 10-7

50

15

ng h in c nh

10-8

40

16

Ni nh, ni thm, x xo

10-9

30

17

Ting lo xo

10-10

20

18

Hi th ca con ngi

10-11

10

19

Ngng nghe thy

10-12

Cng sut ngun m khng th o trc tip m c tnh ton t kt qu o p sut. Ta

hy hnh dung mt mt cu bao quanh mt ngun gy n (ngun ny t tm mt cu),
tt c nng lng pht ra t ngun n i xuyn qua b mt cu. Cng sut ngun m qua

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mt n v din tch b mt cu gi l cng m thanh, biu din bng w/m2. Cng

m thanh t l nghch vi khong cch t b mt n tm ngun m.
m thanh l nhng dao ng c hc c lan truyn di hnh thc sng trong mi
trng n hi, nhng khng phi bt c sng no n tai cng gy ra cm gic m
thanh nh nhau. Cng m thanh nh nht mt sng m xc nh m tai ngi nghe
thy c gi l ngng nghe. m thanh c tn s khc nhau gi tr ngng nghe cng
khc nhau. Cng m thanh ln nht m tai ngi c th chu c gi l ngng
chi tai.
Nh vy ngng nghe l gii hn di v ngng chi tai l gii hn trn ca cng
m thanh ng vi mt tn s no m tai ngi c th cm nhn hoc chu ng c.
. Tn s v vang di (loudness) ca m thanh
m thanh lan truyn trong mi trng di dng sng. Chnh lch gia v tr pha trn
v di gi l bin v c coi l vang ca ngun m.
Mi m thanh c c trng bi mt tn s dao ng ca sng m. Tn s l s ln
dao ng trong mt giy v c o bng Hz. Bnh thng tai ngi cm th c cc
m thanh c tn s t 20?20.000 Hz.
Mc cng m L (dB)
Mc cng m thanh c xc nh theo cng thc:

(13-7)
I - Cng m thanh ang xt, W/m2
Io - Cng m thanh ngng nghe: Io = 10-12 W/m2
. Mc p sut m (dB)
Mc p sut m thanh c xc nh theo cng thc:

(13-8)

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p - p sut m thanh, Pa
po - p sut m thanh ngng nghe: po = 2.10-5 Pa
. Mc to ca m (Fn)
Mc to ca m l sc mnh cm gic do m thanh gy nn trong tai ngi, n khng
nhng ph thuc vo p sut m m cn ph thuc vo tn s m thanh. Tn s cng
thp th tai ngi cng kh nhn thy.
Ngi ta xc nh c rng mc to ca m thanh bt k o bng Fn, c gi tr bng
mc p sut m ca m chun c cng mc to vi m . i vi m chun, mc to
ngng nghe l 0 Fn, ngng chi tai l 120 Fn. Cc m c cng gi tr p sut m
nu tn s cng cao th mc to cng ln.
. Di tn s m thanh
C quan cm gic ca con ngi khng phn ng vi tng tuyt i ca tn s m
thanh m theo mc tng tng i ca n. Khi tn s tng gp i th cao ca m
tng ln 1 tng, gi l 1 cta tn s.
Ngi ta chia tn s m thanh ra thnh nhiu di, trong gii hn trn ca ln gp i
gii hn di. Ton b di tn s m thanh m tai ngi nghe c chia ra cc cta tn
s v c gi tr trung bnh l 31,5; 63; 125; 250; 500; 1000; 2000; 4000; 8000; 16.000
Cc di c ta tn s c th nh sau:
Bng 13.4: Cc di c ta
STT Di c ta, Hz

Tn s trung bnh, Hz

45 ? 90

63

90 ? 180

125

180 ? 355

250

355 ? 710

500

710 ? 1400

1000

1400 ? 2800

2000

2800 ? 5600

4000

5600 ? 11.200

8000

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11.200 ? `22.400 16000

Tiu chun v sinh v mc cho php ca ting n c quy nh 8 cta: 63; 125; 250;
500; 100; 200; 400; 800
Bng 13.5
Tn s
(Hz)
S thc
t cta
1

Gii hn
trnTrung
4531,522,4 906345 18012590 335250180 14001000710 280020001400 560040002
bnhGii
hn di
Cc my o n, o mc to ca m n v l xibenA (dBA) l mc cng m
chung ca tt c cc di cta tn s qui nh v tn s 1000 Hz. Ta gi m thanh
l dBA l m thanh tng ng. Khi dng dBA ch m thanh ta khng cn ni m
thanh tn s bao nhiu. Tr s dBA gip ta nh gi s b xem n c vt qu
mc cho php hay khng.
nh hng ca n
Ting n c nh hng nhiu n sc kho con ngi. Mc nh hng tu thuc vo
gi tr ca n. Bng 13-2 di y a ra cc s liu v mc nh hng ca n
ti sc kho ca con ngi.
Bng 13.6
Mc n, (dBA)

Tc dng ln ngi nghe

- Ngng nghe thy- Bt u lm bin i nhp tim- Kch thch

mnh mng nh- Ngng chi tai- Gy bnh thn kinh, nn ma
0100110120130 ?
lm yu xc gic v c bp- au chi tai, gy bnh mt tr, in135140150160190
Nu nghe lu s thng mng tai- Nu nghe lu s nguy him- Ch
nghe trong thi gian ngn nguy him
n cho php i vi cc cng trnh

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Bng thc nghim ngi ta lp c h cc ng cong th hin mc n cho php

ca ting n di rng cc cta tn s. Nhng ng ny gi l ng NC (Noise
Criteria Curves), th hin mc n cho php ca ting n di rng cc cta tn s

Hnh 13.12. Mc n cho php ca ting n di rng cc cta tn s

Trn bng 13.7 trnh by cc tiu chun NC ca cc cng trnh
Bng 13.7: Tiu chun n
Khu vc

Tiu chun Nc

1. T dinh2. Nh cho thu, chung c3. Hotel, motela. Phng

ring, phng ngb. Phng Hi hp, phng ticc. Phng khnh tit,
hnh langd. Khu vc phc v, gip 4. C quana. Phng iu
hnhb. Phng hpc. Phng ringd. Din tch me. Phng my vi

25 ? 3025 ? 3030
? 3525 ? 3035 ?
4040 ? 4525 ?
3025 ? 3030 ?
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tnhf. Phng lun chuyn cng cng5. Bnh vin, nh iu

dnga. Phng ringb. Phng iu trc. Phng md. Hnh lange.
Khu vc cng cng6. Nh th7. Trng hca. Phng ging, lp
hcb. Phng hc mt bng m8. Phng th nghim9. Phng ho
nhc10. Nh ht 11. Phng thu m12. Rp chiu bng13. Phng
th nghim

3535 ? 4040 ?
4540 ? 4525 ?
3030 ? 3535 ?
4035 ? 4025 ?
3025 ? 3030 ?
3535 ? 4020 ?
2530 ? 35

Tnh ton n
Ngun gy n v cc bin php tiu m chng n
. Cc ngun gy n:
Ngun n gy ra cho khng gian iu ha c cc ngun gc sau:
. Ngun n do cc ng c qut, ng c, my lnh t trong phng gy ra
. Ngun n do kh ng ca dng khng kh.
. Ngun n t bn ngoi truyn vo phng
+ Theo kt cu xy dng
+ Theo ng ng dn khng kh
+ Theo dng khng kh
+ Theo khe h vo phng
. Ngun n do khng kh ra ming thi
. Cc bin php tiu m chng n
. Ngun n do cc ng c, thit b gy ra.
- Chn thit b (dn lnh, FCU, AHU, my nn . .) c n nh lp t trong phng.
y l cng vic u tin m cc nh thit k cn lu . n ca hu ht cc thit b
c cc nh sn xut cho sn trong cc ctlogue v ti liu k thut. Tuy nhin trc
khi lp t cn cn chnh v kim tra li.
- Lp t cc cm my v thit b phng ring bit cch ly khi khu vc lm vic. Gii
php ny thng c p dng cho cc cm my ln, chng hn cac AHU, cm my

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my chiller cng sut ln. Cc phng my c th bc cch m hoc khng tu thuc vo

tng trng hp c th.
- Thng xuyn bo dng nh k cc thit b, bi trn cc c cu chuyn ng gim
ma st gim n, cn chnh v thay th cc dy ai. i vi cc thit b b hao mn
qu nhiu cn thay th hoc sa cha.
- Bc cch m cm my v thit b: Trong trng hp bt kh khng, khi phi b tr cm
my cng sut ln trong phng hoc trn cc trn gi th c th bc cch m cc b cc
thit b (hnh13-).

1- ng ni mm; 2- Vt n; 3- Hp cch m; 4- B m l xo gim chn; 5- Khung treo;

6- Trn gi; 7- AHU (FCU); 8- Qut dng ng
Hnh 13.13. Bc cch m cc thit b lp t trong phng
. Ngun n do kh ng ca dng khng kh
Dng khng kh chuyn ng vi tc cao trn ng ng, c bit qua cc chi tit
c bit nh cc van iu chnh, on r nhnh, ngot dng, on m rng, thu hp dng
vv . . thng to ra ting n ng k.
khc gim n do dng khng kh chuyn ng gy ra cn phi:
- Chn tc chuyn ng hp l. V mt lgic m ni gim n cn gim tc
cng thp cng tt. Tuy nhin khi tc qu thp, ng ng gi s c kch thc ln,
tng chi ph u t, tn tht nhit tng v rt kh lp t. V vy cn chn tc hp l.
Tc c gii thiu chng 9, l kt qu tnh ton kinh t k thut v c lin
quan n yu t gy n ca dng khng kh. V vy tc hp l c chn theo tnh
nng ca phng, cc phng i hi tc thp l cc phng thu m, thu li, phng pht
thanh vin, phng phom trng, phng ng, th vin vv . . . Ngc li trong cc phn
xng, x nghip, nh hng, siu th c th chn tc cao hn.

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lc bi v tiu m(tip)
Bng 13.8. Tc gi trn ng ng gi

- Thit k v lp t cc thit b ng ng cn tun th cc tiu chun nghim ngt.

Cc tiu chun c quy nh kh chi tit trong cc ti liu v thit k ng ng
gi nh DW/142 v SMACNA. i vi cc chi tit c bit cn phi thit k theo ng
cc tiu chun k thut (v d nh hnh 13-4). V d i vi cc ct 90o, bn knh
cong ngoi v trong phi ng theo quy nh nh trn hnh 13-14, trng hp khng
un cong th phi c cc cnh hng dng.

Hnh 13.14. Mt s chi tit ng ng

. Ngun n truyn qua kt cu xy dng
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- i vi ngun gy n truyn xuyn qua tng vo phng. Hu ht cc phng u p

ng yu cu trong iu kin bnh thng. Trong trng hp yu cu n ca phng
nh, c th tin hnh bc cch m bn trong phng. Chng hn i vi cc phng thu
m, thu li, phng pht thanh vin, phng phim trng cc i pht thanh v truyn
hnh, ngi ta u bc cch m bn trong.
- i vi cc phng c bit, ngi thit k xy dng phi tnh ton v cu trc sao cho
cc ngun n khng c truyn theo kt cu xy dng vo phng, bng cch to ra cc
khe ln, khng xy lin dm, lin trc vi cc phng c th to ra chn ng, tc l tch
bit hn v mt kt cu so vi phng lm vic.
- Mt trong nhng trng hp hay gp l cc ng c, bm v my lnh t trn sn
cao. kh cc rung ng do cc ng c to ra lan truyn theo kt cu xy dng lm
nh hng ti cc phng di, ngi ta t cc cm thit b ln cc b qun tnh t
trn cc b l xo gim chn. Qun tnh ca vt nng v sc cng ca l xo s kh ht
cc chn ng do cc ng c gy ra. V vy khi lng v cng l xo cn chn ph
hp vi chn ng m my v thit b c th to ra.
- i vi cc FCU, AHU v qut dng treo, thng ngi ta treo trn cc gi c m
cao su hoc l xo (hnh 13-13).

1- B l xo gm chn; 2- ng ni mm ng nc; 3- Cm my nn; 4- B qun tnh

Hnh 13.15. Gim chn cho cm my v bm t trn sn cao

. Ngun n truyn theo cc ng dn gi, dn nc vo phng
Cc ng dn gi, dn nc c ni vi qut v bm l cc c cu chuyn ng v
lun lun to ra cc chn ng gy n. Cc chn ng ny c th lan truyn theo vt
liu ng ng i vo phng cng c th to nn nhng m thanh th cp khc khi lan
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truyn. Mt khc cc chn ng ny cng c th gy ra t, v ng ng. kh cc

chn ng truyn t cc bm, qut, my nn theo ng ng ngi ta thng s dng
cc on ng ni mm bng cao su, vi bt ni trn u ra ca cc thit b ny trc khi
ni vo mng ng ng (hnh 13-13 v 13-15).
. Ngun n do truyn theo dng khng kh trong ng dn.
Do knh dn gi dn trc tip t phng my n cc phng, nn m thanh c th truyn
t gian my ti cc phng, hoc t phng ny n phng kia theo dng khng kh.
kh truyn m theo cong ng ny ngi ta s dng cc bip php:
- Lp t cc hp tiu m trn cc ng ng ni vo phng bao gm c ng cp ln
ng hi gi. C nhiu kiu hp tiu m, nhng ph bin nht l loi hp ch nht, tr
trn hoc dng tm (hnh 13-16)

a- Hp tiu m ch nht; 2- Hp tiu m hnh trn; 3- Hp tiu m dng tm

Hnh 13.16. Cc dng hp tiu m

- Bc cch nhit bn trong cc ng ng. Trong k thut iu ho ngi ta c gii php
bc cch nhit bn trong ng ng. Lp cch nhit lc ngoi chc nng cch nhit
cn c chc nng kh m.
- Tng di ng ng bng cch t xa hn cng trnh. Nu t cc cm my ngay
cnh cc phng vi ng ng rt ngn rt kh tiu m trn ng ng, trong nhiu
trng hp bt buc phi t xa cng trnh.
. Ngun n bn ngoi truyn theo khe h vo phng
Ngun gy n truyn theo cc khe h vo phng l ngun gy n kh xc nh, kh x
l v mang tnh ngu nhin. i vi cc phng bnh thng, ngun gy n bn ngoi c
th b qua, ch c cc phng c bit ngi ta s dng cc bin php sau:
- i vi cc phng bnh thng, nu cc ngun gy n bn ngoi khng thng xuyn
v lin tc th khng cn phi c bin php c bit v cc phng iu ho thng c
kn ti thiu c th khc phc c.

370/419

- i vi cc phng c bit i hi n nh hoc trng hp gn ngun gy n

thng xuyn, lin tc v c cng ln th cn phi bc cch m bn trong phng
ng thi cc ca ra vo, ca s phi c lm kn bng cc m cao su, mt.
g. Ngun n do khng kh ra ming thi
Khi tc khng kh ra ming thi ln, c th gy n. V vy phi chon tc khng
kh ra ming thi hp l. gim n cn phi:
- Chn loi ming ht, ming thi gi c n nh. Cc ming gi kiu khuch tn
thng c n kh nh.
- Gim tc gi vo ra ming thi hoc tng kch thc ca chng.
Tnh ton cc ngun n.
- Nu c nhiu ngun n vi mc m l L1, L2, ... Ln th mc m tng c tnh theo
cng thc:
L = 10.lg.100,1Li (13-9)
- Nu cc ngun n c mc m ging nhau th
L = L1 + 10lgn (13-10)
Di y ch ra mc n ca mt s thit b:
. n ca qut
Ting n do qut gy ra ph thuc vo nhiu yu t, nh chng loi qut, vn tc, hng
qut, ch lm vic, tr lc h thng, bn cht mi trng...vv
n do qut gy ra c xc nh theo cng thc:
L = KW + 10.lgV + 20.lgH + C, dB (13-11)
KW - Mc cng m ring (dB) ph thuc loi qut v xc nh theo bng 13-4 di
y.
V - Lu lng th tch ca qat, CFM (1 m3/s 2120 cfm)
H - Ct p ton phn ca qut, in.WG
C - H s hiu chnh ly theo bng 13-3 di y:
371/419

Bng 13.9. H s hiu chnh C (dB)

T l % vi hiu sut ln nht

H s hiu chnh CdB

90 ? 10085 ? 8975 ? 8465 ? 7455 ? 6450 ? 54 03691215

Bng 13.10. Tr s Kw ca cc loi qut

Loi qut
Tn s
trung tm,
Hz
63

125

250

500

a. Qut ly
tm: AF,
BC v BIng
knh
gung
cnh D
trn
900mmng
knh
gung
cnh di
900mm404553565861494953514848 404553475458434352464751 394343434553534651474
Cnh
hng
tin, D
bt kCnh
hng
knh, h
p- Cnh
hng
knh,
trung pCnh
hng
knh, cao
372/419

pb. Qut
dc trcLoi c
cnh
hng+
T s rh
t 0,3 ?
0,4+ T
s rh t
0,4 ? 0,6+
T s rh
t 0,6 ?
0,8- Loi
dng
ng+
ng
knh
gung
cnh trn
1000mm+
ng
knh
gung
cnh di
1000mmLoi dng
chn vt
thng gi
Ghi ch:
AF - Qut ly tm cnh rng profile kh ng
BC - Qut ly tm c cnh hng bu cong
BI - Qut ly tm c cnh hng bu xin
BFI - tng ting n (dB) do tn s dao ng ca cnh fc ( fc = s cnh x s vng
quay ca qut trong 1 giy)
. n pht ra t my nn v bm

373/419

Nu c catalogue ca thit b c th tra c n ca n. Trong trng hp khng c

cc s liu v n ca thit b do nh sn xut cung cp, ta c th tnh theo cng sut
c th nh sau:
- i vi my nn ly tm
LpA = 60 + 11.lg(USTR), dBA (13-12)
trong :
USTR - Tn lnh M: 1 USTR = 3024 kCal/h
- i vi my nn pttng
LPA = 71 + 9.lg(USTR), dBA (13-13)
Khi my lm vic non ti th tng t 5 n 13 dB cc di tn khc nhau.
Nu cn tnh mc p sut m thanh Lp cc tn s trung tm th cng thm cng thc
tnh LPA (13-7) cc gi tr bng di y:
Bng 13.11
Tn s trung tm

63 125 250 500 1000 2000 4000

- My chiller ly tm -8

-5

-6

-7

-8

-5

-8

- My chiller pttng -19 -11 -7

-1

-4

-9

-14

i vi bm nc tun hon
LPA = 77 + 10.lgHP, dBA (13-14)
HP Cng sut ca bm, HP
Lu : Tt c cc gi tr tnh trn l khong cch 1m t ngun m.
Ting n ca dng khng kh chuyn ng
Ting n do dng khng kh chuyn ng sinh ra do tc dng qu ln, do qua cc
on chi tit c bit ca ng ng v cc u vo ra qut.

374/419

Ting n ca dng khng kh chuyn ng l kt qu ca hiu ng xoy quanh vt cn,

gy ra s thay i v vn tc, bin dng t ngt v dng chy v do to ra sc p
ng lc cc b ca khng kh.
C cc dng gy n ca dng khng kh chuyn ng nh sau:
. Ting n ca dng khng kh thi thng
Trong on ng thng, khi tc qu ln th n s c gi tr ng k. Tuy nhin khi
thit k tc gi c chn v m bo yu cu. Thng khi tc trn ng ng
< 10 m/s th n ny khng ng k.
. n ti cc v tr c bit ca ng ng
Ti cc v tr c bit nh: R dng, co tht dng, v tr lp t van n c gi tr
ng k ngay c khi tc dng khng kh khng cao. l do hin tng xoy to
nn. n ti cc v tr c tnh nh sau:
Laf = Ks + 50lgVcon + 10.lgS + 10.lgD + 10.lgf + K, dB (13-15)
trong
Laf Mc cng m pht sinh ra, dB
K s Thng s ring ca kt cu ng ng;
- Vi van iu chnh: Ks = -107
- Ct cong c cnh hng : KS = -107 + 10.lgn vi n l s cnh hng dng
- Ch ng chia nhnh: Ks = -107 + L1 + L2
+L1 H s hiu chnh cong r nhnh, dB. H s ny ph thuc t s gia bn knh
cong r ca ch chia nhnh vi ng knh ng nhnh d
Nu r/d 0 ly L1 = 4?6 dB
Nu r/d 0,15 ly L1 = 0
+ L2 H s hiu chnh ri, dB. Bnh thng ly L2 = 0. Nu v tr u ngun
cch v tr ang xt 5 ln ng knh ng c lp t van iu chnh th ngi ta mi xt
ti i lng ny. Trong trng hp ny ly L2 = 1 ? 5 dB tu theo mc ri lon
ca dng kh u ngun..

375/419

Vcon- Tc khng kh ti ch tht, hoc ti ng nhnh, FPM;

(13-16)
V Lu lng khng kh qua ng, cfm
FTL h s cn tr
i vi van iu chnh nhiu cnh: FTL = 1 nu h s tn hao p sut Cpre = 1. Nu Cpre
1 th:

(13-17)
trong : CPRE L h s tn hao p sut, l i lng khng th nguyn v c tnh
theo cng thc:
i vi van iu chnh ch c 1 cnh:
Nu CPRE < 4 th FTL tnh nh i vi van nhiu cnh
0,15
Nu CPRE > 4 th FTL = 0,68.CPRE
0,22

S- Din tch tit din ng ni tht c lp t van iu chnh, ca ct hoc ca ng nhnh,

ft 2
D Chiu cao ca ng hoc ct cong, ft
f Tn s trung bnh ca di cta, Hz
K h s tra theo ng tuyn tnh ca kt cu ng ng, dB (hnh 13-17)
Tr s c tnh K ca kt cu c xc nh da vo chun s Strouhal:

(13-18)

376/419

Vbr Tc khng kh trong nhnh, fpm

- i vi van iu chnh:
K = -36,3 ? 10,7 lg.St nu St < 25
K = -1,1 ? 35,9.lg.St nu St > 25
- i vi ct cong c cnh hng dng
K = -47,5 ? 7,69 (lg.St)2.5
- i vi ch chia nhnh gi tr K c xc nh theo th hnh 13.17 vi Vmax l tc
dng kh t ng ng chnh (fpm)

Hnh 13.17. Quan h gia h s K vi s St v t s V ma /V br ti ch chia nhnh

c. Ting n u vo v u ra ca qut:
Ting n sinh ra trong qut do nhiu nguyn nhn. Tuy nhin ch yu vn l do thay i
hng t ngt v i qua ch thu hp. Ting n do qut gy ra thng ln v kh khc
phc.
. Ting n do khng kh thot ra ming thi.

377/419

Ting n do dng khng kh ra ming thi ph thuc vo tc ca dng khng kh khi

ra ming thi v kt cu ca n.
Trong cc catalogue ca cc ming thi u c dn ra n ca n tng ng vi tc
u ra no . V th khi thit k cn lu khng c chn tc qu ln
Bng 13.12: Tc u ra ming thi
Khng gian iu ho
Vn tc
FPM

m/s

1. Phng studio

300 ? 500

1,5 ? 2,5

2. Nh , dinh th

500 ? 750

2,5 ? 3,8

3. Nh cho thu

500 ? 750

2,5 ? 3,8

4. Nh th

500 ? 750

2,5 ? 3,8

5. Phng khch sn

500 ? 750

2,5 ? 3,8

6. Nh ht truyn thng

500 ? 750

2,5 ? 3,8

7. Vn phng ring c kh m

500 ? 750

2,5 ? 3,8

8. Vn phng ring khng kh m 500 ? 800

2,5 ? 4,0

9. Nh ht ri

1000

5,0

10. Vn phng chung

1000 ? 1250 6,35

11. Kho tng ngm, lu trn

1500

7,5

Kho tng ngm, tng chnh

2000

10

Tn tht m trn ng truyn dc trong lng ng dn.

. Tn tht trong ng dn:
S gim m l s gim cng m tnh bng Watt trn mt n v din tch khi m i
t ni pht ti ni thu. S gim m do cc nguyn nhn chnh sau:
- Nh vt liu ht m hp th nng lng sng m
- Do phn hi sng m trn b mt ht m

378/419

- Qu trnh truyn m di dng sng lan truyn trong khng kh di dn tt dn do

ma st.
Mc gim m c c trng bi i lng IL (Insertion Loss). Tr s IL mi tn
s ring cho ta bit s gim cng m (dB) trn ng truyn t ni pht n ni thu
nhn. Kh nng hp th nng lng s m ca vt liu gi l kh nng ht m. Khi sng
m va chm vo b mt vt liu xp khng kh s dao ng trong nhng l h nh, s
cn tr ca dng kh v s dao ng ca dng kh trong khe h bin mt phn nng
lng sng m thnh nhit v lm gim nng lng sng m i n.
Cc vt liu c kh nng ht m tt l vt liu ti xp v mm. Cc sng m khi i vo
lp vt liu s b lm yu mt phn. Vt liu ht m thng s dng l: Bng thu
tinh, bng vi, vi vn. Cc tm vi dy, mm khi treo trn tng c kh nng chng
phn x m rt tt.
tiu m trn ng ng, thng ngi ta bc cc lp bng thu tinh bn trong ng
ng. Lp bng s ht m rt tt.
Khi trong ng ng khng c lp vt liu ht m, vn tn ti s gim m t nhin do
ma st.
. ng ng trn khng c lp ht m
Khi sng m lan truyn trong khng kh, do tnh cht n hi ca mi trng khng kh
nn dao ng song m l dao ng tt dn, mc nng lng m gim dn
Ngi ta tnh c rng trung bnh n gim t nhin l 0,03 dB trn 1feet chiu di
ng tn s di 1000 Hz v tng khng u n 0,1 dB/ft tn s 1000Hz.
. i vi ng ch nht khng c lp ht m v cch nhit
i vi ng ng ch nht gim m t nhin c tnh theo bng 13-6 di y:

Bng 13.13. gim m thanh dB/ft

T s P/A (in/in2)
Tn s trung bnh di c ta (Hz)
63

125

> 250

> 0,310,31 ?0,13< 0,13

00,30,1 0,30,10,1 0,10,10,1

P - Chu vi ng, in
379/419

A - Din tch tit din ng, in2

ng ch nht khng c lt lp ht m, nhng c bc cch nhit bn ngoi
i vi loi ng ng ny, th mc gim m ly gp i s liu nu trong bng 13-6.
. ng trn c lt lp ht m
gim m ph thuc vo din tch tit din ngang ca ng ng v tnh cht vt liu
ht m. Cc s liu c dn ra bng 13-7.

Bng 13.14. gim m thanh dB/ft

ng
knh
ng, in
Tn s
trung
tm di
cta, Hz
63

125

250

500

1000

2000

6122448 0,380,230,070 0,590,460,250 0,930,810,570,18 1,531,451,280,63 2,172,181,710,26 2

i vi ng ng ch nht c lt lp ht m
- i vi tn s di m di 800 Hz gim m c tnh nh sau:

IL - gim m thanh, dB
t - dy ca lp vt liu ht m, in
h - Cnh ngn lng ng, in
P - Chu vi lng ng, in
A- Din tch lng ng, in2
L Chiu di on ng, ft
380/419

f- Tn s m thanh, Hz
d- Khi lng ring vt ht m, lb/ft3

- i vi tn s trn 800 Hz
trong :
k = 2,11.109
W - Cnh di ca lng ng, in
L - Chiu di on ang xt, ft
Cng thc 9-11 tnh khi L < 10 ft. Khi L > 10ft th ly L = 10ft
Bng 13.15. gim m trn on ng hnh ch nht c lt lp ht m dy 1in,
dB/ft
Kch
thc
lng T s P/A(in/in2)
ng,
in
Tn
s
trung
tm
di
cta,
Hz
63

125

250

8x
88 x
1612 0,50,3750,330,250,220,170,1650,1250,1110,0830,080,063 0,100,080,080,060,060,050,050,0
x
1212

381/419

x
2418
x
1818
x
3624
x
2424
x
4836
x
3636
x
7248
x
4848
x 96
trnh lm cho IL qu ln, i vi ng ng ch nht c lt ht m, th IL khng
c vt qu 40 dB bt k tn s no.
gim IL nu trn khng tnh ti gim m thanh t nhin, nn khi tnh cn phi
cng vo
. i vi ng ng van
- i vi ng ng van vi t s hai trc l 3: 1 th IL c ly ging ng ng
trn c ng knh bng trc ngn ca ng van.
dy lp ht m c nh hng n tr s IL. tn s 800 HZ, khi chiu dy lp ht
m l 2in th hiu qura gim m tng 2 ln so vi lp dy 1in. V vy cn lt lp ht m
dy t 2in n 3in nng cao hiu qu ht m.
. Tn tht ti ct cong v ch chia nhnh
. gim m ti ct cong trn
Ti v tr ct cong m thanh b phn hi ngc li mt phn. V th cc ct cong c hay
khng c lp ht m th u c tc dng gim n nht nh
Tn tht ti ct cong ph thuc vo kch thc ca n v tn s m v cho bng 13.16
di y:

382/419

Bng 13.16. gim m qua ct trn, dB

Trng hp

Tn tht m IL (dB)

f.D < 1,91,9 < f.D < 3,83,8 < f.D < 7,5f.D > 7,5 0123
f - Tn s m, kHz
D- ng knh ng trn, in
. gim m ti ct cong ch nht
Ct vch nht lm gim ti a nhng m thanh trong di cta m tn s trung tm gn
bng hoc ln hn 125 Hz.
Bng 13-10 a ra cc kt qu gim m khi dng khng kh i qua ct ch nht c v
khng c lp ht m.
13.17. gim m qua ct ch nht, dB
Trng hp

Khng c lp C lp ht
ht m
m

Ct ch nht khng c cnh hng dng

f.W < 1,91,9 < f. W < 3,83,8 < f. W < 7,57,5 < f. W <
1515 < f. W < 3030 < f. W

015843

016111010

01464

01477

Ct ch nht c cnh hng dng

f. W < 1,91,9 < f. W < 3,83,8 < f. W < 7,57,5 < f. W <
1515 < f. W
W - Cnh ln ca ng ch nht, in
f - Tn s m tnh bng, kHz
. gim m ti ch chia nhnh

gim m do chia nhnh c tnh theo cng thc:

383/419

LWB - gim nng lng m do chia nhnh, dB

Abr - Din tch nhnh r ang xt, ft2
Abr - Tng din tch cc nhnh r, ft2
. Tn tht m do phn hi cui ng ng
Khi sng m thot ra cui ng ng vo phng, do m rng t ngt nn gy ra s
phn hi m ngc li. iu ny gim ng k cc m thanh tn s thp.
Tn tht m do phn hi khng cn tnh nu:
- Ming thi kiu khuych tn gn trc tip ln trn
- Ming thi khuych tn ni vi on ng ng thng di hn 3 ln ng knh ng
- Ming thi khuych tn ni vi ng ni mm
Tn tht m do phn hi cui ng ng c tnh theo bng di y:

Bng 13.18. Tn tht do m phn hi cui ng ng, dB

Chiu rng ng chnh, in
Tn s trung bnh ca di
cta, dB
63

125

250

500

1000

6810121620242832364872 18161413119876541 12119865432110 865421110000 42110000000

Ch : Cc s liu bng 9-8 khng s dng cho ming thi c lt lp ht m hoc
ming thi gn trc tip ln ng ng. Nu u cui cng ca ng ng l ming thi
khuych tn th phi tr i t nht 6 dB
S truyn m kiu pht x v tn tht trn ng truyn
. S pht x m
Ting n do sng m hoc s ri lon ca dng khng kh bn trong ng ng c th
xuyn qua thnh ng lm thnh ng dao ng. S truyn m theo cch gi l s pht
x m.

384/419

Ting n ngc li cng c th truyn vo bn trong ng, chy theo h thng ng ng

v vo phng hoc ra ngoi.
. Tn tht m pht x trn ng truyn
a. Khi nim.
- Mc suy gim m thanh do truyn TL (Transmission loss) khi qua tng, vch ngn
hoc cc vt cn khc trong trng hp tng qut c tnh theo cng thc:
TL = 10.lg.(Wvao/WCL), dB (13-13)
TL - Tn tht m trn ng truyn, dB
Wvao - Nng lng sng m ti, W
WCL - Nng lng cn li ca sng m khi qua vch, W
Tn tht do truyn m ph thuc vo khi lng ring ca vt liu vch v tn s m
thanh.
i vi tng b tng hoc ng kim loi khi tng gp i khi lng vch th tr s TL
tng t 2 ? 3 dB cho ting n di 800 Hz v tng t 5 ? 6 dB cho ting n trn 800 Hz.
Quan h gia TL v khi lng vt liu b nh hng ca nhiu yu t khc nh khe
nt, cng, cng hng, s khng ng nht ca vch ngn ...vv
(9-14)

- Tn tht m do pht x t trong ng ra trong trng hp tng qut:

trong :
LV - Mc nng lng m thanh u vo ng, dB
LR - Mc nng lng m pht x sau khi xuyn qua ng, dB
AN, AT - Din tch pht x mt ngoi ng v din tch tit din ngang bn trong ng, in2
- Tn tht pht x m vo ng ng trong trng hp tng qut:

385/419

TLV = 10.lg(WV/2.WR), dB (13-15)

WV - Cng m truyn ti ng, dB
WR- Cng m c truyn qua ng, dB
b. Tn tht m do pht x qua thnh ng ch nht ra ngoi

tnh tn tht trn ng truyn qua ng ch nht ngi ta gii hn tn s m thanh

sau y lm mc:
trong :
fL gi l tn s m mc.
a, b l hai cnh ca ng ch nht, in
- Khi tn s f < fL th kiu sng phng l ch yu v gim m tnh theo cng thc:
TLR = 10.lg[fm2/(a+b) + 17], dB (13-17)
- Khi f > fL th sng m l kiu hn hp c tnh theo cng thc:
TLR = 20.lg(mf) - 31, dB (13-18)
trong :
m - Khi lng trn 1 n v din tch thnh ng, lb/ft2
Theo cng thc trn, tn tht m do truyn qua ng ch nht khng ph chiu di ng
m ph thuc vo khi lng trn 1 n v din tch thnh ng m.
Di y l tn tht m khi truyn qua ng ng cc di tn s khc nhau.
Bng 13.19. Tn tht m khi truyn t ng ra ngoi TL R , dB
Kch
thc
lng

386/419

ng,
in
Tn
s
trung
tm
di
cta,
Hz
63

125

250

500

1000

2000

12 x
1212
x
2412
x
4824
x
21191920202119 21222223232422 27252526262725 30282829293029 33313132313535
2424
x
4848
x
4848
x 96
Bng 13.20. Tn tht m khi truyn vo ng ng TL V , dB
Kch
thc
ng,
in
Tn
s
trung
tm
di
cta,
Hz
63

125

250

500

1000

2000

387/419

12 x
1212
x
2412
x
4824
x
16151413121011 16151413151919 16172221232422 25252526262727 30282829283232
2424
x
4848
x
4848
x 96
. Tn tht m do pht x qua thnh ng dn trn ra ngoi
Tn tht m khi truyn qua ng dn trn khc vi ng dn ch nht. Khi tn s thp cc
sng phng ngn cn s truyn m trong ng ra ngoi nn tn tht rt ln.
Bng 13.20 di y trnh by cc tn tht do truyn m t ng dn ra ngoi
Bng 13.21. Tn tht truyn m t ng trn ra ngoi TL R , dB
Kch
thc v
kiu ng,
in
Tn s
trung tm
di cta,
Hz
63

125

250

500

1. ng
ghp dc+
D=8in,
=0,022in,
>45>5047(51)>48>43>45>48>43 (53)605346>64>5350>5342 55543726>755526362
L=15ft+
D=14in,
=0,028in,
L=15ft+

388/419

D=22in,
=0,034in,
L=15ft+
D=32in,
=0,034in,
L=15ft2.
ng ghp
xon+
D=8in,
=0,022in,
L=10ft+
D=14in,
=0,022in,
L=10ft+
D=26in,
=0,028in,
L=10ft+
D=26in,
=0,028in,
L=10ft+
D=32in,
=0,034in,
L=10ft
trong
D - ng knh ng, in
- Chiu dy ca ng, in
L - Chiu di ng, ft
Trong trng hp tp m nn che khut ting n pht x, th gii hn thp hn ca TL
c biu th bng du >. Cc s liu trong du ngoc n cho bit rng ting ng nn
s sinh ra mt gi tr ln hn s liu thng thng.
. Tn tht m TL ca ng van
Mc tn tht m thanh khi truyn qua thnh ng van c dn ra bng
Bng 13.21. Tn tht truyn m t ng van ra ngoi TL R , dB

389/419

Kch
thc
trc
axb,
in
Tn
s
trung
tm
di
cta,
Hz
63

125

250

500

1000

2000

4000 8000

12 x
624 x
624 x
1248
x
40333732------- -----1248 31242823272228 34273126302531 3730342933284336-x
2496
x
2496
x 48
. Tn tht m khi qua cu trc xy dng
Khi truyn m qua cc kt cu xy dng, nng lng m thanh b tn tht mt lng
ng k, qua nghin cu ngi ta a ra cc kt qu xc nh tn tht m thnh.
Tn tht qua tng, vch ngn, ca knh v khong trng trn trn c tnh theo bng
13-16 di y:
Bng 13.22. Tn tht m khi i qua kt cu xy dng, dB

390/419

Hiu ng lm gim m kt hp gia trn v khong trng trn trn

Trn v khong trng trn trn c tc dng gim m pht x t ng ng ra mt cch
ng k, c bit l trn c cch m.
i vi trn cch m bng si v c khi lng 35 lb/ft3 th mc gim m theo cc
di tn cho bng 13-17:
Bng 13.23. Tn tht m qua trn cch m, dB
Tn s f, Hz

125 250 500 1000 2000 4000

gim m, dB -5

-9

-10 -12

-14

-15

391/419

Quan h gia mc p sut m trong phng vi cng m

1. Trng hp c mt hoc nhiu ngun m trong phng
Cn c vo thc nghim ngi ta a ra cng thc tnh mc p sut trong phng Lpr
(dB) t mc cng m LWr
Lpr = LWr - 5.lgV - 3.lgf - 10.lgr + 25 (13-19)
trong :
Lwr - Mc cng m trong phng, dB
V - Th tch ca phng, ft3
f - Tn s trung tm ca di cta, Hz
r - Khong cch t ngun m ti ni thu nhn, ft
Nu trong phng c nhiu ngun m th tnh Lpr ring r v cng li tnh tng p su
m ti ni thu nhn.
. Trng hp c nhiu ming thi khuych tn t st trn
Trong cc vn phng v phng ln trong to nh thng c nhiu ming thi. Nu s
lng ln hn hay bng 4 v cao lp t nh nhau th mc p sut m trong phng
cao 5 ft cch sn c xc nh nh sau:
Lp5 = LWS - 5.lgX - 28.lgh + 1,3.lgN - 3.lgf + 31 (13-20)
LWS - Mc cng m thanh ca ming thi, dB
h - cao ca trn, ft
N - S ming thi
X = F/h2: F - Din tch sn do 1 ming thi m nhn, ft2
. Hiu ng khng gian
Hiu ng khng gian l s chnh lch gia mc p sut m thanh v mc cng m
thanh trong phng Lp - Lw

392/419

Thit b tiu m
Trong k thut iu ho khng kh ngi ta thng s dng cc thit b tiu m nhm
gim m thanh pht ra t cc thit b v dng khng kh chuyn ng truyn n khu
vc xung quanh v c bit l truyn vo phng.
i vi cc thit b nh nh cc qut, FCu v AHU ngi ta bc kn thit b bng cc
hp tiu m ht ht cc m thanh pht x t thit b khng chng lan truyn ra
chung quanh
i vi cc AHU ln, phng my Chiller ngi ta t trong cc phng my kn c bc
cch m.
i vi dng khng kh ngi ta s dng cc hp tiu m t trn ng i. Cc hp
tiu m ny c nhim v ht ht m lan truyn theo dng khng kh chuyn ng. Di
y trnh by cu to ca hp tiu m t trn ng ng.

Hnh 13.18. Cu to hp tiu m

Trn hnh 13-2 l cu to ca hp tiu m thng c s dng trong k thut iu ho
khng kh.
Cu to ca hp tiu m gm cc lp sau y (k t trong ra ngoi):
- Lp tn c c l ?6, a=20mm
- Lp vi mng
- Lp bng ht m
- Lp tn v ngoi
Hp tiu m c nh hnh nh khung g bao quanh. dy D ca lp bng thu tinh
nm trong khong 100 ? 300mm. dy cng ln kh nng ht m cng tt. Lp trong

393/419

cng l lp tn c l, cc l c tc dng ht m thanh, trong mt s trng hp ngi

ta s dng li st hoc li nha thay th.

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lp t, vn hnh, bo dng v sa cha

my iu ho
LP T, VN HNH, BO DNG V SA CHA MY IU HO
Lp t, vn hnh, bo dng v sa cha my iu ho 2 mnh

.La chn v tr lp t
* i vi dn lnh:
t xa nhng ni c ngun nhit ln, hi nc
V tr khng c vt cn pha trc dn lnh
m bo nc ngng chy thun li
395/419

 Khng lp t gn ca
Khong cch gia dn lnh vi cc i tng, tng v cc hng ng qui
nh (bng 14-1)
G lp dn lnh ln cc tm c nh sn xut ch to sn. Cc tm
g ln tng nh cc vt n nha v c xon.
* i vi dn nng:
Nu c th nn che chn dn nng trnh ma v nng bc x trc tip n
dn nng, nht l cc hng ng v Ty.
Khong cch gia dn nng vi cc i tng, tng v cc hng ng qui
nh (bng 14-1)

- Khong cch ti thiu gia dn nng, dn lnh so vi tng hoc vt chn v cc

hng c qui nh c th nh sau:
Loi dn

Trn Di

Dn lnh 5cm

Trc Sau

230 cm -

Dn nng 60cm -

Hai bn
5cm

70cm 10cm 10cm

- Chiu di ng ng v khong cch gia cc dn nng v dn lnh :

Cng sutBtu/h
ng ng
Gas

Lng

Chiu di tiu
chun, m

Chnh lch
cao, m

Chiu di cc
i, m

Lng gas b
sung, g/m

12.000

1/2

1/4

4?5

18.000

1/2

1/4

4?5

15 30 30

24.000

5/8

3/8

4?5

15 30 30

9.000

Khi chnh lch cao gia dn nng v dn lnh qu 5m (trng hp dn nng t pha
trn cao) phi lp thm by du khong gia
- Trnh trng hp thi gi nng vo cy xanh, ng i ca ngi, ng vt.

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- La chn v tr sao cho khng kh nng v n ca dn nng t nh hng n mi

trng xung quanh.
Gia cng v lp t ng ng gas
* Ct ng ng ng
- S dng dao ct ng chuyn dng ct ng , khng nn s dng ca st khng m
bo vt ct phng.
- o khong cch gia dn nng v dn lnh, chiu di ng ng s di hn mt cht
so vi khong cch o c.
- ng dy iu khin s di hn ng ng 1,5m.
* Loi b ba via v loe ng
- Loi b hon ton cc ba via v tr ct ca ng
- Tho inh c loe cc dn lnh v dn nng v long vo ng ng trc khi leo ng.
Sau khi loe ng khng th a inh c loe vo c
- S dng dng c loe ng loe, chiu cao phn ng nh ln c xc nh nh sau:
ng knh ngoi A
mm

inch mm

?6,35

1/4

0 ? 0,5

?9,52

3/8

0 ? 0,5

?12,7

1/2

0 ? 0,5

?15,88

5/8

0 ? 1,0

Vic loe ng phi m bo loe u, b mt phng, khng nt rn hoc b dy cc hng

khng u.
. Lp t ng ng

397/419

H thng my v thit b lnh - phn ph

lc
PHN PH LC
Ph lc PL-1

398/419

Nhit ln nht tmax v nhit b nht tmin tuyt i trong nm

399/419

400/419

Phc lc PL-2 : Nhit trung bnh ln nht cc ngy trong thng ttbmax

Phc lc PL-2 : Nhit trung bnh ln nht cc ngy trong thng ttbmax (tip
theo)

401/419

402/419

Phc lc PL-2 : Nhit trung bnh ln nht cc ngy trong thng ttbmax (tip
theo)

Ph lc PL-3 : Nhit nh nht trung bnh cc ngy trong thng, ttbmin

403/419

Ph lc PL-3 : Nhit nh nht trung bnh cc ngy trong thng, ttbmin (tip theo)

404/419

405/419

Ph lc PL-3 : Nhit nh nht trung bnh cc ngy trong thng, ttbmin

Ph lc PL-4 : m tng i trung bnh trong thng, tb

406/419

Ph lc PL-4 : m tng i trung bnh trong thng, tb (tip theo)

407/419

408/419

Ph lc PL-4 : m tng i trung bnh trong thng, tb (tip theo)

Ph lc PL-5 : Thng s vt l ca khng kh kh

409/419

BNG CHUYN I N V
p sut :
1 psi = 6,89476 kPa = 6894,76 N/m2
1 in Hg = 3,38639 kPa
1 in H2O = 0,24908 kPa
1 ft H2O = 2,98896 kPa
1 tonf/in2 = 15,4443 MPa
1 bar = 105 N/m2 = 105 Pa
1 at = 0,9807 Bar = 735,5 mmHg = 10 mH2O
1 kgf/cm2 = 1 at = 98,0665 kPa = 104 mmAq
1 mm Hg = 1 torr = 133,322 Pa
1 mmH2O = 9,80665 Pa
1 mmAq = 1 kgf/m2 = 9,807 N/m2
Nhit :

Khi lng ring

1 lb/in3 = 27,68 g/cm3
1 lb/ft3 = 16,019 kg/m3
1 kg/m3 = 0,06243 lb/ft3

410/419

Gia tc
1 ft/s2 = 0,3048 m/s2
1 m/s2 = 3,2835 ft/s2
Lu lng th tch
1 cfm = 4,71947.10-4 m3/s = 1,699 m3/h
1 m3/h = 0,588578 cfm
Chiu di
1 in = 25,4 mm
1 ft = 12 in = 304,8 mm = 0,333 yard
1 yard = 0,9144 m
1 mile = 1,609344 km = 5280 ft
1 m = 3,2808 ft
Din tch
1 m2 = 10,7639 ft2 = 1550 in2
1 are = 100 m2
1 hectare = 104 m2
1 ft2 = 144 in2 = 929 cm2
1 in2 = 645,16 mm2
Th tch
1 Gal (US) = 3,7854 Lt = 0,13368 ft3
1 in3 = 16,387 cm3

411/419

1 ft3 = 0,0283168 m3
1 m3 = 35,3147 ft3
1 cm2 = 0,061024 in3
Khi lng
1 oz = 28,3495 g
1 lb = 0,45359237 kg = 16 oz
1 quital = 100 kg
1 Ton = 1016,05 kg
1 kg = 2,2046 lb
1 g = 15,432 grains
Cng sut
1 HP = 0,7457 kW
1 W = 1 J/s
1 Tn lnh (USRT) = 12.000 Btu/h = 3,5169 kW
1 Tn lnh (JRT) = 13.175 Btu/h = 3,86 kW
Nng lng
1 kWh = 3600 kJ = 3412 Btu
1 kCal = 4,187 kJ
1 Btu = 1,05506 kJ = 0,25198 kCal
1 Cal = 3,968 Btu
1 ft.lbf = 1,35582 J
1 Therm = 105,506 MJ

412/419

1 kJ = 1 kW.s
Tc :
1 fpm = 0,00508 m/s
1 fps = 0,3048 m/s
1 m/s = 196,85 fpm
Lc :
1 lbf = 4,44822 N
1 tonf = 9,964 kN
1 kip = 4,44822 kN
1 kgf = 1 kp = 9,80665 N

TI LIU THAM KHO

1. H ng Trung, Nguyn Qun . Gio trnh thng gi v iu tit khng kh. Trng
i hc Bch khoa, H Ni , 1993
2. H ng Trung, Nguyn Qun . C s k thut iu ho khng kh . Nh xut bn
Khoa hc v K thut, H Ni, nm 1997.
3. L Ch Hip . K thut iu ho khng kh. Nh xut bn Khoa hc v K thut,
HNi, nm 1998
4. Trn Ngc Chn . K thut thng gi. Nh xut bn xy dng, H Ni, nm 1998
5. Catalogue cc my iu ho ca hng Carrier
6. Catalogue cc my iu ho ca hng Trane
7. Catalogue cc my iu ho ca hng Toshiba
8. Catalogue cc my iu ho ca hng Mitsubishi
9. Catalogue cc my iu ho ca hng Daikin
10. Catalogue cc my iu ho ca hng National
413/419

11. Catalogue cc my iu ho ca hng Hitachi

12. Catalogue cc my iu ho ca hng York
13. Catalogue cc my iu ho ca hng LG
15. ASHRAE 1985 Fundamentals Handbook (SI) - Atlanta, GA, 1985
16. ASHRAE 1989 Fundamentals Handbook (SI) - Atlanta, GA, 1989
17. ASHRAE 1993 Fundamentals Handbook (SI) - Atlanta, GA, 1993
18. ASHREA 1993 Air conditioning system design manual
19. A.D. Althouse / C.H.Turnquist / A.F Bracciano. Modern Refrigeration and Air
Conditioning . The goodheart Willcox Company, inc. 1988
20 Billy C Langley, Reffrigeration and Air Conditioning, Reston Publishing Company
1978
21. Carrier , Air handling unit
22. Carrier , Chilled water fan coi unit
23. Carrier , Direct expansion fan coil unit
24. Carrier, Handbook of air conditioning system design
25. Carrier , Owners Manual
26. Carrier , Packaged Hermetic Reciprocating Chillers
27. Carrier , Reciprocating liquid Chiller
28. Carrier , System design manual
29. Carrier ,Technical Development Program
30. Carrier , Water cooled packaged units
31. Daikin industries, LTD. Engineering Data (VRV System). 1991
32. Daikin industries, LTD. Engineering Data (VRV System). 1992

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33. Dreck J, Croome Brian M Roberts, Air conditioning and Venlation of Buildings.
Pergamon press - New York, 1980
34. Edward G. Pita . Air Conditioning Principles and Systems. John Wiley & Sons.
NewYork
35. Jan F.Kreider/Ari Rabl. Heating and Cooling of Building. McGraw Hill - Book
Company
36. Roger W Haines/C.Lewis Wilson. HVAC Systems Design Handbook. McGraw Hill
- Book Company.
37. R.P. Parlour . Air Conditioning. Integral Publishing. Sedney
38. Shan K,Wang. Handbook of air Conditioning and Refrigeration . McGraw Hill
39. Sinko, Modular Air Handling Unit
40. Sinko, Fan coi unit
41. SMACNA - HVAC System Duct Design - Sheet Metal and Air Condioning
Contractor National Association Inc., USA, July 1991
42. Trane Company. Reciprocating Refrigeration
43. Wilbert F.Stoecker / Jerold W.Jones. Refrigeration and Air Conditioning. McGraw
Hill - Book Company. Singapore
***

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Tham gia ng gp
Ti liu: iu Ha Khng Kh V Thng Gi
Bin tp bi: V Ch Chnh
URL: http://voer.edu.vn/c/017efaab
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: Nhng kin thc c bn v khng kh m
Cc tc gi: V Ch Chnh
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/0603aa84
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: nh hng ca mi trng khng kh v chn thng s tnh ton cc h thng
iu ho khng kh
Cc tc gi: V Ch Chnh
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/c3ea2db9
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: TNH CN BNG NHIT V CN BNG M
Cc tc gi: V Ch Chnh
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/1479528c
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: X L NHIT M KHNG KH
Cc tc gi: V Ch Chnh
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/e6db22ce
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: THNH LP V TNH TON CC S IU HO KHNG KH
PHN I
Cc tc gi: V Ch Chnh
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/d753d75a
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: Thnh lp v tnh ton cc s iu ho khng kh
Cc tc gi: V Ch Chnh
416/419

URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/cc6de54d
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: H THNG IU HO KHNG KH KIU KH
Cc tc gi: V Ch Chnh
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/0611bdbb
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: H THNG IU HO KHNG KH KIU KH PHN II
Cc tc gi: V Ch Chnh
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/00651d24
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: H THNG IU HO KHNG KH KIU T
Cc tc gi: V Ch Chnh
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/51732b6f
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: TUN HON KHNG KH TRONG PHNG
Cc tc gi: V Ch Chnh
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/91d86373
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: H thng vn chuyn khng kh
Cc tc gi: V Ch Chnh
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/f69018ba
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: H THNG VN CHUYN KHNG KH PHN II
Cc tc gi: V Ch Chnh
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/7f5d7d56
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: H THNG VN CHUYN KHNG KH PHN III
Cc tc gi: V Ch Chnh
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/4bea2e02

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Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

Module: h thng vn chuyn khng kh (tip theo)
Cc tc gi: V Ch Chnh
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/b0c2abba
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: iu khin t ng trong iu ho khng kh
Cc tc gi: V Ch Chnh
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/6ac97907
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: thng gi v cp gi ti
Cc tc gi: V Ch Chnh
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/e3ab39d1
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: lc bi v tiu m
Cc tc gi: V Ch Chnh
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/3e5890c6
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: lc bi v tiu m(tip)
Cc tc gi: V Ch Chnh
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/cc95d597
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: lp t, vn hnh, bo dng v sa cha my iu ho
Cc tc gi: V Ch Chnh
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/2d00fec0
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Module: H thng my v thit b lnh - phn ph lc
Cc tc gi: inh Vn Thun, V Ch Chnh
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/da74eda8
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

418/419

Chng trnh Th vin Hc liu M Vit Nam

Chng trnh Th vin Hc liu M Vit Nam (Vietnam Open Educational Resources
VOER) c h tr bi Qu Vit Nam. Mc tiu ca chng trnh l xy dng kho
Ti nguyn gio dc M min ph ca ngi Vit v cho ngi Vit, c ni dung phong
ph. Cc ni dung u tun th Giy php Creative Commons Attribution (CC-by) 4.0
do cc ni dung u c th c s dng, ti s dng v truy nhp min ph trc
ht trong trong mi trng ging dy, hc tp v nghin cu sau cho ton x hi.
Vi s h tr ca Qu Vit Nam, Th vin Hc liu M Vit Nam (VOER) tr thnh
mt cng thng tin chnh cho cc sinh vin v ging vin trong v ngoi Vit Nam. Mi
ngy c hng chc nghn lt truy cp VOER (www.voer.edu.vn) nghin cu, hc
tp v ti ti liu ging dy v. Vi hng chc nghn module kin thc t hng nghn
tc gi khc nhau ng gp, Th Vin Hc liu M Vit Nam l mt kho tng ti liu
khng l, ni dung phong ph phc v cho tt c cc nhu cu hc tp, nghin cu ca
c gi.
Ngun ti liu m phong ph c trn VOER c c l do s chia s t nguyn ca cc
tc gi trong v ngoi nc. Qu trnh chia s ti liu trn VOER tr ln d dng nh
m 1, 2, 3 nh vo sc mnh ca nn tng Hanoi Spring.
Hanoi Spring l mt nn tng cng ngh tin tin c thit k cho php cng chng d
dng chia s ti liu ging dy, hc tp cng nh ch ng pht trin chng trnh ging
dy da trn khi nim v hc liu m (OCW) v ti nguyn gio dc m (OER) . Khi
nim chia s tri thc c tnh cch mng c khi xng v pht trin tin phong
bi i hc MIT v i hc Rice Hoa K trong vng mt thp k qua. K t , phong
tro Ti nguyn Gio dc M pht trin nhanh chng, c UNESCO h tr v c
chp nhn nh mt chng trnh chnh thc nhiu nc trn th gii.

419/419