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Test equipment
One commercially available pullout test system developed in Denmark is shown in Figures 1 and 2. This
portable equipment, contained entirely in a briefcase,
weighs less than 10 pounds. The pullout insert is a 1inch-diameter hardened steel disc held 1 inch from the
concrete surface by a removable shaft. This shaft can be
attached to the form using a circular hardboard plate
nailed into place or through the formwork using an adjustable 14-inch-diameter screw. It can also be placed in
unformed surfaces of concrete using a flotation cup. The
three systems are shown in Figure 3.
Figure 4 shows how a bolt is installed for testing before
form removal. The insert is first attached to a removable
plug about 3 inches in diameter. This removable form
plug can be reused and is particularly suitable for flying
Concrete is
placed.
Test procedure
Load can be applied up to a required proof load and
then released, in which case there is no failure of the
concrete around the insert. Alternatively, load can be applied until failure just occurs, in which case little damage
occurs to the surface of the concrete, and the cone of
concrete fractured by the test does not come out of the
mass of concrete. If this procedure is followed, all that
shows on the surface of the concrete is a slightly raised
ring, the size of the inside of the counterpressure ring.
Finally, if required, loading can be continued past failure
until the cone of concrete and the pullout insert are removed from the concrete. In this case, the small hole
made by this procedure may subsequently have to be repaired.
Each test takes approximately 2 minutes and it is recommended that about 10 inserts be used for each 100
cubic yards of concrete placed. Where very large pours
are involved, the number of inserts per unit volume may
be reduced, but the principal value of the system is in the
use of relatively large numbers of tests to achieve high
levels of confidence. After the tests are completed, the
A pull bolt is
screwed into the disc,
and the instrument is
mounted on the surface of the concrete.
By applying a
force with the instrument a small
piece of the concrete is dislodged.
Figure 4. Sequence of operations in pullout testing. The force required to extract the disc is measured and correlated with
compressive strength of concrete.
results are averaged and the standard deviation calculated. The minimum pullout strength of the pour is then
calculated by deducting the standard deviation times a
constant (which varies with the number of tests made)
from the mean strength of the results. This result gives
the minimum strength in a pour to 95 percent confidence levels. Since all the tests are made on actual concrete in the structure, the strength calculated by this system is a statistically valid measurement of the strength of
the element.
A primary use of pullout testing is to determine the
safe removal time for forms or the earliest time at which
post-tensioning may take place, and it is essential that
the results do not contain any error. A procedure has
therefore been adopted whereby the results are phoned
through to a central office where personnel have programmed calculators similar to those used by the technicians in the field. The results are recalculated and confirmed on the telephone to the technician who then
knows that no arithmetical errors have been made. A
standard form is used to present the results to the contractor or other authorized person on site. On this form
are stated limits which have been agreed upon with the
structural engineer for form removal or post-tensioning
and all results are given, together with the mean
strength, standard deviation, and calculated minimum
strength. In addition, a three-dimensional reference is
shown, relating the tests to the element of the structure
on which they were conducted. This form is signed by
the technician and given to the contractor who signs a
copy which is retained by the testing authority. By this
procedure, the possibility of an error is minimized and
both parties have a written record of what has been
agreed.
PUBLICATION #C810577
Copyright 1981, The Aberdeen Group
All rights reserved