Professional Documents
Culture Documents
AsbestosGuide2013 tcm155-247011
AsbestosGuide2013 tcm155-247011
Lloyds Register Group Limited, its affiliates and subsidiaries and their respective officers, employees or agents are, individually and
collectively, referred to in this clause as Lloyds Register. Lloyds Register assumes no responsibility and shall not be liable to any person
for any loss, damage or expense caused by reliance on the information or advice in this document or howsoever provided, unless that
person has signed a contract with the relevant Lloyds Register entity for the provision of this information or advice and in that case any
responsibility or liability is exclusively on the terms and conditions set out in that contract.
Contents
Foreword 3
Part 1 A history of asbestos
1 What is asbestos
2 The rise of asbestos
3 Health and regulation
4 Testing for asbestos
4
4
7
10
14
17
17
18
21
27
30
36
Foreword
This publication should help shipowners and operators understand how to deal with asbestos on board their ships
and fleets and ultimately achieve compliance with maritime asbestos regulations from the International Maritime
Organization (IMO).
But it also takes a wider look at the material, exploring its history, composition and health effects in order to
underline the vital importance of managing it correctly.
The worldwide death toll due to asbestos-related diseases is sobering. Globally, it is estimated that more than
107,000 people die each year from mesothelioma, lung cancer and asbestosis (the three major asbestos-related
diseases) as a result of occupational exposure1. And due to the materials delayed health effects we have yet to
reach the predicted peak in fatalities in many places.
Far from being a problem of the past, asbestos is still produced in many countries (including China and Russia) and
is still widely used, particularly in developing countries. And it is of course present in many existing buildings and
structures, including ships.
Yet management of asbestos around the world is improving. Most industries and countries are increasingly aware
of the risks and huge advances have been made in the amount of asbestos used and particularly the type: nearly
all of the asbestos produced worldwide is now chrysotile, or white asbestos2 which is considered the least
dangerous form.
What is vital is that we continue to guard against the risks that asbestos presents. Within the maritime industry,
this publication should help further this aim.
Lloyds Register is particularly indebted to the Imperial War Museum and HMS Belfast for many of the photographs
this publication contains. These have been invaluable in helping us illustrate where asbestos can be found on board
ships and how it should be managed.
Robin Townsend
Regulatory Affairs Lead Specialist, Lloyds Register
World Health Organization (2010). Elimination of asbestos-related diseases (Fact sheet N343).
Available at: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs343/en/index.html
1. What is asbestos?
Asbestos family
Type
Amphibole
(five types)
Name
CAS Number
Actinolite
77536-66-4
A: Low
B: Low
C: 0
Amosite
(grunerite) (brown)
12172-73-5
A: Medium
B: Low
C: 0
Anthophyllite
77536-67-5
A: Low
B: Low
C: 0
Crocidolite (blue)
12001-28-4
A: Medium
B: Low
C: 0
Tremolite
77536-68-6
A: Low
B: Low
C: 0
Chrysotile
12001-29-5
A: high
B: high
C: 100
Amphibole
(serpentine
one type)
Long, curly fibres
Relative use in
A: shipbuilding
B: other industries
C: total use today
Relative danger
A: mesothelioma
B: lung cancer
A: 100
B: 10-50
A: 500
B: 10-50
A: 1
B: 1
L. Prandi, M. Tomatis, N. Penazzi and B. Fubini (2002). Iron Cycling Mechanisms and Related modifications at the Asbestos Surface. The
Annals Of Occupational Hygiene, Volume 46, Supplement 1.
Available at http://annhyg.oxfordjournals.org/content/46/suppl_1/140.abstract?sid=5d1b03f7-bd7f-4bea-9cfe-f3c7bbb8faad
Its proper name is actually grunerite, but it is more commonly known as amosite after the company that ran the site in South Africa where
it was mined.
Actinolite
Actinolite shares the basic characteristics of crocidolite
and amosite asbestos. It has been used, and therefore
researched, far less than crocidolite, amosite or
chrysotile. A significant characteristic of actinolite is
that it is a common contaminant of talc (see page 26)
and chrysotile asbestos.
Tremolite
Tremolite has similar characteristics to actinolite and
its use has been equally rare. It is also a common
contaminant of chrysotile asbestos. Significantly,
the amount of tremolite found in the lungs of people
who have died from exposure to it far outweighs
the amount they were apparently exposed to.
Anthophyllite
Anthophyllite shares the characteristics of tremolite
and actinolite. It is common to see it mentioned in
paint contents as non asbestos anthophyllite. This
refers to one of the major characteristics of asbestos,
which causes understandable confusion the existence
of non-hazardous types in which the fibres do not
have the same crystalline characteristics as those in
the true asbestos forms.
Other substances
This section leaves us with two questions which are
beyond the scope of this publication. Firstly, are there
other asbestos-like minerals that are not presently
considered dangerous which might be added to the
list in the future? The brief answer is yes, one example
being a mineral called soda tremolite or winchite
asbestos. The other question is whether the materials
being used to replace asbestos may prove to be
hazardous in the future.
D. Loomis et al (2009). Lung cancer mortality and fibre exposures among North Carolina asbestos textile workers.
Occupational & Environmental Medicine, Volume 66, Issue 8. Available at http://oem.bmj.com/content/66/8/535
Xiaorong Wang et al (2011). A 37-year observation of mortality in Chinese white asbestos workers. Thorax, Volume 67, Issue 2.
Available at http://thorax.bmj.com/content/67/2/106.abstract
Antti Tossavainen et al (2001). Amphibole fibres in chinese chrysotile asbestos. The Annals Of Occupational Hygiene, Volume 45, Issue 2.
Available at http://annhyg.oxfordjournals.org/content/45/2/145.abstract?sid=26e21abb-5ce8-4c60-a9fd-4be5a6cc711b
9
Murray M. Finkelstein and Andre Dufresne (1999). Inferences on the kinetics of asbestos deposition and clearance among chrysotile miners and
millers. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, Volume 35, Issue 4.
Available at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0274(199904)35:4%3C401::AID-AJIM12%3E3.0.CO;2-4/abstract
R.L. Virta (2006). Worldwide asbestos supply and consumption trends from 1900 through 2003: USGS Circular 1298.
Available at http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/2006/1298/
10
Country
2010
2011
2012e
Brazil
Canada
China
Kazakhstan
Russia
Others
100,000 50,000
400,000
440,000
440,000
214,000 223,000 240,000
1,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000
Total
2,010,000
R.L.. Virta (2006). Worldwide asbestos supply and consumption trends from 1900 through 2003: USGS Circular 1298.
Available at http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/2006/1298/
11
12
CBC (2011). Asbestos mining stops for first time in 130 years.
Available at http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/story/2011/11/24/asbestos-shutdown.html (Accessed 13 March, 2012)
13
14
Report of the Conference of the Parties to the Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous
Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade on the Work of its Fifth Meeting (2011).
Available at http://www.pic.int/TheConvention/ConferenceoftheParties/Meetingsanddocuments/COP5/tabid/1400/language/en-US/Default.aspx
15
Asbestos
onBlack
ships Lake
how to
manage it safely
The
asbestos
10
16
S ource: Peter W.J. Bartrip (2001). The Way from Dusty Death: Turner and Newall and the Regulation of the British Asbestos Industry,
1890s-1970. Athlone.
17
Factory inspectors were first appointed under the Factory Act of 1833. A central office, later named the Factory Department, was
established and supervised by the Domestic Department, and later the Industrial Department, of the Home Office. Taken from the National
Archives at http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/SearchUI/details?Uri=C10130 (Accessed 13 March, 2013)
Asbestos-related diseases
Asbestos causes a number of health problems of
varying severity.
Asbestosis
The term asbestosis is commonly misused by the media
to describe any illness caused by asbestos exposure.
It is in fact a form of pneumoconiosis any lung
disease caused by breathing small particles; in this
case, asbestos fibres. In an asbestosis sufferer, the air
sacs (alveoli) which control gas transfer in the lungs
become scarred and healthy lung tissue is replaced by
fibrous tissue. This prevents the alveoli from working
and reduces the effectiveness of the lungs. Symptoms
include shortness of breath, a persistent cough,
fatigue, laboured and rapid breathing and chest pain.
Asbestosis is irreversible, has no known cure and can
be fatal. In 2009, 411 deaths were attributed
to asbestosis in the UK.
18
IBAS (2012). Current Asbestos Bans and Restrictions. Available at http://www.ibasecretariat.org/alpha_ban_list.php (Accessed 13 March, 2013)
19
V. Murlidhar and Vijay Kanhere (2005). Asbestosis in an asbestos composite mill at Mumbai: a prevalence study. Environmental Health,
Volume 4. Available at www.ehjournal.net/content/4/1/24
20
The general term for membranes that protect organs in the body cavity (see also Mesothelioma on page 12)
11
Pulmonary fibrosis
Pulmonary fibrosis is the general term for diseases
which progressively scar the lung, interfering with the
ability to breathe. It is used when the cause of scarring
is not known and therefore appeared in the early
descriptions of asbestosis.
Mesothelioma
Mesothelioma is a form of cancer which affects the
bodys mesothelial membranes, those surrounding
organs in the body cavity such as the heart, lungs
and stomach. It is believed that asbestos fibres
migrate through the lungs to these areas. The most
common form of mesothelioma (and the one most
associated with asbestos exposure) is malignant
pleural mesothelioma which affects the pleura
the mesothelium surrounding the lungs.
Before the widespread use of asbestos, mesothelioma
was rarely diagnosed. Once asbestos exposure was
recognised as a causal link, the reporting rate increased
and we now know that 80% of mesotheliomas
are caused by asbestos. Mesothelioma is far more
indicative of asbestos exposure than lung cancer,
which is relatively common due to other factors such
as smoking.
Mesothelioma tends to appear as a series of tumours.
The only possible cure is to completely remove them.
However, because mesothelioma is normally diagnosed
only after significant spreading of the disease, surgery
is unlikely to do more than provide short term relief
from certain symptoms. Most treatment for the disease
is therefore palliative.
Lung cancer
Because lung cancer is caused by many factors,
including smoking, it is difficult to definitively attribute
cases of the disease to asbestos exposure. In the UK
it is thought that asbestos-related lung cancer is less
common than mesothelioma, but the US believes
it is more common. Smoking appears to greatly
increase the risk of lung cancer being caused by
asbestos exposure.
The disease consists of the uncontrolled growth of
tumours or lesions in the lung tissue. In malignant
tumours, cells can break away (metastasise) and
travel to other parts of the body, normally via the
bloodstream or lymph system, to form new growths.
Benign tumours do not metastasise: they can be
safely removed via surgery and will not recur.
Lung cancer can be treated by chemotherapy,
radiotherapy, surgery or all three. The level of surgery
varies depending on the spread of the cancer. It is
more usual to remove one lobe of a lung than the
entire lung.
Survival rates for lung cancer are better than for
mesothelioma: approximately 20% of people
diagnosed with the disease may survive five years.
Other diseases
There is evidence that asbestos can cause other
cancers such as bowel, stomach, oesophagus,
pancreas and kidney.
Source: The Free Library (1996). One teacher dead and millions of children at risk...
Available at http://www.thefreelibrary.com/One+teacher+dead+and+millions+of+children+at+risk...so+why+do+they...-a061158702
(Accessed 13 March, 2013)
21
12
Location
Industry
Number of
people studied
Timescale
Number of
cases
Year of study
Canada
Gas mask
manufacturer
200
1939-1942
9 probably
mesothelioma
197823
Australia
Mining
6,916
1943 1966
222 cases
mesothelioma
200724
South Africa
Mining
3,430
Before 1962
5 mesothelioma,
circa 20%
abnormalities
1974-197825
UK
Gas mask
manufacturing
435
1930s to 1969
5 mesothelioma
198226
K. Morinaga et al (2001). Asbestos-related lung cancer and mesothelioma in Japan. Industrial health, Volume 39.
Available at https://www.jniosh.go.jp/old/niih/en/indu_hel/2001/pdf/IH39_11.pdf
22
23
Alison D. Mc.Donald and J. Corbett McDonald (1978). Mesothelioma after crocidolite exposure during gas mask manufacture.
Environmental Research, Volume 17, Issue 3. Available at http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0013935178900385
24
A.W. Musk et al (2007). Mortality of former crocidolite (blue asbestos) miners and millers at Wittenoom. Occupational & Environmental
Medicine Volume 65, Issue 8. Available at http://oem.bmj.com/content/65/8/541
25
J.M. Talent et al (1980). A survey of black mineworkers of the Cape crocidolite mines. Biological Effects of Mineral Fibre 2.
E.D. Acheson et al (1982). Mortality of two groups of women who manufactured gas masks from chrysotile and crocidolite asbestos a 40
year follow up. British Journal of Industrial Medicine, Volume 39. Available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1009064/
26
13
14
Test type
Good for
Speed
Level of fibre
identification
Ease of use
Investment
/cost per
sample
Drawbacks
Stereo
microscopy
Magnifies the
sample for initial
checking
Initial
examination
and
screening
Fast
None.
Only gives
an indication
of likely
materials
Simple to
use.
Can cost
less than
$500.
Can be hand
carried.
Cheap.
Medium.
Can be very
good with
specific types
of asbestos
bound up
in a simple
matrix
Simple to
use.
Less than
$10,000.
Portable.
Can be set up
anywhere.
Cheap.
Good
Complex.
Huge
investment.
Polarised
light
microscopy
(PLM)
Magnifies the
sample 100 to 400
times and uses
other techniques
such as polarisation
and dyes to do
basic fibre and
quantity analysis
Speed,
simplicity
and cost
Scanning
electron
microscopy
(SEM)
Uses electrons to
scan the sample
and produces
massively
magnified 3D
images to find and
identify fibres
Accuracy,
detail and
images
X-ray
diffraction
(XRD)
Uses X-rays to
examine crystal
properties, but
does not produce
an image
Speed of
quantitive
analysis
Transmission
electron
microscopy
(TEM)
Fires electrons
through a very
thin slide of the
material and
produces massively
magnified images
(10 to 20 000 x)
to identify fibres
Accuracy
and detail
Gravimetric
analysis
Through
weighing and
reduction of
the sample, it
finds the mass
percentage of
asbestos
Quick
quantitive
estimation
Fast
Slow
Non-portable
equipment in
a dedicated
laboratory
Fast
Slow
Poor. Cannot
identify
between
asbestos and
non-asbestos
forms of the
same material.
Moderately
easy to use
Good
Complex.
None. Does
not identify
asbestos
and relies
on other
techniques to
do this first.
Large
investment.
Medium
(depends
on set up
and usage).
Non-portable
equipment in
a dedicated
laboratory
Fast (once
sample
has been
prepared)
High.
Poor at levels
of accuracy
below 1% and
limited for fibre
analysis
Moderately
easy
Large
investment.
Cost
High.
Low.
Cheap to
medium.
Preparation time
can be very slow
A steam plant
containing asbestos
16
1. The increased
risk in shipping
For a number of reasons, ships can present an increased
risk of asbestos exposure. First, the use of asbestos
in shipbuilding over the years has been unusually high,
and has included a disproportionately large amount of
blue and brown asbestos the worst types. Second,
some of the most dangerous asbestos application
methods, such as spraying, have been particularly
prevalent in ship construction, and these methods also
increase friability (see Friability a vital consideration).
Added to these construction factors is the fact that
ships are not stable environments: they roll, pitch, yaw,
heave, surge, sway, slam and vibrate, and in the engine
room these issues are magnified by vibrating machinery.
These conditions make friable asbestos far more likely
to emit fibres.
A UK study estimated an increase of 61% over the
expected presence of asbestos in shipyard workers1.
A similar study in Trieste, Italy, showed that of
153 men who had died of malignant mesothelioma
99 had worked in shipbuilding, 19 had been in the
navy/merchant marine and 7 had been dockworkers2.
2
L. Giarelli, C. Bianchi and G. Grandi (1992). Malignant Mesothelioma
of the pleura in Trieste, Italy. American Journal of Industrial
Medicine, Volume 22, Issue 4. Available at
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajim.4700220407/abstract
17
mooring ropes
firemens outfits
boiler cladding
furnace firebricks, and
welding shop curtains and welders gloves.
Pipes and cables. These could contain asbestos but if maintained in good condition they will be safe.
18
The International Maritime Organization is a specialised agency of the United Nations, with one hundred and sixty nine member states.
The IMOs main regulatory instrument is the Convention. Once a convention has entered into force, any ship trading internationally is bound
to comply fully with it anywhere in the world. The list of asbestos areas was developed in support of the IMOs 2009 Hong Kong International
Convention on the Safe and Environmentally Sound Recycling of Ships (the Hong Kong Convention) and is used by The International
Association of Classification Societies (IACS) in its guidance on the subject.
Component
Propeller shafting
Diesel engine
Turbine engine
Boiler
Incinerator
Brake lining
Heat exchanger
Valve
Pipe, duct
Electric equipment
Insulation material
Airborne asbestos
Wall, ceiling
Fire door
Air-conditioning system
Miscellaneous
Ropes
Thermal insulating materials
Fire shields/fire proofing
Space/duct insulation
Electrical cable materials
Brake linings
Floor tiles/deck underlay
Steam/water/vent flange gaskets
Adhesives/mastics/fillers
Sound damping
19
Thick insulation. All of this could be asbestos. This image demonstrates the
potential amount of asbestos that can be present on ships. If it is properly
sealed and kept in good condition then the risk is acceptable.
20
An A-60 partition is a particular type of fire-resistant partition designed to work for 60 minutes.
3. Regulation
ISO standards
The International Organisation for Standardization (ISO)
publishes a number of standards on asbestos. These are
not legal requirements unless directly referenced by law.
New installation
SOLAS bans the new installation of asbestos.
This means that asbestos which is already in ship stores
(in unused spare parts, for example) may remain on
board the ship, but may not actually be installed.
This presumably avoids the expense of having to remove
such materials from the stores. It is recommended that
owners ensure asbestos or asbestos-containing materials
within stores are properly managed and not used.
For newbuilds, this wording also means that items
containing asbestos purchased before 1 January, 2011,
may not be installed. For example, a windlass purchased
and delivered to the yard before 31 December, 2010,
which has asbestos brake linings would have to have the
linings removed if the yard wished to install it today.
How the SOLAS asbestos regulations apply to existing and
new ships is explored in more detail on pages 22 to 25.
A flag state is the administration of the government where the ship is registered, whose flag a ship is entitled to fly.
United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (2012). Asbestos Ban and Phase-Out Federal Register Notices.
Available at http://www.epa.gov/asbestos/ban.html (Accessed 13 March, 2013)
21
22
3 General provision
The Company should make provisions, including
the nomination of a responsible person to control
the maintenance and monitoring program for
asbestos, in their Safety Management System
(developed for compliance with the ISM Code)
for the maintenance and monitoring of on board
materials containing asbestos in line with the
provisions of the present Guidelines.
A good land-based example of such provisions is
management of asbestos in schools. A typical school has
a person on site who is responsible for asbestos and has
the necessary training to repair small areas of damage
and to identify when the level of damage requires
outside specialists. This means the school does not
need to remove the asbestos. This non-marine example
shows that if we can manage asbestos in our schools
we can certainly manage it on board ships (see The
Case of Shirley Gibson on page 12).
The Inventory of Hazardous Materials is a list of certain hazards onboard a ship, including asbestos, which is required to be compiled for
the Hong Kong Convention
23
One example is D. M. Murbach et al (2008). Airborne concentrations of Asbestos Onboard Maritime Shipping Vessels (1978 to 1992).
The Annals of Occupational Hygiene, Volume 52, Issue 4. Available at http://annhyg.oxfordjournals.org/content/52/4/267.short
24
Focus on newbuilds
25
Caroline Essberger12
10
Talc is commonly used as an excipient, the inactive ingredient that actually carries the drug the bulking agent in a pill for example.
11
Note that Lloyds Register and other classification societies already check ships plans for comments regarding asbestos during plan approval.
12
26
Shipowners
The shipowner has the greatest direct responsibility for the
people on board the ship be they crew (either employed
directly or by a crewing agency) or visitors (Surveyors, Port
State Control Officers, Cargo Assessors, or P&I).
Owners must ensure that effective top-down and
bottom-up asbestos management is in place. A key tool
that a shipowner would be expected to use is a risk
assessment (see page 33).
Shipyards
Shipbuilders and repair yards not only have a
responsibility to protect their workers from asbestos,
but they should be aware that the ship they are
building or repairing must comply with SOLAS (if it
is governed by the Convention) and other relevant
national or international legislation. It is best for this
information to be included in the general and specific
terms of the contract with the shipowner.
Asbestos protection during ship recycling. The blue pipes contain asbestos and have therefore been wrapped
in protective blue plastic. The white uptake (on the left) was presumed to contain asbestos and marked a. Testing
revealed it was clear of asbestos and so the a has been crossed out. (Photo courtesy of Leyal Ship Recycling.)
28
28
Mixed glass wool and asbestos disposal facility. Note the bags which have been dumped at the entrance to
the pit, rather than in it. Some bags are torn and their contents are spilling out.
Port authorities
Ship managers
As a ship manager stands in the place of the shipowner,
our opinion is that they share identical responsibilities.
Since managers are responsible for SOLAS compliance
they must be experts in the Conventions asbestos
requirements.
The role of the ship manager does not necessarily
lessen the responsibility or liability of the shipowner.
No matter what the involvement of the ship manager,
the owner should independently examine their roles
and responsibilities.
29
Appoint person
to manage
asbestos
Record
No
Record asbestos
plan/drawing
Yes
No further action
RECORD
Prepare asbestos
register
Carry out
risk assessment
Prepare
management
plan
ACMs in good
condition
Monitor
Damaged
ACMs
Repair/remove
Maintenance
work
Manage
Train staff
Manage contractors
Checked all work against
plan/register
Control of work itself:
Asbestos essentials
Compliance with CAR
30
13
14
Available at http://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/books/hsg264.htm
Appoint person
to manage
asbestos
Identify ships
in fleet to be
managed
Record. Maintain
evidence and
decision making
steps
Approved service
supplier
Ensure effective
systems in place to
avoid purchasing
and installing ACMs
Third party
verification
Prepare asbestos
register (Inventory
of Hazardous
Materials preferred)
Monitor and
review
effectiveness
of system
Approved service
supplier
Undertake risk
assessment
Approved service
supplier
Prepare
management
plan
Improve
procedures
Policy
Procedures
Objectives and targets
Safety provision
Maintenance work
Equipment and
PPE provision
Monitor ACM
Measure performance
Update records
Document
Review
Training
Awareness
Procurement plan
Asbestos action
and work
Figure 2: The land-based Asbestos Management Plan adapted for maritime use.
31
32
Between
1 July, 2002 and
1 Jan, 2011
Before
1 July, 2002
After
1 Jan, 2011
Is there a reputable
asbestos free certificate
(or a list of asbestos available
from the time of construction)
Is there a reputable
asbestos free certificate
available
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
confidence
that ship is
free of
asbestos
Yes
Low
confidence
that ship is
free of
asbestos
Yes
High confidence
that ship is free of
asbestos (or that
a known list of
asbestos is available)
Note: you must follow the arrows directly down from the year of build unless an arrow takes you sideways.
33
A turbo-alternator with
asbestos-lagged steam pipes
34
35
Appendix
Common asbestos areas on board ships
Friable mess and fibres from an asbestos blanket. Note: a piece of cloth has been used to
protect the deck from the scaffolding this will clearly cause large fibre releases.
36
38
Floors
Floors present particular problems because they are
often multi-layered and any or all of these layers might
contain asbestos. An A-60 floor, for example, might
contain a bottom levelling layer (so that the fire layer
can be accurately applied); several centimetres of fire
proof cement; a levelling compound; an adhesive;
and a fire-proof tile or carpet. Even within one layer,
asbestos content may vary widely. This is particularly
true of cement, where several different mixes may have
been used to complete the same floor.
To find out how much asbestos a floor contains,
you would need to test each individual layer. But
in reality, asbestos testing on ships is a process of
estimating based on random testing. The more tests
you complete, and the better they are structured, the
better the estimate you will achieve.
Asbestos rope in a fire door frame. This is a very
interesting photograph. Asbestos rope has been used
to improve the seal between the door and its frame.
Asbestos rope is always friable and in this instance the
problem is exacerbated by the fact that the door bangs
into the rope every time it closes. It is certainly not an
example of good management and we would expect
the rope to be replaced by specialists.
39
Asbestos canvas
Asbestos insulation. This type of loose flock is so friable it will quickly contaminate the area it is in,
and should be removed as soon as possible. Even if it is encapsulated in another material, it will quickly
cover the internal surfaces of that material with fibres, leading to large releases if it is disturbed.
42
Engine room
The engine room store examples show that you
are likely to find asbestos in the engine room itself.
Any asbestos there is prone to damage due to the
operations taking place and the heat, humidity
and vibration.
44
Asbestos lagging
45
71 Fenchurch Street
London EC3M 4BS
UK
Suite 3501
China Merchants Tower
Shun Tak Centre
168200 Connaught Road Central
Hong Kong
SAR of PRC
www.lr.org
March 2013
Lloyds Register is a trading name of Lloyds Register Group Limited
and its subsidiaries. For further details please see www.lr.org/entities