Gio trnh thc hnh: GIAO THC TCP/IP

Ni dung:
I.

L THUYT V TCP/IP. ............................................................................................................................ 2

- Cu trc IP address (version 4)......................................................................................................... 2
- Nguyn tc xc lp IP address trong mng ni b: ......................................................................... 2
- Subnet Mask:...................................................................................................................................... 2
- Cc qui c lin quan IP address: ................................................................................................... 2
- Cc a ch IP c bit: ...................................................................................................................... 3
- Subnet (mng con): ........................................................................................................................... 3
- Bng chia Subnet t mng chun class C ....................................................................................... 4
- Phng thc xc lp IP address cho Host: ..................................................................................... 4

II. LUYN TP (PRACTICE). ........................................................................................................................ 4

1. Thao tc khai bo IP address trong Windows.................................................................................. 4
2. Xc lp IP ng (Dynamic IP). ........................................................................................................... 4
3. Cc li lin quan IP adddress trong Windows: ................................................................................ 5
a. Th nghim t IP address trng vi a ch tn ti trn mng. ................................................................... 5
b. Th nghim nhn thng bo trng IP address. ................................................................................................... 6
c. Th nghim t IP ng khi trong mng khng c my / thit b DHCP Server. ................................................ 6
4. Kim chng IP address Local Host .................................................................................................. 7
5. Kim chng cc quy c ca IP address (version 4). .................................................................... 7
a. Kim chng quy c IP Class: .............................................................................................................................. 7
b. Kim chng quy c Network Address v Broadcast Address ............................................................................ 8
c. Kim chng cc dy Networks IP trong Class chun: .......................................................................................... 8
6. ngha ca thng s Default Gateway v Preferred DNS Server: ................................................. 9
III. BI TP .................................................................................................................................................. 10
1. Xc nh Network ID ca mt IP address. ...................................................................................... 10
2. Xc lp cc thng s IP. .................................................................................................................. 10
3. Xc lp cc thng s IP cho Host c nhiu interface. ................................................................... 12

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I.

L THUYT V TCP/IP.
-

TCP/IP l kt hp ca 2 giao thc:

o IP (Internet Protocol): l giao thc truyn d liu gia cc Host (Computer, Server, Printer,
Router, Access point, IP telephone, IP camera) trn mng da vo a ch IP (IP address).
o TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) hoc UDP (User Datagram Protocol):
Mt trong hai giao thc TCP hoc UDP s i km vi giao thc IP nhm m bo tnh chnh xc trong
qu trnh truyn/nhn d liu.
Cc Host dng giao thc TCP/IP phi c a ch IP nh danh cho Host trong qu trnh truyn /
nhn d liu.
Cc vn chnh:
o IP (Internet Protocol): - a ch IP (IP address)
- Mng con (Subnet)
o TCP: - C ch TCP v c ch UDP.
- Port

Cu trc IP address (version 4)

-

a ch IP l dy gm 32 s Binary (bit), chia lm 4 octet (mi octet c 8 bit = 1 Byte)

Gi tr mi octet: t 0000 0000 n 1111 1111 (t 0 n 255 s Decimal)
Dy 32 bit ca a ch IP c chia lm 2 phn: Network ID v Host ID
Network ID + Host ID = 32 bit

Nguyn tc xc lp IP address trong mng ni b:

-

Mi my hay thit b c dng IP (gi chung l Host) phi c IP address ring (khng trng nhau)
Cc a ch IP c cc bit Network ID ging nhau c gi l cng 1 mng (cng Network ID) giao
tip c nhau.

Subnet Mask:
-

Subnet Mask l dy 32 s Binary i km IP address nhm thng bo s bt lm Network ID v s bit

lm Host ID ca IP address . Mask thng bo thng quy tc:
o S dng dy n bt 1 thng bo IP c n bit lm Network ID
o S dng dy m bt 0 thng bo IP c m bit lm Host.ID
Vi d:
o IP address:
1100 0000 . 1010 1000 . 0000 1010 . 1000 0001
o Subnet Mask:
1111 1111 . 1111 1111 . 1111 1111 . 0000 0000
o IP address vit dng s Decimal: 192.168.10.129 - Mask: 255.255.255.0
o Cng c th vit cch khc: 192.168.10.129/24
Vi nhn nh da vo v d trn:
o a ch mng (Network ID) ca IP trn l 192.168.10.0 (hiu l 192.168.10.x). C ngha, cc host
khc trong mng ni b, nu IP address c 3 byte u l 192.168.10. s cng mng vi IP trn.
o Mng IP trn c 8 bit lm Host ID, tc l c 28 a ch Host (28 = 256 a ch, t 0 n 255)

Cc qui c lin quan IP address:

a. Ty s lng bt lm Network ID, c cc lp mng mc inh (Default Subnet Class)
o Mng Lp A: dng 8 bit lm Network ID (24 bit lm Host ID)
o Mng Lp B: dng 16 bit lm Network ID (16 bit lm Host ID)
o Mng Lp C: dng 24 bit lm Network ID (8 bit lm Host ID)
b. Khi mt IP khng c thng tin Subnet Mask, c th cn c vo gi tr ca byte IP u tin (gi l
classbit) ngm hiu IP thuc lp no:
o Classbit: 0xxx xxxx (0000 0000 n 0111 1111 t 0 n 127) thuc lp A.
o Classbit: 10xx xxxx (1000 0000 n 1011 1111 t 128 n 191) thuc lp B.
o Classbit: 110x xxxx (1100 0000 n 1101 1111 t 192 n 223) thuc lp C.
Tng s bt dng cho:
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mng lp A l: 8-1 = 7 bit. (=> Tng s mng thuc class A: 27 = 128 mng).
mng lp B l: 16-2 = 14 bit. (=> Tng s mng thuc class B: 214 = 16.384 mng).
mng lp C l: 24-3 = 21 bit. (=> Tng s mng thuc class C: 221 = 2.097.152 mng).

c. Trong 1 mng IP (v d mng 192.168.10.0):

o a ch IP u tin (192.168.10.0) dng lm a ch nh danh mng (Network ID address)
o a ch IP cui cng (192.168.10.255) c dng lm a ch Broadcast (gi tin mang a ch ny
s c loan ta trn ton mng ti 254 a ch khc trong mng).
o Khng dng 2 a ch trn gn cho Host trong mng.
Nh vy, trong mt mng IP c n bt lm Host ID, tng s a ch IP kh dng l 2n - 2 a ch.
Cc a ch IP c bit:
-

a ch Broadcast ton internet

o 255.255.255.255
a ch IP tng trng cho internet:
o 0.0.0.0
IP address dnh ring cho Local host
o 127.x.y.z
(x,y,z t 0 n 255)
02 dy a ch IP trn u thuc mng class A. Nh vy, tng s mng IP (Network ID) thuc
class A ch cn 27 - 2 = 126 mng

APIPA (Automatic Private IP address): HH t ng gn IP cho card mng khi khng xin c IP
address t DHCP Server.
o 169.254.y.z
IP addresses dnh ring cho Private network (mng ring)
o Class A: 10.0.0.0 n 10.255.255.255
o Class B: 172.16.0.0 n 172.31.255.255
o Class C: 192.168.0.0 n 192.168.255.255

Subnet (mng con):

-

Mt mng lp C (Network ID = 24 bit) c tt c 256 a ch IP.

Vi d:
o IP address:
1100 0000 . 1010 1000 . 0000 1010 . 1xxx xxxx
o Subnet Mask:
1111 1111 . 1111 1111 . 1111 1111 . 1000 0000
IP address vit dng s Decimal: 192.168.10.x (s x: t 0 255) - Mask: 255.255.255.0
Host ID c 8 bit => c 28 = 256 a ch IP trong mng ny (class C network)
Nu tng Network ID thm 1 bit (Network ID = 25 bit) th 256 a ch IP trn s b tch thnh 2 mng
ring (mi mng 128 a ch).
Theo v d trn: mng class C s b tch thnh 2 mng con (Subnet):
o Subnet 1:
IP address:
1100 0000 . 1010 1000 . 0000 1010 . 0xxx xxxx
Subnet Mask:
1111 1111 . 1111 1111 . 1111 1111 . 1000 0000
IP address vit dng s Decimal: 192.168.10.x (s x: t 0 127) - Mask: 255.255.255.128
o Subnet 2:
IP address:
1100 0000 . 1010 1000 . 0000 1010 . 1xxx xxxx
Subnet Mask:
1111 1111 . 1111 1111 . 1111 1111 . 1000 0000
IP address vit dng s Decimal: 192.168.10.x (s x: t 128 255) - Mask: 255.255.255.128
Host ID ch cn 7 bit => c 27 = 128 a ch IP trong mi mng ny (class C+1)
T mng IP thuc class C, khi tng Network ID thm 1 bit (Network ID = 25 bit) th mng class C
s b tch thnh 21=2 mng con.

T mng IP thuc class chun (A. B. C), nu tng Network ID thm n bit th:
o Mng IP class chun s b tch thnh 2n mng con.

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S lng IP Address trong mi mng con s l: s lng IP address trong class chun / 2n.

Bng chia Subnet t mng chun class C

-

Bng di y m t cc subnet c chia t mng chun Class C.

Vi cc bi ton v chia mng, vic u tin l phi xc nh c Network ID c gia tng bao
nhiu (n) bit so vi class chun. T , suy ra s lng mng con c chia t class chun l 2n
mng con, ng thi tnh c s lng a ch IP trong mi mng con :
s lng IP address trong class chun / 2n
STT
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

Class C
Class C + 1
Class C + 2
Class C + 3
Class C + 4
Class C + 5
Class C + 6
Class C + 7

S bit
Net.ID
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31

Subnet Mask
255.255.255.0
255.255.255.128
255.255.255.192
255.255.255.224
255.255.255.240
255.255.255.248
255.255.255.252
255.255.255.254

20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27

S lng
mng con
= 1 mng
= 2 mng
= 4 mng
= 8 mng
= 16 mng
= 32 mng
= 64 mng
= 128 mng

S lng a ch
IP trong mng
256
128
64
32
16
8
4
2

.
Lu : vi class C, khng th gia tng 7 bit
Phng thc xc lp IP address cho Host:
-

Mi Host cho php xc lp a ch IP bng 1 trong 2 phng thc:

o Static IP address: (IP tnh): ngi dng s t xc lp cc thng s IP cho host, bao gm: IP
address, Subnet Mask, Default Gateway, Preferred DNS Server,
o Dynamic IP address: (IP ng): host s t ng i xin (Obtain) cc thng s IP cho n t
my / thit b DHCP Server no trn mng.

II. LUYN TP (PRACTICE).

1. Thao tc khai bo IP address trong Windows.
M Network Connections (trong Control Panel) Properties biu tng card mng mun t IP
address Properties cho giao thc Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)

2. Xc lp IP ng (Dynamic IP).
M Network Connections (trong Control Panel) Properties biu tng card mng mun t IP
address Properties cho giao thc Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)
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 Chn phng thc nhn IP ng (Obtain an IP address automatically).

Xem li cc thng s IP nhn c:

M Network Connection double click vo card giao tip mng Chn tab Support
Click vo nut Detail xem chi tit tt c thng s IP

Trong :
Physical IP address: a ch MAC addres ca card giao tip mng.
IP address / Subnet Mask: a ch IP v Mask m card mng nhn c t my DHCP
Server
Default gateway: a ch IP ca my / thit b m ti , d liu c th i ra khi mng ni
b (ra internet hoc i n mng ni b khc).
DHCP Server: a ch IP ca my / thit b cp pht thng s IP cho card (DHCP Server)
Lease Obtained v Lease Expries: thi gian thu va thi gian ht ht thu thng s IP
DNS Server: a ch IP ca my DNS Server khi ngi dng nhp 1 tn min (Domain
Name), tn min s c gi ti my DNS Server ny nh gii p ra IP address.
3. Cc li lin quan IP adddress trong Windows:
a. Th nghim t IP address trng vi a ch tn ti trn mng.
t a ch IP cho my trng vi mt IP address tn ti trn mng (v d: 192.168.4.1 IP
address ca my Server)

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 Xem thng bo li:

Kim tra li gi tr s dng ca IP address thit lp:

M Network Connection double click vo card giao tip mng
Chn tab Support

b. Th nghim nhn thng bo trng IP address.

t mt a ch IP cho my A. (v d: 192.168.10.x)
Trn my B, t a ch IP trng vi my A. (v d: 192.168.10.x)
Quan st thng bo xut hin ti gc phi di mn hnh my A.

Kim tra li gi tr s dng ca IP address thit lp trn 2 my A v my B:

c. Th nghim t IP ng khi trong mng khng c my / thit b DHCP Server.
Thit lp c ch IP ng cho card giao tip vi mng khng c my / thit b DHCP Server (v
d nh card VMNet 1
Xem trng thi li ca card mng ny:

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 Dng lnh IPCONFIG xem gi tr IP ca card mng ny.

Khi card mng t phng thc IP ng m trong mng khng c bt k 1 DHCP server no cp
pht thng s IP th H iu hnh s t gn cho card mng IP address: 169.254.x.y/16. Gi tr
IP ny gi l Automatic Private IP Address APIPA)
4. Kim chng IP address Local Host
M Network Connections (trong Control Panel) Disable (tt) tt c biu tng card mng
=> Windows khng cn s dng c cc card giao tip mng.
M Command Prompt, g lnh: PING 127.x.y.z (x, y ,z l gi tr s t 0 255)
Kt qu s l:

iu ny chng t: IP address 127.x.y.z l IP Local Host IP ni b ca chnh my tnh.

5. Kim chng cc quy c ca IP address (version 4).
a. Kim chng quy c IP Class:
M Network Connections (trong Control Panel) Properties biu tng card mng mun
t IP address Properties cho giao thc Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)
Chn kiu t IP tnh (Use the following IP address)
Thc hin cc th nghim di y. Lu : Xa Subnet Mask trc mi ln th nghim.
i.

Th nhp vo 1 IP address vi Octet u tin l 1 s bt k trong khong: 1 126

Click vo vng Subnet Mask xem Windows t ng gn Mask cho IP trn thuc
Class (lp) no? Class A, B hay C?

ii.

Th nhp vo 1 IP address vi Octet u tin l 1 s bt k trong khong: 128 191

Click vo vng Subnet Mask xem Windows t ng gn Mask cho IP trn thuc
Class (lp) no? Class A, B hay C?

iii.

Th nhp vo 1 IP address vi Octet u tin l 1 s bt k trong khong: 192 223

Click vo vng Subnet Mask xem Windows t ng gn Mask cho IP trn thuc
Class (lp) no? Class A, B hay C?

iv.

Th nhp vo 1 IP address vi Octet u tin l 1 s bt k trong khong: 224 255

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Click vo vng Subnet Mask xem Windows t ng gn Mask cho IP trn thuc
Class (lp) no? Class A, B hay C?

b. Kim chng quy c Network Address v Broadcast Address

Thc hin nhp IP address cho card mng (tng t phn 4.a), vi cc th nghim:
i.

Th nhp vo 1 IP address: 192.168.10.0 - Mask: 255.255.255.0

OK xc nhn c thng bo li (nu c)?
Ti sao li? Ti sao khng li?

ii.

Th nhp vo 1 IP address: 192.168.10.255 - Mask: 255.255.255.0

OK xc nhn c thng bo li (nu c)?

iii.

Th nhp vo 1 IP address: 172.16.10.0 - Mask: 255.255.0.0

OK xc nhn c thng bo li (nu c)?
Ti sao li? Ti sao khng li?

iv.

Th nhp vo 1 IP address: 172.31.10.255 - Mask: 255.255.0.0

OK xc nhn c thng bo li (nu c)?
Ti sao li? Ti sao khng li?

v.

Th nhp vo 1 IP address: 172.16.10.0 - Mask: 255.255.255.0

OK xc nhn c thng bo li (nu c)?
Ti sao li? Ti sao khng li?

vi.

Th nhp vo 1 IP address: 172.31.10.255 - Mask: 255.255.255.0

OK xc nhn c thng bo li (nu c)?
Ti sao li? Ti sao khng li?

c. Kim chng cc dy Networks IP trong Class chun:

Thc hin nhp IP address cho card mng (tng t phn 4.a), vi cc th nghim di y,
trong : x, y ,z l gi tr s t 0 255
i.

Th nhp vo 1 IP address: 0.x.y.x (0. l a mng u tin ca Class A)

c thng bo li (nu c)? Ti sao?

ii.

Th nhp vo 1 IP address: 127.x.y.z (127. l a mng cui cng ca Class A)

c thng bo li (nu c)? Ti sao?

iii.

Th nhp vo 1 IP address: 128.0.x.y (128.0. l a mng u tin ca Class B)

c thng bo li (nu c)? Ti sao?

iv.

Th nhp vo 1 IP address: 191.255.x.y (191.255. l a mng cui cng ca Class B)

c thng bo li (nu c)? Ti sao?

v.

Th nhp vo 1 IP address: 192.0.x.y (192.0. l a mng u tin ca Class C)

c thng bo li (nu c)? Ti sao?

vi.

Th nhp vo 1 IP address: 223.255.x.y (223.255. l a mng cui cng ca Class C)

c thng bo li (nu c)? Ti sao?

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Bi thc hnh mn hc Mng My Tnh

6. ngha ca thng s Default Gateway v Preferred DNS Server:

-

H thng mng kt ni nh hnh v:

Cho bit:
o ADSL c a ch IP l: 192.168.4.1, mask: 255.255.255.0
o Access Point c a ch IP l: 192.168.4.254, mask: 255.255.255.0
cc my tnh kt ni c Internet, my tnh phi p ng :
o Giao tip c vi ADSL Router.
o Giao tip c vi cc my khc trn Internet.
o Phn gii c tn min khi ngi dng nhp (nhp trn trnh duyt Web, Mail, Chat,)
Thc hin:
a. Giao tip c vi ADSL Router:
t IP address v Subnet Mask sao cho my tnh giao tip c vi ADSL Router.
Kim tra:
i.
Giao tip vi ADSL Router (lnh PING 192.168.4.1).
ii.
Kim tra giao tip vi Google DNS Server (lnh PING 8.8.8.8).
iii.
Kim tra giao tip vi Yahoo Web Server (lnh PING yahoo.com).
iv.
Truy cp Web ca 24h.com.vn bng tn min (http://24h.com.vn)

IP address v Subnet Mask: Xc nh a ch IP cho card giao tip mng sao cho c th giao tip
vi cc my / thit b c kt ni cng ng mng (phn cng) vi nhau.
b. Giao tip c vi cc my khc trn Internet.
Khai bo thng s Default Gateway l IP address ca ADSL Router.
Kim tra:
i.
Giao tip vi ADSL Router (lnh PING 192.168.4.1).
ii.
Kim tra giao tip vi Google DNS Server (lnh PING 8.8.8.8).
iii.
Kim tra giao tip vi Yahoo Web Server (lnh PING yahoo.com).
iv.
Truy cp Web ca 24h.com.vn bng tn min (http://24h.com.vn)
v.
Truy cp Web ca 24h.com.vn bng IP address (http://123.30.129.47)
Default Gateway: ch nh a ch IP ca my / thit b m ti , d liu c th truyn ra khi
mng ni b n c mng khc no .
c. Phn gii c tn min khi ngi dng nhp (nhp trn trnh duyt Web, Mail, Chat,)
Khai bo thng s Preferred DNS Server l IP address ca Google DNS Server.
Kim tra:
i.
Giao tip vi ADSL Router (lnh PING 192.168.4.1).
ii.
Kim tra giao tip vi Google DNS Server (lnh PING 8.8.8.8).
iii.
Kim tra giao tip vi Yahoo Web Server (lnh PING yahoo.com).
iv.
Truy cp Web ca 24h.com.vn bng tn min (http://24h.com.vn)
v.
Truy cp Web ca 24h.com.vn bng IP address (http://123.30.129.47)
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Bi thc hnh mn hc Mng My Tnh

 Preferred DNS Server: ch nh a ch IP ca my / thit b m ti , tn min m ngi dng

nhp s c phn gii thnh a ch IP tng ng. My tnh s truy cp dch v ti Server c
IP address c phn gii.
III. BI TP
1. Xc nh Network ID ca mt IP address.
Cc my X, Y, Z c a ch IP nh sau:
- My X: 192.168.12.6
- My Y: 192.168.20.7
- My Z: 192.10.10.10
Khi t a ch IP cho my A, ng vi mi trng hp di y, cho bit my A s cng mng IP vi my
no (X, Y, Z) ?
Trng hp 1

My A

Trng hp 2

Trng hp 3

IP address:

192.168.12.5

192.168.12.5

192.168.12.5

Subnet mask

255.0.0.0

255.255.0.0

255.255.255.0

A s cng mng vi:

2. Xc lp cc thng s IP.
Cho h thng mng kt ni nh hnh v:

nh thc ca ADSL Router v Access Point:

Cho bit:
- Thng tin IP address ca ADSL Router:
o Cng WAN: IP ng (ISP cung cp IP address: 115.78.123.134)
o Cng LAN: 192.168.4.1, mask: 255.255.255.0
- Thng tin IP address ca Access Point:
o Cng WAN: IP ng (ADSL Router cp IP address: 192.168.4.254)
o Cng LAN: 192.168.0.1, mask: 255.255.255.0
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10

Bi thc hnh mn hc Mng My Tnh

Yu cu:
a. Cc my tnh c dy: t cc thng s IP sao cho giao tip c internet (ngi dng truy cp cc
dch v trn internet bng tn min)
IP address: ......................................
tr 1 - 254)
Subnet mask: ...................................
Default Gateway:..............................
Preferred DNS Server: .....................
b. Gi s, Access Point kt ni vi ADSL Router theo kiu Repeater (xem hnh di).

Nh vy, cc my tnh khng dy s t thng s IP nh th no?

IP address: ................................
tr 1 - 254)
Subnet mask: .............................
Default Gateway: ........................
Preferred DNS Server: ...............
c. Gi s, Access Point kt ni vi ADSL Router theo kiu Router (xem hnh di).

Nh vy, cc my tnh khng dy s t thng s IP nh th no?

IP address: ................................
tr 1 - 254)
Subnet mask: .............................
Default Gateway: ........................
Preferred DNS Server: ...............

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11

Bi thc hnh mn hc Mng My Tnh

3. Xc lp cc thng s IP cho Host c nhiu interface.

My Server c 2 card giao tip mng, kt ni nh hnh v:

Yu cu:
a. t IP address cho 2 card mng trn Server:
i. TH 1: IP address ca 2 card mng cng 1 Network ID (khng c dng)
ii. TH 2: IP address ca 2 card mng khc Network ID (phi dng)
b. t IP address cho 2 card mng ca Server nh bn di. Trng hp no l ng:
i. Trng hp 1:
Card 1
Card 2
IP address
192.168.10.1
192.168.11.1
mask
255.255.255.0
255.255.255.0
ii. Trng hp 2:
IP address
mask

Card 1
172.16.10.1
255.255.0.0

Card 2
172.16.20.1
255.255.0.0

Card 1
10.1.1.1
255.0.0.0

Card 2
10.2.2.2
255.0.0.0

Card 1
172.16.0.1
255.255.0.0

Card 2
172.17.0.1
255.255.0.0

iii. Trng hp 3:
IP address
mask
iv. Trng hp 4:
IP address
mask

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Bi thc hnh mn hc Mng My Tnh