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Power Semiconductor Devices
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Control
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voltage-unidirectional
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SGTO = Symmetrical GTO
AGTO = Asymmetrical GTO
DR = Driver
RC-IGBT = Reverse Conducting IGBT
DR
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100
1000
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[V]
MOSFET
IGBT
GTO
Thyristor
3600 6000
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__ ___*__________0_!)____!_________)______________2
__ ____
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____________+__!)_______!______!
__+_!_________
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_
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__ __________)______))_____________
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____________ _____
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__
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__ _&)_!____________________________________________________
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__
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_)___________________
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__ __________ ______!)__-______)_*___!____________________!_____
__ ____
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__ _"___!____ ______
_C_
____:_<_6____*___________)_*___!_________
____________
_
Module concept:
Sub-
IPM +
Controller +
bus interfaces
Standard
modules
Switching,
Insulation
Modules +
Driver +
Protection
Solder
Chip
Bond wire
systems
IPM +
Controller +
Switches,
Insulation
IPM
Protection
Solder
Chip
Bond wire
C_
:_._____
<8
_______________________A_!)______________+________)____________ ________
____
_)___*_______
________________________+________
______!)___________*______*_______________________*_____
_
______+___ ____)__!___________)__!)_______+______________________________________
_______:_<_<_________>_______________________!_______)___!_____S:T+_C_
____:_<_7____*_____
_!)_______________!_______)__)______
_______
____ ____ _26'__;_ _1___
_.___ _)_____
__ _#_ _ __1_ _<_<:_ _6_:8_ _6_63_
_________________ _____ __!__6_ _<_7W<;__<;_ _5_:W<;__3_ _<_3W<;__<;_
_.______*__/_____________ _#___ _$1O_!_ _;_:6_ _:_:_ _6_6_
_#_______!_______ _____ __!XO1__ _<+7;;_ _3B;_ _<+B;;_
______________ ______ __!O__ _<;_4_ _:_4W<;_4_ _:_BW<;_4_
__________________ _____ ___ _<<_5_ _3_4_ _3_;_
_(______________ ___ __O_!%_ _<_B_ _6_5_ _<_6_
______:_<_<__ __________
_______)__)_____
_)___!__________!______________________?_____!)__________!
Dielectric
Constant
Breakdown
Electric Field
Bandgap
Thermal
Conductivity
Saturation
Velocity
Determines
temperature limit for
device operation
Determines BV vs.
Specific Ron trade-of
GaN for devices design
4H-SiC Si
Relates to devices
carrier transported
switching speed
Determines heat
dissipation characteristic
in power design
100.0
10.0
1.0
0.1
C_
____:_<_7_ _!)_______________)________)___!__________!__________!________S6T
______+__________!
____*____)____________"_A+___*____+______________________/______)_________
___________!_________________)____________/_______________>___________!______________
_____
____0!____)_)__2+__________________________)_!_!
_*_______H__________)_*_______________________
______"______________)___________5Y_*______________________________Z_;_<;O_!
X+_________________
____"_A_*______*________!_______7Y_________________!_
________
___+_!
___)____
___________!)____
______"___'__+_*________)________
____)______)__)__________"_A+_______________!
__________)__
____________!)__________________________!________!)________________))______"_________!
_______
:_._____
<4
________________+_'_____!)______!________)____________________!_____!!____)___________
______!________________"_A_"_____________
_&*__ _____________________)!_____
_____"__)_*_____!
__________+__________________________
__________________!__________!____________$&"C#_______'.____________
_____
__[_<;;;_1__
___________ _____ _+_*________ _)___!__________!____________!
__________________!)_________
,_______
__________)_*_____!___________________GC#__0,_______
___/____________________2+_
__)___________________________+_*_______$&"____________________________)____________
__!)__
_____*______ ________
________))______
_&*__ _____ __!___________+_)_*_____!___________!_______F*________
_)_!
_______F__________
/____________!_______))_________*_______)_____________
____/________________!___!
_!_________
_____________>_____+____*___________))_________*_______>____!____M___
___!)______+_____ _____
___>______M__________!__*___"__)_*_____!____________
________________________/_____!____!__________ ______)_*_____!___________!
_______"_A____
'___________________________!)_____+________
__ ___*________________*_____
_______
__ ___ ___________ _____ __
__ ___ ____)________)_*___________
__ ___ ____)__!_________)_____
__!)_______
__ _________*_____ __!__+___
_____*_____ ____>_______+
_______________)____
__
___________________)________!)_________________
___
Anode
Cathode
_
,&,&*&*_ _1_______
____
_/___________ __
____________________D__*_*____________/___________________*______________
_._"__________
__
____________________D__*_*____________/___________________ ______________
______ ________
____!_________*___________*___________0_____________2_D__*__
_;_
____ ________
____!___________*___________*___________0_____________2_D__*___
_+_'_ _
_______
_=____________
>_
_A______D__*__
_______*______________
_+_'_ _
__"_ ____=_______"_
___>
_1___ ___))_______*_________!__________________________*____________
:_._____
<5
_._"__________
_A______D__*__
____ ________ _________ ___ __ ______ ___ _______
_ ____ __
0________ ____
_2__ ___ ___ ____
_________________)__________
___)____+______________)_________!_____!_______
______!___*_____
______+__A_____
_____________________!______!_______)____________!______!
________________
__
_A_____
_+_______!)___________________)______________)__,_________________)_________
______________________)_____
____________ __________
_____
_+______*_________)____________ _____
___)____!
__________*______)________________________*________________)__________)__________
!______!_______
_____________________)_________D_______________*________________________
0C_ ____:_:_<2__
_
measured voltage v
reverse
current i
reverse current i at v r r
capacitive hysteresis
vr
C_
____
____:_:_<_ .______
______________*_____)________)____
_______________A_!______!
_________"_ ____=__"_____"_
___>_
_1___ ___))_______*_________!__________________________
,&,&*&,_ __ __
__________
______________
_ ___/_________________!)______*___*____!____________________________________
__________
________________!!__________________
_______________0C_ ____:_:_:2_
_
Conducting area
Threshold voltage
Forward direction
Reverse
direction
Break through Blocking area
Equivalent slope
resistance
V
I
C_
____:_:_:_ A__________ ________________________/__________*_______ ___________+_
______O____ _____________>______________________
______+______!________________________________________
_______)________!
_____________________
!_____________________________________!______*___________*_____________
____________________
_______________!__________ ______________!________)_______)___)________________!
__________
0___'______2_________
_________+_*_______!______!
__________,_______)___________________ _
_______
:_._____
<3
_
Anode (metallised)
p+-Si
n-- Si
n+-Si
Glass passivation
pn-junction Cathode (metallised)
wp
Anode (metallised)
n--Si
n+-Si
Guard ring
SchottkyContact
Cathode (metallised)
p-Si
Oxid
p-Si
a) b)
C_
____:_:_6_ "___!_______________)________0_2_______"____________0_2L
____
__________________
________
_*____-__________)_______)___________!________!
_____
_!)______________H__________________
___'______=___'_____>
__)_____________________________)___)___)_\________*___!_________!____
______+_______________)___
__\________ *___ !____ _____!____ _ _________ ____ __ *______ ____)___ ___________ 0_____
_______ _______+_ __
!_____ _________2______*___+_*_____*____*__)________)__
_____!_______!_-_!_!
________
_____
_
__________________________)__________________________)__,___________!
_____*____________+_
*________*_________________
____________________________!
____________+____________ ___________
*___________!____ _____ ___________ ___ _____________ ___ _______ ____)________
____ ___+_ ________
)
____________________*____)___)___________)____________________)______________________
_____
!__________ ________________)__ ___!__________))____*______-__________ ______
__))_____
________
_________
______))__________)_______________)___________
________________+__________________
_________________________*_____________+____________________)__________*____________
__&*__
___
_________+____________
__)________ ____
_______*______________________/______________________________
___)__,_______________________________)_____________________________________0__!
__2___________D__*__
#__________________)________________________+____!
___________*____D__*_________________________ __
______________________________!____________________ __________)_________
_______________)____
____ ____ _____________________!_______
___________________________
__________)___________)______
______/____________)________
____ _________________*_________!_______
____ __ )_______ ____
__ ___ _))_____ __ ___ )_________ ____ __ __
_____ ____
__ __ ___ _________+_ ___ _____
____________________________________________)_____________)______________)________
____ _____
_____)________
____ _______D__________!__________
___________________))______________D__*______
!________
_________________))________!
______________________________)___________*_____________
0C_ ____:_:_:2__
____
________
____"____________+____!______!
________________0"___________2__________________________
)__,______________
________________*____)_____________"______________________)_________
____ _________ ____ ______ ______ ___ _______ ____!_______ 0___ )________ ___ __ __)_____
__!)____2+_
*_________________)_________
________________)_______________________!
__________"_____________
0___)_______!)____2_____________ )___________ ____
_ ________________!
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___)___:_:_<_7_____:_6_<_<2_
_
:_._____
:;
,&,&*&-_ __ _
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_+_'_ _
______"__
_________*________ ______))____+___________*________________)__________________
________"_
'
________________________))__-__;_4_12__________________0C_ ____:_:_:2__&_____________
__________
*______________________)__!
_________________________*_________________________________
_____
C___ __*_ ____ !____!_ _______+_ ___ _!)_______ ____/______ ___ ___ _______ ____ __ ___
__
____+_
*_____!_______+_ __ _______ ______+_ ___ __
____ ___ _!)______+_ ___ __*___ ___
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_
______________
___________________________________________________________D__*_+________
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__)___________________________)_
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___________
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__ ___ _))_____ __ __ ______ ___ ________ ________+_ ___ ________ _______
*____ _________ _____ _____ __
____________________,_______*________*_____*_____________________________________
________________
________________________
_____!)_________)________________)__)___________!)______+____
____________)_______________
_______________"_______________________!____)_____
__________+_
__*____+____________________0R________
_____ __W_______________2_________!
__________________
__
______*_____________
___________________0_-__)___?
_"____________2____________
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__________________________________________________________*____ ____0C_
____:_:_:2+____________
_______*_________!_______________)_____*__!_______!__!_________________?
____P_______________
____________________
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___________*____________ ______)_______!________
___+____/____________________)________ ____ ____
!_______!_______
___________________________*______!______________!
______+___________ _
_________
__________)_____0P__________2_______________________________________________)_______
_
P_________ __*________)______*________ _______________)_____
____!)______________________
P____________))_______________!________*____-__!______
__/______________________)________
__
__
_____"____/___________________________________________*_________________*________*___
___
___
______!_____B_4_1__________________
___________*______
__+_________________*__________________
______
__"_____________
___________)________
____ ___+__________
___________0_________________2_____
________________
__________!_______)_________
________________________+__________
__________________________
______________/_____________)________ ________)________ ____ ____________________+_______
________________
_+_____!_________!________
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______________________
0______________________2________!________________
______________________________________+_*_____
_____________________________________________________
__*________)______*_______________)_
)
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___
_______*______
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__________B_4_1_______________________________________________________
_____*___
__________P_____________&)_____
_____________________________*__________)__!_______
_-)________)___/___________________
,&,&*&2_ _____________"__
____'______"___
________________*_____________________+________
__*___________________________!__!_!_
___________ __1_C $___&____*______________
_______________!)______D______________
___________*____
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_____)_________________1_C__ _ 0C_
____:_:_72__C__*______________!_______ _ _________
___
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_______________+_
_____ ____1_C $__*___________________)________ __!______6;;_1____________
:_._____
:<
_ tfr
v
VF
0.1F VF
1.1 VF
t
V maximum turn-on voltage
C_
FRM
____:_:_7__ ______________________
____'_______"__
___'_____
_________________+______________!
_________________D_______*______________________________ __
)______________________+__________*___________________________________+_!_____
_____________
__
_____ _______________)__&*__
________________________________!
________________________
_____+__-_________ _______)_________________________________-_________
_________________)_____
__H_________)__,______+___________________)________ _____ ___
___+____)_____________________
_________ $____________+________!_____)_________________________*_____________
____0C_
____:_:_B2_
_
C_
____:_:_B_ ________________________)_______?___/________0_2_________________+_____
_______*_____ _
_______0_2
________________Q________________
_____________________________)______________________________ $__
____)_____+_____
_____)______________________________D__*______
_____________________*____
__
_______+_*_____!_____________________________*______
_______>_____________))_________!___
_____________________________________ _________________!______+_____
__Q_____ _ ____)____
__________________________ $_______________
_______
_____!)________________*__________________
__________!______+__!________
______ __Q_____
_______*_)______________________________ $_____________
___________0_______)___:_62__C________________________________
________________+______-_!)___
:_._____
::
______
____
________
_"____________________)_______!)_____L___________)_________
________________)________________
____ ____!________ ______ ___ _______ _______ ___ D__*__
+_ ___ _-_____ ____ __
*_____ ______ _))____
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__*_______ ______ ___ ______ ____ 0_________ )______2_ ___
_____ _)_______!________
"______________________________________ $_+__)______!__________*__________________
__
____,____
______)____________________________!__________/______
_&*__ ________!___!____*_____
_______+_"___________________
_________________________ ______
>______ _))__________ ______ _______
_ ____ __+_ __*____+_ ____ __!____ ____ __ ___
________ ________
*_____________)___*________!)_______________________)______________________"__________
___
"____________________________________*____________ _____
______)__________:;;_1L______!____
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_____!__________0'__2__________________)___6;;_1+_*_____"_____________!
___________________
_____0"_A2____________________)___<:;;_1___________________"_A_______ _________
_"________________
__*_______!______E_________*__/____________+_*______________!_____
________________
,&,&,_ _______
__
_
_A________!____
Anode
Cathode
Gate
_
,&,&,&*_ _1_______
____
_/___________ __(____
___________ __
______________ ___ _______D__*_____
_____!______!______ ___*________
________________!__*__
_______)_____ _____+__________________________
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__
_______________))________*_____ ___________
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_
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_)________)_____
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__*_________A______________
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______ _______
_$______!_____*___________*_____________________________
_;_
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___
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_/___________
____________D__*__ _______*_________________ _____!______!_______
:_._____
:6
_._"__________
____________D__*__ _________________________ _____!______!_______
_+_'_ _
_______
____________D__*__ _____ _____!______!_________________
_+__'_ _
_______
____________D__*__ _____ _____!______!
_____________________________________________)_________
__
___)____+______________)_________!_____!_______
______!
___*___________+__A_____ _________
____________!______!_______)____________!______!_________________ _A_____
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______________)______________)__,_________________)_______________________________)___
_
__
____________ __________
_____ _+______*_________)____________
________)____!__________*_____
_)________________________*________________)__________)__________!______!_______
________
_____________)_________D_______________*________________________0____C_____:_:_<2__
_/______"_
___
_1___ ___))__________!______!____________*______________
_._"_____"_ ____
_1___ ___))__________!______!___________________________
_+_'_ _
__"_ ____
_1___ ___))__________!______!_________________
_._"_____"_ ___
_1___ ___))__________!______!__________________
______"___"_ ____
_.______
_____
________*____________+_*___________________________________________*_____
__________D__*__
_
_1_
_______
____________D__*__ _____ _____ ___________________)_______*______D__*_________
___
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__"_ ___
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________________!_________________*_____)_____________
____________ ____
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,&,&,&,_ __ __
__________
______________
_________________!____________!)_____*_____!___!_!
____6_)__,________*_____________*______
___!___________________&___+_F_______F__)___/___________ _______________________
__________
______*_______________*_____________________________________________________*____!
_________
________)_______+_________________
___*_______________*___________________________0C_ ____
:_:_82_
:_._____
:7
_
Forward
blocking
Forward break
over
Forward direction
Conducting
Reverse
blocking
Break through
voltage Holding
current
I
V
C_
____:_:_8_ A__________
_________________)_____
_
p-Si
n--Si
____________________________*_______
______
n+ -Si
Glass passivation
Cathode (metallised)
p+-Si
Gate (metallised)
High blocking pn-junction
Anode (metallised)
C_
____:_:_4_ ___ __!______________0
______!)_____________
__H__________________2_
__________________)___________!________!
______________________________________)_______)___)_____
_____0C_
____:_:_42____
_____*___
_____,_____)___)_____
____+____!_____________
_______!_______
_________
_)__,______________*____
__________________________________0____?_
__________2_!______)_____!
___________)__,_________
_________________________________*___________*____+_________/_____!_
_______________________
_______________________________________0C_
____:_:_52
_
n
n
p
p
Cathode
Anode
Gate
n
p
n
p
Gate
Cathode
Anode
n
p
Gate
Cathode
Anode
C_
____:_:_5_ ")____
_______________*_____)__________________________
___________________ _______)_____H___*______)_____________+__________*____D__*____!
____ ___
___________L___________+__________+_*____________!
______________________+_*______,________
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______________!)__/________________________"_!
___________________*_____________
__*___)_____ ____*_______!
_______________________________________________________________
____________________________+_______________________!)__/____________________________
______
______________________)___ ________________)_______________________________
_______________
:_._____
:B
_____________!)__/__________________________________)_________________________________
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__
________!________ __________!___________
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___________!)__/_______________!___________________________
____+_!_____
__________________
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_____________________
!________________-________________
__________9__ __________________
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__________*____________0_______ ____2_0_______)___:_:_:_62__#____________D__*__
_____ _____
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__ _#-________
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_
i
v
t
t
VA
V,I
IF
P
VF
PF
a)
b)
C_
____:_:_<;_ A______________
_________0_2____________0_2______ ________________
_"_____________/_______________________!___+_______________________________
_____________________
___________ __________________1_C__ ______________________!
___________________________________
_____)_____________________________!_ ______________+_______________________!
________!______
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0B;;___O___2
_C_
____ :_6_<6_ ___*__ _*_____
_ _)________ _____ _ _____ _____ ______
_______ _!___ *___ _________
__________________________________________________________!
____________________________
_____<___+______________________)_______))______________0___2__________'._______________
___!__)0___2__ _
_'.___C_______________________!_+_____________*_______
___!)_____________________________
_____________0
____2________________________0)___2___________________!______!
__+______*_____
____________)__________!_______________ _____>__________________!_____D_________
_________
__
________________!)_______________________)________C_____________+_*______!!
______))______
_
_*_____
___
__________________6________<:;;_1__'.______[_B________<4;;_1__
_
Tj = +125 C
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
12345
tp(off)-IGBT [s]
Relative disturbance level
50A
100A
200A
400A
600A
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
12345
Relative disturbance level
a) b)
Tj = - 40 C
0
tp(off)-IGBT [s]
50A
100A
200A
400A
600A
C_
____:_6_<7_ _____________________________________!_-_!_!
_________:;;______<:BaA______'.______
______ ______________________________________________________!)_______0_2___,_R<:BaA+__2_
__,_R_7;aA2
_&*__ ________*___!______________
__________+______________)_______________
_____ ___!)____
_______ _7;aA+_ ___ ____________ _______ _____ *____ _____ _______B;U____ ___ _______!
__________
<:BaA________
____________________________
__*_______________________________0:;;_2_0C_ ____
:_6_<72__C_____*_________________________
______________:___+_______________*_____
__!___*____
_____ ______________*_________ _____)___________________ _____
_
:_._____
7;
____ ___________
____________*__________________________________________________________)___*_________
______
__________*_____C_ ____:_6_<B__
_
T1
D1
LL
RGof
IL
RGon
L1
Driver
VCC
+
L2
L3
Sensor I
V
RL
C_
____:_6_<B_ _________________________
______'.____<_______________________*_______!
_________________)___________________________!!______
_________O______________ __________________ _'_____1_AA_________A__________
_______________________
9__<V6______ ___________________________*______)______+__'._____________C_
____:_6_<8____*__
____'.___________
_____0F______F2_______________D__*________'._________________
________)_____
_)________._______ _________'._+________________________________9_9__ _
*_____________)_______
____*______ ______________________'.________________-__!_+__________*_________!!
____+_____
__________!_!
_________________________*______________________________+_____'.____________
____________________________*______
____________
______________)____________)___________ ____
_!_______________C_ ____:_6_<4___________________________
_
I(t)
I(t)
IGBT
FWD
t
V(t)
Driver
t
t
Reverse-Recovery-Current
C_
__________'._____________)__________________+_____'.______
__
______________A__________
______ 0C_ ____ :_6_<4_2__ _____ ___ ___ !_!___ ___!_-_!_!________ _______ ___
____'._______ ______
______________________________!__________________*__)_____?
_____)__________________)______
________)_______________________>_______)___________________*________O___
:_._____
7<
_
Won
Err
IGBT turn-on
Diode turn-off
I
150A
V
1200V
IRRM Diode
P=V*I
P=V*I
0
150A
IRRM
0
0
-1200V
P:10 W/div 5
200ns/div
200ns/div
0
0
IV
T = 125C
T = 125C
Eon
tail current
b)
a)
P:10 W/div 5
C_
____:_6_<4_ A_____+_____
______)_*_______________
_____________<B;__O_<4;;_1__'.__0_2___________
________0_2______
____________________!______!____
____________)_____________)_____*__________________________*______________H___________
_______
___
___________________/______________)_______________
________________________+___________ __
____________))_____________________))________*________________
______________*_____
________
______________________
__________
________
__________________)________________!__________'._+_
__________))_________
_______________________________!__
________*_____
___________C_
____:_6_<4________)________________!
___________________'._____
C_
____ :_6_<4___ ___ _))_______+_ ____ ____ __*___!)_______ ___ _*_____
_
_______ ___ ____'.___C___
___________)_*__________________'.___________+_______!)__________)____)_______________
____
__*_______________!____)_____________ ______ _________
________
________)_______________
_*______________
__________*_____
______________
_____*_____
_______________'.______________
______________
________________________)_____ ________)______))_______+___!
_____________*___
__
_______________________*____!_______*___________!!________________________
__
_"*_____
___________ ______)_______7_)___!____?
__ ______________________!!_______________O________ ____________________*_____
__'.__0C_
____
:_6_<5__2?__*_____
______________________)__)________________________________L_*__________
_!____ ____________+_____-____ ________________*______!____O__________
_____*________)_____
____ _____________________;_B____)___5_:___
__ ____________
_____ __0_A__________
__1_AA_L_C_
____:_6_<5__2+_*_____________)_________!)_____
____________________)________________))__-_!___________________
_____-)________;_8?
__
0,6
ref
CC
V
V
) V ( E ) V ( E
rr CC rr ref
:_._____
7:
__ _C__*_____________C__ _ 0C_
____:_6_<3__2?_______
_________________(_*____+_
______)_________________________________))__-_!________
_____-)_______*____;_B_____;_8?_
__
0,6
ref
F
rr F rr ref
I
) I ( E ) I ( E
_____________+____
__ _G________!)_________,__ 0C_
____:_6_<3__2?_"*_____
___________________________________!)________
&____ ______ <:BaA_ _____ ___ _________ ____!__ ___ ____ ___)__)_________ ____ _ __
_!)_______
____/_________;_;;BBV;_;;8B+_____*__________________________________________________!
_
)_______
__
E (T ) E (T ) (1 TC (T T )) rr j rr ref Err j ref
_
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1500 2000 2500 3000
di/dt [kA/s]
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
200 400 600 800 1000
VCC[V]
E [mJ] rr
E [mJ] rr
a) b)
C_
____:_6_<5_ __)_____________<;;_O<:;;_1_A9________*____________L_
_2______O__0f<;;_+_8;;_1+_<B;_aA2L_
_2________A__________
__0f<;;_+_ _'_R<___g_:4;;_O__+_<B;_aA2
_
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0 50 100 150 200 250
I [A] F
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175
T [C] j
E [mJ] rr
E [mJ] rr
a) b)
C_
____:_6_<3_ __)______________*_____ _____________<;;_O<:;;_1_A9______L_
_2______C__0 _'_R<__+_8;;_1+_<B;_aA2L_
_2____,________!)_______0<;;_+_8;;_1+_ _'_R<__2
:_._____
76
,&-&-&-_ __________________
_)______!______*_____
__________+_____>_______!)_______>____!___________*______
____________
______ _____<;;;_1__________________!_____
________C_
____:_6_<4_____*_______!_________
_____A__________
___________)_____________*_______________________
____________________________
____'.______*______________)___0__*_
_____________
_'_2____________)__________________________
*________+________!___!________ _____________________1_A#__
_______'._+_*____________)_________
_________*___________)_____
_____
______O_______________/_______________)_____*__________)_____
_____0_:__M__7______C_
____:_6_<<_____C_ ____:_6_<:2L_____+__-__!
__/___________________________________
_______*__________!________________
___________*_____________ ________0____!
____________2_
___________________!_____
_________________________________!___ ____
____________________!_
!_______________O__________
___A__________
_________!___!
_____________________!_____
_
_______*____________!_______O______'._________!_____!_-_!_!
_)____________________________
___________+_*______!____________!________*_________________________
_____*_____
_________
___________)________
____ _____)_____+_____!)__)_______________
____*____________________ ___D__*__
_
____ _____#______________________
_____________)__,______________!
________________________
!________
_______
______)___)___
_________________+___*____+_!_______
__________
___+____
_____ ____________*__
____________)__
?
_ ef D av N N p
n
_(___+___________________________________
_______________!____________+_!____
____!____)__
,___________ ______)________
____
__________________)_______!)____________________+_____
__________
__________________________!
_______*___________+___________________*____________
________________>_____________________)__(_*____+___________*_____
___!)_____________
__
______O______*________+________________________!_____________!________
___+___)________
_____!____________
,&2_ _______+_/0______#1___
,&2&*_ __ __
__________
______________
___*___$&"C#__ _____'.__ ___)__ _____ _)_ __ :B;+;;;_ ______ )___!!_:_ 0B;_
1_)_*___$&"C#_2____
B;+;;;_______)___!!_:_0<:;;_1__'._2_*________)____________;_<___<_B__!_:_0C_
____:_7_<2_
_
C_
____:_7_<_ _A____________0_!____!__________2______________'._6
:_._____
77
_C___________________________!___________________)_+_____________
________$&"C#______
_'.__________________!__________________________*_____C_
____:_7_:_____C_
____:_7_6+_)_____ ___
*__________!____________________ ____*________________)_____)________
____
_________
__________
________)__ ______*_________
________0)___2_______
______________0)_\_2________*___________________
!_________\_________*__________________________!____!_!
________________0$&"C#_2_____!____
0_'._2_____________________
____0 __2_____!________________"_&_:__
____________________________\_
__
____+_________
______\_)__________+______-_!)___
____ )_*___ __________+_ ___ ________ _________ __)_____ ___ C_
____ :_7_:_ ____ C_
____ :_7_6_ ____
______ (___+_ ___ _____ _______ ___ _____ _____ ___ _________ __________ ____
__ ___
___)_ _______ ___
_________ _____ !______ _____ __________ __________ ___ ___ _ ____
___ _ __
____ __ _____ _____ ___
!___ _-_________2+_ *_____ __ ___ ____ __ ___
___ _____ ______
__ ___ ______
______ 0!_,___
___ _______2_ ___ ___!___ ___ __ _____
____ __ ______
_ ________ *____ __
__________ __ ____ ________ _ ___ _)_
)_________________________ _+________!)______*___________0____________
__________2___
&_____________)_*___$&"C#____________
____ __
____ ________0__
________________
_____)_
__________D_______ ___________________ _)___________ ___________O____________
2______
____
____ _
_____
__________
_______________
___
________*___________________*____________________
__
0_____________
2___________________+_______________ __
___________)________
__H___________
_________________________)_____!___________D__*_________)_________________!
___))________L_
_____*______+___*____+_________________!_________________!______
_
Source
B
A Gate Source
SiO Al 2
p- pp+
n+
nn+
p+
d
nn+
BA
Drain
A-B: wide of elementary cell
d: length of channel
a) b)
Source
Source
Drain
Drain
Gate
Gate
D
D
S
S
G
G
-
C_
:_._____
7B
_
-
BA
p+
B
A Gate Emitter
SiO2
p+
Al
n+
pEmitter
p+
np+
n--
Collector
-
pd
C
GE
Gate
Collector
Emitter
a) b)
C
E
G
Gate
Collector
Emitter
C_
____:_7_6_ _'.__*_______________________)______
_2_A___
__________D__*__________L_
_2_A________!____
__L_
_______
_________________)__)_______________)_*___$&"C#_______'.___________!
_____________
______________*_____
_______________________0$&"C#_?_______O__'._?
_________2+________
____
___________________)_____)_______________/__________ __)__________________
______))_______*____
______________0$&"C#_2+_____!____0_'._2+______________ _______________!
___*________)_
__
________*_________!_______________________________________!_______________!
________
__
___ __________ _____ __ ______!___!____+_*_________ __)____ _______ __________ __ _____
___)_*___
$&"C#_+_______________________________!___________0____________2__"_____________!
_,_____
____________________________+______
___________________
____*__________D____________)_________ ________
___L_$&"C#_________)_______!)______
_________________________'._____
__________)_______________)_*___$&"C#___)_____________
___+_
____________________'._______________)_\__________
____________________________!
__________
_________________________\_/_______)______________0___!
____'._______)_2___*_________________)_\_
__
____*____________________!________________
____________________________)_\_______________________
___+_)___________
___________0_____2_*____
_____,________!____)_\___________________________,___________*____D__*____________!
______________
______!____)______+____*____________________*_____________________\_*__________!
_________+_
_____________________D_______*_________0!_______________2L_________
_________________!___________
_____
___)_________!___________0_______________2______!
_____________)____________ ______
_______
___+_*___________________________________!________ ________!
_______+________$&"C#_+_
_'.________)_______!)______
_____D________!________________________
__________________
_______________*______________ _____
____'._______________________)_*___$&"C#___C_____________+__'._____________
________!____
__
________
_______________*_____________!
________)_________$&"C#___&______________+____
!________________!___________)_______!___________________
________+_______________
____!__________0_*_____
_______2_
_
:_._____
78
_________
,&2&,_ _#1__
_____)_____ ______ ___Q___+_*_________!__________ ______________________
___+___________!__________
_____________________*___________
______________)__)______________*__________________________
______________________
________________*______>_________________S<7T_
_Q__h___;_5___<__ _ ________*____________________
_
_Q__h___;_B_ _ _____________________________ _
_Q__h1_0. 2A#_
:___:_4__
_"___ ______ _________!_________)______)________________*_____
_ ______+_ ____
__ _______
0____ ___!_2________________F__________F______
_____________)______+__'.__)__)______________ ___
__D______________)___________!
________________'.__________________________________)__)___
________)________________!_______!
_+____________________)_____________________>_______________
___
__!________'.__0C_ ____:_7_72__
_
E
(Emitter)
(Collector)
C
G
(Gate)
RW
CCE CGC
RG
CGE
RD
p+
Emitter
SiO2
p+
Al
n+
pEmitter
p+
np+
nCollector
pGate
RW
RD
RG
CGC
CGE
CCE
a) b)
C_
____:_7_7_ _'._______0___________+_)______ __2_________
_2_____________!__________________________L_
_2_#>__________________
__!_*___)___________!___
________)___________!___L_
_____ )________ _______ ____ ____ _______ ___ ___ )________ __)_________ ____
___________ ___*__ ___
C_
____:_7_7_____________________:_7_<_
_
:_._____
74
_______ ________
___ _________________
___
_A_'#_
_'____!______)____
_____
_&_____))__ _
______________!__________L___)_________
____!________ _L_____)___________________!________
_
__
_A_A#_
_A_________!___
__)________
_G_________)__________*______________________)_*___L____
)_____________________+________*______ _______________
_!________
__
_'_'A_
_'____________
__)________
_$________)_______L_
_________________))__
____ _______
_______________
_ _'_ ______________________
_________________________L_______________________________
_______________!_______*_______________________)____
!___!__________________*_______)__
_ ___ ________________ _ _____________________ ____0________________________
________2_
_ ___
_9________________
______)_*____
_._____!____________________)__________)_____
_____________
______:_7_<__ ________________________
___________'.__)___________!___
_)______!___________)_______________________+_____>__________________ __!
________'._______
___*_____F______$&"C#_F+______________________
_______?___\__!______
____0_!___2_O_)_\_*____
0____2_O_____________0________2_*_____________________________)_\_*________*_____!
_____________
_!______________ ____ _ ______________>______)_\________________0_!
___2_O_____________0____2_O_)_\_
*____0________2_________________+_*____+______!________*__________________+____!
____________
_____________)________________*__________)____________________*__
_______)_____________!_?
,&2&,&*_ __ _
_C_
_______"__
____:_7_B____*_______)_______________________'.__*__________)____________*______
_______
____________________________
_
Forward Blocking
Characteristic
V < V GE GE(th)
I (-I ) F C
V(BR)CES
-VCE
Avalanche-Breakdown
Saturation Region
Active Region
IC
VGE
IGBT with hybride
Antiparallel-Diode
IGBT without hybride
Antiparallel-Diode
IC
VGE VGE(th)
g = fs
IC
VGE
VCE
a)
b)
C_
____:_7_B_ _2_&_)_______________________'.__0_________________!____)_2L_
_2_________________________A__R__01_'#_2
_______________*_____
__________________*_?
_/________'_ _
_______"________________
______)_________________!__________1_A#_________
____!________
__1_'#_______))_________*____
___
_!_________________ ________1_'#0_2_+______________!______________!
____________________A#"__ _D__*__
__*_____________________!______!______
______1_A#_______+___A#"_______________ ______/_____________)___/___+_!_-_!_!
________________!____
____
__1_A#"_+______*___________________________*____________,_______)_\__*____O___________
__O___\__
_)__-__ ______ 0__________!____ _______*__ ____ __ 1_0. 2A#"_2__ 1_0. 2A#"__ _______
______)_____ __ ___
_______*______
__1_A# __________)_________________________'._______________!
___)____________
____ _____________
__________________*________________________________________'._________
____________________)______________________._________!______
________+___*____+___!__________
____!____!__________L___*______!______________ ______________________________)_\__*____
_+_'_ _
__=*_ _C_____
>
________*____ _______ __ __ )_______ __________!____ ____
__1_A#__ _ ____)_______
_________ _______ __A__
__!)______*__________________________?
:_._____
73
______________
_______
____!________ __1_'#__ _ ___________-_________
____!_________________
__1_'#0_2_+___
____________ ______ ________*_________)_________
______________*__
___________________0_____
H_____)___________)_______________2________________________A__________________1_'#__ _
_____!________________________________________________C_ ____:_7_B_2____________
___
____
_
______________/________
_
_____R____A__ O_1_'#__R___A_O0_1_'#__1_'#0_2_2_
_C__*____________________________)__)_____________________________A__ _
_________________!____
____ __1_A#_+____________________)__!)_________________________*_____ _!
___________-__________
)__!____________)_*___!_______*_____
_*____________'._____)______________)_______+__________
__
____________________
_______
_____________________"________!
_______)___________________
__
__________)__!_______+_________1_'#0_2_________*________!)____________+_!_____
__________!____
______________*_____________________)__!____________!_____________
___________ _____
________________
___+_*___________)_______&___________ __*_____
__)________0___)_)______
_____)_______________2__________________*______A_________________!
____________________________
___________________________________________________ __1_A#0__2__0__________!
_________________
_
_2________'.___C______
__________________*___!
_______________________________________ _____
____'._______!______________________
________________________*_____________________
_______
__!)_______$&"C#_________!_,________!_______'.__________+_1_A#0__2__
__________)__)___________
_!)______L___________'.______
____________ ______________)_*____1_A#0__2__
____________________
__________
_________!)_________________
_#_"_________
___=-___C_____
>
_____________)______+____)__,______________'.________________________)________________
__________
____)__!_______________
_____ _________________________!
_____________)________________*__
___
____________ ______________________)__ _______!__
_______
___________+________________
__'.__
!
_____________________>__))___*_____________________________+_*______________________
_
_
_'.__!
________________________))______________>__))___*______+_____)_______________0______
__
______2______+_______________________'.__!___________________)___________________________!_
___)__)_____________________________________A__)___:_7_:_6______________!
________________
______)!_______________________ __'._____)__
,&2&,&,_ ____
__________"__
______*_____ _______________'.__)_*___!______________!
_____________________+___________)____
__________________________________________A_____________________)_*___________
_________
_______$&"_ __+____>________)_____________)_*________>_______*__
____________
__________
________________)_________*_____________________*_____
_
_C_____!___+_ ___ __!!______ )_________ ____ ________ ___ ___ )________ __________
___________
)______________!)_________________________
___________________
_____________)_____)_*___
!______L_ ____ _______ ________ ________ ___ ____!_________ ____________ ____ __ ___
___________
___________)________+________)___B_
_____*_____ _______________'._____________________________ ____!
____________E_____________
)_______________________?
__________'.______________+_A_'A__ ______*______))__-_!______>______A_A#________
_______+_A_'A__ _*____
___________)___________________ ____!________ _______-____________________!________
_L_
______)____________________________________________!_____________*____ _____ ______
_
:_._____
B;
_________________!______________)________)____)_________A_____+_A______ _
____A______0__*___ _______
)________2___________________&CC_____0__________:_7_:2_
_#1___
___)____)________ _A______R_A_'#__\_A_'A_
_ _________________)________0$________)_______2_ _A______R_A_'A_
_&_)____)________ _A______R_A_'A__\_A_A#_
______:_7_:__ __/_______________*___ ______)________________'._
_________________*_____
__________+________________________________________!_______+_______
_____)________________________)________01_A#__[_1_'#_2_*_________________!
__________________*______
________+______-_!)___________________!_____*_____ __!__________ _______
______))__-_!__
___+____
_______
_____ __!________________________+_______*_____C_
____:_7_4+_________0____
_-)_________)_________________)___6_6_62_
.___*+_____'.___*_____
___________*___F____F__*_____
___!
__________________*_____________
_______________________!____________________9O ________
___________________<O_________*_____ _
___>_______________________!___>_________)__________*__
_C_
____:_7_8_2____*______)_____*______!___________________________________!
________
_______
______________
______________
__1_'#_+_C_
____:_7_8_2____*______)_____*______!________)_____ _
)_____________________________________
__)________R__0__A#_2__"_____________________)_*___$&"C#_____
_________!_______________*____)________+_C_
____:_7_8_2________________!)______M_____)___/____
___$&"C#_______-)_____________)___:_7_6_:_
___)________F_________
______F____________
___________________+________________________________
_______
________
______________!_L______________________________*______
__________________
_______)____________________!_____
____________________________________?
__ _____________________________+________*______
________________)_____)______________________
_
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Base plate
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Material 75 m
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54
Module
Base plate
Base plate Module
DCB substrate
pressure pressure
DCB
pressure
Thermal
Compound
Heatsink
a)
b)
c)
Thermal
Compound (Thin!)
Heatsink
C_
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55
0.01
0.1
1
10
10 100
IMS ; K=0.65
DCB (Al2O3) ; K=0.76
DCB (AlN) ; K=0.96
Rth/j-c [K/W]
Achip [mm2] 1000
C_
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_
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
AChip [mm2]
Rth(c-s) [K/W]
150m
100m
75m
50m
C_
____:_B_:;_ __0___2____________)____!________________________
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53
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0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0123456
Distance between chips [mm]
Rht(j-s) [K/W]
Base plate
Without
Base plate
80 C
71 C
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0
250
500
750
1000
1250
1500
1750
2000
2250
2500
-50 -25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175
Temperature [C]
Resistance [Ohm]
C_
____:_8_7_ A__________________________A__!)_____________+__)__"%A":__)<;;__
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100
100 / 125
T
1
T
1
B
100
R(T) R e
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_._<;;O<:B__R_6BB;_%_0n_:U2
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_
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150
Temperature [C]
Resistance [ ]
C_
:_._____
<<6
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PLD
Logic
TOP
PLD
Logic
BOT
Double output
stage
BOT
VCE Monitoring
Temperature
Sensor
Current sensor
ASICs
PLD
Logic
Power
Supply
Under Voltage
Monitoring
SKIFACE
Current
Signal
processing
Over Current
Protection
Switching
signal
processing
&
Failure
management
Monitoring
DC Link Voltage
Sensor
Double output
TOP
PLD
Logic
TOP
PLD
Logic
BOT
Monitoring
Temperature
Sensor
Current sensor
ASICs
PLD
Logic
Power
Supply
Under Voltage
Monitoring
Current
Signal
Processing
Over Current
Protection
Switching
signal
processing
&
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Double output
stage
BOT
SKIFACE
C_
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<<8
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Safety margin at the beginning
Minimum application requirements
Parameter change by aging
End of life
t
Maximum
parameter variation
C_
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1
MTBF MTTF
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_"___ _____-__!___!)__________________________________>______*_____-)_________ _____!
___
_______________________+__________!_________*_______
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,&5&-&-_ ________ ___________ __
_=_;>
__________+___!)__________)____________!______)_______*____*____________ ____!
__________
_____ ____!____*_____________________ __0C_
____:_4_:2________!)________)________________)__
_____!____________________ ___________)____________!)___*____________)_________!_____!_
)___________________________________!
_______________________________________*___________*___
____________!____-)___________/___________)____________
_________________*_____.A_______)_
)________)______________________________!______)____________
__)_____________________ __
____ _______________________________ _!____!__<;;_____
_____*____!___!_!_____!_-_!
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__!_
)______*______________)______*__________)____*_________<+B;;____________!____
:_._____
<<3
_
Climatic chamber
DUT
Test conditions:
- Data sheet storage
Temperature, e.g.:
- Tmin/Tmax = -40/+125C
- duration depends on
device size and weight
Tmax
Tmin
T [C]
T(max)
T(min)
0 60 120 180
t [min]
C_
,&5&-&2_ ______________ __
_=_;>
______ ____)_*_________
___+___!)_________________________)___________________!
__________
_____________*___ ____*___________________ __>__)!___0C_
____:_4_62
____ ____ ___ __!)_____ _)+_ __ _______ _A_ _______ _>______ _ ___ _____ _______ ___
__,_____ ____
___ __!)__________ ______ _!__ ___ __*______!__________ ______!__<;_ ______________ ____
__
_ )________ __ _!)_______ _______ ___!_ ___ ___)_ __ ___ _____ ____ ___ ______
_ !____!__
0 10 20 30 t [s] 40 50 60
T [C]
Ts(max)
Ts(min)
Tj
Tj(min)
Tj(max)
cooling
cooling
SEMIKRON-Standard:
Ts
Heating and cooling
times are controlled by
case- Tc or heatsink
temperature Ts
Tj(min) = 40C
Tj(max) = 150C
1 Cycle ~ 10...60 s
DUT
C_
____:_4_6_ __*_________
___?________)_____!______!___!____
_______________________!__!__________________*___________*_______________!
____-)_______
____/________A____________*_______)______.A____*____________*___________________)____
_______
___,____________________________)_!_____________!_________________ __)_________!_____
______________*_________-)____________ ____!
____)__________________________________________
_________)______________!_______________________________!_-_!_!___!
___________________________
____!)_________________________________________________!)__/________!)_____________!
_________
!_______!_________________!)__________ _______________)_____)_____
+_________)_____!___
:_._____
<:;
*_____ ____________0__
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_____!)___________
______________!________!)__________!___________))_________
,&5&2_ _____
_____ __
______________
__
__
_______________________________________________-__!________________)_____!
_____>________)___ _
_______S77T_
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________________$_______
___________________*_____!
____________________________________,_________________*______
____
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__________
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_______0C_ ____:_4_B2_0___>_____?_<_(H+__!)_____?_B;__!2_________________!
______________
____ __ ___ ______ ____))_____F____________ F_ ___ ___ _______ 0_____ _____________
_
_________2+_
______________!______:;_!_________
_____:;_!1_
:_._____
<:<
_
C_
____:_4_B_ "___!_______*__
_!)___________$___"%____
_)___ _
_____)___
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________
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___F____________________________<;;+;;;_
!___!_______[_<;_!________)___
________:___ _________$___"%____*____________!
________7_B_
!_______!___!____
,&5&2&,_ _;____"___
________=___ _______
__
>_
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____:_4_8____*_________________________$___"%_____A._____________________
_____________
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________________!
___________!_____
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______))____________!)___________________
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______
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_______*________________/____2_____________________
_____)____________O_
____D_____
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_
____________________-_____________________
______!!
_______________________)_________!____
O_!______________________!_____________________________*_____&*__
________
__)______________
_)___ ___
______________
_)___+____________!______!________________
______________!___
)______ ______________*_______________________________S78T__
,&5&2&-_ _;_
__
'
'_;__ ______ __________
____ ____ __+_ ___ ______ ___ __ )_*___ __!__________ !______ ___ _-)_____ __ _-__!__
_!)_______
D__________*____!______________________________________________________
__________________
________________)_____+____D__-______)___
_________________________:
+;;;__!)______________
___!__7;aA___\<:BaA_
:_._____
<::
C_
____:_4_4_ A__________________!)_________________)________)___
_______0(9_"___A.+_
__)___ _)__+_
___O___D______.A2______!_____
_______A.____,______!)_____________ _
,&5&3_ _/___________________________________
________!__!__________________*____!
________*_____________-)___________/_______A_#_______
___
__
_______________*________ _____-)________!)___________ _____________ ___!
_____
___!__*______________________!)_______________)__________________________
________________
________________________*______!_______)+_______
___________________)___!)___________*_____
___)_*_____!___________________+____!
________________________________!)___________________
___)_____________________________________________)_*_________
___)_________!
_____!)____!______
___!____-________________________0R_____________________2____!_
_______*______________________
________________________________________!___________*_______________)!______!
_______*_____
_____)_______!
______F_____)__________F_______________________________________________________
________________
______)________)________)___________________!
___________)______________________
_)_____!_____________________________*_____________________________!)____!
______________
______________________________________*____________ __/_________ ____)_*_________
_/_
_________
____________________<;___<B________ ___C_
____:_4_5__-)______________________________________
____________'.___
_C_
____:_4_5__-)_______________________________________'.__!___________
_
Substrate
Base Plate
IGBT
Diode
Chip Solder
Base Plate Solder
Thermal Grease
Heatsink
_C_
____:_4_3_____C_
____:_4_5____*_____________________________________________))________
)__________!____________________+____________________________
________0
__________
_________
_______________!____-)___________/_______________,_____!_______2__C_____________+___
__>______
______________)_________________ _)_____________________))___________________________!
_____
____________________!______)_______________________ ___!)_____________
__!)________________
___+__.A____________________________)______)______________________________-)_________
__/__
_________!_______)__________________
__________________&____!____________)!
__________)_____
_
__))___________)____!____________!_______*______!
_______-)___________/______0_________"_A2_
______!_________!)______
_C_
____:_4_3____*_______________________-)___________________________*________
_____ _____<_
_!______________*_____________________________(_
____________________
______________________
____________________&________+_____!)___________________)______))___________________
_____
__!___*_____A_R5;aA_______,_R_<:BaA_______!)_______ _____________!
______________________
_____))________)____*__________-________________________
___________)____)______7______A_#__
________)____________
__)+___
__________________
_*_____________+___________________-)________
_________)_________A_#______+_______*__________
___________________!
_________________
____!______________________)____________________+____________*___________!
__________)_
)________)_____________________________!
____________________*__________________+_________
____________!_________"_A______)_____________________!___________________)______!
______
________________:_&_6_______!____________*__________!
____-)__________"______A_______________!_____
_____________!________________!
_______*_______))________)_____.____*_________________________
___
_______,__________________-)__________*_________________*__________
________!)________!____
________+___*____+_______,_____)________________________
_____________________A_#____________
___)________!____!______*____
_
C_
____:_4_3_ 9_______-)___________________!___________________)_*_____!__________!
______*_________
__!_____
_____ _____<__!__9__?________!)_______
_____________!________________)_____
)_*________L___
_?__________ __)__________!______________!)_____________ _*____________
___
_________
______ ___________ _
_9__ _______________
______!
___________)__________________)_______________*_)________________
__________
__)___/___+_____________________*_______________
________________________+____
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______)_____)_
_____________!_______!
________________*________)______________________>______________)________
_____ ________
___________!)_____________ _____
:_._____
<:7
_
Solder fatigue
C_
____:_4_<;_ 67_!!_!______*____________.A_0__
__2
____________________*___________
___________!____________________________!_______________*______________________!
_________
____ _ *_____ __ _____ )____ ____ ___ __________ ________
+_ ___ ___
_ ___ ___ ____
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________ __ ___ ____ _____ ____ ___ ___/________ ________ ___ _____ !_____ ____ ___
_________
___
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"#$__&______"%_$________
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_____ *_____!_
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___
______ _____
____________ ____ ___________)__!)______+_*____________*____________
_______________________
____
_!)____________________________'.____________+_____ __
_)_____________________
_
C_
___+__2_____
___________'._____)__0C_ ____:_4_<<2_________
_________.A______________*___)_*_________
+_
_________'._____)______A9__________)_____________________________________!_
__0"$_R_
_________
_____________________)_2+_____!____________)_*_________
_______________________)_______+_
,____________________
__'.__________________)_____________________________________________
!______________
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<:B
___________________!__________L_
_____ !____ *____ )_____ ___ _____ ___________ ____ ___ ___!____!_ _____ *____ _____ __
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_+______________
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<:8
__
C_
_F.____*___________F___________!_________________________________
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_________________________+_______!)____.___________________'._________________________________
__)_________)_______________*________________ _____!)________________)_______SB;T_
_.____ __
____________ ______ __
_________________ __
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_______)________________________
__
__________!)________A___ ____________)_!___________
________________________)___________
______ _________________+___
_____________*__________________________*____+_______________
_
___________)________9_!___ ______)__________________0__A $_2_______________________
_
C_
____:_4_<7_ __________________)_!__________+__2_____________2______)_*_________
_SB<T
,&5&4_ _0"___
_____ ______ _____"______________________
___
___!_______________________)___:_B_0_____
__
2+___________________________)_*___!___________
___,______
__
____________!)_______D__________________
______!
__________*_______*________
____________________!____________________________-)___________/______________________!
__
________$___________!________)_______+______!
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___________________ ____,___
_____________)_*____________*______>___________!__<;;_(H_*__________
_______!
____________
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____!)_______D_______________
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__________*_
____ ________________________________________!_____+________
__
_____________*____________
___!)______________!___________________ ____!
____)____________>_____________*_(H_______)__
____________________)______+_________)________
__________+_________)______))________+____________
________________!______*________-)________!)_____________
+_____________________
?
:_._____
<:4
__
__
__
__
_.________________
_ _______)_________
__.A_O______)____________
_ _____________!_______0A_______:_&_6_______2
__________+_______!)____________!_____!________
_________*_________,__ _ ________
________)___
,_______!
_______)_*__________*______________________________+_____!)_____________________,_R_
__,0!_-2_____,0!__2_______
____)_*_________________________________________
_________________)_*___
!________________!_-_!_!_)__!___________)__!)_________,0!_-2__
__________________*_______)__________!_______)_*____________________!)_____________
__!_
)________,__________!________!____)___!______A_____)_____
_!______!
______>______________!__
_______________/_____-______________*__________)____________!)_____________
_______!____
_!)_________,!
__*_______/____*____)_______________9#"___"______________<33;__SB:T_________
_______)___!______,__!_______+_ _____________________
__#____________________*______)_____
_____!___________________________________________
_________*__ __>_____?
_
b jm
a
kT
E
fj
NATe
___,_____)___!____________)________C_
____:_4_<B?_R6_;:Bc<;_B_+_
_R__B+;63+_#___R3_53<c<;__:;_G+_
_____M_.__H!__________+____,_o___,!__S%T
_
LESIT results
10 100
1000 j
[K]
cycles to failure
Tjm=333K (60C)
Tjm=353K (80C)
Tjm=373K (100C)
C_
____:_4_<B_ __*_________
__________________________)_*___!
____________)____________________!____
_!)______________9#"___"____SB:T
___C_ ____:_4_<B___!_______+______!_______)________)_*_________________,_d_6;_
%_______________
)_*________________________________!)_____________
__!)_________:;___6;_
%_____________)_*___
______ _*________________!____________>_______!)_____________
__!)___________*_6;_
%________
_______*_______________*___!__________!_________!__________________)_________)_______
Tj [K]
cycles to failure
10 100 1000
Tjm=77,5C
Tjm=90C
Tjm=102,5C
Tj,max=const.=125C
C_
____:_4_<8_ __)______________)_*_________
_____________________________!)_____________
__!)______
___,________!_____!)_________,!_________________'.__!_____________________'._7____)__
0___)___:;;32L__________________*__ ____
__!_
Tj [K] 1000
cycles to failure
10 100
C_
____:_4_<4_ __)______________)_*_________ ______________'._7_!
___________________________!)____
__________
__!)________,_________!_____!)_________,!__0___?_:;;32L___
________________________!_____6;__
_____9#"__________________________________!
_____!)_____________)_______+_____!)_______
______*_________!)_____________
______)______$_____________________+___*____+_________
_?______________
)___!____+_________)_________________________________!)________.__
_*______D____________________
,______!_______)____ __
_)___!__________________*______________________*______
____________
____________)___________________________SB6T_____-______!
_______________________________ ____
:_._____
<:3
_
_______
____ _______ _P__ _ _@___
__ _;__ _____ _ _<____ _;____
_________
__C_____ __ _:_;6#\<7_ _"_______
_________
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___!)__________________ ____ _%_ _7BV<B;_ _<_ __7_7<8_
_$_______)__!)_______ ___,0!__2_ _aA_ _:;V<:;_ _:_ _<:5B_
_______________ _____ ___ _<V<B_ _6_ __;_786_
_A______)____________ ___._ __ _6V:6_ _7_ __;_4<8_
_1___ _______O<;;_ _1_A_ _1_ _8V66_ _B_ __;_48<_
_.____*_______!____ ___ _ !_ _4BVB;;_ _8_ __;_B_
______:_4_:_ ____!___________!________________________)_*______________
_____>___________
_#-_!)__?_9_________!____ _______!
_______)_*____________________________________0__2__________!)__
____*____________________________)________________0_))_______2_________))_______+_____*____
__>_____
_
3
on( test )
on(application)
application test
t
NN
_
__
_
_
_
__
______!
____+________))________)________________<O<;__________)____________+_________!
__*_____
___
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______ _/_
____+____________________________!_________________________________________!______
_______________!__________)___!
____________________)_________________+____________________
)___!_____________)____________________C____-_!)__+____!
______,_________)______________________
__
_________________ _)_______________&_+________!
__________)_____________________-_!)__+____
____________*_______>_________________________________________)___________________
_
:_._____
<6;
________
___
__ _______
__________
______________________________
________________
______________________________ ______
______________________________
________________
._ __7_ __________!__
._ _7_ _
_______
____# ___
__/_ _A
._ _=7_
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._ _0_17_ #_ _:__6__*_ __ A
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360 - 0
180 0.04
120 0.06
90
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95,5 A
1,57
150 A
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I
I FRMS
FAV
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0
25
50
75
100
125
Tc C
IFAV
A
cont.
rec. 180
sin. 180
rec. 120
rec. 60
0 50 100 150 200
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200
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0
50
100
150
0 Tc C
ITAV
A cont.
rec. 180
sin. 180
rec. 120
rec. 30
rec. 15
rec. 90
rec. 60
sin. 120
sin. 90
sin. 60
sin. 30
sin. 15
50 100 150
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I T(OV)
ITSM
ITSM(25C) = 2000 A
ITSM(130C)= 1750 A
0 VRRM
0.5 VRRM
1 VRRM
100 A-Thyristor
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Tvj= 25 C
- - T=vj 130 C
Thy-ristor
VT0
100
A max typ.
Tvj = 25C
Tvj= 130100 A- Thyristor
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0
50
100
150
200
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rec. 15
rec. 30
rec. 60
rec. 90
rec. 120
sin. 180
rec. 180
cont.
ITAV A
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0.01
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1
10
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1000
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1000
1 - d i T / d t 10 A / s 100
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ITM
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Applicable to sinusoidal pulses (50 Hz)
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Ts
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Rth(j -s)
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per heatsink)
Power
source
Ptot(T) Ptot(D) Ptot(T) Ptot(D)
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(with base plate like SEMITRANS)
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0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0V1234F
Tj = 150 C
[A]
[V]
IF
Tj = 25 C
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0
150
300
450
600
012345
[V]
IC
Tj = 25 C
VGE = 15 V
Tj = 150 C
VGE = 17 V
VGE = 15 V
VGE = 11 V
[A]
VCE
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0
150
300
450
600
0 50 100 150 [ C ] 200
[A]
Tj = 175 C
VGE 15 V
T
I
C
C
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0
20
40
60
80
100
0 200 400 600 [A]
[mJ]
Eon
Eof
Err
Tj = 150 C
VCC = 600 V
VGE = 15 V
RG = 1,9
I
E
C
__!_
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0
20
40
60
80
0 2 4 6 [8
[mJ]
Eon
Eof
Err
Tj = 150 C
VCC = 600 V
VGE = 15 V
IC = 300 A
E
RG
__!_
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0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0 5 10 [ V ] 15
[A]
Tj = 150 C
Tj = 25 C
tp = 80 s
VCE = 20 V
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V
C
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-8
-4
0
4
8
12
16
20
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
[nC]
[V] ICpuls = 300 A
Vcc = 600 V
V
Q
GE
G
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10
100
1000
0 200 400 600 [A]
[ns]
td of
td on
tr
tf
Tj = 150 C
VCC = 600 V
VGE = 15 V
t RG = 1.9
IC
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10
100
1000
02468
tr
t
[ns]
tdof
tdon
tf
Tj = 150 C
VCC = 600 V
VGE = 15 V
IC = 300 A
RG []
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0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
0.00001 0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1
[K/W] single pulse
[s]
Z
t
th(j-c)
P
diode
IGBT
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_
0
100
200
300
0 2000 4000 6000
[A]
3.4
2.4
6.4
1.9
RG [] = 1.4
VCC = 600 V
Tj = 150 C
VGE = 15 V
IF = 300 A
diF/dt [A/s]
IRRM
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6_
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______________
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_______"___________ ______"_____
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__
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0
200
400
600
800
1000
0 T c 50 100 C 150
P
W
D
Tj 150 C
__!_
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"_
___!_ ______
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1
10
100
1000
1 10 100 V
I
A
D
100 s
1 ms
10 ms
TC = 25 C
DS
V 1000
____
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________________
________
___%_______!:'%!_ __'
Tj 150 C
Not for
linear use
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__=______0_ ____
_
_____ __2+(+_1+_
_
0
100
200
300
400
500
0 VCC 2 4 6 8 V 1 0
7V
6.5 V
6V
5.5 V
5V
4.5 V
4V
VGS = 20 V 10 V 8 V
tp = 80 s
Tj = 25 C
A
ID
__!_
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.
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_
0
100
200
300
400
0 VGS 2 4 6 8 V 1 0
A
tp = 80 s
VDS = 25 V
ID
__!_
__+(+'__ ______ _______
_H____?I___'_(_!_(____(_
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_
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_/
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_____ ______9._
_______
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__!________
"_
0
10
20
30
0 50 100 C 150
98%
typ.
T
R
j
DS(on)
__!_
___________9._ ________*
______ ___
_______
"_
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____!#
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j(max) C
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RR
TT
RV
TT
I
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+
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0
40
80
120
160
0 50 100 T C C 150
Tj 150 C
VGS = 10 V
A
T
I
C
D
__!_
______*__!_____
_H____JI___'_(_!______:__%_(
__
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180
190
200
210
220
230
-50 0 50 100 150
V
T C
V
j
(BR)DSS
__!_
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________
_4(
_:__6__*_ __
______________________________
_*
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________________
___!_
0
100
200
300
0 -di/dt 1 2 3 4
V
kA/s
VDS
__!_
__+(+___ _____.__!__ _*_ __ __
______*__!_________!__
______ ______
VGS = 0 V
f = 1 MHz
C
VDS 10 20 30 40
__!_
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_
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0 200 400 600 n C 800
V
VDS = 160 V
VDS = 40 V
VGS
QG
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_
0
1
2
3
4
5
-50 0 50 100 150
V
98 %
typ.
2%
V=V
I = 1 mA
DS GS
D
C
V
T
GS
j
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______________________<___
I Sensor
T Sensor
Liquid or Air Cooling
Gate Driver
Controller Interface
Power Supply Protection Circuit
SKiiP
Power Section
Driver
Heatsink
__!_
__+%+___ 8______
_ ___!________?__8__8__0
__1
_
under voltage
lockout, power
ON reset
TOP
fast turn of
BOT
pulse
transformer
BOT
+15V stabilised
TOP
-8V
DC / DC
converter
primary side +15V stabilised
BOT
-8V
pulse shaper
+
interlock
deadtime
analogue
temperature
outout
+
DCB > max
error latch,
reset via
TOP=BOT=LOW
input
bufer
BOT
input
bufer
TOP
option V:
24 V supply input
X1
14
1
power
driver
TOP
power
driver
BOT
-UZK
load side
VGE
VGE
+UZK
U~
I~
DCB
X10
X11
X12
driver side
high side
flip flop
TOP
__7_)__)_____ ________7_)__)_____
high side
flip flop
BOT
short pulse
suspression
BOT
primary
I > Imax
analogue current
sense output
normalised :
10V=125% INom
TOP
BOT
4 kVAC
option U :
option F:
fiber optic
link (TOP, ERR,
BOT)
pulse
transformer
TOP
short pulse
suspression
TOP
__!_
________
_44
______________________________
__________
________________
____
_ _?__8_
_
________ __ _ _*__ _#
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____
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_
_1+
_
Driver
Driver
U
VW
__________!____
_ ___ __
__7_
__________2____(_0_____?
_____:_6_________________
____
________!_______ __
_1_____)__<)_0_.____
only SKiiP2: 4-fold "GH" (Case S5GH) only SKiiP2: 4-fold "GDL" (Case S5GDL)
+
U
V
Driver Driver
UVW
BR
Driver
Driver
Driver
__+%+__ _?__8_____ __
________
2&&
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________________
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2&2
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1_# _6
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___>_"!"__ _"____#
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_____________D_25H$1___ ____________ ___"#_
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______ __>_ ___.
_____)_0__!_ __+%+'1+
_
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
-40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100
fsw
fsw(max)
Ta
[C]
4-fold GB
3-fold GB
2-fold GB
3-fold GD
Operating area
for SKiiP3
__!_
__+%+'_ _
___________
_"_>_"!"__
__________?__8__________V_25H$_
__'
__
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_
peak(1) rms I
32
I
______________________________
________________
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_
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DC - INPUT
protection
+24V : polarity
+15V : polarity +
overvoltage
DC / DC
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INHIBIT
ERROR
out
( no error = act. LOW )
(UCE< 0,6V;Isink,max= 2,5mA)
POR PWG
regulated +15V
power supply
+10V REF
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UZ UMAX
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monitoring
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ON
U1 UZ U2
TEMP. control
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RON
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external
RESET
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RBSx DBSx CBSx
RSHUNT
HV-SOI
DRIVER IC
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VRx VDx
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LOW
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HIGH
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V /2 d
V /2 d
Vout
iIGBT1
iIGBT2 iDiode2
iL
Vd/2
V, i Vout(1)
Vout
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IGBT T2
IGBT T1
Diode D2
_________________
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Diode D1
iDiode1
__"_____%*%__ _
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_1__ _____@__L_;0_ _______R__!_ ___" ________
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__
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#
6_#_#%___________ ___
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_________________
_
IGBT 1200 V / 50 A; V = 540 V; I = 25 A; T = 125C
Forward Losses [W]
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
m*cos phi
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
0
5
10
15
20
25
Switching Losses [W]
Switching Frequency (kHz)
IGBT
d Lef j
Diode
IGBT
Diode
_______! _____"__________
___"_1___:&____/_1__
"__
___J____&________1 ____-_ ___!__ __"___________
____#_______ ___
#____'_ ____ __'_ _________ ___ __ _!__ __"_ ___$____'_ 3__"____ _%*%_4%_ ____ 1
__
.________
___
_______ #_______ !_ _ ___"_ ___ ____! _____"_ _______ ___ __#_________ ____ ____ ___
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____________ ____!__________
__
__.________ ___
__
__________3_
%"%_____Z_M_;%_%%%*4%_:_____
______________(_
__
____ ________-________ 1__.________"________
__
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__
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___
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#___________________,_______
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_____:________&_-_ __
___
_
________!_________ ____1 ______34_
1__.________#_____.'_#_____'__"____
_
______
_______
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______34___R_____ ___
_________
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____ ________
_______! _____"___________ ________ __#_____%
________
__>
_________________
_
P (1 kW / Div) on
v (40 V / Div) DS
i (40 A / Div) D
reverse-recovery-current and
capacitive (dvdt) current overshoot
_________________
i (20 A / Div) C
P (20 kW / Div)
of
a)
b)
__"_____%*%>_ __
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%
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_______I__!__"___1__'_ _" _"
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________
__?
_________________
_________________
10
100
1000
0246810
tdon
tdof
tr
tf
RG []
t [ns]
SKiiP 39 AC 12T4 V1
Tj= 150 C
VCC = 600 V
VGE,on = 15 V
VGE,of = -15 V
IC = 150 A
__"
___________J___
_________________
_________________
_____!__"__6__
_
________/______#__ __'_
__"____1_________________ _:&_1__
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__(_!__
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________#___________#_%______!__"____ __
___-_ ____#_______#___.__ ___!
______,_______#__
_________!_%
_ Blocking Losses
Switching Losses
Total Power Losses
Static Losses
Turn-on Losses Turn-of Losses
Driving Losses
On-state Losses
__"_____%_%*_ ____1___
____!_______________!___#____________
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cond(T)
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CE(25 C) r j (T)
2
P (I (V TC (T 25C)) I (r TC (T 25C)))DC
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cond(T) out CE0(25 C) V j out
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_>_
_________________
_________________
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(1 TC (T T ))
V
V
I
I
P f E Esw j ref
Kv
ref
in
Ki
ref
out
sw(T) sw on of
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TC CE0(125 C) CE0(25 C)
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2
cond(D) out F0(25 C) v j out
P (I (V TC (T 25C)) I (r TC (T 25C)))DC
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V
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P f E Err j ref
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ref
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ref
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ref
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sw(T) sw on of
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cond(D) in F0(25 C) v j on
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V
V
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P f E Err j ref
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ref
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cond(T) CE0 j 1 CE j 1
r (T ) I
3
m cos( )
8
1
V (T ) I
8
m cos( )
2
1
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"_____ ____(_ ___
________
______3__2_40_ ___#___ ___(_________.__/______
_______ ____(_ ___
_
_______-_<_____-_______0_ _J_________1 ________ ___!__ __"______#_ ____#____
_ ___
_9_1_0_ __6___________ __1__ "___________'_____!__ __"________[*%7%%%*%)_
__&___!_0_ ___#___
________,__________ ___!__ __"________[_;%;;7_*F9%_
_
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/______#_ ___
__ ______
__
__'_. _______ __
___#_____
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________"__________
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____6_#
__'_______
____ ___!__
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______ ___$__1
(
____________________
______-_! __ _!__________________ __
1__
"__1
_______ _______
__(! 1_%
_________"_'-_ _______!__"_ _________ _______0_
_
t sin i v (t) V r i (t) V r F F0 F F F0 F 1
_&_________"_ __________ ___________'______'__'_____1_______#_-_ ____(_ ____!
_________
____
_________:__#
'_.___ ____ ___
_______"__
_
2
cond(D) F0 j 1 F j 1
3
m cos( )
r (T ) I
8
1
V (T ) I
8
m cos( )
2
1
P
_:______!__ __"________
_
1 TC (T T )
V
V
I
2I
PfE
Err j ref
K
ref
cc
K
ref
1
sw(D) sw rr
iV
___
____6_#
___
_______!_0
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___(_________ ___ ____1__
"_____ ____(_ ___
________
_____3__2_40_ ___#___ ___(_________.__/______
_______ ____(_ ___
_
_910_ __6___________ __1__ "___________'_____!__ __"________[;%__
_9___0_ __6___________ __________________'_____!__ __"________[;%__
__&_____0_ ___#___
________,__________ ___!__ __"________[_;%;;__*F9%_
_
________
_________________
_________________
_
Case rated devices
(with base plate like Semitrans)
Heatsink rated devices
___$__1
_____________ "_
___!___
_____ __3_4C_____#______!_ ___.
#_________
_____
__3_4%
__!___$__1 _____________"_
#__ ___$______##___! ___#
____"_ __#
___#___
___0_ ___
____(
'___8_ '___
_8__$__1
_____________"_
#_3__"_____%_%_-____-_8&
______!__/84____ ___
__('___
8#
_#
__
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_____________"_
#_3__"_____%_%_-___"
-_8________!__/84%___,____"_
___-_
._ _ '____
___ _$_
__'_ ______%_ ___ _ ___(________ _________ ___
_/_ ._6_ !____ 8#_ _____8-_ __
!_____`_._______._________#____! __ ____ ___$__1
_____________"_
#__!
_______3__"_____%_%_4%_
_
_ ._
Tj Tc Ts
Pv
=
Tj
P v Tc Ts
Zth(j-c) Zth(c-s)
Z Zth(c-s) th(j-c)
Zth(s-a)
Zth(s-a)
__"_____%_%__ _
"_
#_
________
_>_
____"_ __#
_________________
___#___
____!_ _ __
_______$__1
_____________
_________________
__ ___#
____________________________.__$_____ ____ ________
_________'__#____#_
______ __
_
________'__#%__ ___#_(__________#___ _____________________2_-_____-_______
_____
____
__.___________(
__#____ __.___/______ __# ___#___
_____a_ 32(_4_-_a_ 3_(_4__ _
___a_ 3_(
4_-_! __
_
______________
_______
_____%_____. ___
__
____('____$__1
_____________"_
#-_ __"__#____
____#________
___# ___
__
__________
____#___'__%______ _ __ '______ __________ ___
______8___"8__________
_'%___.__(
$____ _2__#____
______________
_'____________
_
__ ___ ____
______________ __#_ ______
______%____ ___!
'-_ ___ '___
_____ ____"_____#_!
____%_____. ___ ___
__('____$__1 ____
_______ __
"_
#-_ __ _
_____ ___ _#__ _______ ____ __ _6______
__
________
___ ____#_____ .'_
#_
_________#__ _#
_____ ___%
_
n
1
t
th
t
th2
t
th(x y) th1
CVc
A
d
R th th
th2
th
n
1
t
th th _ n
ZR1e
__"_____%_%__ _
_____________
________('___8_ '___
8#
_#
__
_________________
_________________
Ta
Ts
Tc
Tj
Rth(j-c)
Rth(c-s)
Rth(s-a)
P P =200 W
Example
Ta = 40C
Rth(j-c)=0,15 K/W
Rth(c-s)=0,05 K/W
Rth(s-a)=0,1 K/W
Ts = Rth(s-a) P+ T a = 60C
Tc = Rth(c-s) P + Ts = 70C
Tj = Rth(j-c) P + Tc = 100C
j a v th T T P R
__"_____%_%>_ __#___
_____
____
___________
___
_'__________
T n P P R T _
______#___6 #____-_ ___#_______"_!______________6_____1___#___
________2____________
________
(
_
__'___1_________! _____"__________________
_
__(.___"__#_________________ ____ _
_______1_______(
_____________#_(_ _________________1_____#___%____J_ 3_(_4_________'______,________
____"_____#______
3_%"%_ ______4-_ __ __# _________"____ _________. _____ __!_ _
____1________________"_____%_
___ ____
__-_#_______"______#.__ ____!_ ___#__
_____________________
_________!____________
__
______!_ __#___
_____ _
________!%_
__ __2________#___ _______,__
__'__ ____ ______#_ ____________
_____"_____#______ ______ __(
#
_______
______ ___
_______#_______!_ _.
_____ _-______ __ _
___/_____#_______!_ ___. ___
__
_%__________ _____-______6
#____ j(T) tot(T) th( j c) c T P R T
___
_ j(T) tot(T) th( j s) s T P R T
c 2 tot(T) tot(D) th(c s) s
________
_>?
_________________
_________________
_______#_________________ ____#___
___(________-_#_
___"_ __ ____#___ ____
__________
__________%____ ____#______
__-________ ____ ____ ___
_ __#
6_#_#_2________#___
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_______-_______#_______________ ___________!_
__#___
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_______#________ _1__'_ _ ___ ____
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___%_____ ________ __
___
___'_._____"_ ##__-_ ___ ___"_1 _______ ____!
_________
____ _
#._____#___ ____3__"_____%_%?4%__ ___1
____ ___!______
______ __
____6_#
_______ __2_______
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%______7___)____ _1__
_____-_ __,__ __1
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1__.______
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___%
_ k k 1
P(T ) P (T ) P (T )
j(k) th( j s) j(k 1) s
T R P(T ) T
n
x1
s th(s a) x j(k 1) a
T R P (T ) T
P
0ttt
Tj
T
Tj0
0t
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_______ ___1______
_________________
_________________
n
1
-t
j th
th
1
T P R 1- e
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n
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th
n
1
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j 1 th
th
1
T t t P R 1- e - P R 1- e
__ _____#__ __
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__________
_
P
t
0
P1
T
t
0 t 1t 2t 3
P2
P3
th
___%
Tj0
Tj1 Tj2 Tj3
__"_____%_%**_ __#_____1_______!_____________
____(______$______
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_______ ___1______
____
__
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_
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__
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____
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____
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n
1
-(t t )
2 1 th
n
1
-t
j 2 1 th
T (t ) P R 1- e P P R 1- e
th
21
th
2
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_____ _"__
_ __#_#____#__ 0
__ __
__
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__
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__
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_____
n_
1
-(t -t )
th
m
1
j m -1
th
m -1
T (t ) P P R 1- e
_
__ _______#__
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____ ___#__
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______#__
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(
_______
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____ _______ ___#___
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__
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##__%
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_________________ __ __#_
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______ ______ __-_ __a_ 32(_4_____1______ _______
_______________________________
_____ __._______
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_ ___%
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_ tp
T
t
Tj
Tj(av)
P
_________________
_________________
__"_____%_%*__ __#___
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__ __ 1__
"__2________#___ ______23
14____________#_ _____________
___
_'_ _ ______ ____J_ __ _
___ __ 1__
"___ _______B_
1_%__ ___1
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"__"_ ___________"_______________1___
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____ _ _________
_____________B3___4_
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_
n
1
-T
-t
j p th
th
th
p
1- e
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T (t ) P R
_____ ______ ___
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_____3____,
__ ___ ____ _______ __2________#___ ________#_____.'_ ______ #__
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1_______________________'___,_______________#_______"___#____( _____#_ ___%___ _
__# __
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________
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_ ___(_ ___#_______1__3_
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_________________
rotor position
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
t [s]
cos(alpha)
__"_____%_%*__ J____________
_#_____
__
__*_8_ _'
____ _________-_________ ____ ____ ___
____________ _____
______ _______#
_______ __
__
_____ _____ ____ ___ _________
_____"_1_______
_____%__ ___.__/_
___. _________#_____1_______7%*%
__*_8___ _9____>________________ ___ ____ _____-_________
_____ ____ ___
_G_!_#__ _!__/______
________ _
__ ________.__
.________________________
_d___,___-_ _____(
"_
#____1____ __________
_
#________________1 _________ ______1___
____#______%_&_#__(
_____ ____ _
________.'___#__________ ____-__%"%_ ___$_ _______ ____ _"
__________ ____(_
__
_
_
________3<_;__ _ I_V___(_____1__ "__A______ _I_.__/______
___4______#_____6______ _________
_____
_____!__ __"__________________%___#______#___'__
__
_
_'__ __
____
_ ____ ____ ____!______(
___
T P R R P T
_+ ____B____ _ __________ ______1___
____#________________
___##___ _ ___/
%_______#______
_
_
#____________________
____ ____ ____#___
___(________-_! __
____! '_ _____!
_______(
#_____ ____ ____________ _1__'_.'___________"___#__________( _
__"%
_&
____ __"________ ___# 6_#_#__#___
________________
____
___________________ _____ ______(
__%_____#__________-_ __#____#___
___1____
___
_
#____
_#___.____,________ ___1_____(
____ 3_________ __ __ _
___ ______4_ ____
_ ___ ___ _______ ___ _#_%_ G_" ___ __
__ __#__'_ __________#_
_____ ______!_________
____ ________$____'_
_ _" ___2________#___
___
%__ _____'_ __"_
_
_______________ ___ ____ ____ ____#_
_______
____________-____ ___
__
__
____ _____ ______(
___#___!_ _ _ __# ___#___
_____ ___ __ __# _______
____%
_
j (av ) th( j s) th(s a) n
a
n
________
_?)
_
2
P
2
_________________
_________________
____
____
_!
'___
__
__(!
____
__ __#
P
SemiSel result:
average losses
Transformation to equivalent
sinusoidal half wave
P(peak) = * P(av)
P(peak)
P(av)
Applying of P(t) to the
thermal impedance
Tj
dT Tj(av) j
Tj(max)
2
Calculation and display of
Tj(max) value
__"_____%_%*__ &
____
_______ __2________#___
____________ ____1____`__________(
$____'_____"___#____
____R____
____
__
__*_8_*_ _'______________
__ _______!__"_____________________ _____"_
#____#________#______$____'0_8____.'____8%____
____ __
__!____
_____ __8:_1__________
_8__ _-_ __,___________________
_________'__%__ ___
__
___ ________(_____,____#__ ___
______#__
_%______
_________#_______'____
___ _____._(
!____:&F:&____1______
_____1_____________3_&F:&4%_
__*_8_8_ ________ ______ _____________
________
___
_
#_____#___._______,____ __ __,_____ _____ _______1
_________ ___ ____ ___%__ __
_____ ______,____(_._______ ___ _____________(_ ___1____ ________________1
______#______
__#________"%__ ___#
'_.__ ___1____
________________#_______________#________ ___
________1__(
___-_____
____ _
___!_________$____'%__ ____________#______#___.___
_______ _____ ____
___
_______1____ ____,___________1____ __# 6_#_#__#___
______23#
64_%
_
__"_____%_%*__ ______"_ _________
___
__"__
____1____
____ ___
_____ ___#______1____________ ____
%_____ _____ ___-___#_____
___1_____
__________________"_
____ ____
________1
______ ___/____
________
_?_
_________________
__
___________
____#___
__"_'___
____
_____'____
___'____%_+
_________________
___
1
-1
current
voltage
cos()
acceleration deceleration
0 4 8 12 16 t/s 25
t [s]
fout
[Hz]
fsw
[kHz]
000006
0.1 2 0,1 1 5 4
4 2 1 0.85 50 4
4.1 0.7 1 0.85 50 6
12 0.7 1 0.85 50 6
12.1 1 -0.85 50 4
16 1.5 0.1 -1 5 4
16.1 0 0 0 5 6
25 0 0 0 0 6
I/Iout
V/
Vout cos ()
1.5
__"_____%_%*>_ :_,__________
___
___'_________#____
______R_________#_______ _
#____-________
___ _____._!____'___ __
___#
6_#_#___(_ __
_
_
#____%___ __ ___#_
-_ _!__ __"_ _______ _
__ .__#___,____ !_ _
__
___ ___
_ __________ _
_(
__%__ ___# '-______6
#___-_.________
_'_! ___ _____1____ _
#_______1_
_____#_ ___
_ ___
_
__"_-____! ___8_____!__ __"8__________#__%__ _____________ _________
.___
___.'_____"_ __
_!__ __"________
_ ____#__
______ __"____________
______ ___!__
__"___________ __
_____ ____
3__"_____%_%_;4%_____#___,_______1____
_
#____-_ ___ _
___________!__
_ M__3J___4____#_ ___
_ ___
_____.______%
________
_?_
_________________
_________________
_
E (R )
E (R )
K
on+of g _ref
on+of g
Esw
KE _IGBT 1,72
KE _D 0,69 sw
sw
Correction factor:
transistor
diode
Data sheet value at Rg_ref= 7 :
Eon+of= 33 mJ
Err = 8mJ
Switching losses at Rg= 20 :
Eon+of= 57 mJ
Err= 5,5mJ
=
=
=
__"_____%_%_;_ __
.___ __"_ _____________
_________!__
__"____________#___,_______1____
_
#____
__*_8___ __.__
______ _____________
__ __ _ __ _ _
#____ __ .__ _____,____ ___
__#_____ _ __-_ _______ ___
_ ____#___ _____ __.___ ____ ___
_
___-_ ____$______
__# __ _ ___/______
____# '_.___ ____
___-___,_____
_
___/__#___ ____ ____ ____ ____
_ tot
sa
th(s a)
TT
R
___/__#___
______#_ __#6_#_#_
________%
___%_____!
#._____#___
__ _____
__
___/_ 1__
___
_'_._________,___-_ __
#._____#___ ____
____.________%_G___-_
#._____#___ _________._______________ ___________ ______ ___#___
____3!
__-_ __4%__ ___
_____`__________'______________ ___#___ ___________ __________
.___%_5______
____,____
_
__# ___#___
____ __
_________________ _ ___J_ ___ _!_ ___________#____
__ _ ___/_#____%______ (
_1__'-_______#
'__ ________#___________#_/____ _
___/____
____"__
__
_____1_____-________
___
______"____! _________"%__ ____ _
___/__ ___
___"______
_________"______3___/______-_#_______
!_ _. _____ _-__9__B%%%4-_.__ __________1___,__ _______! _ ___ ___
_____#________
_____#.___
___#_________
___
._'_# _ _ __ _
___/___#_______%
________
_?_
_________________
_________________
__"_____%_%_*_ :_,____"_______"________________#____
tot(T) tot(D)
P n n P P
______M___#._______!__ ______ __ _
___/
______M___#.________#____________________ _
____ __
_
____#._______
______%
________
_?>
________ ___!__
______________-_ ____1__________________
_
_______#(
_________________
__'___1_____._!____
_________________
+UVW
+UVW
+UVW
elements mounted
number of switches per heat sink 6
number of parallel devices on the same heat sink 1
elements mounted
number of switches per heat sink 2
number of parallel devices on the same heat sink 2
elements mounted
number of switches per heat sink 6
number of parallel devices on the same heat sink 2
3 phase Inverter with 3 Halfbridge modules (GB) at one heat sink
2 Halfbridge modules (GB) at one heat sink in parallel
6 Halfbridge modules (GB) at one heat sink but 2 in parallel
__"_____%_%___ _6
___/
____
_______#___________ _
__ __________ "__,____________
___##_'____ ____ _
#________________
_________
______ __"_
_____ ___ __ ______"_ ________-_ __!____
__
_ ____ ___ ____#___________
_
#______________ __
_
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0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.20
0.22
0.24
0.26
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Volume per time ( l/min)
p(bar)
NWK 40/390
NWK 40/270
__"_____%7%*)_ B_____________
______ _____9J__!
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0
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.01
0.012
0.014
0.016
0.018
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
volume per time [l/min]
Rth(s-a) [K/W]
NWK40/270
NWK40/390
NWK40/330
__"_____%7%*__ _ __#
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_
Improvement Rth(s-a) with 10% Glycol instead of 50%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
0 5 10 l/min 15 20 25
Rth(s-a) [K/W]
__"_____%7%*__ __R__________!
__
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4_
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_
Best solution OK Risk of air bubbles in
the system
Heatsink
Water channels
Inlet
Outlet
air bubbles
__"_____%7%*>_ ________ _!___
_
Best solution OK
Air moves
back into
the heatsink
Air stays in
the heatsink
__
_"__!
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valve
valve
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_%7%_)4%_
_
Heat source
Heat pipe
Wick (capillary structure)
12
1 Evaporation
of liquid
2 Condensation
zone
Vapor flow
Liquid flow Cooling fins
__"_____%7%_)_ B_________._ ____ _ _
____%_______" __
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1
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th(s-a)1
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Ing
air
tot1
3
a
1
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0,01 C T
1,006 1,275
3,6
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________*_
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Ta*
K =1...1,25 to consider
average air temperature at the
section
Ing
__"_____%7%___ 5__1____#___
_______,_______ ___6___"_
__________________ _ _________
___
__
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__'
________
7_*
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____1___ ___
_________________
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
average air flow(m3/h)
temperature increase (K)
500 W
1000 W
1500 W
2000 W
2500 W
__"_____%7%_>_ __#___
_______________._!________#__"_
_____"___"_
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(
____B_<*__3+4_
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W min
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T T (0,0174 0,000013 C T )
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tot1
a
1
a
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V
P
W min
Cl
T T (0,0133 0,000008 C T )
_
a
0
5
10
15
20
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
average liquid flow (l/min)
temperature increase (K)
500 W
1000 W
1500 W
2000 W
2500 W
3000 W
__"_____%7%_?_ __#___
_______________._!____!
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230mm
315mm
275mm
315mm
185mm
BOX
3 SEMiX modules 2 SEMiX modules
CELL3 230mm CELL2
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Heatsink
Power supply Driver Protection
DSP-Controller
CAN bus, external I/O
Temperature
Voltage
Current
Auxiliary power
Power
input
IP67-Case
DC-link
capacitor
Power part
3-Phase IGBT-Inverter Single/Dual
3-Phase MOSFET-Inverter Single/Dual
DC/DC-Converter
Battery Charger
I/T-Sensors
EMI-Filter
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MOSFETSystem
IGBT System
MultiConverter Box
Application Fork lifts, Electric vehicle
Full electric cars,
Hybrid cars
Auxiliary drives for
Industrial trucks
Typical output
power
< 55kVA < 250kVA < 40kVA
DC-link voltage 24V - 160V 150V - 850V 450V - 850V
Topology
3-Phase Single/DualInverter
3-Phase-Inverter
Active Front End,
Inverter and DC/DCConverter
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input
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Galvanic Isolation
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Driver
LC
LE
LSnubber
LDC+
LDCCDC-
link
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RESR
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TOP
BOT
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V L di / dt 1 c
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collector current iC [A]
collector-emitter-voltage vCE [V]
t = 200 ns / RE
30.88
19.991
9.1022
-1.7864
702.93
468.62
234.31
current iZ [A]
collector-emitter-voltage vCE [V]
1.8263
1.2029
0.57954
-0.043831
692.21
459.65
227.1
-5.4504
t = 200 ns / RE
current iZ [A]
gate-emitter-voltage vGE [V]
t = 500 ns / RE
1.7929
1.1809
0.56895
-0.04303
14.385
5.8105
-2.7637
-11.338
-5.5511e-17
|V | > |V |
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160
140
120
100
80
60
40
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20
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200 400 600 800 1000
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t [s]
IC [A]
Idyn.
Istat. IC1
IC2
VCE [V]
IC [A] IC1
IC2
Iload= IC1+ IC2
VGE1=VGE2=15V
TJ=125C
Istat
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 05.0 E-6 10.0 E-6 15.0 E-6
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main terminal
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9
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"_______"_____F______ ___!__ __"_
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_
LK
2
LK
2
S2 S1
RLoad
v
(v )
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AC
i
(i )
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DC
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LK
2
LK
2
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);;
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ON
OFF
1
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+
t
tt
Driver
v ref
vS
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__"_____%?%___ ____,____a<_0_.
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_"___ ___________#_
_A____!__________________ "___ _"__ ___
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(_ _:_____0_ @_!___1_________1__'__
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1______
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);_
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ON
OFF
1
&
+
tt
t
Driver
i ref
vS
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__"_____%?%>__ ____,____a&_0_.
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"_____(___!_ __#__________F_
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/_____-_ _______
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/____#__*;;_______'_3__"_____%?
%?.4%__ _____R_____"_
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_______1_&____#_
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____1 __
___-_ ____________ __
__.__._ _/___________"___F___#______________1___
_____1________#_.___"_________________ __
______#___ "_%
_
Collector Current iC [A]
Collector-Emitter-Voltage vCE [V]
50.4
33.6
16.8
0
10.5
7
3.5
0
t=500 ns/div
Collector Current iC [A]
Collector-Emitter-Voltage vCE [V]
54
36
18
-0.3
54
36
18
0
t=500 ns/div
a) b)
__"_____%?%?__
4___F_(_#____________
_*_;;_<_F__;__(B_(_____3__F__M__;__Fl_C___@__M__;__4
.4___F_(_#____________
_*_;;_<_F__;__(B_(_____3__F__M__;__Fl_C___@__M__;__4
________
);7
_________________
_________________
_
di/dt [A/s]
PT-high-speed
PT-low-v
NPT
CEsat
v [V] CEdyn
E O N d y n [J]
di/dt [A/s]
NPT
PT-high-speed
PT-low-vCEsat
a) b)
__"_____%?%*;_
4_:'_ #_____(_
__1__ "__
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__
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_#__________F__3__@__M_7;__4
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#__________*_;;_<_F__;___B__
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____!_(________+____<_______________*_____. _______=
__
_:____"_
__1______________(___-_________ ____##_
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_
______ _
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_
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__-__%_%_ ______ _"______
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____________ _____.___/__"________#_____
__._ __
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_____ _
__
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____ __
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_
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___
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__"_______________3__"_____%?%**
-___"_____%?%*_4%________
_-_
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___
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1____________V____.______
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"__
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____!__
__"_3__"_____%?%*_4%_
+_ ___#_
_
.___B______-_ ___!__ __"________!____________.'____'_ _______;_X%
_
Collector Current iC [A]
Collector-Emitter-Voltage vCE [V]
33
21.4
9.8
-1.8
540
360
180
0
Eof =1.94 mJ t=500 ns/div
Collector Current iC [A]
Collector-Emitter-Voltage vCE [V]
30
19.5
9
-1.5
561
374
187
0
Eof=0.83 mJ t=200 ns/div
a) b)
__"_____%?%**_
4________(_______
.4________(_______*_;;_<_F__;___B_______
________
);)
_________________
_*_;;_<_F__;___B_______
_&_9__M_7;___
_&_9__M_)____
_________________
__"_____%?%*__
4_____(______________*_;;_<_F__;________
__
_____ _
__
____&_9__
31_9__M__;;_<C___@__M__;__4
.4_____(_________________
______ ____!__ __"____*_;;_<_F__;________
__
____________ ____##_
__
____________
__##_ _____
__
____&_9__31_9__M__;;_<C___@__M__;__4
_
Eoff=f(CK) @ VDC=600V; IC=300A; RGoff=3Ohm
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
CZVS
Eoff [mJ]
Competitor
Competitor
Competitor
Competitor
Competitor
Competitor
Competitor
Competitor
Competitor
Competitor
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
[nF]
__"_____%?%*7_ &_#_
____________(___________
____"'_ 1
__
.___
___ __#
_/____ '_3*_;;_<_F_7;;___#______4C_____
___&_M7;;_________
__#_ _
.______1____________
_____!____________________ _________
__"______<_:&_M_;;_<-
_________________
_________________
____! '-_____________-
t=250ns/div
EON [mJ]
LK [H]
NPT-IGBT
PT-IGBT
a) b)
__"_____%?%*)_
4_@_!(________(______
__B_______3@_9__M_7%__lG4
.4_____(_____________a&__
__
____________ ____##_ _________
____@_9__31_9__M__;;_<-_
__@__M_7;__4
_________________
_________________
QS QS
__"_____%?%*__ ____(_____ _
#______
__"______
3_G__M_*%7_l_-_@_9__M_*;_lG4
____________*_;;_<_F__;___B__
___B_______
_ ___
tH[s]
Qs [C]
Tj [C]
NPT-IGBT (0,02C/K)
LowVCEsat-PT-IGBT
(0,07 C/K)
High-Speed-PT-IGBT
(0,04 C/K)
a) b)
__"_____%?%*__
4_J_____
_____ "___
_"_____B__
___B_______a&__
__
____________ ___(_____#__
31_9__M_);;_<-___@__M_7;__-_@_9__M_*;_lG4
.4____ "___
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___B_______a&__
__
____________ __2________#___ _______
__
_
_______31_9__M_);;_<-___@__M_7;__-_@_9__M_*;_lG-__G__M_*%7_l_4
____P_>Q_ _______a&_____1____
"______________
___1__1___ __
______
__________________.___"_
______ _______.'_ _____1________"_ ___(_____#_______________#_1__ _____ "___ _"_
%__ _______
__
.____ ____
________________ ______________"_.___/__"_1__ "____ /________
__'_____ ___(____
_#____G__L___l_%
_P'__-_._______
______________________
_____'_
#____ __
___-________!_ _1__'__#
___3%
%%*_lG%%%4____________
_!__ ______ ______ __
_#___.______'______1_________(_________%
_ __ _" _______
_
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_____ _____(_________%_
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________3L__;_/GV4-_ _________"__
________!
__________
____.__
_
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____!_________%
:___ __ __ ______
__'_ __________ ____ !____ .__ ___ __#_1 __ ___ ______ __ ___ "__ _
_"__ _____"_
_
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_ _________ ___(_____#_%__ _____ _1__'_
_" _______
(
_
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____._____
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________
);_
_________________
_________________
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____a&__#___-________________!_ ___1____(____1__'___F__
/_______1_____.___/__"_1__ "__
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___________________ 1_______+),_-_____________________
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_34__ 5 3_____+2__34__ 6 4_7_ _______
______ ____________________!
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__________
___
________
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_______
_______________
____$%&___________'()
______________________________ _________________A__________
_________ _ __
____!____
_
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______ ____ ____
__
________
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_______________
______________________________$______ !______
_______
_
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__
___+2_5_3@:_____+2___@63 4_-$+;_@63 4._ _____ ______________
____+2___@63 4 3_-_____.__
+2___@63 4 6_-_________ __._____+2___@63 4 4_-____
__________________
______________
___.__
(______________________
____ ______ _______
!__________ _
___________
_______________ ______
_________ _____
____ -+2_ __@63 4 _.__ _____ ___ ____ ________
____ -+2_
__@63 4 5.__ __
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_____-+2___@63 4 _._________!_______ ____
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____
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__*
_____6_3_____
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__________
________________
__
___________ _________
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___
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____ _____
____ !__ ____ ___
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____________ _
__________________________
__________1___________________
_______________
_
______ ______ _
______________
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_________
____ _
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____ ________!
_____ ______ ___________________
__________
_________
_______
_______ __
_3_
______
___________
_____________
____
Stress
Mechanical Climatic Chemical Biological Others
Stacker pressure
Falling
Tilting
Overturning
Rebounding
Periodic vibrations
Stochastic vibrations
Sunrays
Temperature
Humidity
Air pressure
Wind
Rain
Hair-frost
Ice
Snow
Hail
Fog
Waste gases
Saline fog
Industrial
atmosphere
Pollutants
Mould
Fungus
Bacteria
Birds
Snakes
Rodents
Insects
Fire
Splash water
Sousing /
submerging
Overflowing
Sand
Dust
Electromagnetic
radiation
___________
___________________
______
___________
_____________
____
______ ______________
_________
_____+2___@63 4 4__,___ ____ ______
__________
1____ _
___
__
___
____ __+2___@63 4 4__>_______________
___________________________
______________
1___
_
__________
______ _ _
___
______ _
___
_;_
___
______ _
____ ________
_____________!_______________
____
____ _
_____________________
___ __________ _______ !_____
__ ________ _____ ____ _______ __ __
____ _ _
__________ _ __
_
_____ ________-_0_________
_____._____ ________
___
_;_
___
______ _
____________ 1____ ____33______ ______ ______!
________4E3____4E33____ ______
______ ________
_______
_________________ ___________ ___
__
________________
________
__
_______________D
_ _4E3D_ *_____ _ ____ _
_____ _____ _____ 9____ _____ ___ _________ _
_ ___ _
___ ____ __________
_____ ___
_ _4E6D_;______ _____
_____ ______________ __________ _____ _______ _________
____ _
____
_________
____________
_ _4E4D_;___________
_____ ____ ________________
_______ _________
____
_
________________
_________
_ _4E_D_;______ _____
_____ ___ _ _ __________ _____ ___ ____ ___ ___ ____ ___
____ !___ ____
___
___
_
___-___ _________
____ _
__.__>___________!_______
_________________ ____________
-_0_________ _____._
______
_ _4E5D_;___________
_____ _______
________________
_
________
________
______!_______
______
__
_______________
_
_____ ______________________ _ ___
______>___________!_______
________
________
___
_ _4E___4E@__4E:D_<_____ ______________
_____ ______ _________
________________
__
_________
____
_________!________________
_>_______-_0______________4E@9________._____!___0________________
__
_________
__
_____ ____
$___________ __ _ _______
_
___
___- _____ __________._ _____
___________ _
_____0___________< ___
______
___________
_____________
Mechanical stress
Static loads Dynamic stress
Stacker compressive
pressure (2 dim.)
Stacker compressive
pressure (partial)
Tilting
Falling
Rebounding
Stacker hit
Impact
Sharp or sudden
placement
Centrifugal forces
Poor protection
Engine
Spring system,
chassis
Gear
Road conditions
Coupling
Shunting
Landing
Docking
Waves (pitching)
Potholes
Railway junctions
Container handling
____
Bending stored on
shelves
Binding forces
Rope /Lashing forces
Tread forces
Vibration
Defect vibration
dampers
Defect means of
transport
Poor protection
_____6_6_ _______________
_____ _____ __
+2___@63 4 4_
_______________
____________
_____________ _
_'_____
_______
______________
___________ 1____!________
______________________
____ _!___D
_ _= !__
___D_, _____________________
_______
_________ _________ ____
___ _ ____ ____ _ !_
_
____________________________
_______ _________________________!__
_____
___
_ _)___/_D___________/_____________________/_________
____ __________
_____
___
_______
______
_______!_____ ___________ ___
___
_'_____
_______
______________
____________ 1____!__:______
_________
________
_______
___
______________
_______________
____ _____D
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_________________!___
!__
____________/_
_ _4'6D_9____
______!?________
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________________________ ______________!___ !__
_____!____
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____/____
________!________!____
_____ __ _ _
_______
_________
______________
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_____0__________
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1_______
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1_______
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!__
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__
__________
__________________
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____ _0______ ___ _ __ _ !__
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________
________
______________________
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_________/_______ ____
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_____________________________
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_____________________/________________________
___
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____
______ __________________________________________
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________
_________
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0_#____________+2___@63 4 4_
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___
____
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_______________0_____________
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_
Start
Results
Circuit topology Selection of a circuit topology: rectifier, AC
controller, Inverter, DC/DC Converter
Circuit parameter Input of circuit parameter: current, voltage,
frequency und overload conditions
Device selection Device selection supported by case type,
device type and voltage filter
Cooling Specification of cooling conditions and
temperatures
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Miller capacitance
IC
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Saturation char.
VGE
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Auxiliary Emitter
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