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LCR Circuits PDF
LCR Circuits PDF
R2 + X 2
Learning Outcomes
After performing this experiment you will be able to
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
SECTION A
LCR Series circuit
Let us consider the LCR circuit, which consists of an inductor, L, a capacitor, C, and a
resistor, R, all connected in series with a source as shown in Figure 2. We will first
derive the condition of resonance and then explain the methods of determination of
the resonant frequency and hence the Quality factor.
Apparatus
Function generator
an inductance coil
three capacitors
a resistance box
a.c. voltmeters / multimeter / Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (CRO)
one a.c. milliammeter
Connecting wires.
Theory
Let an alternating voltage V 0sin t or V 0 e jt be applied to an inductor L , a resistor
R and a capacitor C all in series as shown in Figure 2. If I is the instantaneous
current flowing through the circuit, the applied voltage in phasor form is given by
I
V = VR + VL + VC = RI + jLI +
j C
= R +
= R +
j L +
1
I
jC
j L
I
C
The impedance
Z=
V
1
= R + j L
I
C
If
we
then
2
2
2
1
Z = R + L
and
C
L
C
.
tan =
R
Therefore, current. I =
V0 e jt V0 j (t )
= e
Z
Ze j
= 0 =
or
f0 =
LC
0
1
=
2 2 LC
(1)
1
= 0 and V L = VC
C
X L 0 L
=
.
R
R
Q=
I0
0.7 I0
f1
f
BW
f2
Also,
(4)
Q=
XC
1
=
.
R
0 CR
(5)
The resonance condition is also evident from the resonance curves or the graphs
V
between I R = R and f for different values of R shown in Figure 6. The
R
bandwidth as well as Q-factor can be calculated.
Pre-lab Assessment
Choose the correct answer
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
Procedure
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Observations
Table 1: Variation of various voltages with 1
f = Hz,
S. No.
R = ,
1
C
(F)-1/2
L = mH
VC
(volts)
VR
(volts)
VL
(volts)
VLC
(volts)
1
2
3
4
5
6
L = mH, C = F
S.
No.
Frequency
f
(Hz)
V R1
VR2
VR3
(volts)
(volts)
(volts)
I1 =
V R1
I2 =
R1
(mA)
V R2
R2
(mA)
I3 =
V R3
R3
(mA)
1
2
3
4
5
6
Precautions
Calculations
Plot the following graphs:
1. Graph no.1: VL and VC on y-axis and 1
2.
on x-axis
3.
on x-axis
C
Graph no. 3: Current I on y-axis and frequency f on x-axis for different sets
corresponding to different values of R
gives C = F.
The point where V R is a maximum in graph no. 2 gives C = F.
The point where VLC is minimum in graph no. 2 gives C = F.
Mean value of C = F.
The minima of the curves in graph no. 3 give f0 = Hz.
Theoretical value of f0 (using Equation (1)) =............. Hz.
Result
The value of C which makes the given circuit resonant at the supply frequency with
given values of L and R is C = F.
The resonant frequency f0 with L = mH and C = F is Hz
Theoretical value of f0 = Hz
% Error = .
A comparison of the experimental and theoretical Quality factor for L = mH and
C = F for different R values is given below in tabular form:
S. No.
1
2
3
R ()
Experimental Q-factor
Theoretical Q-factor
Post-lab Assessment
Choose the correct answer
(1)
10
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
When are the voltage and current in a series LCR circuit in phase?
d
a
d
c
a
b
b
a
True
At resonant frequency f 0 , the impedance of circuit is minimum. Hence
frequencies near f 0 are passed more readily than the other frequencies by the
circuit. Due to this reason LCR-series circuit is called acceptor circuit.
b
b
c
b
c
11
6.
7.
8.
False
True
When inductive and capacitive reactances are equal.
12
SECTION B
LCR parallel circuit
The parallel resonant circuit obeys the same formula for resonant frequency as the
series resonant one, but at resonance the parallel resonant circuit has very high
impedance. The resistance at resonance offered by the parallel resonant circuit is very
high if the resistance of the inductance is very small, and is known as the dynamic
resistance.
We now discuss how a series LCR circuit is different than a parallel LCR circuit. The
condition of resonance in this case is known as anti-resonance. We will derive the
condition of anti-resonance of a parallel LCR circuit. The laboratory method of
determination of the anti-resonant frequency and hence the Quality factor is
explained.
Apparatus
An audio oscillator
an inductance coil
three capacitors
a resistance box
a.c. voltmeters / multimeter / Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (CRO)
one a.c. milliammeter
Connecting wires
Theory
Consider a circuit containing an inductor L and a capacitor C connected in parallel to
an a.c. source (Figure 7). The resistance R is connected in series with the inductor L
and includes its resistance.
The total admittance of the LCR combination is given by
1
1
1
=
+
Z XC X L + R
Therefore
1
1
1
=
+
Z 1 jC jL + R
R jL
= j C + 2
R + 2 L2
13
R
L
+ j C 2
2 2
R + L
R + 2 L2
V0 sin t
VR
C
L
For the condition of resonance, current and voltage are in phase and the coefficient of
j, i.e., the reactive term which brings about a phase change is zero, hence
L
0 C 2 0 2 2 = 0
R + 0 L
2 f 0 L
2 f 0 C = 2
R + 4 2 f 02 L2
which gives
1
1
R2
(6)
2
2 LC L
At resonance, the impedance of the circuit is maximum and is given by
R 2 + L202
Z=
R
2
L 1
R2
= R +
2
R LC L
or
L
Z=
RC
The impedance at resonance is called dynamic resistance. The current I = V / Z has
minimum value (Figure 8). It is for this reason that the condition of resonance for a
f0 =
14
R1 > R2 > R3
R3
R2
R1
f
Figure 8: Variation of current with frequency for different R values
The shape of the impedance versus frequency curve in a parallel LCR circuit is the
same as the shape of the current versus frequency curve in a series LCR circuit. In
other words, the circuit has very high impedance at the anti-resonant frequency. The
parallel tuned circuit is used to select one particular signal frequency from among
others. It does this by rejecting the resonant frequency because of its high impedance.
This is the reason why this type of circuit is also known as a rejector circuit.
The circuit is more selective if it offers high impedance at resonance and much lower
impedance at other frequencies. The Q-factor is defined in the same way as for a
series LCR circuit. As in series circuit, Q can also be written as
L
1
1 L
=
(7)
Q= 0 =
R
0CR R C
Pre-lab Assessment
Choose the correct answer
(1)
15
(2)
The anti-resonant frequency for a parallel LCR circuit does not depend on the
value of resistance used in the circuit. (True/False)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
Procedure
1.
2.
3.
4.
Observations
Table 3: Variation of voltage across resistor with frequency for different R
values
L = mH, C = F
S.
No.
Frequency
f
(Hz)
V R1
VR2
VR3
(volts)
(volts)
(volts)
I1 =
V R1
R1
(mA)
1
2
3
4
5
6
16
I2 =
V R2
R2
(mA)
I3 =
V R3
R3
(mA)
Calculations
Plot a graph with current I on y-axis and frequency f on x-axis for different sets
corresponding to different values of R.
Result
The resonant frequency f0 with L = mH and C = F is Hz
Theoretical value of f0 = Hz
% Error = .
A comparison of the experimental and theoretical Quality factor for L = mH and
C = F for different R values is given below in tabular form:
S. No.
R
()
Experimental f0
(Hz)
Theoretical f0
(Hz)
1
2
3
17
Experimental
Q-factor
Theoretical
Q-factor
Glossary
Alternating voltage: An alternating voltage is a sinusoidally varying voltage, where
is the peak value and is the angular frequency of the voltage.
Anti-Resonance: The condition in a parallel LCR circuit when the impedance of the
circuit is maximum and the current minimum is termed as anti-resonance.
Anti-Resonant Frequency: For a parallel LCR circuit the frequency at which the
current has minimum value, is called anti-resonant frequency.
Bandwidth: The range of frequencies lying within the upper and lower cut-off
frequencies which correspond to 0.707 times the voltage value at resonance is called
bandwidth. It is also defined as the difference between the two half power frequencies
which correspond to the points where the power has been reduced to one half of its
value at resonance.
Capacitance: The property of a conductor that describes its ability to store electric
charge is called capacitance C and is given by Q/V where Q is the charge stored on
the conductor and V is the potential difference between the conductor and earth.
Color code:
Dynamic Resistance: The frequency-dependent resistance of a parallel LCR circuit at
resonance is known as the dynamic resistance.
Impedance: A measure of the total opposition that a circuit or a part of a circuit offers
to electric current. It includes both resistance and reactance.
Inductance: It is the property of a conductor, often in the shape of a coil, defined as
the electromotive force induced in a conductor per unit rate of change of current
flowing through it.
Pass-band: The electric waves lying within a certain range, or band, of frequencies
allowed to pass, all other frequencies being blocked by the series LCR circuit.
rms: An alternating potential difference has a value of one volt rms (root mean
square) if it produces the same heating effect when applied to the ends of a resistance
as is done by a steady potential difference of one volt applied to the same resistance in
the same time. Numerically, rms value is 1
times the maximum value. The a.c.
2
ammeters and voltmeters measure the root mean square (rms) value of the current and
potential difference respectively.
Quality factor: It is a measure of the selectivity or the sharpness of the resonance
curve and is denoted by Q. A low value of resistance in the circuit leads to a high Q.
Quality factor is given by the ratio of the voltage across the inductor to the input
voltage and is hence a dimensionless quantity. Since Q is ordinarily greater than
unity, it is termed as the magnification factor of the circuit.
Reactance: The frequency-dependent opposition to current flow, which results from
energy storage rather than energy loss, is called reactance and is denoted by XL and
XC for an inductor and capacitor respectively.
Resistance: It is a measure of the opposition offered by an electric circuit to the flow
of electric current.
Resonance: The condition in a series LCR circuit when the impedance is purely
resistive and hence minimum and current maximum is called resonance.
Resonance Curve: A graph showing the variation of the voltage across a circuit (or a
part of it) with frequency in the vicinity of resonance is the response curve or the
resonance curve.
18
Resonant Frequency: For a series LCR circuit the frequency at which the reactance
due to the inductor, XL, is exactly equal and opposite to the reactance due to the
capacitor, XC, resulting in the impedance of the circuit being purely resistive, is called
the resonant frequency.
Selectivity: The selectivity of a tuned circuit is its ability to select a signal at resonant
frequency and reject other signals that are close to that frequency.
Post-lab Assessment
Choose the correct answer
(1)
An inductor and a capacitor form a parallel resonant circuit. The capacitor value
is increased by four times. The resonant frequency will
a) increase by four times
b) double
c)
increase
d) decrease
(2) An inductor and a capacitor form a parallel resonant circuit. If the value of the
inductor is decreased by a factor of four, the resonant frequency will
a) increase by a factor of four
b) increase
c) decrease by a factor of two
d) decrease by a factor of four
(3) The anti-resonant frequency for a parallel LCR circuit with L = 900 mH, C =
0.03 F and R = 1 K is approximately
a) 476 Hz
b) 952 Hz
c) 1904 Hz
d) 1 KHz
a
a
3.
L
RC
False
Because the current at resonance is minimum.
The parallel tuned circuit is used to select one particular signal
frequency from among others. It does this by rejecting the resonant
frequency because of its high impedance. This is the reason why this
type of circuit is also known as a rejector circuit.
4.
5.
6.
Z=
19
d
b
b
20