ENGINEERINGMETROLOGYandMEASUREMENTS

TWOMARKQUESTIONSANDANSWERS

UNITIConceptOfMeasurment
1.WhatisRangeofmeasurement?:
Thephysicalvariablesthataremeasuredbetweentwovalues.OneisthehighercalibrationvalueH,
andtheotherisLowervalueL,ThedifferencebetweenH,andL,iscalledrange.
2..WhatisResolution:
Theminimumvalueoftheinputsignalisrequiredtocauseanappreciablechangeintheoutput
knownasresolution.
3.Differentiatebetweensensitivityandrangewithsuitableexample.Example:AInstrumenthaveascale
readingof0.01mmto100mm.

Here,thesensitivityoftheinstrumentis0.0lmmi.e.theminimumvalueinthescalebywhichthe
instrumentcanread.Therangeis0.01to100mmi.e.theminimumtomaximumvaluebywhichthe
instrumentcanread.
4.Deflnesystemerrorandcorrection.,
Error:Thedeviationbetweentheresultsofmeasuredvaluetotheactualvalue.Correction:Thenumerical
valuewhichshouldbeaddedtothemeasuredvaluetogetthe

correctresult.
5.Define:Measurand.
Measurandisthephysicalquantityorpropertylikelength,diameter,andangletobemeasured.
Define:DeterministicMetrology.
Themetrologyinwhichpartmeasurementisreplacedbyprocessmeasurement.Thenewtechniques
suchas3DerrorcompensationbyCNCsystemsareapplied.
7.DefineoverdampedandunderdampedsystenL
OverdampedThefinalindicationofmeasurementiiapproachedexponentiallyfromoneside.Under
dampedThepointerapproachthepositioncorrespondingtofinalreadingandmakesa

numberofoscillationsaroundit.
8.Giveanyfourmethodsofmeasurement
Directmethod.
Indirectmethod.
Comparisonmethod.
Coincidencemethod.
Giveclassificationofmeasuringinstruments.

AnglemeasuringInstruments.
LengthmeasuringInstruments.
Instrumentsforsurfacefinish.
Instrumentsfordeviations.
10.DefineTruesize:
TruesizeisTheoreticalsizeofadimension11.DefineActualsize
Actualsize=Sizeobtainedthroughmeasurementwithpermissibleerror.
12.WhatisHysteresis
Alltheenergyputintothestressedcomponentwhenloadedisnotrecovereduponunloading.So,the
outputofmeasurementpartiallydependsoninputcalledhoteresis.

13.DifferentiateaccuracyandUncertaintywithexample.

AccuracyClosenesstothetruevalue.
Example:Measuringaccuracyis0.02mmfordiameter25mm.
Herethemeasurementtruevaluesliebetween24.98to25.02mm
Uncertanityaboutthetruevalue=0.02mm
14.DefineSpan:
Thealgebraicdifferencebetweenhighercalibrationvaluestolowercalibrationvalue.
Example:Inameasurementoftemperaturehighervalueis200*Candlowervalueis150 0Cmeans
span=200150=50'C
15Differentiatebetweenprecisionandaccuracy.
AccuracyThemaximumamountbywhichtheresultdifferfromtruevalue.
PrecisionDegreeofrepetitiveness.Ifaninstrumentisnotpreciseitwillgivedifferentresultsforthe
samedimensionfortherepeatedreadings.
16.WhatisScaleinterval:
Itisthedifferencebetweentwosuccessivescalemarksinunits.
17.WhatisResponsetime:
Thetimeatwhichtheinstrumentbeginsitsresponseforachangemeasuredquantity.18.Define
Repeatability:
Theabilityofthemeasuringinstrumenttorepeatthesameresultsgtheactmeasurementsforthe
samequantityisknownasatability.
19.Explainthetermmagniftication:
Itmeansthemagnitudeofoutputsignalofmeasuringinstrumenttimesincreasestomakeitmore
readable.
20.ClassifytheAbsoluteerror.
Theabsoluteerrorisclassifiedinto1.Trueabsoluteerror2.Apparentabsoluteerror
21.WhatisRelativeerror.
Relativeerrorisdefinedastheresultsoftheabsoluteerrorandthe,valueofcomparisonusedfor
calculationofthatabsoluteerror.Thecomparisonmaybetruevalueorconventionaltruevalueor
arithmeticrneanforseriesofmeasurement.
22.Classifytheerrors
Theerrorscanbeclassifiedinto
StaticerrorsReadingerrors
Characteristicerrors,
Environmentalerrors

2.Loadingerrors

3.Dynamicerror

23.WhatisthebasicPrincipleofmeasurement:
Itisthephysicalphenomenonutilizedinthemeasurement.Ifenergykindofquantitymeasured,there
mustbeaunittomeasureit.Sothiswillgivethequantitytobemeasuredinnumberofthatunit.
WhataretheapplicationsofLegalmetrology?
industrialMeasufWen~
Commercialtransactions
Publichealthandhumansafetyensuring.
Whatistheneedofinspection
Todeterminethefitnessofnewmadematerials,productsorcomponentpartandtocomparethe
materials,productstotheestablishedstandard.
25.Whataretheimportantelementsofmeasurments?Theimportantelementsofameasurementis

I.Measurand

2.Reference

3.Comparator

LegalmetrologyispartofMetrologyanditisdirectedbyaNationalOrganisationwhichiscalled
"NotionalserviceofLegalMetrology".Themainobjectiveisto,maintainuniformityof
measurementinaparticularcountry.

UNITIILinearandAngularMeasurments
27.Whataretheconsiderationswhilemanufactureingtheslipgauges?
Thefollowingadditionaloperationsarecarriedouttoobtainthenecessaryqualitiesinslipgauges
duringmanufacture.
1.Firsttheapproximatesizeofslipgaugesisdonebypreliminaryoperations.
2.Theblocksarehardenedandwearresistantbyaspecialheat

treatmentprocess.

Tostabilizethewholelifeofblocks,seasoningprocessisdone.
Theapproximaterequireddimensionisdonebyafinalgrindingprocess.
Howdoyoucalibratetheslipgauges?
Comparatorsareusedtocalibratetheslipgauges.
29.Listthevariouslinearmeasurements?
(i)Length

(ii)Heightsand(iii)Thickfiess

30.Whatarethevarioustypesoflinearmeasuringinstruments?
Thevariousdevicesusedformeasuringthelinearmeasurementsare
i.Verniercalipersii.Micrometersiii.Slipgaugeorgaugeblocksiv.Comparator

31.Listoutanyfourangularmeasuringinstrumentusedinmetrology
(i)Anglegauges(ii)Dividedscales(iii)Sinebarwithslipgauges(iv)Autocollimator(v)Angle
dekkor
32.Whatiscomparators?
Comparatorsareoneformoflinearmeasurementdevicewhichisquickandmoreconvenientfor
checkinglargenumberofidenticaldimensions.
33.Classifythecomparatoraccordingtotheprinciplesusedforobtainingmagnification.
Thecommontypesare:(i)Mechanicalcomparators.(ii)Electricalcomparators.(iii)Optical
comparators.(iv)Pneumaticcomparators.
34.Howthemechanicalcomparatorworks?

Themethodofmagnifyingsmallmovementoftheindicatorinallmechanicalcomparatorsare
effectedbymeansoflevers,geartrainsoracombinationoftheseelements.
35.Statethebestexampleofamechanicalcomparator.
Adialindicatorordialgaugeisusedasamechanicalcomparator.
36.Defineleastcountandmentiontheleastcountofamechanicalcomparator.
Leastcount.Theleastvaluethatcanbemeasuredbyusinganymeasuringinstrumentknownas
leastcount.Leastcountofamechanicalcomparatoris0.01mm
37.Howthemechanicalcomparatorisused?Statewithanyoneexample.
LetusassumethattherequiredheightofthecomponentIs32.5mm.Initially,thisheightisbuiltup
withslipgauges.Theslipgaugeblocksareplacedunderthestemofthedialgauge.Thepointerin
thedialgaugeisadjustedtozero.TheslipgaugesareremovedNow,thecomponenttobecheckedis
introducedunderthestemofthedialgauge.Ifthereisanydeviationintheheightofthecomponent,
itwillbeindicatedbythepointer.

Stateanyfouradvantagesofreedtypemechanicalcomparator.
Itisusuallyrobust,compactandeasytohandle.
Thereisnoexternalsupplysuchaselectricity,airrequired.

Ithasverysimplemechanismandischeaperwhencomparedtoothertypes.
Itissuitableforordinaryworkshopandalsoeasilyportable.
Mentionanytwodisadvantagesofreedtypemechanicalcomparator.
Accuracvofthecomparatormainlydependsontheaccuracyoftherackandpinionarrangement.Any
slacknesswillreduceaccuracy.
(ii)Ithasmoremovingpartsandhencefrictionismoreandaccuracyisless.
Whatarethemajortypesofonelectricalcomparator?
Anelectricalcomparatorconsistsofthefollowingthreemajorpartssuchas
(i)Transducer(ii)Displaydeviceasmeter(iii)Amplifier41.Onwhatbasisthetransducerworks?
Anironarmatureisprovidedinbetweentwocoilsheldbyaleafspringatoneend.Theotherendis
supportedagainstaplunger.ThetwocoilsactastwoarmsofanA.C.wheatstonebridgecircuit.
Howistheaccuracyofanelectricalcomparatorchecked?
Tochecktheaccuracyofagivenspecimenorwork,firstastandardspecimenisplacedunderthe
plunger.Afterthis,theresistanceofwheatstonebridgeisadjustedthatthescalereadingshowszero.
Thenthespecimenisremoved.Now,theworkisintroducedundertheplunger.
Statetheworkingprincipleofanelectroniccomparator.
Inelectroniccomparator,transducerinductionortheprincipleofapplicationoffrequency
modulationorradiooscillationisfollowed.
Mentiontheimportantpartsofanelectroniccomparator.
Transducer(ii)Oscillator(iii)Amplifier(iv)Demodulator(v)Meter
Classifypneumaticcomparators.
FloworVelocitytype.(ii)Backpressuretype
Whataretheadvantagesofelectricalandelectroniccomparator?
(i)

Ithaslessnumberofmovingparts.

(ii)

Magnificationobtainedisveryhigh.

Twoormoremagnificationsareprovidedinthesameinstrumenttousevariousranges.
Thepointerismadeverylightsothatit'ISmoresensitivetovibration.
Whatarethedisadvantagesofelectricalandelectroniccomparator?
Externalagencyisrequiredtometreforactuation.
Variationofvoltageorfrequencymayaffecttheaccuracyofoutput.
Duetoheatingcoils,theaccuracydecreases.
Itismoreexpensivethanmechanicalcomparator.
Listthevariouspartsofanopticalcomparator

Theopticalcomparatorconsistsofthefollowingpartssuchas
(i)Pivotedlever.
(ii)Objectivelens
(iii)Scale
(iv)Plunger
(v)Tableand
(vi)Base.
48.Whataretheadvantagesofpneumaticcomparator?
(i)Thewearofmeasuringheadsisavoidedduetoabsenceofdirectcontact.(ii)Frictionislessdueto
lessnumberofmovingparts.
(iii)Workpieceiscleanedbysupplyingofallduringthemeasurement.(iv)Highmagnificationis
possible.
Thereisnointerferenceofmeasuringheadandindicatingdevicebecausethemeasuringheadiskept
awayfromtheindicatingdevice.
(vi)ltisasuitablemethodtocheckovaltyandtapernessofcircularbore.
Unit3FormMeasurement
49.Namethevarioustypesofpitcherrorsfoundinscrew?
(i)Progressiveerror(ii)Drunkenerror(iii)Periodicerror(iv)Irregularerrors.
Namethevariousmethodsofmeasuringtheminordiameterofthethread.
(i)Usingtaperparallels.(ii)Usingrollersandslipgauges.

51.Namethevariousmethodsusedformeasuringthemajordiameter
Ordinarymicrometer(ii)Benchmicrometer
Namethevariousmethodsformeasuringeffectivediameter.
(i)Onewiremethod

(ii)Twowiremethod

(iii)Threewiremethod.

I
Namethevariousmethodsformeasuringpitchdiameter.
Pitchmeasuringmachine(ii)Toolmakeric(iii)Screwpitchgauge.
Namethetwocorrectionsaretobeappliedinthemeasurementofeffectivediameter.
(i)rakecorrections(ii)Compressioncorrection,
55.Whatisbestsizeofwire?
Bestsizeofwireisawireofsuchdiameterthatitmakescontactwiththeflanksofthethreadonthe
pitchline.
56.Define.Drunkenthread
Thisisone,havingerraticpitch,inwhichtheadvanceOfthehelixisirregularinonecomplete
revolutionofthread.
57.Whatistheeffectofflankangleerror?
Errorsintheflankcauseavirtualincreaseintheeffectivediameterofaboltanddecreaseinthat,of
nut.
Whataretheapplicationsoftoolmaker'smicroscope?
Linearmeasurement(ii)Measurementofpitchofthescrew(iii)Measurement'ofthreadangle.
Define:Periodicerror.
Theperiodicerrorrepeatsitselfatequalintervalsalongthethread.
60.Whatarethecommonlyusedformsofgearteeth?
(1)Involute

(ii)Cycloidal

61.whatarethetypesofgears?
(i)Spur (ii)Helical

(iii)Bevel(iv)WorthandWormwheel(v)Rackandpinion.

62.Define:Module
Module=pitchcirclediameter/numberofteeth
63.Define:Leadangle
Itistheanglebetweenthetangenttothehelixandplaneperpendiculartotheaxisofcylinder.

Whatarethevariousmethodsusedformeasuringthegeartooththickness?
Geartoothvernier(ii)Constantchordmethod(iii)Basetangentmethod(iv)Measurementoverpins.
Namefourgearerrors.
Pitcherror(iii)Alignmenterror(ii)Compositeerror(iv)Thicknesserror
Namethemethodusedforcheckingthepitchofthegear.
Stepbystepmethod.(ii)Directangularmeasurement.
Whatarethedirectangularmeasurementsmethods?
Profilechecking:a)Opticalprojectionmethodb)Involutemeasuringmethod.
Thicknessmeasurement:a)Chordarlthicknessmethodb)Constancechordmethod.

Define:constantchord
Constantchordisthechordjoiningthosepoints,oroppositeAacesofthetooth.

69.Givetheformulaformeasuringradiusofcircle.
R=(Id)

28d
Where, R=Radiusofthejob1=Distancebetweentheballsd=Diameterofpins.
Whatarethetwomethodsusedinmeasuringradiusofconcavesurface.
Edgesarewelldefined.b)Edgesareroundedup.
Whatarethefactorsaffectingsurfaceroughness?
a)Vibrationsb)Materialoftheworkpiecec)Toold)Machiningtype
72.Whatarethemethodsusedforevaluatingthesurfacefinish?
a)

Peaktovalleyheightmethod.

b)Theaverageroughnessmethod.c)Formfactormethod.

73.Definefullnessandemptinessinformfactor.
Degreeoffullness(K)=areaofmetal/AreaofenvelopingrectangleDegreeofemptiness=1K
74Whatarethemethodsusedformeasuringsurfaceroughness?
Inspectionbycomparisonb)Directinstrumentmeasurements.
Whatarethestylusprobeinstruments?
a)Profilometerb)TaylorHobsonTalysurfc)Tomlinsonsurfacemeter
76.Define:Straightnessofalineintwoplanes.
Alineissaidtobestraightoveragivenlength,ofthevariationofthedistanceofitspointsfromtwo
planesperpendiculartoeachotherandparalleltothedirectionofalineremainingwithinthe
specifiedtolerancelimits.
77.Define:Roundness.Namethefourmeasurementofroundness.
Itisasurfaceofrevolutionwhereallthesurfacesintersected'byanyplaneperpendiculartoa
commonaxisincaseof,cylinderandcone.a.Heartsquarecircle.b.Minimumradialseparation
circle.c.Maximuminscribedcircle.d.Minimumcircumscribedcircle.
78.Namethedevicesusedformeasurementofroundness.

1.Diametral
2.
Circumferentialconfininggauge.
3.
Rotatingoncenter.
4.VBlock
5.
Threepointprobe
6.
Accuratespindle.
79.Define:lay

Lay:Directionofthe'predominatesurfacepattern'
Whatisrunout?
Runout.TotalrangeofreadingofafixedindicateOrwiththecontactpointsappliedtoaSurface
rotated,withoutaxialmovement,about3fixedaxis.
UNIT4LaserandadvancesinMetrology
81Whatisinterferometer?
Interferometerisopticalinstrumentsusedformeasuringflatnessanddeterminingthelengthsofslip
gaugesbydirectreferencetothewavelengthoflight.
82
Namethedifferenttypesofinterferometer?

1)NPLflatnessinterferometer2)Michelsoninterferometer

3)Laserinterferometer
4)Zesisgaugeblockinterferometer.
83
Namethecommonsourceoflightusedforinterferometer

a.Mercury198
b.Cadminusc.Krypton86d.Helium
e.Hydrogen
84
Whatiscrestandtrough?

Thelightisaformofenergybeingpropagatedbyelectromagneticwaves,whichisasinecurve.The
highpointofthewaveiscalledcrustandthelowPointiscalledistrough.
Whatiswavelength?
Thedistancebetweentwocrustortworoughiscalledthewavelength
Whatismeantbyalignmenttestonmachinetools?
Thealignmenttestiscarriedouttocheckthegradeofmanufacturingaccuracyofthemachinetool.
Listthevariousgeometricalchecksmadeonmachinetools.
Straightnessofguidewaysandslidewaysofmachinetool.
Flatnessofmachinetablesandslideways.
Parallelism,equidistanceandalignmentoftheslideways.
Truerunningandalignmentofshaftandspindle.
Thepitcherrororleadofleadscrew.f.Pitcherrorsofgears.
Distinguishbetweengeometricaltestandpracticaltestonamachinetool
Thealignmenttestiscarriedouttocheckthegradeofmanufacturingaccuracyofthemachinetool.
Performancetestconsistofcheckingtheaccuracyofthefinishedcomponent.Alignmenttestconsist
ofcheckingtherelationshipbetweenvariousmachineelementswhenthemachinetoolisidle.
Performancetestconsistsofpreparingtheactualtestjobsonthemachineandcheckingtheaccuracy
ofthejobsproduced.
89.
Whatarethemainspindleerrors?

a)Outofround.b)Eccentricityc)Radialthrowofanaxis.d)Runoute)Periodicalaxialslip
90.
Writethevarioustestsconductedonanymachinetools

1.Testforlevelofinstallationofmachinetoolinhorizontal
andverticalplanes.
2.Testforflatnessofmachinebedandforstraightnessand
parallelismofbedwaysonbearing
surface.

3.Testforperpendicularityofguidewaystootherguide
ways.
4.Testfortruerunningofthemainspindleanditsaxialmovements.
91.
Whythelaserisusedinalignmenttesting?

Thealignmenttestscanbecarriedoutovergreaterdistancesandtoagreaterdegreeofaccuracy

usinglaserequipment.Laserequipmentproducesrealstraightline,whereasanalignmenttelescope
providesa,imaginarylinethatcannotbeseeninspace.
92.Classifythemachinetooltest.
Itcanbeclassifiedinto1.Statictests

2.Dynamictests.

Whatarethedifferenttypesofgeometricaltestsconductedonmachinetools?1.Straightness.,2.
Flatness.,3.Parallelism,equidistanceandcoincidence.

Whatistheprincipleoflaser.
Thephotonemittedduringstimulatedemissionhasthesameenergy,phaseandfrequencyasthe
incidentphoton.
Thisprinciplestatesthatthephotoncomesincontactwithanotheratomormoleculeinthehigher
energylevelE2thenitwillcausetheatomtoreturntogroundstateenergylevelE,byreleasing
anotherphoton.
ThesequenceoftriggeredidenticalphotonfromstimulatedatInisknownasstimulatedemission.
Thismultiplicationofphotonthroughstimulatedemission'leadstocoherent,powerful,
monochromatic,collimatedbeamoflightemission.Thislightemissioniscalledlaser.

95.WhatisCMM?
Itisathreedimensionalmeasurementsforvariouscomponents.Thesemachineshaveprecise
movementisx,y,zcoordinateswhichcanbeeasilycontrolledandmeasured.Eachslideinthree
directionsisequippedwithaprecisionlinearmeasurmenttransducerwhichgivesdigitaldisplayand
sensespositiveandnegativedirection.

96.Defineaxiallengthmeasuringaccuracy
itisdefinedasdifferencebetweenthereferencelengthofgaugesalignedwithamachineaxisandthecorresponding
measurementresultsfromthemachine.

97.Writethetypesofcoordinatemeasuringmachines

1.
Bridgetype
3.
Verticalboremill
2.
Horizontalboremill
4.
Sphericalcoordinatemeasuringmachine
98.ExplainCNC,CMMbriefly.
AcomputernumericalcontrolsystemcanbeusedwithCN4Mtodocalculationswhilemeasuringcomplexparts.
Errorcanbestoredinmemorywhiledoingcalculations.Forautomaticcalibrationofprobe,determinationofco
ordinatesystem,calculation,evaluationandrecordingetc.,specialsoftware'sareincorporated.
99.WritesomefeaturesofCMMsoftware.
Measurementofdiameter,centerdistancecanbemeasuredasfollows:
1.
Measurementofplaneandspatialcurves
4.
Digitalinputandoutputcommand
2.
MinimiseCNCprogramme.]
5.
InterfacetoCADsoftware
Datacommunications.
Definemachinevision.
Machinevisioncanbedefinedasameansofsimulatingtheimagerecognitionandanalysiscapabilitiesofthehuman
systemwithelectronicandelectromechanicaltechniques.
101.
Whatarethefourbasictypesofmachine,visionsystem?

(i)
Imageformation.
(iii)
Analyzingtheimage
(ii)
Processingofimage.
(iv)

Interpretationofimage.
102.
Writetheadvantagesofmachinevisionsystem.

(i)Reductionoftoolingandfixturecash.
(iii)Integratedautomationofdimensional
(ii)Eliminationofneedforprecisepartlocation.
verification(iv)Defectdetection.
103.Definegrayscaleanalysis.
Inthesetechniques,discreteareasorwindowsareformedaroundonlytheportionsoftheimagetobeinspected.For
determiningifbracketsarepresent,highintensitylightingispositioned.Thistypeofdiscreteareaanalysisisapowerful
toolandcanbeusedforinspectionofabsence,correctpartassembly,orientation,part,integrity,etc.

operatorisreduced.

104MentiontheadvantagesofCMM.
Theinspectionrateisincreased.

Reductionincalculating,recordingandsetuptime.

Accuracyisreduced.

NoneedofGO/NOGOgauges.

Operator'serrorcanbeminimized.Skillofthe

Reductionofscrapandgoodpartrejection.

MentionthedisadvantagesofCMM.
Thetableandprobemaynotbeinperfectalignment.
Thestylusmayhaverunout.
(iii)Thestylusmovinginzaxismayhavesomeperpendicularityerrors.(iv)Styiuswhilemovinginxandydirectionmay
notbesquaretoeachother.

Theremaybeerrorsindigitalsystem.
MentiontheapplicationofCMM.
(i)CMM'stofindapplicationinautomobile.,machineto,,electronics,spaceandmanyotherlargecompanies.(ii)
ThesearebestsuitedforthetestandinspectionOftestequipment,gaugesandtools.
(iii)ForaircraftandspacevehiclesofhundredPercentinspectionsiscarriedoutbyusingCMM.(iv)CMMcanbe
usedfordeterminingdimensionalaccuracyofthecomponent.
(v)CMMcanalsobeusedforsortingtaskstoachieveoptimumpacingofcomponentswithintolerancelimits.

Describethefeaturesofaflexibleinspectionsystem.
Apowerfulcomputerservesasarealtirneprocessortohandlepartdimensionaldataandasamulti'programming
systemtoperformsuchtasksasmanufacturingpIrocesscontrol.
TheterminalprovidesinteractivecommunicationwithpersonnelComputerwheretheprogrammesarestored.(iii)Input
devicesmicroprocessorbasedgaugesandotherinspectiondevicesareusedinCMM.

Writebriefnoteabout(i)Coordinatemeasuringmachineequippedwithalaserprobe(ii)Virtualmeasuringsystem
ACMMequippedwithalaserprobecanconvertapartofphysicalmodelintoadigitizefile.Suchafilecanbe
comparedwithotherfileandcanbemanipulatedbydesignerstoimprovequality.Manufacturescanverifythateach
finishedpartmeasuresexactlyasdesigned.
VirtualmeasuringSystemusesarnicroscopesystemto'examineanelectronicreplicaoftheSurfacetextureofpart.
Suchasystemisnoncontact31)Surfacemeasurementsystemandprovideimageofthesurface.Theimagesare
processedonaPCusingverticalscanninginterferornetryandvisionanalysissoftwaretoproduce2Dprofile,3D
plotsandcounterplots.
Itgeneratesstatisticsforaverageroughness,averageprofileheight,reducedpeakheight,caresroughnessdepth,
reducedvalleydepthandanumberofotherparameters.Italsodeterminesthedepth,spacingandangleofgroovein
aharedsurfaceopticalprobeofacylinderborecanberotated360degreesandmovedverticallyalongthecylinder
wall.
Explainbrieflythethreeimportantfieldsofmachinevisionsystem
Inspection:]tistheabilityofanautomatedvisionsystemtorecognizewelldefinedpatternandifthesepattern
matchthesestoredinthesystemmakesmachinevisionidealforinspectionofrawmaterials,parts,assembliesetc.
Partidentification:Itistheabilityofpartrecognitionprovidespositiveidentificationsofanobjectfordecision
makingpurposes.
GuidanceandControl.Machinevisionsystemsareusedtoprovidesensorfeedbackforrealtimeguidance.
UNIT5MeasurementofPower,FlowandTemperaturerelatedproperties
110.Whatareloadcells?
Aredevicesforthemeasurementofforcethroughindirectmethods.
111.Givetheprincipleofhotwireanemometer
Whenafluidflowsoveraheatedsurfaceheatistransferredfromthesurfaceandsothetemperaturereduces.Therate
ofreductionoftemperatureisrelatedtoflowrate.
112.StateanyfourinferentialtypeofflowmetersVenturimeter,orificemeter,rotameter,pitottube.

113Whatistheprincipleinvolvedinfluidexpansionthermometer?
Changeinpressureinthebulbistakenasanindicationofthetemperature.
114.Mentiontheprincipleinvolvedinbimetallicstrip.Isbasedonchangeindimension
115Whatisthermocouple?
Whentwometalsarejoinedtogetheritwillcreateanemfanditisprimarilyafunctionofthejunctiontemperature.

116WhatisaKentometer?
Itisadeviceformeasurementofabsolutepressure.
117Whatisthermopile?
Whenthermocouplesareconnectedinseriesitiscalledthermopile
DESCRIPTIVETYPEQUESTIONS

UNITI

Explainthevarioussystematicandrandomerrorsinmeasurements?
Whatistheneedofcalibration?Explain.theclassificationofvariousmeasuringmethods.

Writedetailednoteson:
sensitivity.
Calibration
Precision
Interchangeability

Defineprecision,accuracy,readabilityandsensitivitywithrespecttomeasurement.
Describeloadingerrorsandenvironmentalerrors.
Whatareelementsofameasuringsystem?howtheyaffectaccuracyandprecision?Howerrorduetothese
elementsareeliminated
UNITII
Withneatsketchexplaintheconstructionandworkingprincipleofdifferentialpneumaticcomparator.
Withneatdiagramexplaintheconstructionandworkingprincipleofdepthmicrometer?
Whatisautocollimator?Withneatsketchexplaintheworkingprincipleofmicroopticautocollimator?
Writetheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofthemechanicalcomparator?
Explaintheprecautionarymeasuresoneshallfollowatvariousstagesofusingslipgauges.
ExplaintheprocessofWringinginslipgauges.Explainwhysinebarsarenotsuitableformeasuring
anglesabove45degrees.
Explainwithaschematicsketchtheworkingprincipleofsolexpneumaticcomparator.
Describetheworkingprinciple,advantagesanddisadvantagesofopticalcomparators.
Describethemethodofcheckingtheangleofataperpluggaugeusingrollers,micrometerandslipgauges,
StateandexplaintheTaylorsprincipleofgaugedesign.Explainthefollowinginconnectionwithgauge
design:

(1)Gaugemakerstolerance
(2)Wearallowance
ExplaintheworkingprincipleofAngledekkorandhowthejobofangle43 o2412ischecked.
Explaintheworkingprincipleofautocollimatorandbrieflyexplainitsapplication
Describewiththehelpofanearsketch,avernierbevelprotractor.
Shaftsof750.02mmdiameteraretobecheckedbythehelpofaGo,NotGosnapgauges.Designthe
gauge,sketchitandshowitsGosizeandNotGosizedimensions.Assumenormalwearallowanceand
gaugemakerstolerance.
Explainhowthecomponentshowninfig.ischeckedforitsdimensionalandformaccuracy.Justifythe
selectionofinstrumentsafterconsideringvariousalternativepossible.

HowandangledekkordifferfromandAutoCollimator?
Whattypesofmeasuringsystemsareusedforlineardistance?
Describeanoptomechanicalcomparator.

Determinethedimensionsofholeandshaftforafit30H7h8.30mmliesbetween18and30mm.IT7=16i,IT8
=25i.Whatisthefit?
Thestraightnessofthestraightedgewasmeasuredusingautocollimatorandthefollowingreadings
wereobtained.Accuracyoftheinstrumentis1sec=0.5m.computethestraightnesserror.5010,5020,5004,40
52,4058and5026'
UNITIII
Howtomeasurethepitchofthescrewthreadbyusingthetoolmakersmicroscope?Discussindetail.
Describethemethodofinspectingtheprofileofspurgearbyusinginvolutemeasuringmachine.
HowtocheckthecompositeerrorsofthegearbyusingParkinsongeartestingmachine?Explainitindetail?
Brieflydescribemajor,minorandeffectivediameterofthread?
Describethetwowiremethodoffindingtheeffectivediameterofscrewthreads.
Describethechordalthicknessmethodusinggeartoothverniercaliper.
Explainonemethodofassessingthestraightnessofastraightedge.
Writenotesonthetypesofirregularitiesofacircularpartandmentionitscauses.
Whatisthebestwiresize?Deriveanexpressionforthesameintermsofthepitchandangleofthethread,
Describeageartoothverniercaliperandexplainitsuseforcheckingtooththicknessanddepthoftooth.

Explaintheprincipleofcheckingtheinvoluteprofileofgeartooth.
Explaintheprincipleofmeasuringgeartooththicknessbybasetangentmethod.Whatisthespanlengthover5
teethofgearhaving45teethmodule4mmandpressureangle20o

Derivetheformulaformeasuringtheeffectivediameterofthreadby3wiremethod
Drawthesetupandexplainthemeasurementofeffectivediameterofascrewthreadusingthreewires.
Describeathreadpitchmeasuringmachine.
Withtheaidofsketchdescribetheprincipleofoperationofarollinggeartestingmachine.
Describeamethodforinspectingtheinvoluteprofileofaspurgeartooth.
WhatarethevariousmethodsusedformeasuringtooththicknessofaSpurgear.Explaintheprincipleinvolved
withneatsketches.Underwhatcircumstanceeachmethodisused.
Howistheinvoluteprofileofgeartoothmeasured?

UNITIV
WithneatsketchexplainthevarioustypesofCMMbasedonitsconstruction.Writetheadvantagesofcomputer
aidedinspection.
Explaintheconstructionandworkingprincipleoflaserinterferometerwithneatdiagram?Explaintheuseof
laserinterferometerinangularmeasurement.

Explainthevariousgeometricalteststhataretobedonetogetabetteraccuracyinthemachinetool?
Describetheworkingprincipleofadualfrequencylaserinterferometerandstateitsapplication.
ExplaintheconstructiondetailsofcolumntypeCMMs.WhataretheadvantagesofbridgetypeCMMs?State
thepossiblesourcesoferrorsinCMM.
Explainwithaneatsketchtheworkingoftalysurfinstrumentforsurfacefinishmeasurement.Whatisthe
symbolforfullydefiningsurfaceroughnessandexplaineachterm?
DescribeindetailthemethodofcheckingroundnessbyusingRoundnessMeasuringMachine.Stateits
advantages.
ExplaintheworkingprincipleofACLASERinterferometerandhowthestraightnessismeasured?
Explainindetailthevariousmethodsoftestingaccuracyofhorizontalmillingmachineandlatheusinglaser
interferometer.
Sketchanddescribetheopticalsystemofalaserinterferometer.
writabriefnoteonlaserasameansofalignmentchecking

DefineexplaintheworkingprincipleofTomlinsonsurfacemeterwithaneatsketch.
Definestraightness.Describeanyonemethodofmeasuringstraightnessofasurface.
explainhowthestraightnesserrorofaLathebedischeckedusingaAutocollimator
Withneatsketches,explainthesignificanceofsomeimportantparametersusedformeasuringsurface
roughness.Whysomanyparametersareneeded?
HowsurfacefinishismeasuredusingLASER.Howtheangleismeasuredusingalaserinterferometer?
ExplainwithneatsketcheshowRoll,yawandpitchofalathecarriageischeckedusingLaserinterferometer.
Discussthestepsinvolvedincomputingflatnessofsurfaceplate.
HowarethepitchandyanerrorsinXdirectionoftablemovementmeasuredinahorizontalmillingmachineby
LASERinterferometer?
HowareCMMsclassifiedwithrespecttoconstructionalfeatures?Sketchandstatetheremain
applications,meritsanddemerits.
UNITV
Howtomeasurethepowerbyusingropebrakedynamometer?Explainwithaneatdiagram
Explainhowcupandvanetypeanemometersareusedtomeasureairmovement.
Withneatsketchexplaintheconstructionandworkingprincipleofvapourpressurethermometer.
Listtheadvantagesoftemperaturemeasurementbyusingtheresistancethermometer.

Explainwithneatdiagramthepurposeandoperatingprincipleofaventurimeter.
Whatarerotameters?Stateitsapplications.
Explaintheworkingprincipleofanelectricalresistancethermometer.
Whatarethermocouples?Stateitsapplications.