8 Prefabricated structures

146

8.1

Legislation and general concepts

8.2

Problems of traditional applications

8.3

Incorrect applications

8.4

Dimensioning of connections with main elements with mechanical braces

8.5

Dimensioning of connections with secondary structural elements

8.6

FAQ

8.7

Bibliography

18

Prefabricated
structures
Seismic Situation

This chapter illustrates the main concepts that new legislation is based on for prefabricated
structures, bringing to light design limitations and problems linked to prefabricated buildings
in seismic zones.
In the following section some solutions are analysed, showing the advantages and disadvan-

tages and examining the development of new technologies and related experiments that
scher is conducting in this eld.

8
147

8.1 Legislation and general concepts

A prefabricated structure is dened as a structure built through the association and/or completion on site of several elements built in a
factory or assembled on site.
For example new Italian seismic legislation denes a prefabricated structure as being composed of elements in prestressed reinforced
concrete, assembled on site or in dedicated
factories with industrial processes and assembled on site using dry or wet structural assembly.

The parts that comprise a prefabricated building can be divided as follows:

main structural elements that have to resist
stress deriving from its own weight, from
loads they bear and stress transmitted from
elements connected to them. They have to
make the structure solid as a whole forming
rigid floors as in the case of floors;
secondary structural elements, with load
bearing functions, not essential to the general stability of the building, that should be
able to resist actions with adequate safety
(own weight and loads they bear).
In prefabricated structures, much more so
if subject to seismic risk, the parts attention
should be concentrated on are the connections and joints, since the connections should
Construction advantages
The main advantages of prefabricated structures are assembly of nished elements on site, self load bearing and
quick execution, which have favoured their use above all
in industry.

8
148

18

Prefabricated
structures
Seismic Situation

be made in order to guarantee transmission

of expected forces and expansion joints are
necessary to guarantee mutual displacements
without transmitting actions.
The materials used with structural functions in
connections should have a sucient durability,
resistance to re and protection at least equal
to that of the elements that it connects.
When these conditions are met the limits of
the entire structure are dened with regard to
the weakest element.
The type, lay-out and frequency of joints are
determined based on expected displacements,
due to settlement, thermal variations, state of
structure stress, including sedimentary eects
and seismic activity.
Assembling structural and non-structural parts
on site should be made to confer the level of
resistance, rigidity and ductility as a whole.
The collapse of a structural element compromises the stability of the entire building and
everything it contains creating high risk to the
safety of persons and objects.
The aim of structural tests is to guarantee that
the building is able to resist the actions that it
may be subject to with adequate safety with
respect to the necessary conditions for its op-

erations and ensuring that it is conserved over

time.
Tests that are applied to the structure, taken
as a whole and to each of its construction elements, should be satisfactory during construction, in its various phases of manufacture, storage, transport and assembly.
The structural analysis of prefabricated elements should take into account the structural
performance in their various phases, the eective state of connections and joints and uncertainties deriving from: errors in geometry and
laying the various elements, uncertainty on the
position of certain restraint reactions, deformation due to thermal variations, collapse, settlement and dierential deformation between
various concretes.
The new Italian seismic legislation takes into
consideration:
connected multi-floor structures, defined
when all structural element are connected
to each other to have continuity;
single floor structures with cover elements
supported by static columns.
For these two types of buildings the law provides two dierent values of the structure factor.
Considering the importance of connections
between the prefabricated elements that substantially inuence the static behaviour of the
structural body and its response during seismic
activity, the law determines three situations to
which correspond to a separate guideline for
sizing:
a connections outside the inelastic area, which
do not modify the dissipation capacity of the
structure with respect to the whole;
b connections located outside critical areas at the ends of beams and columns,
149

7
8

but oversized in order to shift plasticisation to adjoining areas within elements;

c connections located within critical areas at
the ends of beams and columns possessing the necessary characteristics in terms of
ductility and dissipative energy.
For framed structures connection sizing has
three solutions:
a the connection should be positioned at a
distance from the end of the element, beam
or column, equal to the length of the span
where there is transverse reinforcement, increased by one times the actual height of the
section. The resistance of the connection,
to be assessed with the same partial coefficients of safety applicable to non-seismic
situations, should be less than local calculated stress, multiplied by the factor Rd = 1.15,
for each class CD A and CD B.
b the resistance of the connection should be
equal to that which the section of the beam
or column should possess for a monolith
building, multiplied by a factor Rd = 1.5,
for each class CD A and CD B. The parts
of the elements adjacent to the connections should be sized with the same procedures for monolith structures, according
to the ductility class used, and possessing the related reinforcement details that
ensure the ductility required. For CD A
structures it is not admissible to join columns inside nodes or adjacent sections.

c included in this type are connections that

require the insertion of reinforcement rods
and later completion castings placed on
site, carried out after final positioning of the
prefabricated elements. Also included in the
type are joints made with metal elements or
150

in any case with devices other than the current section of elements. The suitability of
these joints to make up the inelastic mechanism required for frame structures, and to
satisfy the global and local requirements for
cyclic ductility in the amount corresponding
to the level of ductility A and B should be
backed by tests in actual scale on important
structural subgroups.
For static column structures Italian law requires a column connection and xed horizontal element (rigid or elastic) or a sliding
element.
Prefabricated bearing beams should be structurally connected to columns or walls (for
support). The connections should ensure the
transmission of horizontal forces in an earthquake without relying on friction.
This is true also for connections between secondary elements of the deck and load bearing
beams.
Fixed connections should possess a cut resistance equal to the higher of the following two
amounts:
a the horizontal force necessary to induce in
the section at the base of the column a bending moment equal to the resistant moment
of the latter, multiplied by a factor Rd = 1.35,
for each class CD A and Rd = 1.20 CD B;
b the cut force deriving from the study with a
seismic action not reduced by the structure
factor (q = 1).
The sliding connections should be sized to allow sliding equal to:
= ( d2e + d2r )1/2
de is the related displacement between the two
parts of the structure connected to the sliding

18

Prefabricated
structures
Seismic Situation

device;
dr is the related displacement during an earthquake between the foundations and the two
connected parts
For what concerns prefabricated structures,
Eurocode 8 takes into consideration the following structure types:

framed systems;
panel systems;
dual systems, with mixed prefabricated
frames and prefabricated walls or monoliths;
cellular structures;
pendulum systems;

Taken from D.M. 03/12/1987

Technical standards for design, building and
commissioningprefabricated buildings
Load bearing elements should be calculated taking into
account the worst conditions, determined by the combination of production and assembly tolerance. The load bearing elements should be such to meet the resistance conditions of the element supported, any supporting devices
and the support, taking into account thermal variations,
structure deformation and slow phenomena.For oor elements and similar, a support depth should be guaranteed,
after laying, not less than 3 cm if connection continuity is
required during construction and not less than 5 cm if nal. For discontinuous load bearing elements (ribs, spikes)
the above values should be doubled.For beams, the minimum depth for nal load bearing should not be less than
8 cm + l/300, where I is the net span of the beam. All
values mentioned above are considered net of structural
deformations and tolerance.In seismic zones load bearing
elements are not allowed where the transmission of horizontal force is only by friction. Load bearing elements of
this kind are allowed only where the capacity to transmit
horizontal actions is not taken into account; the load bearing element should allow displacements according to
what is required by seismic standards.

European law acknowledges various functions

of structural elements and divides them into:
elements resistant only to vertical actions;

elements resistant both to vertical actions

and horizontal actions;
elements able to provide an adequate connection between the various structural elements.

Among non-structural elements, Eurocode

8 distinguishes those completely decoupled
from the structure and those partially resistant
to deformation. It distinguishes the connections based on their ability to dissipate energy
and on the fact that they are found inside or
outside critical zones (where there is the most
serious action-eect combination).
In prefabricated elements and their connections degradation of response should be taken
into consideration due to cyclic deformations
over the elastic limit; unlike monolith structures the value of resistance of connections
subjected to growing loads can not be assumed as a value of resistance in the event of
seismic stress.
In prefabricated structures, energy dissipation
can take place also by way of displacements
beyond the elastic limit by eect of shear, as
long as:

their response capacity does not degrade

excessively for the entire duration of the action;
possible instability is prevented.

Interruptions in vertical elements are not admissible. For prefabricated buildings in Italy
M.D. 03/12/1987 is used Technical standards for designing, building and commissioning prefabricated buildings (see box), which
shows specications for load bearing elements
for buildings in seismic zones.
These recommendations are for load bearing
elements, which work by friction, are men151

7
8

tioned also in the new seismic law, which extends them also in zone 4.

Construction details
Both for structures cast on site and for prefabricated
structures an important function given to the brackets is
to conne concrete to ensure sucient ductility, so it
is necessary to pay particular attention to their form and
distance from each other. In particular it is necessary to
ensure anchoring also when the concrete cover for reinforcement is broken or lost completely during an earthquake, with accurate hook closing at brace ends.

Tests have demonstrated the importance of

single construction details on local and global seismic performance. Minor local damage
to structural elements is often not due to the
structure as a whole, but to design and detail
execution, such as reinforcement anchoring,
shaping and positioning transverse reinforcements and sizing a node. In prefabricated
structures the connections should be sized
to ensure the passage of forces, in addition
to connections between dierent oor elements. These and beams play a fundamental
role in guaranteeing the diaphragm behaviour
of level and roof horizontal elements and so a
good response of the whole structure to stress
imposed by an earthquake. The connections
and construction details are given the task of
guaranteeing the possibility of alternative load
paths if a structural element collapses, so that
the latter does not compromise the overall stability of the structure. To safeguard columns in
the prefabricated structures from breaking due
to shear-o or instability of vertical reinforcements in the dissipation areas, experiments
has clearly shown that the spacing of braces
should be reduced by a certain length accor
ding to height and greater side. Italian seismic laws prescribe installing braces at the two
ends of the column, a typical case being a
152

Disadvantages
Despite these benets, node discontinuity is the most critical factor in the event of an earthquake, since the risk
of losing the support of the horizontal prefabricated structures under seismic activity is what experience has indicated as being the most frequent. Creating this continuity
can also mean losing the advantages of the prefabricated
structure. In seismic zones load bearing elements are not
allowed where the transmission of horizontal seismic activity is only by friction due to the weight of components.

frame built on site, but overlook the fact that in

a prefabricated static column the upper zone
does not have dissipation capacity. In this case
reducing the head brace spacing is not useful
for seismic ductility, while it is necessary to
double the length of the inll area at the base.
Furthermore, it is true that in the upper zone
of the column there are phenomena to diuse
concentrated loads at times high and the increased bracing is needed to absorb the transverse traction stress generated by them.
The big dierence between structures built on
site and prefabricated structures is the beamcolumn and deck-beam connection nodes,
since on site there is a node monolith, whereas
the prefabricated structure has discontinuous
points caused by the presence of simple load
bearing elements. The discontinuity in contact
points between the various elements is one of
the winning characteristics of prefabricated
structures, since:

it reduces construction time and manpower;

it allows assembly of simple load bearing
structural components;
it doesnt require casing and scaffolding.

In these points of discontinuity there is less capacity to redistribute internal actions.

18

Prefabricated
structures
Seismic Situation

8.2 Problems of traditional applications

Below are some problems regarding the possible techniques for connecting non-structural
elements with prefabricated structures.

Connection with welded elements

Very often roong elements for prefabricated structures
are connected by cast-in steel angle braces, which are
welded with a metal bar (or steel rod) with a diameter
of 20-24 mm. This type of connection is not suitable, because it is excessively rigid, so much so that it does not
allow thermal deformation for connected elements, which
for roong elements, for example, subject to considerable
daily and seasonal thermal variations may generate displacements of about a millimetre.Due to very high rigidity,
it is probable that the welding becomes damaged, making
the connection inexistent and so inecient in contrasting
horizontal forces generated in an earthquake.

Connection with
embedded proles and bolted joints
The connection of prefabricated elements with embedded
proles and bolted joints requires high precision during
installation and it is possible that the restraint may cause
weakness.

Application by only friction

Generally, resting horizontal elements (beams or roong
elements) on vertical elements (columns) is by simple
contact placing a neoprene element in between to prevent direct contact.The elements at the ends of prefabricated buildings have load bearing elements with anchor
bolts that anchor roong elements to the main beam with
a bolt and washer, a metal plate and a sheet of neoprene.
In this way the horizontal forces are countered only by
friction generated where rested, but this does not comply with new seismic laws. The neoprene sheet between
the two concrete elements is to prevent direct contact
between concrete structures, which could generate negative bending moments for which the beams are not sized
for and it is needed to absorb related rotations between
the beam and column induced by seismic movement.

7
8
153

8.3 Incorrect applications

Specialised manpower is not required for connections made with resin.
The main limit found in the application of epoxy
resin is the fact that the connection is too rigid,
indeed the epoxy resin with small deformations provokes breaks in the support material.

Connection with polyurethane products

The connection of non-structural elements using polyurethane adhesives or foams is incorrect as polyurethane
based products are very sensitive to UVA rays, which considerably reduce mechanical properties and compromise
physical integrity.In addition, polyurethane products do
not have mechanical properties able to deal with stress
that comes into play in connections between prefabricated elements (shear resistance values were found to be
equal to 10 % compared to shear resistance found when
epoxy resin is used).

Connection with with epoxy resin

The use of epoxy resin has some advantages, such as:

8
154

ease of use (no tools or equipment is needed, except

for a dispensing gun to apply the product);

speed (the two components of the resin mix perfectly

inside the spiral in the nozzle);

extreme precision in positioning of elements to be

connected is not required: the connection is by simply
overlaying the items.

18

Prefabricated
structures
Seismic Situation

In the previous photos the failure of concrete

supports connected with epoxy resin with partial deformation is visable: the concrete failed
at deformations of 0.8 - 1 mm.
As seen in the following diagram, also with
small deformations (0.2 mm) considerable
forces are generated between the connected
elements.
The dissipation capacity of the element is also
limited.
It is not possible to make connections for
prefabricated structural elements using only
epoxy resin, since the thermal deformation
that normally takes place between prefabricated elements is around a millimetre and if the
connection is with epoxy resin the force generated is so high that the elements themselves
are damaged (in experiments elements 6 cm
thick connected with epoxy resin were failed).

Connection with mechanical elements

It is possible to extend the solution used for connections
of structural elements to connections of non-structural
elements, i.e. the use of mechanical xings. This solution
would be excellent from the point of view of mechanical
properties but it can not be used for the following reasons:
for non-structural elements the dimensions and thickness of the parts to connect are often very low (about
46 cm thick);
drilling and inserting the bolt may disrupt the integrity
of the support in question;
the application of mechanical xings should respect
the installation conditions, such as the minimum
distance from the edge and the minimum distance
between two adjacent bolts, which in this case can
not be satised due to the small dimensions.
the use of mechanical elements makes the connection visible underneath the roof, which for aesthetic reasons is not acceptable.

7
8
Displacement (mm)
155

of connections with main elements

8.4 Dimensioning
with mechanical braces
For a research project conducted by Polytechnic University of Milan, nanced by the European Union and coordinated by Prof. Toniolo
[1], a prototype of a one-storey prefabricated
structure was built, consisting of six columns
with a socket plinth, laid out in a mesh with
two 8 m quadrant modules with three primary
beams and six roong panels.
The aim of this experiment was to assess seismic behaviour of prefabricated concrete elements comprising the building and designed
according to Eurocode 8.
The elements to attach were roong panels
which were braced with steel angle angles.
Since the concrete support allows such (in
terms of thickness, distance from edge and
centre-centre distances between xing points)
it was possible to use mechanical or chemical
anchoring.

8
156

In this case dimensioning could be set using

the calculation program COMPUFIX.
The forces generated by maximum acceleration from an earthquake are inserted in the
program as if they were equivalent static loads.
This approximation is, in any case, conservative.
Dimensioning with Compux.
Initial data - Case 1
The maximum force agents and parameters necessary for
design are:
F horizontal = 40 kN
F vertical = 5 kN
Distance from edge: 135 mm
Spacing between bolts: 330 mm
Compression strength of C 45/55 concrete

18

Prefabricated
structures
Seismic Situation

For this type of connection an example of an excellent solution is using the scher FAZ II M16
bolt, together with metal brackets.
For this type of connection an example of an excellent solution is using the scher FAZ II M20
bolt, together with metal brackets.

Dimensioning with Compux.

Initial data - Case 2
The maximum force agents and parameters necessary for
design are:
F horizontal = 70.74 kN
F vertical = 3.2 kN
Distance from edge: 300 mm
Spacing between bolts: 330 mm
Compression strength of C 45/55 concrete

7
8
157

The following gures show some connection

examples, a photo of the prototype and the
roof-beam panel connection.

8
158

18

Prefabricated
structures
Seismic Situation

of connections with secundary structural

8.5 Dimensioning
elements
For non-structural elements it is not possible
to have simple load bearing with friction as
the only means to counter horizontal forces
generated in an earthquake (see application
problems).

Once the product for the connection is chosen

and its shear resistance is known the required
cross section is calculated by dividing the seismic force by the resistance:
A req = F /

For this type of element it is necessary to create a connection able to resist horizontal seismic forces, but at the same time it should allow
thermal deformation.

Using the safety coecient g, the connection

area is:
A connection = A req

The forces depend on self weight and become

important in particularly heavy prefabricated
structures.
The eect of the earthquake for construction
elements without structural functions can be
assessed by considering a system of forces in
proportion to the mass of the non-structural element, whose resulting force (Fa) assessed at
the centre of gravity is:
Fa = Wa Sa l / qa

Solution proposed by scher

Prole of requirements for scher prototype
To obtain a connection that is able to contrast the high
seismic forces but also allows thermal deformation, experiments were conducted on connections between nonstructural elements composed of two layers of epoxy
resin between which an elastic plastic element was set.
The aim is to link the stiness of the epoxy resin to the
deformability of the elastic-plastic element.

Where:
Wa is the weight of the element;
l is the importance of the building;
qa is the factor of the element structure, to
be considered equal to 1 for shelf cast elements and 2 in other cases;
Sa is the seismic coefficient to apply to nonstructural elements defined by:
agS is the design acceleration of the terrain;
Z is the height of the centre of gravity of the
element compared to the foundation, assumed as equal to zero for earthquake proof
structures;
H is the height of the structure;
g is the gravity acceleration;
Ta is the first vibration period of the non-structural element in the direction considered;
T1 is the first vibration period of the structure in the direction considered.

7
8
159

Below are two diagrams generated from experiments where the rst refers to a connection
with only epoxy resin, and the second refers
to a connection of epoxy resin with an elastic
plastic element set in between.
As seen, the elastic plastic element makes
the connection much more maliable than the
other, while keeping its excellent resistance
capacity.

This makes the use of resin with a deformable

element set in between much more desirable
than using just epoxy resin.
From this observation, it was decided to optimise the connection with resin and the elastic
plastic element and study a section that could
better contrast the horizontal shifts caused by
the earthquake.
Cycles up to 0,6 mm

cycles up to 0.6 mm

Displacement (mm)

Cycles up to 0,6 mm

cycles up to 0.6 mm

8
Displacement (mm)

160

18

Prefabricated
structures
Seismic Situation

The form of the elastic plastic element is similar to an extruded Omega. This geometry has
the aim of permitting thermal deformations by
pressing the prole and absorbing horizontal
stress through the two layers of resin. With
this conguration it is possible for connected
elements to have relative rotation, even if reduced, but in any case is sucient to enable
the low level of deformation needed.
When, however, the deformation increases, the
shock absorber eect provided by the elastic
plastic element and the horizontal displacement is contrasted directly by the two parts of
the connection resin by contrast of form, using
the higher rigidity of the epoxy resin compared
to the elastic-plastic element.
The logic followed for creating this type of connection is to allow small deformations and to
contrast large deformations, which are inevitable in the event of an earthquake.
The application of resin is very simple, does
not require the use of cumbersome tools and it
is not necessary to position the elements perfectly; all that is necessary is a dispenser gun.
The resin and catalyst, which starts the hardening process, are mixed inside the spiral in
the nozzle.
When the epoxy resin leaves the nozzle it is
ready for use and requires only 24 hours to
harden completely and express its maximum
mechanical capacities.

Thanks to the deformability of the material it is

composed of, the element in between allows
small deformations, including a rotation of 3
as seen in Figure A.
In addition to relative rotation, the elastic plastic element enables small deformations by the
millimetre both horizontally and vertically, as
seen in Figure B and Figure C.

8
161

Fig. A
Transverse section:

Fig. B
Transverse section:

The geometry of the element was designed to

allow the resin, once hardened, to create bond
in all directions.
Indeed, after it was pressed to the elastic plastic element, the resin prevented movement in
all directions, by geometrical contrast. In this
way the resin prevents great deformations
both horizontally and vertically.

8
162

Fig. C
Transverse section:

18

Prefabricated
structures
Seismic Situation

8.6 FAQ
Can I connect horizontal structures to the vertical structures with only friction?
It is not possible to rely on only friction for resistance to horizontal seismic forces, this was
prohibited in the design standards of 1987
on seismic load bearing; generally in the past
structural elements were set simply adding a
neoprene element, now the new law does not
allow this because all zones are considered
seismic.
Is it possible to use polyurethane adhesives or
foams to connect elements?
It is not possible to use polyurethane adhesives or foams to connect structural elements
because they are sensitive to UVA rays. Polyurethane products also present mechanical
characteristics that are much lower than other
chemical products such as epoxy resin for instance.
Is it possible to use mechanical elements to
connect non-structural elements?
Connecting non-structural elements with mechanical elements is not possible due to the
small size; the application may compromise
the integrity of the support.
In addition, it is unlikely that all conditions can
be met, in terms of geometry, which need to
be respected when applying mechanical elements, the minimum distance from the edge
and the minimum distance between two adjacent elements.
Is it possible to use welding to connect nonstructural elements?
Welding angle elements with a metal bar in between is not suitable to connect non-structural
elements such as roong elements. Thermal
expansions, which are considerable for roong
elements, are entirely incompatible with the
extreme rigidity of welded connections.
This incompatibility results in welded points

rupturing with the rst thermal cycles, making it entirely ineective in resisting horizontal
forces that may occur during an earthquake.
Why should prefabricated structural elements
be braced?
From a regulatory standpoint, the braces
should ensure sucient ductility of the concrete and for that purpose it is fundamental to
set the pitch and the number of brackets that
have to be used. From a practical point of view
if the seismic stress is high enough to compromise the concrete cover to reinforcement,
using braces adds an additional guarantee
against collapse due to instability of structures
at the expense of the substructures and persons underneath.
Why cant mechanical xings always be used?
Mechanical xings cannot always be used because the supports are thin and can not conform to installation requirements, such as the
minimum distance from edges, the minimum
insertion depth and the minimum distance between two adjacent xings. Additionally, there
is the possibility of damaging the support during installation.
Do roong elements connected to each other
constitute a rigid oor?
No, roong elements do not constitute a rigid
oor.
Which xings do scher recommend?
For connecting primary structural elements
with braces scher has used mechanical xings such as scher FAZ II, for connecting
secondary structural elements using epoxy
resin with an elastic-plastic element placed in
between is recommended.
Other products with approvals and seismic
tests are indicated in chapter 3.

163

7
8

8.7 Bibliography
[1]

[2]

Competitive and sustainable Growth

program:
seismic behaviour of precast r/c structures designed according to EC 8.
Prof. G. Toniolo for Politecnic of Milan,
Prof. M. Fishinger for the University of
Lubiana, Dr. E. Coelho laboratorio National de Engenharia Civil-Lisbon, Prof.
P. Carydis for University of Athens, Prof.
X. Lu for University of Shanghai
CNR 10025/98.
Istruzioni per il Progetto, lEsecuzione
ed il Controllo delle Strutture Prefabbricate in Calcestruzzo (Instructions
for the Design, Construction and Testing
of Prefabricated Structures in Concrete)

[3]

D.M. 03/12/1987.
Norme tecniche per la progettazione,
esecuzione e collaudo delle costruzioni prefabbricate. (technical standards
for the Design, Construction and Testing
of Prefabricated Structures)

[4]

Stanislaw Pereswiet-Soltan.
Edilizia industriale prefabbricata.
Sistemi e problematiche tecniche,
Volume 1. (Prefabricated industrial constructions. Technical systems and problems.)
ITEC Editrice, 1987.

[5]

Eurocodice 8 (UNI ENV 1998) 31/01/1998.

Indicazioni progettuali per la resistenza sismica delle strutture.

[6]

Norme tecniche per le costruzioni

(Design indications for seismic resistance of structures) (Technical standards
for construction)
4 May 2005.

8
164

[7]

Ordinanza n 3274 del 20 marzo 2003,

modicata dalla successiva n. 3316
del 2 ottobre 2003 e dalla n. 3431 del
3 maggio 2005. (Ordinance no. 3274 of
20 March 2003, modied by the subsequent no. 3316 of 2 October 2003 and
no. 3431 of 3 May 2005)

[8]

Bohdan Lewicki.
Progettazione di edici multipiano
industrializzati (Design of multi-storey
industrialised buildings)
ITEC Editrice, 1982.

[9]

Legge quadro 05-11-1971 n1086.

(Italian framework law no. 1086 of 0511-1971)
Norme per la disciplina delle opere di
conglomerato cementizio armato, normale e precompresso ed a struttura
metallica. (Standards governing works
in normal and prestressed reinforced
concrete and metallic structural work)

[10] Legge quadro 20-02-1974 n64. (Italian

framework law no. 64 of 20-02-1974)
Provvedimenti per le costruzioni con
particolari prescrizioni per le zone
sismiche. (Regulations for structures
with particular requirements for seismic
zones)
[11] D.M. 16-01-96.
Norme tecniche relative ai Criteri generali per la verica di sicurezza delle
costruzioni e dei carichi e dei sovraccarichi. (Technical standards related to
general criteria for assessing the safety
of structures, loads and overloads)
[12] D.M. 09-01-96.
Norme tecniche per il calcolo,
lesecuzione ed il collaudo delle strut-

18

Prefabricated
structures
Seismic Situation

ture in cemento armato, normale e

precompresso e per le strutture metalliche. (Technical standards for calculating, building and testing structures in
reinforced, normal and prestressed concrete and for metallis structural work)
[13] D.M. 16-01-96.
Norme tecniche per le costruzioni in
zone sismiche. (Technical standards
for structures in seismic zones)
[14] Circolare Min. LL.PP. n65 10-04-97.
Istruzioni per lapplicazione delle
Norme Tecniche per le costruzioni in
zone sismiche di cui al D.M. 16-0196. (Instructions for application of the
Technical Standards for structures in seismic zones contained in M.D. 16-01-96)
[15] D.M. 01/06/88.
Norme tecniche riguardanti le indagini sui terreni e sulle rocce, la stabilit dei pendii naturali e delle scarpate,
i criteri generali e le prescrizioni per la
progettazione, lesecuzione e il collaudo delle opere di sostegno delle terre
e delle opere di fondazione. (Technical standards related to surveying soils
and rosks, the stability of natural slopes
and scarps, general criteria and requirements for designing, building and testing support works for soil and foundation works)
[16] Circolare Min. LL.PP. n156 04-07-96.
Istruzioni per lapplicazione delle
Norme tecniche relative ai Criteri generali per la verica di sicurezza delle
costruzioni e dei carichi e dei sovraccarichi di cui al D.M. 16-01-96. (Instructions for applying the technical
standards related to the general criteria

for assessing the safety of structures,

loads and overloads contained in M.D.
16-01-96)
[17] Circolare Min. LL.PP. n252 15-10-96.
Istruzioni relative alle Norme tecniche per lesecuzione delle opere in
cemento arma to, normale e precompresso e per le strutture metalliche, di
cui al D.M. 9-01-96.
(Instructions related to the building of
works in reinforced, normal and prestressed concrete and for metallic structural work contained in M.D. 9-01-96)
[18] Circolare Min. LL.PP. n31104 16-03-89.
Istruzioni in merito alle norme tecniche per la progettazione, esecuzione
e collaudo delle strutture prefabbricate di cui al D.M. 03-12-87. (Instructions related to the technical standards
for designing, building and testing prefabraicated structures contained in M.D.
03-12-87)
[19] Istruzioni CNR -UNI 10012/85.
Azioni sulle costruzioni. (Actions on
structures)
[20] Istruzioni CNR-UNI 10037/86.
Mensole tozze e selle Gerber.
(Shelves and Gerber saddles)
[21] Istruzioni CNR-UNI 10011/88.
Costruzioni di acciaio: istruzioni per
il calcolo, lesecuzione, il collaudo e
la manutenzione. (Steel structures: instructions for calculating, building, testing and maintenance)
[22] Istruzioni CNR-UNI 10018/98.
Apparecchi di appoggio nelle costruzioni. (Support equipment for structures)
165

7
8

[23] CNR-DT 104/98.

Indicazioni normative sulla resistenza e durabilit del calcestruzzo strutturale.
[24] Cons. Sup. LL. PP. (Information from
standards on resistance and durability
of structural concrete)
Linee guida sul calcestruzzo strutturale.
[25] UNI 9502. (Guidelines on structural
concrete)
Procedimento analitico per valutare
la resistenza al fuoco degli elementi
costruttivi di conglomerato cementizio
armato, normale e precompresso.
(Analytical procedure for assessing the
re resistance of structural elements in
reinforced, normal and prestressed concrete)

8
166