FIGURE 6-4

Moody diagram.

Pipe Flow
161

Values of (Vd) for water at 60F (velocity, ft/s

0.1

0.2

0.4

0.6 0.8 1

8 10

20

40

60

diameter, in)

80 100

200

400 600 800 1000

Values of (Vd) for atmospheric air at 60F

2

0.10
0.08

6 8 10

20

40

Laminar Critical
flow
zone Transition
zone

60

100

200

400

600 800 1000

2000

4000

8000
6000 10,000

20,000

4000

8000
6000 10,000

80,000
40,000 60,000 100,000

Complete turbulence, rough pipes

0.05
0.04

0.07
0.06

0.03

Lam

0.04

flow
inar
64
Re

0.02
0.015

0.05

Friction factor f =

h
L V2
d 2g

0.03

0.01
0.008
0.006

Recr

0.004

0.025

0.002
0.001
0.0008
0.0006
0.0004

0.02

Sm

0.015

oo

th

p ip

0.0002

es

0.0001
0.000,05

0.01
0.009
0.008

Relative roughness
d

0.09

2000

103 2(103)

4 5 6

8 104

2(104)

4 5 6

8 105

2(105)

4 5 6

Reynolds number Re =

Fig. 6.13 The Moody chart for pipe

friction with smooth and rough
walls. This chart is identical to Eq.
(6.64) for turbulent flow. (From
Ref. 8, by permission of the ASME.)

2(106)

4 5 6

8 107

2(107)

= 0.000,001
d

Vd

4 5 6

0.000,01

8 108

= 0.000,005
d


Material
Steel

Iron

Brass
Plastic
Glass
Concrete

Table 6.1 Recommended

Roughness Values for Commercial
Ducts

8 106

Rubber
Wood

Condition

ft

mm

Uncertainty, %

Sheet metal, new

Stainless, new
Commercial, new
Riveted
Rusted
Cast, new
Wrought, new
Galvanized, new
Asphalted cast
Drawn, new
Drawn tubing

Smoothed
Rough
Smoothed
Stave

0.00016
0.000007
0.00015
0.01
0.007
0.00085
0.00015
0.0005
0.0004
0.000007
0.000005
Smooth
0.00013
0.007
0.000033
0.0016

0.05
0.002
0.046
3.0
2.0
0.26
0.046
0.15
0.12
0.002
0.0015
Smooth
0.04
2.0
0.01
0.5

 60
 50
 30
 70
 50
 50
 20
 40
 50
 50
 60
 60
 50
 60
 40

349