Professional Documents
Culture Documents
III
78
- :
Oil and Natural Gas
.
1998
- 2010 /
.
.
.
.
5 ............................................................................................................
9 ..................................................................................
.1 9 ...........................................................................................
.2 15 ...............................................
.3 27 ...........................................................................
.4
71 ..............................................................
.5 87 ..............................................................
.6 97 .....................................................................................
99 .......................................................................................................
Richard W. Krous
.1
. .
) (
.
) (Hydrotreating )
( .
.
1861
) (Tar )
95 150 (.
.
:
- 1 .
- 2
)(.
.
.1913
.
1930
.
.
1930
.
1940 )
(
.
.
. /
. 1960
.
)
( .
10
.
.1.78
1862
1913
1937
)(
) (
1870
1916
1930
1932
1932
1933
1935
1935
1939
1940
1940
1942
1950
1952
1954
1956
1957
1960
1974
1975
:
:
.1 :
.
11
.2 : /
:
- )(
.
- )
( .
.3 :
.
)(
.
.
.
.
.4 :
.
.5 :
)
(
.
.
12
.6 :
. :
.
:
.
1.78
:
) 1996 OSHA : (
13
14
.2
.
.
.
) . .(2.78
2.78
) (
15
)(
16
-
-
)(
)(
6
.1.2 :
.
.2.2:
.
.
.3.2 :
200 ppm
.
.
17
.
.
.4.2 :
.
.
.
)(
.
.5.2 :
) (
.
.
.
.6.2 :
. .
.7.2 :
18
) ( .
.
.
.
.
.8.2:
:
.
:
.
-74 +38
.
.
:
.
204
) ( 40- .
19
) (
.
.
.
) (TEL ) (TML
.
.
) (ETBE
) (MTBE ).(TAME
.
:
%20
+38 160 288
.
.
191 274 .
55 288 .
:
60
163 371 .
.
20
)(
.
:
.
121
.
.
) (
.
.
.
) (
.
%20
.
%10 LFL
%10 .
21
.
.
%10 LFL
.
)
(
.
.
.
.
.
) (
.
.
22
.
.
.
)( .
370
.
.
.9.2
.
.10.2
. .
.
-18 60 .
.
.
23
.11.2
.
15
.
260
538
121 .
) (PAHS
.
.
.12.2 :
371 538 .
.
.
) (Sludge .
) (
.
24
.
.
.
.
) (
. .
.13.2
:
.
:
.
:
.
:
.
.
.
.
.
.
25
26
.3
.
.
.
.
.
.1.3
.
)(
.
:
27
.
)(
.
)(
.
.
)
( .
66 177
.
.
) (PH .
.
) .(2.78
.
)(
.
) ( .
.
28
.
/ .
.
.
.
2.78 ) (
.2.3
.
.
. )
(
29
. ) (
.
.
.
.
343 371
. ) ( .
.
.
.
.
.
.
)
(
) . 3.78.(4.78
30
378
478
.
.
31
.
.
.
.
) . 5.78.(6.78
578
678
32
.
.
.
.
)(
.
.
.
.
.
.
232
. .
.
.
33
.
.
.
) (
.
.
.
)
( .
3.78
O2
34
CO2, CO
)(
- /
/
CO2 H2S
H2O
/
/ /
35
H2S
.3.3
.
.
.
.
CnHn
) ( .
. )
( 2 1 31
) ( C5
.
.
. :
.
36
. )(
.
.
.1 :
1913
)(
.
.
.1.1 ) (:
)(
.
.
.
) . (7.78
7.78
.2.1 :
37
. .
.
.3.1:
)(
.
.
.
. :
) ( ) . .(8.78
8.78
.1.3.1
.
. -
24 )( .
-
.
.
38
)(
.
.2.3.1
.
.
.
) (
.
.
. .
.
.
.
.
232 482 .
482 .
482
.
.
.
39
.
.
.
.
.2
.
.
) 9.78
.(10.78
.
) (
.
40
: .
: . : . 9.78
10.78
)
(
. :
)(Fcc
.1.2 :
) (
41
.
.
.
.
.
)(
.
.
.2.2
.
) (
) (Hoper
.
.
42
.3.2
. .
.
.
482
.
.
)
(
.
.
.
)(
.
.
43
.
.
. 49
.
.
/
.
.
.
.
.3
.
44
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
) . .(11.78
.
.
45
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
49
.
11.78
46
.
.
.1
)(
.
.
.
.
.
) . .(12.78
.
) (
.
) (
)( .
47
12.78
.2
.
) (
)-(
. .
1016
0 27
) .
.(13.78
13.78
.1.2
.
.
48
.
. /
.
/
.
.2.2 :
Phillips : Uop
Phillips
.
.
.
/
.
uop .
.
.
phillips
.
.
49
.
.
85 .%95
%65 .%4
) (
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
50
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.1 :
.
.
51
.
.
.
.
.
.
. -
.
.
)(
.
.
)( .
) . .(14.78
.
.
.
52
.
.
.
.
14.78
.2
- n - n - n
.
.
.
.
.
) (C4/ )- (C6/C5
) (C4 .
- n .
H CI
) .(15.78
53
15.78
/
- n - n . /
.
.
.
.
) .(16.78
16.78
.
54
. HCl
.
.
. ) (:
) 90 (% 99
.
.
.
.
.
) .(17.78
17.78
. ) (Carryover
55
.
.
.
.
.1
.
.
)
.(18.78
18.78
.
204 .
56
.
) (
.
.
.
.
/
.
)(M icrocrystalline
.
) .(Crystallization
) (MEK
) (MIBK .
.
.
) (Flashing
.
.
57
.
.
.
.
.
.
.2
.
.
.
.
) (
. .
.
.
.
. 7
.
58
)
( .
.
.3
.
.
.
.
-
.
.
.
) (
.
.
59
.4
.
.
.
.
.
. .
.
.
.
) .(19.78
19.78
.
60
.
) .(20.78
20.78
:
. ) (
.
.
.
) .(21.78
21.78
MEK .
) (PAHs
61
MEK
.
.
.
.
.
.5
%90
)(
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
62
.
.
.
) (H2S ) .(NH3
) 22.78 .(23.78
22.78
23.78
.
63
.
.
.
/ .
.
.
49
.
) .(24.78 .
.
) (
) (Merox )
(.
24.78
64
) (
)
( .
.
/
) (MEA ) (DEA ) .(MDEA
.
.
.
.
) (MDEA, DEA, MEA
.
) ( )
(
.
) (
) (
) (
. )
( .
.
65
. ) (Clause
.
) (Knockout pots
.
.
)(
)( )(Tail gas
.
.
) (Scrubbing
.
.
) .(LPG
.
66
. : -
. -
C 2
.
.
/Knokout .
C4/C3
) (Splitter .
.
.
.
.
.
.
MDEA, DEA, MEA .
.
.
.
.
) . .(25.78
) FCC
67
( .
) T CC
( .
.MDEA, DEA, MEA
25.78
.
.
.
)(
.
.
.
.
68
)(
.
.
) (Slips ) .(Falls
.
.
.
69
70
.4
.
.
.
.
.
.
. API
.
) ( .
71
.
.
.
.
/
.
/
.
.
.
.
) ( Activated sludge
)( ) ( Trickling
.
.
:
.
.
72
.
.
.
) (Slats
.
. .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
73
.
.
.
.
.
:
)( .
.
/
)
(.
.
.
.
.
74
.
)( .
.
.
.
) ( .
.
) BTU( ) (
.
.
.
.
.
) (CO
.
.
.
75
.
.
.
.
.
) : 453.6(
.
.
.
.
.
.
:
.
76
.
.
.
.
. /
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. )(
.
77
.
.
.
:
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
/
.
78
:
/
.
.
.
.
:
.
.
.
...
...
.
.
:
79
.
)(
.
.
:
.
.
:
.
:
.
.
.
.
.
.
80
.
. /
.
.
. )(
.
. .
.
.
.
.
)(
.
. .
.
81
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
)(
.
.
.
.
82
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
)
(
.
.
) ( .
83
)( )(
.
.
.
-.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
84
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
85
86
.5
.
.
. .
.
.
)
(
.
.
.
.
87
.
.
:
.
.
.
.
:
:
.
.
/
.
.
.
88
.
.
.
.
.
.
)(
.
.
.
89
.
.
.
.
.
:
/
.
90
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
-
.
.
91
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
%10 %25 .
.
92
)
(
%21
.
.
.
)( .
.
1 %10 .
% 1.4 .% 7.6
.
.
.
93
)(
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
94
.
.
) (MSDSs
.
95
96
.6
.
.
.
) .(2.78
/ .
:
.
API
.
.
97
.
.
.
.
.
.
98
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), 1996. OSHA Instruction
TED 1.15 CH-1. Washington, DC: OSHA, US Department of Labor.
99
Parkes, KR. 1992. Mental health in the oil industry: A comparative study of onshore
and offshore employees. Psych Med 22:997-1009.
Rom, WN, JS Lee, and BF Craft. 1981. Occupational and environmental health
problems of the developing oil shale industry: A review. Am J Ind Med 2:247-260.
Salpukas, A. 1995. New ideas for U.S. oil. New York Times, 16 November.
Skoupy, A and R Ulrich. 1994. Dispersal of chain lubrication oil in one-man chainsaws. Forsttechnische Information 11:121-123.
Skyberg, K, A Ronneberg, CC Christensen, CR Naess-Andersen, HE Refsum, and A
Borgelsen. 1992. Lung function and radiographic signs of pulmonary fibrosis in oil
exposed workers in a cable manufacturing company: A follow up study. Brit J Ind
Med 49(5):309-315.
Sutherland, VJ and CL Cooper. 1986. Man and Accidents Offshore: The Costs of
Stress among Workers on Oil and Gas Rigs. London, Belgium: Dietsmann
International NV, Lloyds List.
Vervalin, CH (ed.). 1985. Fire Protection Manual for Hydrocarbon Processing
Plants, Vol. 1, 3rd ed. Houston, TX: Gulf Publishing Co.
Wagenaar, W, J Groeneweg, PTW Hudson and JT Reason. 1994. Promoting safety
in the oil industry. Ergonomics 37(12):1999-2013.
Woods, GM. 1984. Oil quenching. In Industrial Fire Hazards Handbook.
Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association.
100