Electrical Engineering Vol 1 of 4

GATE
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Vol 1 of 4
Second Edition
GATE
Vol 1 of 4
RK Kanodia
Ashish Murolia
NODIA & COMPANY
GATE Electrical Engineering Vol 1, 2e

RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia
Copyright By NODIA & COMPANY

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SYLLABUS
GENERAL ABILITY
Verbal Ability : English grammar, sentence completion, verbal analogies, word groups,
instructions, critical reasoning and verbal deduction.
Numerical Ability : Numerical computation, numerical estimation, numerical reasoning and
data interpretation.
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
Linear Algebra: Matrix Algebra, Systems of linear equations, Eigen values and eigen vectors.
Calculus: Mean value theorems, Theorems of integral calculus, Evaluation of definite and
improper integrals, Partial Derivatives, Maxima and minima, Multiple integrals, Fourier series.
Vector identities, Directional derivatives, Line, Surface and Volume integrals, Stokes, Gauss
and Greens theorems.
Differential equations: First order equation (linear and nonlinear), Higher order linear
differential equations with constant coefficients, Method of variation of parameters, Cauchys
and Eulers equations, Initial and boundary value problems, Partial Differential Equations and
variable separable method.
Complex variables: Analytic functions, Cauchys integral theorem and integral formula,
Taylors and Laurent series, Residue theorem, solution integrals.
Probability and Statistics: Sampling theorems, Conditional probability, Mean, median, mode and
standard deviation, Random variables, Discrete and continuous distributions, Poisson,Normal
and Binomial distribution, Correlation and regression analysis.
Numerical Methods: Solutions of non-linear algebraic equations, single and multi-step methods
for differential equations.
Transform Theory: Fourier transform,Laplace transform, Z-transform.
Electric Circuits and Fields: Network graph, KCL, KVL, node and mesh analysis, transient
response of dc and ac networks; sinusoidal steady-state analysis, resonance, basic filter concepts;
ideal current and voltage sources, Thevenins, Nortons and Superposition and Maximum
Power Transfer theorems, two-port networks, three phase circuits; Gauss Theorem, electric
field and potential due to point, line, plane and spherical charge distributions; Amperes and
Biot-Savarts laws; inductance; dielectrics; capacitance.
Signals and Systems: Representation of continuous and discrete-time signals; shifting and
scaling operations; linear, time-invariant and causal systems; Fourier series representation of
continuous periodic signals; sampling theorem; Fourier, Laplace and Z transforms.
Electrical Machines: Single phase transformer equivalent circuit, phasor diagram, tests,
regulation and efficiency; three phase transformers connections, parallel operation; autotransformer; energy conversion principles; DC machines types, windings, generator
characteristics, armature reaction and commutation, starting and speed control of motors;
three phase induction motors principles, types, performance characteristics, starting and
speed control; single phase induction motors; synchronous machines performance, regulation
and parallel operation of generators, motor starting, characteristics and applications; servo and
stepper motors.
Power Systems: Basic power generation concepts; transmission line models and performance;
cable performance, insulation; corona and radio interference; distribution systems; per-unit
quantities; bus impedance and admittance matrices; load flow; voltage control; power factor
correction; economic operation; symmetrical components; fault analysis; principles of overcurrent, differential and distance protection; solid state relays and digital protection; circuit
breakers; system stability concepts, swing curves and equal area criterion; HVDC transmission
and FACTS concepts.
Control Systems: Principles of feedback; transfer function; block diagrams; steady-state errors;
Routh and Niquist techniques; Bode plots; root loci; lag, lead and lead-lag compensation; state
space model; state transition matrix, controllability and observability.
Electrical and Electronic Measurements: Bridges and potentiometers; PMMC, moving iron,
dynamometer and induction type instruments; measurement of voltage, current, power, energy
and power factor; instrument transformers; digital voltmeters and multimeters; phase, time
and frequency measurement; Q-meters; oscilloscopes; potentiometric recorders; error analysis.
Analog and Digital Electronics: Characteristics of diodes, BJT, FET; amplifiers biasing,
equivalent circuit and frequency response; oscillators and feedback amplifiers; operational
amplifiers characteristics and applications; simple active filters; VCOs and timers;
combinational and sequential logic circuits; multiplexer; Schmitt trigger; multi-vibrators;
sample and hold circuits; A/D and D/A converters; 8-bit microprocessor basics, architecture,
programming and interfacing.
Power Electronics and Drives: Semiconductor power diodes, transistors, thyristors, triacs,
GTOs, MOSFETs and IGBTs static characteristics and principles of operation; triggering
circuits; phase control rectifiers; bridge converters fully controlled and half controlled;
principles of choppers and inverters; basis concepts of adjustable speed dc and ac drives.
***********
PREFACE
This book doesnt make promise but provides complete satisfaction to the readers. The
market scenario is confusing and readers dont find the optimum quality books. This book
provides complete set of problems appeared in competition exams as well as fresh set of
problems.
The book is categorized into units which are then sub-divided into chapters and the
concepts of the problems are addressed in the relevant chapters. The aim of the book is
to avoid the unnecessary elaboration and highlights only those concepts and techniques
which are absolutely necessary. Again time is a critical factor both from the point of view
of preparation duration and time taken for solving each problem in the examination. So
the problems solving methods is the books are those which take the least distance to the
solution.
But however to make a comment that this book is absolute for GATE preparation will be
an inappropriate one. The theory for the preparation of the examination should be followed
from the standard books. But for a wide collection of problems, for a variety of problems
and the efficient way of solving them, what one needs to go needs to go through is there
in there in the book. Each unit (e.g. Networks) is subdivided into average seven number of
chapters on an average each of which contains 40 problems which are selected so as to avoid
unnecessary redundancy and highly needed completeness.
I shall appreciate and greatly acknowledge the comments and suggestion from the users of
this book.
R. K. Kanodia
Ashish Murolia
CONTENTS
EF
ELECTRIC CIRCUITS & FIELDS
EF 1
Basic Concept
EF 3
EF 2
Basic Laws
EF 23
EF 3
Graph Theory
EF 64
EF 4
Nodal and Loop Analysis
EF 82
EF 5
Circuit Theorems
EF 105
EF 6
Inductor and Capacitor
EF 150
EF 7
First Order RL and RC Circuits
EF 190
EF 8
Second Order Circuit
EF 249
EF 9
Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis
EF 287
EF 10
AC Power Analysis
EF 322
EF 11
Three-phase Circuits
EF 360
EF 12
Magnetically Coupled Circuits
EF 393
EF 13
Frequency Response
EF 419
EF 14
Circuit Analysis Using Laplace Transform
EF 455
EF 15
Two Port Network
EF 500
EF 16
Electric Field
EF 546
EF 17
Magnetic Fields
EF 562
EF 18
Gate Solved Questions
EF 580
EE
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC MEASUREMENTS
EE 1
Measurement and Error
EE 3
EE 2
Electro-mechanical Instruments
EE 28
EE 3
Electronic & Digital Instruments
EE 82
EE 4
Instrument Transformer
EE 92
EE 5
Measurement of R, L, C and AC Bridges
EE 101
EE 6
CRO
EE 135
EE 7
Gate Solved Questions
EE 151
***********
GATE Electrical Engineering-2015

in 4 Volumes
by R. K. Kanodia & Ashish Murolia
Sample Chapter of GATE Electrical Engineering, Volume-1
EF 5
Circuit Theorems
EF 105
EF 5
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CIRCUIT THEOREMS
EF 5.1
The linear network in the figure contains resistors and dependent sources only.
When Vs = 10 V , the power supplied by the voltage source is 40 W. What will be
the power supplied by the source if Vs = 5 V ( in W)?
EF 5.2
In the circuit below, it is given that when Vs = 20 V , IL = 200 mA . What values

of IL and Vs will be required such that power absorbed by RL is 2.5 W ?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
EF 5.3
1 A , 2.5 V
0.5 A, 2 V
0.5 A, 50 V
2 A, 1.25 V
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For the circuit shown in figure below, some measurements are made and listed
in the table.
Which of the following equation is true for IL ?

(A) IL = 0.6Vs + 0.4Is
(B) IL = 0.2Vs - 0.3Is
(C) IL = 0.2Vs + 0.3Is
(D) IL = 0.4Vs - 0.6Is
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GATE EE vol-1
Electric circuit & Field, Electrical & electronic measurement
GATE EE vol-2
Analog electronics, Digital electronics, Power electronics
GATE EE vol-4
Circuit Theorems
EF 5
Electrical machines, Power systems
Engineering mathematics, General Aptitude
In the circuit below, the voltage drop across the resistance R2 will be ____ V
GATE EE vol-3
EF 106
Control systems, Signals & systems
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EF 5.5
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In the circuit below, current I = I1 + I2 + I 3 , where I1 , I2 and I 3 are currents

due to 60 A, 30 A and 30 V sources acting alone. The values of I1 , I2 and I 3 are
respectively
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(A) 8 A, 8 A, - 4 A
(B) 12 A, 12 A, - 5 A
(C) 4 A, 4 A, - 1 A
(D) 2 A, 2 A, - 4 A
EF 5.6
In the circuit below, current I is equal to sum of two currents I1 and I2 . What
are the values of I1 and I2 ?
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(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
EF 5.7
6 A,
9 A,
3 A,
3 A,
1A
6A
1A
4A
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A network consists only of independent current sources and resistors. If the

values of all the current sources are doubled, then values of node voltages
(A) remains same
(B) will be doubled
(C) will be halved
(D) changes in some other way.
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EF 5.4

in 4 Volumes
EF 5
EF 5.8
EF 5.9
Circuit Theorems
EF 107
Consider a network which consists of resistors and voltage sources only. If the
values of all the voltage sources are doubled, then the values of mesh current
will be
(A) doubled
(B) same
(C) halved
(D) none of these
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In the circuit below, the 12 V source
(A) absorbs 36 W
(C) absorbs 100 W
(B) delivers 4 W
(D) delivers 36 W
EF 5.10
The value of current I in the circuit below is equal to ____A.
EF 5.11
Which of the following circuits is equivalent to the circuit shown below ?
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GATE EE vol-1
GATE EE vol-2
GATE EE vol-4
Circuit Theorems
EF 5
Consider a dependent current source shown in figure below.
GATE EE vol-3
EF 108
The source transformation of above is given by
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EF 5.13
In the given circuit value of current I flowing through 2 W resistance is ___ A.
EF 5.14
In the given circuit, the value of current I will be _____Amps.
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EF 5.15
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Consider a circuit shown in the figure
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EF 5.12

in 4 Volumes
EF 5
Circuit Theorems
EF 109
Which of the following circuit is equivalent to the above circuit ?
EF 5.16
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For the circuit shown in the figure the Thevenin voltage and resistance seen from
the terminal a -b are respectively
(A) 34 V, 0 W
(C) 14 V, 0 W
EF 5.17
(B) 20 V , 24 W
(D) - 14 V , 24 W
In the following circuit, Thevenin voltage and resistance across terminal a and
b respectively are
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(A) 10 V, 18 W
(C) 10 V, 18.67 W
EF 5.18
(B) 2 V, 18 W
(D) 2 V, 18.67 W
What is the value of current I in the circuit shown below (in Amp) ?
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GATE EE vol-1
GATE EE vol-2
GATE EE vol-4
Circuit Theorems
EF 5
The value of RTh and VTh such that the circuit of figure (B) is the Thevenin
equivalent circuit of the circuit shown in figure (A), will be equal to
GATE EE vol-3
EF 110
in
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(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
EF 5.20
RTh = 6 W , VTh = 4 V
RTh = 6 W , VTh = 28 V
RTh = 2 W , VTh = 24 V
RTh = 10 W , VTh = 14 V
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What values of RTh and VTh will cause the circuit of figure (B) to be the equivalent
circuit of figure (A) ?
(A) 2.4 W, - 24 V
(C) 10 W, 24 V
(B) 3 W, 16 V
(D) 10 W, - 24 V
Common Data For Q. 21 and 22 :
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Consider the two circuits shown in figure (A) and figure (B) below
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EF 5.21
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The value of Thevenin voltage across terminals a -b of figure (A) and figure (B)
respectively are
(A) 30 V, 36 V
(B) 28 V, - 12 V
(C) 18 V, 12 V
(D) 30 V, - 12 V
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EF 5.19

in 4 Volumes
EF 5
EF 5.22
Circuit Theorems
EF 111
The value of Thevenin resistance across terminals a -b of figure (A) and figure
(B) respectively are
(A) zero, 3 W
(B) 9 W, 16 W
(C) 2 W, 3 W
(D) zero, 16 W
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EF 5.23
In the given circuit, what is the value of current I (in Amp) through 6 W resistor
EF 5.24
For a network having resistors and independent sources, it is desired to obtain

Thevenin equivalent across the load which is in parallel with an ideal current
source. Then which of the following statement is true ?
(A) Thevenin equivalent circuit is simply that of a voltage source.
(B) Thevenin equivalent circuit consists of a voltage source and a series
resistor.
(C) Thevenin equivalent circuit does not exist but the Norton equivalent does
exist.
(D) None of these
EF 5.25
Thevenin equivalent circuit of a network consists only of a resistor (Thevenin

voltage is zero). Then which of the following elements might be contained in the
network ?
(A) resistor and independent sources
(B) resistor only
(C) resistor and dependent sources
(D) resistor, independent sources and dependent sources.
EF 5.26
For the given circuit, the Thevenins voltage and resistance looking into a -b are
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
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2 V, 3 W
2 V, 2 W
6 V, - 9 W
6 V, - 3 W
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GATE EE vol-1
GATE EE vol-2
GATE EE vol-4
Circuit Theorems
EF 5
For the circuit, values of voltage V for different values of R are shown in the table.
GATE EE vol-3
EF 112
in
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The Thevenin voltage and resistance of the unknown circuit are respectively.
(A) 14 V, 4 W
(B) 4 V, 1 W
(C) 14 V, 6 W
(D) 10 V, 2 W
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EF 5.28
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For the circuit of figure, some measurements were made at the terminals a -b and
given in the table below.
What is the value of IL (in Amps) for RL = 20 W ?

EF 5.29
In the circuit shown below, the Norton equivalent current and resistance with
respect to terminal a -b is
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(A) 176 A , 0 W
(C) - 76 A , 24 W
EF 5.30
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(B) 2 A, 24 W
(D) - 2 A , 24 W
The Norton equivalent circuit for the circuit shown in figure is given by
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EF 5.27

in 4 Volumes
EF 5
Circuit Theorems
EF 113
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EF 5.31
If I = 5 A in the circuit below, then what is the value of voltage source Vs (in
volts)?
EF 5.32
What are the values of equivalent Norton current source (IN ) and equivalent
resistance (RN ) across the load terminal of the circuit shown in figure ?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
EF 5.33
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IN
RN
10 A
10 A
3.33 A
6.66 A
2W
9W
9W
2W
For a network consisting of resistors and independent sources only, it is desired to

obtain Thevenins or Nortons equivalent across a load which is in parallel with
an ideal voltage sources.
Consider the following statements :
1. Thevenin equivalent circuit across this terminal does not exist.
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GATE EE vol-1
GATE EE vol-2
GATE EE vol-4
Circuit Theorems
EF 5
Thevenin equivalent circuit exists and it is simply that of a voltage source.
The Norton equivalent circuit for this terminal does not exist.
GATE EE vol-3
EF 114
Which of the above statements is/are true ?

(A) 1 and 3
(B) 1 only
(C) 2 and 3
(D) 3 only
EF 5.34
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For a network consisting of resistors and independent sources only, it is desired

to obtain Thevenins or Nortons equivalent across a load which is in series with
an ideal current sources.
Consider the following statements
1. Norton equivalent across this terminal is not feasible.
2. Norton equivalent circuit exists and it is simply that of a current source
only.
3. Thevenins equivalent circuit across this terminal is not feasible.
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Which of the above statements is/are correct ?

(A) 1 and 3
(B) 2 and 3
(C) 1 only
(D) 3 only
EF 5.35
In the circuit shown below, what is the value of current I (in Amps) ?
EF 5.36
The Norton equivalent circuit of the given network with respect to the terminal
a -b, is
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2.
3.

in 4 Volumes
EF 5
EF 5.37
Circuit Theorems
In the circuit below, if RL is fixed and Rs is variable then for what value of Rs
power dissipated in RL will be maximum ?
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(A) RS = RL
(C) RS = RL /2
EF 5.38
(B) RS = 0
(D) RS = 2RL
In the circuit shown below the maximum power transferred to RL is Pmax , then
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
EF 5.39
EF 115
RL = 12 W , Pmax = 12 W
RL = 3 W , Pmax = 96 W
RL = 3 W , Pmax = 48 W
RL = 12 W , Pmax = 24 W
In the circuit shown in figure (A) if current I1 = 2 A , then current I2 and I 3 in

figure (B) and figure (C) respectively are
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(A) 2 A, 2 A
(C) 2 A, - 2 A
(B) - 2 A , 2 A
(D) - 2 A , - 2 A
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GATE EE vol-1
GATE EE vol-2
GATE EE vol-4
Circuit Theorems
EF 5
In the circuit of figure (A), if I1 = 20 mA , then what is the value of current I2 in
the circuit of figure (B) ?
GATE EE vol-3
EF 116
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(A) 40 mA
(C) 20 mA
EF 5.41
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(B) - 20 mA
(D) R1 , R2 and R 3 must be known
If V1 = 2 V in the circuit of figure (A), then what is the value of V2 in the circuit
of figure (B) ( in V)?
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EF 5.42
The value of current I in the circuit below is equal to ____mA.
i. n
EF 5.43
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A simple equivalent circuit of the two-terminal network shown in figure is
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EF 5.40

in 4 Volumes
EF 5
EF 5.44
Circuit Theorems
EF 5.46
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If V = AV1 + BV2 + CI 3 in the following circuit, then values of A, B and C

respectively are
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
EF 5.45
EF 117
2
3
, 23 , 13
1
3
, 13 , 100
3
1
2
, 12 , 13
1
3
, 23 , 100
3
The V -I relation for the circuit below is plotted in the figure. The maximum
power that can be transferred to the load RL will be ______ mW
in
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For the linear network shown below, V -I characteristic is also given in the figure.
The value of Norton equivalent current and resistance respectively are
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
3 A, 2 W
6 W, 2 W
6 A, 0.5 W
3 A, 0.5 W
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GATE EE vol-1
GATE EE vol-2
GATE EE vol-4
Circuit Theorems
EF 5
In the circuit a network and its Thevenin and Norton equivalent are given.
GATE EE vol-3
EF 118
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The value of the parameter are
EF 5.48
VTh
RTh
(A)
4V
2W
(B)
4V
2W
(C)
8V
(D)
8V
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RN
2A
2W
2A
3W
1.2 W
30
3
1.2 W
5W
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5W
For the following circuit the value of equivalent Norton current IN and resistance
RN are
(A) 2 A, 20 W
(B) 2 A, - 20 W
(C) 0 A, 20 W
(D) 0 A, - 20 W
EF 5.49
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Consider the network shown below :
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The power absorbed by load resistance RL is shown in table :

RL
10 kW
30 kW
3.6 mW
4.8 mW
What is the value of RL (in kW ), that would absorb maximum power ?
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EF 5.47

in 4 Volumes
EF 5
EF 5.50
Circuit Theorems
EF 119
Consider the following circuits shown below
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The relation between Ia and Ib is

(A) Ib = Ia + 6
(C) Ib = 1.5Ia
(B) Ib = Ia + 2
(D) Ib = Ia
Common Data For Q. 51 and 52 :
In the following circuit, some measurements were made at the terminals a , b and
given in the table below.
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EF 5.51
The Thevenin equivalent of the unknown network across terminal a -b is

(A) 3 W, 14 V
(B) 5 W, 16 V
(C) 16 W, 38 V
(D) 10 W, 26 V
EF 5.52
The value of R that will cause I to be 1 A, is _____ W
EF 5.53
In the circuit shown in fig (A) if current I1 = 2.5 A then current I2 and I 3 in fig
(B) and (C) respectively are
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GATE EE vol-3
EF 120
GATE EE vol-2
GATE EE vol-4
EF 5
Circuit Theorems
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(A) 5 A, 10 A
(C) 5 A, - 10 A
EF 5.54
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(B) - 5 A , 10 A
(D) - 5 A , - 10 A
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The V -I relation of the unknown element X in the given network is V = AI + B

. The value of A (in ohm) and B (in volt) respectively are
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(A) 2, 20
(C) 0.5, 4
(B) 2, 8
(D) 0.5, 16
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in 4 Volumes
EF 5
Circuit Theorems
EF 121
SOLUTION
EF 5.1
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Correct option is (B).
For,
So,
Vs = 10 V , P = 40 W
Is = P = 40 = 4 A
Vs 10
Now,
Vsl = 5 V , so Isl= 2 A
New value of the power supplied by source is
Psl = VslIsl= 5 # 2 = 10 W
(From linearity)
Note: Linearity does not apply to power calculations.

EF 5.2
Correct option is (C).

From linearity, we know that in the circuit Vs ratio remains constant
IL
Vs =
20
= 100
IL
200 # 10-3
Let current through load is ILl when the power absorbed is 2.5 W, so
PL = (ILl) 2 RL
in
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2.5 = (ILl) 2 # 10
ILl = 0.5 A
Vs = Vsl = 100
IL
ILl
So,
Vsl = 100ILl= 100 # 0.5 = 50 V
Thus required values are
ILl = 0.5 A , Vsl= 50 V
EF 5.3
Correct option is (D).

From linearity,
IL = AVs + BIs , A and B are constants

From the table
2 = 14A + 6B
6 = 18A + 2B
Solving equation (1) and (2)
A = 0.4 , B =- 0.6
So,
IL = 0.4Vs - 0.6Is
...(1)
...(2)
*Shipping Free*
*Maximum Discount*
GATE EE vol-1
GATE EE vol-3
EF 122
Circuit Theorems
GATE EE vol-4
EF 5

The circuit has 3 independent sources, so we apply superposition theorem to
obtain the voltage drop.
Due to 16 V source only : (Open circuit 5 A source and Short circuit 32 V source)
Let voltage across R2 due to 16 V source only is V1 .
in
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Using voltage division
V1 =-
8 (16) =- 4 V
24 + 8
Due to 5 A source only : (Short circuit both the 16 V and 32 V sources)

Let voltage across R2 due to 5 A source only is V2 .
V2 = (24 W || 16 W || 16 W) # 5 = 6 # 5 = 30 volt
Due to 32 V source only : (Short circuit 16 V source and open circuit 5 A source)
Let voltage across R2 due to 32 V source only is V3
i. n
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9.6 (32) = 12 V
16 + 9.6
By superposition, the net voltage across R2 is
V3 =
V = V1 + V2 + V3
=- 4 + 30 + 12 = 38 volt
ALTERNATIVE METHOD :
The problem may be solved by applying a node equation at the top node.
EF 5.5

Due to 60 A Source Only : (Open circuit 30 A and short circuit 30 V sources)
*Shipping Free*
*Maximum Discount*
EF 5.4
GATE EE vol-2

in 4 Volumes
EF 5
Circuit Theorems
EF 123
i. n
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12 W || 6 W = 4 W
Using current division
2 (60) = 12 A
2+8
Again, Ia will be distributed between parallel combination of 12 W and 6 W
I1 = 6 (12) = 4 A
12 + 6
Due to 30 A source only : (Open circuit 60 A and short circuit 30 V sources)
Ia =
in
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Ib =
4 (30) = 12 A
4+6
Ib will be distributed between parallel combination of 12 W and 6 W

I2 = 6 (12) = 4 A
12 + 6
Due to 30 V Source Only : (Open circuit 60 A and 30 A sources)
Using source transformation
*Shipping Free*
*Maximum Discount*
GATE EE vol-1
GATE EE vol-3
EF 124
GATE EE vol-2
GATE EE vol-4
EF 5
Circuit Theorems
I 3 =EF 5.6
c
.
ia

Using superposition,
I = I1 + I 2
Let I1 is the current due to 9 A source only. (i.e. short 18 V source)
(current division)
I1 = 6 (9) = 3 A
6 + 12
Let I2 is the current due to 18 V source only (i.e. open 9 A source)
I2 = 18 = 1 A
6 + 12
d
o
So,
EF 5.7
3 (5) =- 1 A
12 + 3
n
.
w
w
I1 = 3 A , I 2 = 1 A
i. n

From superposition theorem, it is known that if all source values are doubled,
then node voltages also be doubled.
o
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a
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d
EF 5.8
Correct option is (A).

From the principal of superposition, doubling the values of voltage source doubles
the mesh currents.
EF 5.9

Using source transformation of 4 A and 6 V source.
o
n
.
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w
Adding parallel current sources
*Shipping Free*
*Maximum Discount*
in
.
o

in 4 Volumes
EF 5
Circuit Theorems
EF 125
i. n
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Source transformation of 5 A source
Applying KVL around the anticlockwise direction

- 5 - I + 8 - 2I - 12 = 0
- 9 - 3I = 0
I =- 3 A
Power absorbed by 12 V source
P12 V = 12 # I
= 12 # - 3 =- 36 W
or, 12 V source supplies 36 W power.
EF 5.10
(Passive sign convention)

Using source transformation, we can obtain I in following steps.
in
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I = 6 + 8 = 14 = 2 A
3+4
7
Try to solve the problem by obtaining Thevenin equivalent for right half of the
circuit.
*Shipping Free*
*Maximum Discount*
GATE EE vol-1
GATE EE vol-3
EF 126
Circuit Theorems
GATE EE vol-4
EF 5

We know that source transformation also exists for dependent source, so
in
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Current source values
d
o
Is = 6Ix = 3Ix (downward)

2
Rs = 2 W
EF 5.12
n
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We know that source transformation is applicable to dependent source also.
Values of equivalent voltage source
EF 5.13
Vs = (4Ix ) (5) = 20Ix

Rs = 5 W
Correct answer is 5.
Using super position, we obtain I .
Due to 10 V source only : (Open circuit 5 A source)
i. n
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I1 = 10 = 5 A
2
o
n
Due to 5 A source only : (Short circuit 10 V source)
.
w
w
I2 = 0
I = I1 + I 2 = 5 + 0 = 5 A
We can see that voltage source is in parallel with resistor and current source so
voltage across parallel branches will be 10 V and I = 10/2 = 5 A
*Shipping Free*
*Maximum Discount*
EF 5.11
GATE EE vol-2

in 4 Volumes
EF 5
EF 5.14
Circuit Theorems
EF 127
Correct answer is - 0.5 .

Applying superposition,
Due to 6 V source only : (Open circuit 2 A current source)
i. n
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6 = 0.5 A
6+6
Due to 2 A source only : (Short circuit 6 V source)
I1 =
I2 =
6 (- 2)
6+6
(using current division)
=- 1 A
I = I1 + I2 = 0.5 - 1 =- 0.5 A
in
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This problem may be solved by using a single KVL equation around the outer
loop.
EF 5.15

Combining the parallel resistance and adding the parallel connected current
sources.
9 A - 3 A = 6 A (upward)
3 W || 6 W = 2 W
*Shipping Free*
*Maximum Discount*
GATE EE vol-1
GATE EE vol-3
EF 128
GATE EE vol-2
Circuit Theorems
GATE EE vol-4
EF 5
in
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EF 5.16
d
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Thevenin Voltage : (Open Circuit Voltage)
The open circuit voltage between a -b can be obtained as
Writing KCL at node a

VTh - 10 + 1 = 0
24
VTh - 10 + 24 = 0
or
VTh =- 14 volt
Thevenin Resistance :
To obtain Thevenins resistance, we set all independent sources to zero i.e., short
circuit all the voltage sources and open circuit all the current sources.
i. n
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RTh = 24 W
EF 5.17
a
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d
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w

Thevenin Voltage :
and,
20 (10) = 4 volt
20 + 30
V2 = 15 (10) = 6 volt
15 + 10
V1 =
Applying KVL,V1 - V2 + Vab = 0

4 - 6 + Vab = 0
VTh = Vab =- 2 volt
*Shipping Free*
*Maximum Discount*
Source transformation of 6 A source

in 4 Volumes
EF 5
Circuit Theorems
EF 129
i. n
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w
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Rab = [20 W || 30 W] + [15 W || 10 W]

= 12 W + 6 W = 18 W
RTh = Rab = 18 W
EF 5.18
Correct answer is 1.5 A.

Using source transformation of 48 V source and the 24 V source
in
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Using parallel resistances combination
Source transformation of 8 A and 6 A sources
*Shipping Free*
*Maximum Discount*
GATE EE vol-1
GATE EE vol-2
GATE EE vol-4
Circuit Theorems
EF 5
Writing KVL around anticlock wise direction
GATE EE vol-3
EF 130
EF 5.19
in
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Option (A) is a correct.

Using source transformation of 24 V source
d
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Adding parallel connected sources
i. n
EF 5.20
a
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d
VTh = 4 V , RTh = 6 W
So,
o
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o
n

Thevenin Voltage: (Open Circuit Voltage)
.
w
w
VTh =
6 (- 40)
6+4
(using voltage division)
=- 24 volt
*Shipping Free*
*Maximum Discount*
- 12 - 2I + 40 - 4I - 2I - 16 = 0
12 - 8I = 0
I = 12 = 1.5 A
8

in 4 Volumes
EF 5
Circuit Theorems
EF 131
i. n
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RTh = 6 W || 4 W = 6 # 4 = 2.4 W
6+4
EF 5.21

For the circuit of figure (A)
VTh = Va - Vb
Va = 24 V
Vb = 6 (- 6) =- 4 V
6+3
(Voltage division)
VTh = 24 - (- 4) = 28 V
For the circuit of figure (B), using source transformation
in
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Combining parallel resistances,
12 W || 4 W = 3 W
Adding parallel current sources,
8 - 4 = 4 A (Downward)
VTh =- 12 V
*Shipping Free*
*Maximum Discount*
GATE EE vol-1
GATE EE vol-3
EF 132
Circuit Theorems
GATE EE vol-4
EF 5

For the circuit for fig (A)
in
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d
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RTh = Rab = 6 W || 3 W = 2 W
For the circuit of fig (B), as obtained in previous solution.
n
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RTh = 3 W
EF 5.23
Correct answer is - 0.5 .

Current I can be easily calculated by Thevenins equivalent across 6 W.
i. n
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In the bottom mesh

I2 = 1 A
In the bottom left mesh - VTh - 12I2 + 3 = 0
VTh = 3 - (12) (1) =- 9 V
a
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RTh = 12 W
so, circuit becomes as
(both 4 W resistors are short circuit)
*Shipping Free*
*Maximum Discount*
EF 5.22
GATE EE vol-2

in 4 Volumes
EF 5
Circuit Theorems
EF 133
i. n
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I =
VTh = - 9 =- 9 =- 0.5 A
18
RTh + 6 12 + 6
Note: The problem can be solved easily by a single node equation. Take the
nodes connecting the top 4 W, 3 V and 4 W as supernode and apply KCL.
EF 5.24
The current source connected in parallel with load does not affect Thevenin
equivalent circuit. Thus, Thevenin equivalent circuit will contain its usual form
of a voltage source in series with a resistor.
EF 5.25

The network consists of resistor and dependent sources because if it has
independent source then there will be an open circuit Thevenin voltage present.
EF 5.26

Thevenin Voltage (Open Circuit Voltage) :
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Applying KCL at top middle node

VTh - 2Vx + VTh + 1 = 0
3
6
VTh - 2VTh + VTh + 1 = 0
3
6
(VTh = Vx )
- 2VTh + VTh + 6 = 0
VTh = 6 volt
Open circuit voltage VTh
RTh =
=
Isc
Short circuit current
To obtain Thevenin resistance, first we find short circuit current through a -b
*Shipping Free*
*Maximum Discount*
GATE EE vol-1
GATE EE vol-3
EF 134
GATE EE vol-2
Circuit Theorems
GATE EE vol-4
EF 5
c
.
ia
Writing KCL at top middle node

Vx - 2Vx + Vx + 1 + Vx - 0 = 0
3
6
3
d
o
- 2Vx + Vx + 6 + 2Vx = 0 or Vx =- 6 volt

Isc = Vx - 0 =- 6 =- 2 A
3
3
Thevenins resistance,
RTh = VTh =- 6 =- 3 W
2
Isc
n
.
w
w
Since dependent source is present in the circuit, we put a test source across a -b
to obtain Thevenins equivalent.
By applying KCL at top middle node

Vx - 2Vx + Vx + 1 + Vx - Vtest = 0
3
6
3
- 2Vx + Vx + 6 + 2Vx - 2Vtest = 0
2Vtest - Vx = 6
We have
Itest = Vtest - Vx
3
o
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...(1)
a
i
d
3Itest = Vtest - Vx
Vx = Vtest - 3Itest
Put Vx into equation (1)
2Vtest - (Vtest - 3Itest) = 6
2Vtest - Vtest + 3Itest = 6
o
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i. n
Vtest = 6 - 3Itest
For Thevenins equivalent circuit
...(2)
*Shipping Free*
*Maximum Discount*
in
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in 4 Volumes
EF 5
Circuit Theorems
EF 135
Vtest - VTh = I
test
RTh
Vtest = VTh + RTh Itest
Comparing equation (2) and (3)
VTh = 6 V , RTh =- 3 W
EF 5.27
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...(3)
V = VTh b
R
R + RTh l
From the table,

3
3 + RTh l
8 = VTh b 8 l
8 + RTh
Dividing equation (1) and (2), we get
6 = 3 (8 + RTh)
8
8 (3 + RTh)
6 = VTh b
...(1)
...(2)
6 + 2RTh = 8 + RTh
RTh = 2 W
Substituting RTh into equation (1)
6 = VTh b 3 l or VTh = 10 V
3+2
EF 5.28
in
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We find Thevenin equivalent across a -b.
VTh
RTh + RL
From the data given in table
10 = VTh
RTh + 2
6 = VTh
RTh + 10
IL =
...(1)
...(2)
*Shipping Free*
*Maximum Discount*
GATE EE vol-1
GATE EE vol-3
EF 136
GATE EE vol-2
GATE EE vol-4
EF 5
Circuit Theorems
10RTh + 20 = 6RTh + 60
4RTh = 40 & RTh = 10 W
10 = VTh
10 + 2
For RL = 20 W ,
EF 5.29
in
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VTh = 10 (12) = 120 V

IL = VTh
RTh + RL
= 120 = 4 A
10 + 20
d
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Norton Current : (Short Circuit Current)
The Norton equivalent current is equal to the short-circuit current that would
flow when the load replaced by a short circuit as shown below
Applying KCL at node a

Since
I N + I1 + 2 = 0
I1 = 0 - 20 =- 5 A
6
24
IN - 5 + 2 = 0
6
IN =- 7 A
6
So,
i. n
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a
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d
Norton Resistance :
Set all independent sources to zero (i.e. open circuit current sources and short
circuit voltage sources) to obtain Nortons equivalent resistance RN .
o
n
.
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EF 5.30
RN = 24 W

Using source transformation of 1 A source
*Shipping Free*
*Maximum Discount*

10 = RTh + 10
6
RTh + 2

in 4 Volumes
EF 5
Circuit Theorems
EF 137
i. n
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c
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a
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n
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Again, source transformation of 2 V source
Adding parallel current sources
Try to solve the problem using superposition method.

EF 5.31
Correct answer is 56 V.
6 W and 3 W resistors are in parallel, which is equivalent to 2 W.
in
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Using source transformation of 6 A source
Source transform of 4 A source

*Shipping Free*
*Maximum Discount*
GATE EE vol-1
GATE EE vol-3
EF 138
GATE EE vol-2
GATE EE vol-4
EF 5
Circuit Theorems
c
.
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Adding series resistors and sources on the left
d
o
n
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Source transformation of 48 V source
Source transformation of 4 A source.

3
i. n
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a
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d
I = 12 + 72 + Vs
19 + 9
o
n
Vs = (28 # I) - 12 - 72 = (28 # 5) - 12 - 72 = 56 V
EF 5.32
.
w
w

Short circuit current across terminal a -b is
*Shipping Free*
*Maximum Discount*
in
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in 4 Volumes
EF 5
Circuit Theorems
EF 139
For simplicity circuit can be redrawn as
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3 (10) = 3.33 A
3+6
Nortons equivalent resistance
IN =
(Current division)
RN = 6 + 3 = 9 W
EF 5.33
in
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The voltage across load terminal is simply Vs and it is independent of any other
current or voltage. So, Thevenin equivalent is VTh = Vs and RTh = 0 (Voltage
source is ideal).
Norton equivalent does not exist because of parallel connected voltage source.
EF 5.34
The output current from the network is equal to the series connected current
source only, so IN = Is . Thus, effect of all other component in the network does
not change IN .
In this case Thevenins equivalent is not feasible because of the series connected
current source.
*Shipping Free*
*Maximum Discount*
GATE EE vol-1
GATE EE vol-3
EF 140
GATE EE vol-4
EF 5
Circuit Theorems
We solve this problem using linearity and assumption that I = 1 A .
in
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d
o
V1 = 4I + 2I
=6V
I 2 = I1 + I
= V1 + I = 6 + 1 = 2.5 A
4
4
(Using KVL)
n
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w
w
Is -
V2 = 4I2 + V1
= 4 (2.5) + 6 = 16 V
Is + I 3 = I 2
(Using KVL)
(Using KCL)
V2 = I
2
4 + 12
Is = 16 + 2.5 = 3.5 A
16
When Is = 3.5 A ,
I = 1A
I = .1 # 14 = 4 A
3.5
But Is = 14 A , so
EF 5.36
(Using KCL)

Norton Current : (Short Circuit Current)
i. n
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a
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Nodal equation at top center node

0 - 24 + 0 - (- 6) + I = 0
N
6
3+3
- 4 + 1 + IN = 0
*Shipping Free*
*Maximum Discount*
EF 5.35
GATE EE vol-2

in 4 Volumes
EF 5
Circuit Theorems
EF 141
IN = 3 A
Norton Resistance :
i. n
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RN = Rab = 6 || (3 + 3) = 6 || 6 = 3 W
So, Norton equivalent will be
EF 5.37
V = Vs b
Voltage
RL
Rs + R L l
in
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2
(V) 2
= V s RL 2
RL
(Rs + RL)
From above expression, it is known that power is maximum when Rs = 0
Power absorbed by RL ,
PL =
NOTE :
Do not get confused with maximum power transfer theorem. According to maximum power
transfer theorem if RL is variable and Rs is fixed then power dissipated by RL is maximum when
RL = Rs .
EF 5.38

We solve this problem using maximum power transfer theorem. First, obtain
Thevenin equivalent across RL .
Thevenin Voltage : (Open circuit voltage)
*Shipping Free*
*Maximum Discount*
GATE EE vol-1
GATE EE vol-3
EF 142
GATE EE vol-2
Circuit Theorems
GATE EE vol-4
EF 5
in
.
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c
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Using nodal analysis VTh - 24 + VTh - 24 = 0

6
2+4
d
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2VTh - 48 = 0 & VTh = 24 V
RTh = 6 W || 6 W = 3 W
Circuit becomes as
For maximum power transfer

RL = RTh = 3 W
Value of maximum power
(V ) 2
Pmax = Th
4RL
i. n
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.c
a
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d
(24) 2
=
= 48 W
4#3
EF 5.39
o
n
.
w
w

This can be solved by reciprocity theorem. But we have to take care that the
polarity of voltage source have the same correspondence with branch current in
each of the circuit.
In figure (B) and figure (C), polarity of voltage source is reversed with respect
to direction of branch current so
V1 =-V2 =-V3
I1
I2
I3
I2 = I 3 =- 2 A
*Shipping Free*
*Maximum Discount*

in 4 Volumes
EF 5
EF 5.40
EF 5.41
Circuit Theorems

According to reciprocity theorem in any linear bilateral network when a single
voltage source Va in branch a produces a current Ib in branches b, then if the
voltage source Va is removed(i.e. branch a is short circuited) and inserted in
branch b, then it will produce a current Ib in branch a.
So,
I2 = I1 = 20 mA
i. n
o
c
.
a
i
d
o
n
.
w
w
w

According to reciprocity theorem in any linear bilateral network when a single
current source Ia in branch a produces a voltage Vb in branches b, then if the
current source Ia is removed(i.e. branch a is open circuited) and inserted in
branch b, then it will produce a voltage Vb in branch a.
V2 = 2 volt
So,
EF 5.42

We use Millmans theorem to obtain equivalent resistance and voltage across a -b
- 96 + 40 + -80
Vab = 1240 1200 1800
240 + 200 + 800
=- 144 =- 28.8 V
5
The equivalent resistance
1
Rab = 1
1
1 = 96 W
+
200 + 800
240
Now, the circuit is reduced as
in
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I
EF 5.43
EF 143
28.8 = 100 mA
96 + 192

Thevenin Voltage: (Open Circuit Voltage):
The open circuit voltage will be equal to V , i.e. VTh = V
Thevenin Resistance:
Set all independent sources to zero i.e. open circuit the current source and short
circuit the voltage source as shown in figure
*Shipping Free*
*Maximum Discount*
GATE EE vol-1
GATE EE vol-3
EF 144
GATE EE vol-2
Circuit Theorems
GATE EE vol-4
EF 5
EF 5.44
in
.
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V is obtained using super position.
Due to source V1 only : (Open circuit source I 3 and short circuit source V2 )
d
o
n
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50 (V ) = 1 V
(using voltage division)
100 + 50 1
3 1
so,
A=1
3
Due to source V2 only : (Open circuit source I 3 and short circuit source V1 )
V =
i. n
50 (V ) = 1 V
(Using voltage division)
100 + 50 2
3 2
So,
B =1
3
Due to source I 3 only : (short circuit sources V1 and V2 )
V =
o
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w
So,
EF 5.45
V = I 3 [100 || 100 || 100] = I 3 b 100 l

3
C = 100
3
Redrawing the circuit in Thevenin equivalent form
*Shipping Free*
*Maximum Discount*
Open circuit voltage = V1

in 4 Volumes
EF 5
Circuit Theorems
EF 145
i. n
o
c
.
a
i
d
o
n
.
w
w
w
I = VTh - V
RTh
or,
V =- RTh I + VTh
From the given graph
(General form)
V =- 4I + 8
So, by comparing
RTh = 4 kW , VTh = 8 V
For maximum power transfer RL = RTh
Maximum power absorbed by RL
2
(8) 2
Pmax = VTh =
= 4 mW
4#4
4RTh
EF 5.46

The circuit with Norton equivalent
IN + I = V
RN
I = V - IN
RN
From the given graph, the equation of line
So,
in
.
o
c
.
a
i
d
o
n
.
w
w
w
(General form)
I = 2V - 6
Comparing with general form
1 = 2 or R = 0.5 W
N
RN
IN = 6 A
EF 5.47

Thevenin voltage: (Open circuit voltage)
VTh = 4 + ^2 # 2h = 4 + 4 = 8 V
*Shipping Free*
*Maximum Discount*
GATE EE vol-1
GATE EE vol-3
EF 146
GATE EE vol-2
Circuit Theorems
GATE EE vol-4
EF 5
in
.
o
c
.
ia
RTh = 2 + 3 = 5 W = RN
d
o
Norton Current:
IN = VTh = 8 A
5
RTh
EF 5.48
n
.
w
w

Norton current, IN = 0 because there is no independent source present in the
circuit. To obtain Norton resistance we put a 1 A test source across the load
terminal as shown in figure.
Norton or Thevenin resistance

RN = Vtest
1
Writing KVL in the left mesh
20I1 + 10 ^1 - I1h - 30I1 = 0

20I1 - 10I1 - 30I1 + 10 = 0 or I1 = 0.5 A
Writing KVL in the right mesh
i. n
o
.c
Vtest - 5 ^1 h - 30I1 = 0
Vtest - 5 - 30 ^0.5h = 0
Vtest - 5 - 15 = 0
RN = Vtest = 20 W
1
EF 5.49
o
n
.
w
w
a
i
d
For RL = 10 kW , Vab1 = 10k # 3.6m = 6 V

For RL = 30 kW , Vab2 = 30k # 4.8m = 12 V
10 V = 6
...(1)
Vab1 =
10 + RTh Th
30 V = 12
...(2)
Vab2 =
30 + RTh Th
Dividing equation (1) and (2), we get RTh = 30 kW . Maximum power will be
transferred when RL = RTh = 30 kW .
*Shipping Free*
*Maximum Discount*
Thevenin Resistance:

in 4 Volumes
EF 5
EF 5.50
Circuit Theorems
EF 147

In circuit (b) transforming the 3 A source in to 18 V source all source are 1.5
times of that in circuit (a) as shown in figure.
i. n
o
c
.
a
i
d
o
n
.
w
w
w
Using principal of linearity, Ib = 1.5Ia

EF 5.51
VTh
R + RTh
From the table,
2 = VTh
3 + RTh
1.6 = VTh
5 + RTh
2 = 5 + RTh
1.6
3 + RTh
I =
...(1)
in
.
o
c
.
a
i
d
o
n
.
w
w
w
...(2)
6 + 2RTh = 8 + 1.6RTh
0.4RTh = 2
RTh = 5 W
2 = VTh or
3+5
VTh = 2 (8) = 16 V
EF 5.52

We have,
I =
VTh
RTh + R
VTh = 16 V , RTh = 5 W
I = 16 = 1
5+R
16 = 5 + R or R = 11 W
*Shipping Free*
*Maximum Discount*
GATE EE vol-1
GATE EE vol-3
EF 148
Circuit Theorems
GATE EE vol-4
EF 5
in
.
o
c
.
ia
It can be solved by reciprocity theorem. Polarity of voltage source should have

same correspondence with branch current in each of the circuit. Polarity of
voltage source and current direction are shown below
V1 =-V2 = V3
So,
I1
I2
I3
10 =- 20 = 40
2.5
I2
I3
d
o
n
.
w
w
EF 5.54
I2 =- 5 A
I 3 = 10 A

To obtain V -I equation we find the Thevenin equivalent across the terminal at
which X is connected.
= 6#1 = 6V
=0
= 12 + 6 = 18 V
=0
= V2 + V3
= 2 + 18 = 20 V
V1
12 + V1 - V3
V3
VTh - V2 - V3
VTh
i. n
a
i
d
o
.c
(KVL in outer mesh)
(KVL in Bottom right mesh)

(V2 = 2 # 1 = 2 V)
o
n
.
w
w
RTh = 1 + 1 = 2 W
*Shipping Free*
*Maximum Discount*
EF 5.53
GATE EE vol-2

in 4 Volumes
EF 5
Circuit Theorems
EF 149
Now, the circuit becomes as
i. n
o
c
.
a
i
d
o
n
.
w
w
w
I = V - VTh
RTh
so
V = RTh I + VTh
A = RTh = 2 W
B = VTh = 20 V
In the mesh ABCDEA, we have KVL equation as

V - 1 (I + 2) - 1 (I + 6) - 12 = 0
V = 2I + 20
So,
A = 2, B = 2
in
.
o
c
.
a
i
d
o
n
.
w
w
w
*************
*Shipping Free*
*Maximum Discount*

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NODIA & COMPANY

GATE Electrical Engineering Vol 1, 2e

Copyright By NODIA & COMPANY

NODIA & COMPANY

B 8, Dhanshree Ist, Central Spine, Vidyadhar Nagar, Jaipur 302039

ELECTRIC CIRCUITS & FIELDS

Nodal and Loop Analysis

Inductor and Capacitor

First Order RL and RC Circuits

Second Order Circuit

Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis

Magnetically Coupled Circuits

Circuit Analysis Using Laplace Transform

Two Port Network

Gate Solved Questions

ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC MEASUREMENTS

Measurement and Error

Electronic & Digital Instruments

Measurement of R, L, C and AC Bridges

Gate Solved Questions

GATE Electrical Engineering-2015

Sample Chapter of GATE Electrical Engineering, Volume-1

In the circuit below, it is given that when Vs = 20 V , IL = 200 mA . What values

Which of the following equation is true for IL ?

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In the circuit below, current I = I1 + I2 + I 3 , where I1 , I2 and I 3 are currents

A network consists only of independent current sources and resistors. If the

Sample Chapter of GATE Electrical Engineering, Volume-1

GATE Electrical Engineering-2015

Sample Chapter of GATE Electrical Engineering, Volume-1

In the circuit below, the 12 V source

The value of current I in the circuit below is equal to ____A.

Which of the following circuits is equivalent to the circuit shown below ?

The source transformation of above is given by

In the given circuit value of current I flowing through 2 W resistance is ___ A.

In the given circuit, the value of current I will be _____Amps.

Consider a circuit shown in the figure

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Sample Chapter of GATE Electrical Engineering, Volume-1

GATE Electrical Engineering-2015

Sample Chapter of GATE Electrical Engineering, Volume-1

Which of the following circuit is equivalent to the above circuit ?

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Common Data For Q. 21 and 22 :

Sample Chapter of GATE Electrical Engineering, Volume-1

GATE Electrical Engineering-2015

Sample Chapter of GATE Electrical Engineering, Volume-1

For a network having resistors and independent sources, it is desired to obtain

Thevenin equivalent circuit of a network consists only of a resistor (Thevenin

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What is the value of IL (in Amps) for RL = 20 W ?

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Sample Chapter of GATE Electrical Engineering, Volume-1

GATE Electrical Engineering-2015

Sample Chapter of GATE Electrical Engineering, Volume-1

For a network consisting of resistors and independent sources only, it is desired to

Which of the above statements is/are true ?

For a network consisting of resistors and independent sources only, it is desired

Which of the above statements is/are correct ?

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Sample Chapter of GATE Electrical Engineering, Volume-1

GATE Electrical Engineering-2015