(Answer Keys Are From Page 19) Reading Comprehension 1

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(answer keys are from page 19)

READING COMPREHENSION 1
The development of genetically modified (GM) plants and animals had led to a huge global
controversy. Opponents say that GM Frankenfoods are a threat to our wellbeing, and
proponents say that the risks are minimal. There is one aspect of the war over
GM that is often
overlooked. Anyone who wears a cotton shirt these days is using a GM crop.
Cotton is the only
major non-food GM crop at present, but others are coming.
GM cotton plants that is not food has not stopped the most passionate GM
opponents from
objecting. If GM cotton is grown in a field next to fields of non-GM cotton, they
argue, then how
to keep genes from being transferred from field to field. This danger, however, is
not as
compelling to the public as possible health hazards in food, so there is no great
fury over GM
cotton.
GM cotton seeds produce higher yields, and they do without the need for
pesticides. Planting
of GM cotton has increased fivefold since 1997; three-quarter of cotton in
America, and over half
in China, is now GM. Farmers like it because it increases their profits.
Other options for non-food GM include new variety of flowers with different colors
or scents,
tougher grasses for lawns, and plants designed to soak up pollutants from the
soil. The paper
industry provides another example of potential for GM to help produce better and
cheaper
products. Paper is made from pulp, and pulp is generally made from trees.
Researchers in New
Zealand and Chile have been working on insect-resistant pines, and a Japanese
firm has
combined carrot genes with tree genes to make them grow better in poor soil.
Another interesting case is that of tobacco. It is not food crop, but it is consumed,
and GM
tobacco plants with both more and less nicotine have been created. The tobacco
plant,
however, is an ideal target for GM, since its genetics are very well understood
and it produces a
lot of leaves. The value of the drugs that could be produced by GM tobacco is so
high, many
farmers could switch from growing tobacco for cigarettes to growing it for
medicine. Since
medical cost is rising, consumers would also be happy to use drugs produced in
bulk by GM
tobacco.
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Question 1. Why does the author mention a cotton shirt in paragraph 1?
A. To show that cotton is one of the most popular materials for clothing.
B. To give an example of a common GM product that is not a food.
C. To give an example of a controversy surrounding GM products.
D. To show that the risk of GM products are minimal.
Question 2. The word that refers to
A. war B. aspect C. GM D. risk
Question 3. The word compelling is closest in meaning to
A. interesting B. annoying C. dangerous D. obvious
Question 4. Which country plants the most GM cotton mentioned in the
passage?
A. America B. Japan C. Chile D. China
Question 5. Which of the following is TRUE, according to the passage?
A. GM cotton is less controversial than other GM products.
B. There are several major non-food GM products at present.
C. There have been no objection to GM cotton.
D. GM cotton has no significant advantage over controversial cotton.
Question 6. Which options for non-food GM is NOT mentioned in the passage?
A. flowers B. grass C. tobacco D. rubber
Question 7. According to the passage, why are researchers developing GM
trees?
A. To improve or make paper less expensive.
B. To produce more fruit.
C. To find a way to make paper without pulp.
D. To replace trees cut down for paper.
Question 8. It can be inferred from the passage that GM tobacco
A. is already in the market.
B. produces drugs that are very expensive.
C. makes cigarettes harmless to smokers.
D. can have lower or higher levels of nicotine.
Question 9. What is the topic of the paragraph?
A. Controversial GM products. B. The hazards of GM products.
C. Non-food GM products. D. GM cotton and tobacco.
Question 10. The word switch in the last paragraph can best be replaced by
A. select B. plant C. change D. replace
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Long ago prehistoric man began to domesticate a number of wild plants and
animals for
his own use. This not only provided more abundant food but also allowed more
people to
live on a smaller plot of ground. We tend to forget that all of our present-day
pets, livestock,
and food plants were taken from the wild and developed into the forms we know
today.
As centuries passed and human cultures evolved and blossomed, humans
began to
organise their knowledge of nature into the broad field of natural history. One
aspect of early
natural history concerned the use of plants for drugs and medicine. The early
herbalists
sometimes overworked their imaginations in this respect. For example, it was
widely
believed that a plant or part of a plant that resembles an internal organ would
cure ailments
of that organ. Thus, an extract made from a heart-shaped leaf might be
prescribed for a
person suffering from heart problems.
Nevertheless, the overall contributions of these early observers provided the
rudiments
of our present knowledge of drugs and their uses.
Question 1: What does this passage mainly discuss?
A. Cures from plants. B. The beginning of natural history.
C. Prehistoric man. D. Early plants and animals.
Question 2: Domestication of plants and animals probably occurred because of
______ .
A. need for more readily available food B. lack of wild animals and plants
C. early mans power as a hunter D. the desire of prehistoric man to be
nomadic
Question 3: The word This in the first paragraph refers to ________ .
A. providing food for man
B. mans domestication of plants and animals
C. mans ability to live on a small plot of land
D. the earliest condition of prehistoric man
Question 4: The word blossomed in the second paragraph is closest in
meaning to
______ .
A. produced flowers B. changed
C. learned D. flourished
Question 5: An herbalist is which of the following?
A. A dreamer. B. An early historian.
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C. Someone who uses plants in medicine. D. A farmer.
Question 6: The phrase in this respect in the second paragraph refers to
______.
A. the development of human culture
B. the development of the field of natural history
C. the use of plants for drugs and medicine
D. the origin of knowledge of nature
Question 7: The word extract in the second paragraph is closest in meaning
to
________.
A. design B. substance C. flavour D. ailment
Question 8: Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?
A. The shape of a plant is indicative of its ability to cure ailments of a similarly
shaped organ.
B. There is little relation between a cure for illness and the physical shape of a
plant.
C. The work of early herbalists has nothing to do with present day medicine.
D. Early herbalists were unimaginative.
Question 9: The word rudiments in the last paragraph is closest in meaning
to _______.
A. beginnings B. history C. requirements D. proofs
Question 10: The passage would most likely lead to a more specific discussion
in the field
of _____ .
A. zoology B. biology
C. anatomy D. astrology
Martin Luther King, Jr., is well known for his work in civil rights and for his many
famous
speeches, among them is his moving "I Have A Dream" speech. But fewer people
know much
about King's childhood. M.L., as he was called, was born in 1929 in Atlanta,
Georgia, at the
home of his maternal grandfather. M.L.'s grandfather, the Reverend A.D. Williams,
purchased
their home on Auburn Avenue in 1909, twenty years before M.L. was born. The
Reverend
Williams, an eloquent speaker, played an important role in the community since
so many
people's lives centered around the church. He allowed his church and his home to
be used as a
meeting place for a number of organizations dedicated to the education and
social advancement
of blacks. M.L. grew up in this atmosphere, with his home being used as a
community
gathering place, and was no doubt influenced by it.
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M.L.'s childhood was not especially eventful. His father was a minister and his
mother was a
musician. He was the second of three children, and he attended all- black schools
in a black
neighborhood. The neighborhood was not poor, however. Auburn Avenue was the
main artery
through a prosperous neighborhood that had come to symbolize achievement for
Atlanta's black
people. It was an area of banks, insurance companies, builders, jewelers, tailors,
doctors,
lawyers, and other black-owner black-operated businesses and services. Even in

the face of
Atlanta's segregation, the district thrived. Dr. King never forgot the community
spirit he had
known as a child, nor did he forget the racial prejudice that was a seemingly
insurmountable
barrier that kept black Atlantans from mingling with whites.
Question 1: What is this passage mainly about?
A. the prejudice that existed in Atlanta
B. Martin Luther King's childhood
C. M.L.'s grandfather
D. the neighborhood King grew up in
Question 2: The word "eloquent" means most nearly
A. powerful B. active C. romantic D. fascinating
Question 3: The word "gathering" could best be replaced by
A. picking B. learning C. exciting D. meeting
Question 4: Which of the following statements is NOT true?
A. Anburn was a commercial areas
B. M.Ls grandfather built their home on Anburn Avenue in 1909
C. M.L grew up in a rich, black neighborhood.
D. M.Ls childhood was uneventful
Question 5: According to the author, blacks in King's neighborhood were
involved in all
the following businesses and services EXCEPT
A. dentistry B. medicine C. law D. banking
Question 6: According to the author, King was influenced by
A. community spirit B. black lawyers
C. his mother D. his speeches
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Question 7: The word "thrived" refers to which of the following?
A. achieved B. surrendered C. flourished D. held
Question 8: Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word
"seemingly"?
A. apparently B. inevitable C. inexplicable D. hastily
Question 9: The word "mingling" could best be replaced by which of the
following?
A. interfering B. gargling C. consuming D. associating
Question 10: According to the author, M.L.
A. had a difficult childhood
B. was a good musician as a child
C. loved to listen to his grandfather speak
D. grew up in a relatively rich area of Atlanta
The biologist's role in society as well as his moral and ethical responsibility in the
discovery
and development of new ideas has led to a reassessment of his social and
scientific value
systems. A scientist can no longer ignore the consequences of his discoveries; he
is as
concerned with the possible misuses of his findings as he is with the basic
research in which he
is involved. This emerging social and political role of the biologist and all other
scientists
requires a weighing of values that cannot be done with the accuracy or the
objectivity of a
laboratory balance. As a member of society, it is necessary for a biologist now to
redefine his
social obligations and his functions, particularly in the realm of making judgments
about such
ethical problems as man's control of his environment or his manipulation of
genes to direct
further evolutionary development.
As a result of recent discoveries concerning hereditary mechanisms, genetic
engineering, by
which human traits are made to order, may soon be a reality. As desirable as it
may seem to be,
such an accomplishment would entail many value judgments. Who would decide,
for example,
which traits should be selected for change? In cases of genetic deficiencies and
disease, the
desirability of the change is obvious, but the possibilities for social misuse are so
numerous that
they may far outweigh the benefits.
Probably the greatest biological problem of the future, as it is of the present, will
be to find
ways to curb environmental pollution without interfering with man's constant
effort to improve
the quality of his life. Many scientists believe that underlying the spectre of
pollution is the
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problem of surplus human population. A rise in population necessitates an
increase in the
operations of modern industry, the waste products of which increase the
pollution of air, water,
and soil. The question of how many people the resources of the Earth can support
is one of
critical importance.
Although the solutions to these and many other problems are yet to be found,
they do indicate
the need for biologists to work with social scientists and other members of
society in order to
determine the requirements necessary for maintaining a healthy and productive
planet. For
although many of man's present and future problems may seem to be essentially
social,
political, or economic in nature, they have biological ramifications that could
affect the very

existence of life itself.
Question 1: According to the passage, a modern scientist should be more
concerned about
____.
A. his basic research B.the development of new ideas
C. his manipulation of genes D. the consequences of his discoveries
Question 2: The pronoun "it" in paragraph 2 refers to ____.
A. a reality B. an accomplishment
C. genetic engineering D. hereditary mechanism
Question 3: It is implied in the passage that genetic engineering ____.
A. may do us more harm than good B. is no longer desirable
C. is the most desirable for life D. will change all human traits
Question 4: The pronoun "they" in paragraph 2 refers to ____.
A. discoveries concerning hereditary mechanisms
B. effects of genetic engineering misuse
C. cases of genetic deficiencies
D. possibilities for genetic deficiencies
Question 5: What is probably the most important biological problem mentioned
in the passage?
A. social and economic deficiencies B. manipulation of genes
C. genetic engineering misuse D. environmental pollution
Question 6: The word "which" in paragraph 3 refers to ____.
A. activities of an overpopulated society's industry
B. the waste products dumped into our environment
C. activities of surplus human population
D. serious environmental pollution
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Question 7: The word "underlying" in paragraph 3 could best be replaced by
"____".
A. noticing B. causing C. finding D. depriving
Question 8: According to the passage, to save our planet, biologists should work
A. harder and harder B. accurately and objectively
C. on social and political purposes D. with other social scientists
"ramifications" in
paragraph 4?
A. useful experiments B. effective techniques
C. harmful consequences D. latest developments
Question 10: What is the author's purpose in this passage?
A. To conduct a survey of the biologist's role in society
B. To urge biologists to solve the problem of surplus human population
C. To emphasize the biologist's role in solving the world's problems
D. To advise biologists to carry out extensive research into genetic engineering
In early civilizations, citizens were educated informally, usually within the family
unit.
Education meant simply learning to live. As civilizations became more complex,
however,
education became more formal, structured, and comprehensive. Initial efforts of
the ancient
Chinese and Greek societies concentrated solely on the education of males. The
postBabylonian Jews and Plato were exceptions to this pattern. Plato was
apparently the first
significant advocate of the equality of the sexes. Women, in his ideal state, would
have the
same rights and duties and the same educational opportunities as men. This
aspect of Platonic
philosophy, however, had little or no effect on education for many centuries, and
the concept of
a liberal education for men only, which had been espoused by Aristotle,
prevailed.
In ancient Rome, the availability of an education was gradually extended to
women, but they
were taught separately from men. The early Christians and medieval Europeans
continued this
trend, and single-sex schools for the privileged classes prevailed through the
Reformation
period. Gradually, however, education for women on a separate but equal basis
to that provided
for men was becoming a clear responsibility of society. Martin Luther appealed for
civil support
of schools for all children. At the Council of Trent in the 16 th century, the Roman
Catholic Church
encouraged the establishment of free primary schools for children of all classes.
The concept of
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universal primary education, regardless of sex, had been born, but it was still in
the realm of the
single-sex school.
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, co-education became a more widely
applied principle
of educational philosophy. In Britain, Germany, and the Soviet Union the
education of boys and
girls in the same classes became an accepted practice. Since World War II, Japan
and the
Scandinavian countries have also adopted relatively universal co-educational
systems. The
greatest negative reaction to co-education has been felt in the teaching systems
of the Latin
countries, where the sexes have usually been separated at both primary and
secondary levels,
according to local conditions.
A number of studies have indicated that girls seem to perform better overall and
in science in
particular in single-sex classes: during the adolescent years, pressure to conform
to
stereotypical female gender roles may disadvantage girls in traditionally male
subjects, making
them reluctant to volunteer for experimental work while taking part in lessons. In
Britain,
academic league tables point to high standards achieved in girls' schools. Some
educationalists therefore suggest segregation of the sexes as a good thing,
particularly in
certain areas, and a number of schools are experimenting with the idea.
Question 1: Ancient education generally focused its efforts on ____.
A. on male learners B. both sexes C. female learners D. young people only
Question 2: Education in early times was mostly aimed at ____.
A. teaching skills B. learning to live
C. learning new lifestyles D. imparting survival skills
Question 3: The first to support the equality of the sexes was ____.
A. the Chinese B. the Greek C. Plato D. the Jews
Question 4: The word "informally" in this context mostly refers to an education
occurring____.
A. in classrooms B. outside the school C. in a department D. ability
Question 5: When education first reached women, they were ____.
A. locked up in a place with men B. isolated from normal life
C. deprived of opportunities D. separated from men
Question 6: When the concept of universal primary education was introduced,
education____.
A. was given free to all B. was intended for all the sexes
C. focused on imparting skills D. was intended to leave out female learners
Question 7: The word "espouse" is contextually closest in meaning to "____".
A. to introduce B. to put off C. to give D. to induce
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Question 8: Co-ed was negatively responded to in ____.
A. Japan B. the Scandinavian countries
C. South American countries D. conservative countries
Question 9: The word "tables" is closest in meaning to "____".
A. shapes B. meeting tables
C. personalities D. figures
Question 10: The word "segregation" may be understood as "____".
A. grouping B. mixture C. separation D. extraction
Commuting is the practice of travelling a long distance to a town or city to work
each day, and
then travelling home again in the evening. The word commuting comes from
commutation ticket,
a US rail ticket for repeated journeys, called a season ticket in Britain. Regular
travellers are
called commuters.
The US has many commuters. A few, mostly on the East Coast, commute by train
or subway,
but most depend on the car. Some leave home very early to avoid the traffic
jams, and sleep in

their cars until their office opens. Many people accept a long trip to work so that
they can live in
quiet bedroom communities away from the city, but another reason is white
flight. In the 1960s
most cities began to desegregate their schools, so that there were no longer
separate schools
for white and black children. Many white families did not want to send their
children to
desegregated schools, so they moved to the suburbs, which have their own
schools, and where,
for various reasons, few black people live.
Millions of people in Britain commute by car or train. Some spend two or three
hours a day
travelling, so that they and their families can live in suburbia or in the
countryside. Cities are
surrounded by commuter belts. Part of the commuter belt around London is
called the
stockbroker belt because it contains houses where rich business people live.
Some places are
becoming dormitory towns, because people sleep there but take little part in local
activities.
Most commuters travel to and from work at the same time, causing the morning
and evening
rush hours, when buses and trains are crowded and there are traffic jams on the
roads.
Commuters on trains rarely talk to each other and spend their journey reading,
sleeping or using
their mobile phones, though this is not popular with other passengers. Increasing
numbers of
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people now work at home some days of the week, linked to their offices by
computer, a practice
called telecommuting.
Cities in both Britain and the US are trying to reduce the number of cars coming
into town
each day. Some companies encourage carpooling (called car sharing in Britain),
an
arrangement for people who live and work near each other to travel together.
Some US cities
have a public service that helps such people to contact each other, and traffic
lanes are
reserved for car-pool vehicles. But cars and petrol/gas are cheap in the US, and
many people
prefer to drive alone because it gives them more freedom. In Britain many cities
have park-andride schemes, car parks on the edge of the city from which buses
take drivers into the centre.
Question 1: Which of the following definitions of commuting would the author of
this passage
most probably agree with?
A. Travelling to work and then home again in a day within a rural district.
B. Travelling for hours from a town or city to work in the countryside every day.
C. Regularly travelling a long distance between ones place of work and ones
home.
D. Using a commutation ticket for special journeys in all seasons of the year.
Question 2: The word repeated in paragraph 1 most probably means______.
A. buying a season ticket again. B. happening again and again.
C. saying something again. D. doing something once again.
Question 3: The passage mentions that many Americans are willing to travel a
long distance to
work in order to be able to live in ______.
A. quiet neighbourhoods B. comfortable bedrooms
C. city centres D. noisy communities
Question 4: Which of the following is true according to the passage?
A. The US has considerably more commuters than Britain.
B. Commuting helps people in the US and Britain save a lot of time.
C. Britain has considerably more commuters than the US.
D. Both the US and Britain have a great number of commuters.
Question 5: Which of the following is NOT true about the London commuter
belt?
A. It surrounds London.
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B. It is in central London.
C. It is home to some wealthy business people.
D. It is like bedroom communities in the US.
Question 6: It can be inferred from the passage that dormitory towns in Britain
are places where
people______.
A. stay for the night B. contribute to the local community
C. are employed locally D. take part in local activities
Question 7: As mentioned in the passage, commuters usually______.
A. talk to each other during train journeys
B. go to work at different hours
C. go home from work at different hours
D. cause traffic congestion on the roads
Question 8: The phrase linked to in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning
to______.
A. shared with B. satisfied with C. connected to D. related to
Question 9: All of the following are measures to reduce the number of cars
coming into town
each day in the US and/or Britain EXCEPT______.
A. traffic lanes for carpooling B. free car parks in the city centre
C. park-and-ride schemes D. carpooling/sharing
Question 10: The word it in the last paragraph refers to______.
A. travelling together B. car pool C. driving alone D. petrol/gas
Even before the turn of the century, movies began to develop in two major
directions: the
realistic and the formalistic. Realism and formalism are merely general, rather
than absolute,
terms. When used to suggest a tendency toward either polarity, such labels can
be helpful, but
in the end they are still just labels. Few films are exclusively formalist in style,
and fewer yet are
completely realist. There is also an important difference between realism and
reality, although
this distinction is often forgotten. Realism is a particular style, whereas physical
reality is the
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source of all the raw materials of film, both realistic and formalistic. Virtually all
movie directors
go to the photographable world for their subject matter, but what they do with
this material - how
they shape and manipulate it - determines their stylistic emphasis.
Generally speaking, realistic films attempt to reproduce the surface of concrete
reality with a
minimum of distortion. In photographing objects and events, the filmmaker tries
to suggest the
copiousness of life itself. Both realist and formalist film directors must select (and
hence
emphasize) certain details from the chaotic sprawl of reality. But the element of
selectivity in
realistic films is less obvious. Realists, in short, try to preserve the illusion that
their film world is
unmanipulated, an objective mirror of the actual world. Formalists, on the other
hand, make no
such pretense. They deliberately stylize and distort their raw materials so that
only the very
naive would mistake a manipulated image of an object or event for the real thing.
We rarely notice the style in a realistic movie; the artist tends to be self-effacing.
Some
filmmakers are more concerned with what is being shown than how it is
manipulated. The
camera is used conservatively. It is essentially a recording mechanism that
reproduces the
surface of tangible objects with as little commentary as possible. A high
premium is placed on
simplicity, spontaneity, and directness. This is not to suggest that these movies
lack artistry,
however, for at its best the realistic cinema specializes in art that conceals art.
Question 1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
A. Acting styles B. Film plots
C. Styles of filmmaking D. Filmmaking 100 years ago
Question 2. With which of the following statements would the author be most
likely to agree?
A. Realism and formalism are outdated terms.
B. Most films are neither exclusively realistic nor formalistic.
C. Realistic films are more popular than formalistic ones.
D. Formalistic films are less artistic than realistic ones.
Question 3. Whom does the author say is primarily responsible for the style of a
film?
A. The director B. The actors C. The producer D. The camera operator
Question 4. The word "shape" is closest in meaning to_____.
A. specify B. form C. understand D. achieve
Question 5. The word "preserve" is closest in meaning to
A. encourage B. maintain C. reflect D. attain
Question 6. The word "They" refers to_____.
A. films B. realists C. formalists D. raw materials
Question 7. How can one recognize the formalist style?
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A. It uses familiar images. B. It is very impersonal.
C. It obviously manipulates images. D. It mirrors the actual world.
Question 8. The word "tangible" is closest in meaning to
A. concrete B. complex C. various D. comprehensible
Question 9. Which of the following terms is NOT used to describe realism in
filmmaking?
A. Simple B. Spontaneous C. Self-effacing D. Exaggerated
Question 10. Which of the following films would most likely use a realist style?
A. A travel documentary B. A science fiction film
C. A musical drama D. An animated cartoon
Esperanto is what is called a planned, or artificial, language. It was created more
than a
century ago by Polish eye doctor Ludwik Lazar Zamenhof. Zamenhof believed
that a common
language would help to alleviate some of the misunderstandings among cultures.
In Zamenhofs first attempt at a universal language, he tried to create a language
that was as
uncomplicated as possible. This first language included words such as ab, ac, ba,
eb, be, and
ce. This did not result in a workable language in that these monosyllabic words,
though short,
were not easy to understand or to retain.
Next, Zamenhof tried a different way of constructing a simplified language. He
made the
words in his language sound like words that people already knew, but he
simplified the grammar
tremendously. One example of how he simplified the language can be seen in the
suffixes: all
nouns in this language end in o, as in the noun amiko, which means friend, and
all adjectives
end in -a, as in the adjective bela, which means pretty. Another example of the
simplified
language can be seen in the prefix mal-, which makes a word opposite in
meaning; the word
malamiko therefore means enemy, and the word malbela therefore means
ugly in
Zamenhofs language.
In 1887, Zamenhof wrote a description of this language and published it. He used
a pen
name, Dr. Esperanto, when signing the book. He selected the name Esperanto
because this
word means a person who hopes in his language. Esperanto clubs began
popping up
throughout Europe, and by 1950, Esperanto had spread from Europe to America
and Asia.
In 1905, the First World Congress of Esperanto took place in France, with
approximately700
attendees from 20 different countries. Congresses were held annually for nine
years, and 4,000
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attendees were registered for the Tenth World Esperanto Congress scheduled for
1914, when
World War I erupted and forced its cancellation.
Esperanto has had its ups and downs in the period since World War I. Today,
years after it
was introduced, it is estimated that perhaps a quarter of a million people are
fluent in it. This
may seem like a large number, but it is really quite small when compared with
the billion English
speakers and billion Mandarin Chinese speakers in todays world. Current
advocates would like
to see its use grow considerably and are taking steps to try to make this happen.
Question 1: The topic of this passage is
A. one mans efforts to create a universal language
B. how language can be improve
C. using language to communicate internationally
D. a language developed in the last few years
Question 2: According to the passage, Zamenhof wanted to create a universal
language
A. to build a name for himself B. to provide a more complex language
C. to resolve cultural differences D. to create one world culture
Question 3: It can be inferred from the passage that the Esperanto word
malespera means
A. hopeless B. hope C. hopelessness D. hopeful
Question 4: The expression popping up in line 17 could best be replaced by
A. shouting B. opening C. hiding D. leaping
Question 5: It can be inferred from the passage that the Third World Congress of
Esperanto
took place
A. in 1905 B. in 1909 C. in 1907 D. in 1913

Question 76: According to the passage, what happened to the Tenth World
Esperanto
Congress?
A. It had attendees from20 countries B. It never took place
C. It had 4,000 attendees D. It was scheduled for 1915
Question 7: The expression ups and downs is closest in meaning to
A. tops and bottoms B. floors and ceilings
C. takeoffs and landings D. highs and lows
Question 8: Which paragraph describes the predecessor to Esperanto?
A. The first paragraph B. The second paragraph
C. The third paragraph D. The fourth paragraph
Question 9: The passage would most likely be assigned reading in a course on
16
A. European history B. English grammar
C. world government D. applied linguistics
Question 10: The paragraph following the passage most likely discusses
A. how current supporters of Esperanto are encouraging its growth
B. another of Zamenhofs accomplishments
C. the disadvantages of using an artificial language
D. attempts to reconvene the World Congress of Esperanto in the 1920s
Ocean water plays an indispensable role in supporting life. The great ocean
basins hold
about 300 million cubic miles of water. From this vast amount, about 80,000
cubic miles of water
are sucked into the atmosphere each year by evaporation and returned by
precipitation and
drainage to the ocean. More than 24,000 cubic miles of rain descend annually
upon the
continents. This vast amount is required to replenish the lakes and streams,
springs and water
tables on which all flora and fauna are dependent. Thus, the hydrosphere permits
organic
existence.
The hydrosphere has strange characteristics because water has properties unlike
those of
any other liquid. One anomaly is that water upon freezing expands by about 9
percent, whereas
most liquids contract on cooling. For this reason, ice floats on water bodies
instead of sinking to
the bottom. If the ice sank, the hydrosphere would soon be frozen solidly, except
for a thin layer
of surface melt water during the summer season. Thus, all aquatic life would be
destroyed and
the interchange of warm and cold currents, which moderates climate, would be
notably absent.
Another outstanding characteristic of water is that water has a heat capacity
which is the
highest of all liquids and solids except ammonia. This characteristic enables the
oceans to
absorb and store vast quantities of heat, thereby often preventing climatic
extremes. In addition,
water dissolves more substances than any other liquid. It is this characteristic
which helps make
oceans a great storehouse for minerals which have been washed down from the
continents. In
several areas of the world these minerals are being commercially exploited. Solar
evaporation of
salt is widely practiced, potash is extracted from the Dead Sea, and magnesium
is produced
from seawater along the American Gulf Coast.
Question 1: The authors main purpose in this passage is to _.
A. explain how water is used in commerce and industry
B. compare water with other liquids
C. illustrate the importance of conserving water
17
D. describe the properties and uses of water
Question 2: According to the passage, fish can survive in the oceans because _.
A. they do not need oxygen
B. ice floats
C. evaporation and condensation create a water cycle
D. there are currents in the oceans
Question 3: The word outstanding in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to
_.
A. exceptionally good B. special C. important D. amusing
Question 4: According to the passage, the hydrosphere is NOT _.
A. a source of natural resources B. the part of the earth covered by water
C. responsible for all forms of life D. in danger of freezing over
Question 5: The word replenish in paragraph 1 can best be replaced by __ _.
A. replace B. evaporate C. fill again D. form
Question 6: The phrase This vast amount refers to _.
A. 80,000 million cubic miles of water B. 300 million cubic miles of water
C. 24,000 cubic miles of rain D. 80,000 cubic miles of water
Question 7: The authors tone in the passage can best be described as _ .
A. speculative B. dogmatic C. biased D. dispassionate
Question 8: Which of the following statements would be most likely to begin the
paragraph
immediately following the passage?
A. Another remarkably property of ice is its strength.
B. Water has the ability to erode land.
C. Droughts and flooding are two types of disasters associated with water.
D. Magnesium is widely used in metallurgical processes.
Question 9: The author organizes the passage by __ _.
A. juxtaposition of true and untrue ideas B. hypothesis and proof
C. general statements followed by examples D. comparison and contrast
Question 10: Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a characteristic of

water?
A. Water contracts on cooling. B. Water can absorb heat.
C. Water is a good solvent. D. Water expands when it is frozen.
18
Colors are one of the most exciting experiences in life. I love them, and they are
just as
important to me as emotions are. Have you ever wondered how the two are so
intimately
related?
Color directly affects your emotions. Color both reflects the current state of your
emotions,
and is something that you can use to improve or change your emotions. The color
that you
choose to wear either reflects your current state of being, or reflects the color or
emotion that
you need.
The colors that you wear affect you much more than they affect the people
around you. Of
course they also affect anyone who comes in contrast with you, but you are the
one saturated
with the color all day ! I even choose items around me based on their color. In
the morning, I
choose my clothes based on the color or emotion that I need for the day. So you
can
consciously use color to control the emotions that you are exposed to, which can
help you to
feel better.
Color, sound, and emotions are all vibrations. Emotions are literally energy in
motion; they
are meant to move and flow. This is the reason that real feelings are the fastest
way to get your
energy in motion. Also, flowing energy is exactly what creates healthy cells in
your body. So, the
fastest way to be healthy is to be open to your real feelings. Alternately, the
fastest way to
create disease is to inhibit your emotions.
Question 1: What is the main idea of the passage?
A. Colors can help you become healthy.
B. Colorful clothes can change your mood
C. Emotions and colors are closely related to each other
D. Colors are one of the most exciting.
Question 2: Which of the following can be affected by color?
A. Your need for thrills B. Your appetite
C. Your friend's feelings D. Your mood
Question 3: Who is more influenced by colors you wear?
A. Anyone B. Your family
C. The people around you are more influenced D. You are more influenced
Question 4: According to the passage, what do color, sound, and emotion all
have in common?
A. They are all forms of motion B. None is correct
C. They all affect the cells of the body D. They are all related to health
Question 5: According to this passage, what creates disease?
A. Wearing the color black B. Ignoring your emotions
19
C. Being open to your emotions D. Exposing yourself to bright colors
Question 6: The term "intimately" in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to
A. simply B. clearly C. closely D. obviously
Question 7: The term "they" in paragraph 3 refers to
A. none of these B. colors C. people D. emotions
Question 8: Why does the author mention that color and emotions are both
vibrations?
A. Because vibrations make you healthy
B. Because they both affect how we feel.
C. To prove the relationship between emotions and color.
D. To show how color can affect energy levels in the body.
Question 9: The phrase "saturated with" in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning
to
A. covered with B. lacking in C. bored with D. in need of
Question 10: What is the purpose of the passage?
A. to give an objective account of how colors affect emotions
B. to persuade the reader that colors can influence emotions and give a person
more energy
C. to show that colors are important for a healthy life
D. to prove the relationship between color and emotion
************************************
ANSWER KEYS
The development of genetically modified (GM) plants and animals had led to a
huge global
controversy. Opponents say that GM Frankenfoods are a threat to our wellbeing, and
proponents say that the risks are minimal. There is one aspect of the war over
GM that is often
overlooked. Anyone who wears a cotton shirt these days is using a GM crop.
Cotton is the only
major non-food GM crop at present, but others are coming.
GM cotton plants that is not food has not stopped the most passionate GM
opponents from
objecting. If GM cotton is grown in a field next to fields of non-GM cotton, they
argue, then how
to keep genes from being transferred from field to field. This danger, however, is
not as
compelling to the public as possible health hazards in food, so there is no great
fury over GM
cotton.
GM cotton seeds produce higher yields, and they do without the need for
pesticides. Planting
of GM cotton has increased fivefold since 1997; three-quarter of cotton in
America, and over half
in China, is now GM. Farmers like it because it increases their profits.
20
Other options for non-food GM include new variety of flowers with different colors
or scents,
tougher grasses for lawns, and plants designed to soak up pollutants from the
soil. The paper
industry provides another example of potential for GM to help produce better and
cheaper
products. Paper is made from pulp, and pulp is generally made from trees.
Researchers in New
Zealand and Chile have been working on insect-resistant pines, and a Japanese
firm has
combined carrot genes with tree genes to make them grow better in poor soil.
Another interesting case is that of tobacco. It is not food crop, but it is consumed,
and GM
tobacco plants with both more and less nicotine have been created. The tobacco
plant,
however, is an ideal target for GM, since its genetics are very well understood
and it produces a
lot of leaves. The value of the drugs that could be produced by GM tobacco is so
high, many
farmers could switch from growing tobacco for cigarettes to growing it for
medicine. Since
medical cost is rising, consumers would also be happy to use drugs produced in
bulk by GM
tobacco.
Question 1. Why does the author mention a cotton shirt in paragraph 1?
A. To show that cotton is one of the most popular materials for clothing.
B. To give an example of a common GM product that is not a food.
C. To give an example of a controversy surrounding GM products.
D. To show that the risk of GM products are minimal.
Question 2. The word that refers to
A. war B. aspect C. GM D. risk
Question 3. The word compelling is closest in meaning to
A. interesting B. annoying C. dangerous D. obvious
Question 4. Which country plants the most GM cotton mentioned in the
passage?
A. America B. Japan C. Chile D. China
Question 5. Which of the following is TRUE, according to the passage?
A. GM cotton is less controversial than other GM products.
B. There are several major non-food GM products at present.
C. There have been no objection to GM cotton.
D. GM cotton has no significant advantage over controversial cotton.
Question 6. Which options for non-food GM is NOT mentioned in the passage?

A. flowers B. grass C. tobacco D. rubber
Question 7. According to the passage, why are researchers developing GM
trees?
A. To improve or make paper less expensive.
21
B. To produce more fruit.
C. To find a way to make paper without pulp.
D. To replace trees cut down for paper.
Question 8. It can be inferred from the passage that GM tobacco
A. is already in the market.
B. produces drugs that are very expensive.
C. makes cigarettes harmless to smokers.
D. can have lower or higher levels of nicotine.
Question 9. What is the topic of the paragraph?
A. Controversial GM products. B. The hazards of GM products.
C. Non-food GM products. D. GM cotton and tobacco.
Question 10. The word switch in the last paragraph can best be replaced by
A. select B. plant C. change D. replace
Long ago prehistoric man began to domesticate a number of wild plants and
animals for
his own use. This not only provided more abundant food but also allowed more
people to
live on a smaller plot of ground. We tend to forget that all of our present-day
pets, livestock,
and food plants were taken from the wild and developed into the forms we know
today.
As centuries passed and human cultures evolved and blossomed, humans
began to
organise their knowledge of nature into the broad field of natural history. One
aspect of early
natural history concerned the use of plants for drugs and medicine. The early
herbalists
sometimes overworked their imaginations in this respect. For example, it was
widely
believed that a plant or part of a plant that resembles an internal organ would
cure ailments
of that organ, Thus, an extract made from a heart-shaped leaf might be
prescribed for a
person suffering from heart problems.
Nevertheless, the overall contributions of these early observers provided the
rudiments
of our present knowledge of drugs and their uses.
Question 1: What does this passage mainly discuss?
A. Cures from plants. B. The beginning of natural history.
C. Prehistoric man. D. Early plants and animals.
Question 2: Domestication of plants and animals probably occurred because of
______ .
22
A. need for more readily available food B. lack of wild animals and plants
C. early mans power as a hunter D. the desire of prehistoric man to be nomadic
Question 3: The word This in the first paragraph refers to ________ .
A. providing food for man
B. mans domestication of plants and animals
C. mans ability to live on a small plot of land
D. the earliest condition of prehistoric man
Question 4: The word blossomed in the second paragraph is closest in
meaning to
______ .
A. produced flowers B. changed
C. learned D. flourished
Question 5: An herbalist is which of the following?
A. A dreamer. B. An early historian.
C. Someone who uses plants in medicine. D. A farmer.
Question 6: The phrase in this respect in the second paragraph refers to
______.
A. the development of human culture
B. the development of the field of natural history
C. the use of plants for drugs and medicine
D. the origin of knowledge of nature
Question 7: The word extract in the second paragraph is closest in meaning
to
________.
A. design B. substance C. flavour D. ailment
Question 8: Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?
A. The shape of a plant is indicative of its ability to cure ailments of a similarly
shaped
organ.
B. There is little relation between a cure for illness and the physical
shape of a plant.
C. The work of early herbalists has nothing to do with present day medicine.
D. Early herbalists were unimaginative.
Question 9: The word rudiments in the last paragraph is closest in meaning
to _______.
A. beginnings B. history C. requirements D. proofs
Question 10: The passage would most likely lead to a more specific discussion
in the field
of _____ .
A. zoology B. biology
C. anatomy D. astrology
23
Martin Luther King, Jr., is well known for his work in civil rights and for his many
famous
speeches, among them is his moving "I Have A Dream" speech. But fewer people
know much
about King's childhood. M.L., as he was called, was born in 1929 in Atlanta,
Georgia, at the
home of his maternal grandfather. M.L.'s grandfather, the Reverend A.D. Williams,
purchased
their home on Auburn Avenue in 1909, twenty years before M.L. was born. The
Reverend
Williams, an eloquent speaker, played an important role in the community since
so many
people's lives centered around the church. He allowed his church and his home to
be used as a
meeting place for a number of organizations dedicated to the education and
social advancement
of blacks. M.L. grew up in this atmosphere, with his home being used as a
community
gathering place, and was no doubt influenced by it.
M.L.'s childhood was not especially eventful. His father was a minister and his
mother was a
musician. He was the second of three children, and he attended all- black schools
in a black
neighborhood. The neighborhood was not poor, however. Auburn Avenue was the
main artery
through a prosperous neighborhood that had come to symbolize achievement for
Atlanta's black
people. It was an area of banks, insurance companies, builders, jewelers, tailors,
doctors,
lawyers, and other black-owner black-operated businesses and services. Even in
the face of
Atlanta's segregation, the district thrived. Dr. King never forgot the community
spirit he had
known as a child, nor did he forget the racial prejudice that was a seemingly
insurmountable
barrier that kept black Atlantans from mingling with whites.
Question 1: What is this passage mainly about?
A. the prejudice that existed in Atlanta
B. Martin Luther King's childhood
C. M.L.'s grandfather
D. the neighborhood King grew up in
Question 2: The word "eloquent" means most nearly
A. powerful B. active C. romantic D. fascinating
Question 3: The word "gathering" could best be replaced by
24
A. picking B. learning C. exciting D. meeting
Question 4: Which of the following statements is NOT true?
A. Anburn was a commercial areas
B. M.Ls grandfather built their home on Anburn Avenue in 1909
C. M.L grew up in a rich, black neighborhood.
D. M.Ls childhood was uneventful

Question 5: According to the author, blacks in King's neighborhood were
involved in all
the following businesses and services EXCEPT
A. dentistry B. medicine C. law D. banking
Question 6: According to the author, King was influenced by
A. community spirit B. black lawyers
C. his mother D. his speeches
Question 7: The word "thrived" refers to which of the following?
A. achieved B. surrendered C. flourished D. held
"seemingly"?
A. apparently B. inevitable C. inexplicable D. hastily
Question 9: The word "mingling" could best be replaced by which of the
following?
A. interfering B. gargling C. consuming D. associating
Question 10: According to the author, M.L.
A. had a difficult childhood
B. was a good musician as a child
C. loved to listen to his grandfather speak
D. grew up in a relatively rich area of Atlanta
The biologist's role in society as well as his moral and ethical responsibility in the
discovery
and development of new ideas has led to a reassessment of his social and
scientific value
systems. A scientist can no longer ignore the consequences of his discoveries; he
is as
25
concerned with the possible misuses of his findings as he is with the basic
research in which he
is involved. This emerging social and political role of the biologist and all other
scientists
requires a weighing of values that cannot be done with the accuracy or the
objectivity of a
laboratory balance. As a member of society, it is necessary for a biologist now to
redefine his
social obligations and his functions, particularly in the realm of making judgments
about such
ethical problems as man's control of his environment or his manipulation of
genes to direct
further evolutionary development.
As a result of recent discoveries concerning hereditary mechanisms, genetic
engineering, by
which human traits are made to order, may soon be a reality. As desirable as it
may seem to be,
such an accomplishment would entail many value judgments. Who would decide,
for example,
which traits should be selected for change? In cases of genetic deficiencies and
disease, the
desirability of the change is obvious, but the possibilities for social misuse are so
numerous that
they may far outweigh the benefits.
Probably the greatest biological problem of the future, as it is of the present, will
be to find
ways to curb environmental pollution without interfering with man's constant
effort to improve
the quality of his life. Many scientists believe that underlying the spectre of
pollution is the
problem of surplus human population. A rise in population necessitates an
increase in the
operations of modern industry, the waste products of which increase the
pollution of air, water,
and soil. The question of how many people the resources of the Earth can support
is one of
critical importance.
Although the solutions to these and many other problems are yet to be found,
they do indicate
the need for biologists to work with social scientists and other members of
society in order to
determine the requirements necessary for maintaining a healthy and productive
planet. For
although many of man's present and future problems may seem to be essentially
social,
political, or economic in nature, they have biological ramifications that could
affect the very
existence of life itself.
Question 1: According to the passage, a modern scientist should be more
concerned about
____.
A. his basic research B.the development of new ideas
C. his manipulation of genes D. the consequences of his discoveries
Question 2: The pronoun "it" in paragraph 2 refers to ____.
A. a reality B. an accomplishment
26
C. genetic engineering D. hereditary mechanism
Question 3: It is implied in the passage that genetic engineering ____.
A. may do us more harm than good B. is no longer desirable
C. is the most desirable for life D. will change all human traits
Question 4: The pronoun "they" in paragraph 2 refers to ____.
A. discoveries concerning hereditary mechanisms
B. effects of genetic engineering misuse
C. cases of genetic deficiencies
D. possibilities for genetic deficiencies
Question 5: What is probably the most important biological problem mentioned
in the passage?
A. social and economic deficiencies B. manipulation of genes

C. genetic engineering misuse D. environmental pollution
Question 6: The word "which" in paragraph 3 refers to ____.
A. activities of an overpopulated society's industry
B. the waste products dumped into our environment
C. activities of surplus human population
D. serious environmental pollution
Question 7: The word "underlying" in paragraph 3 could best be replaced by
"____".
A. noticing B. causing C. finding D. depriving
Question 8: According to the passage, to save our planet, biologists should work
A. harder and harder B. accurately and objectively
C. on social and political purposes D. with other social scientists
"ramifications" in
paragraph 4?
A. useful experiments B. effective techniques
C. harmful consequences D. latest developments
Question 10: What is the author's purpose in this passage?
A. To conduct a survey of the biologist's role in society
B. To urge biologists to solve the problem of surplus human population
C. To emphasize the biologist's role in solving the world's problems
D. To advise biologists to carry out extensive research into genetic engineering
27
In early civilizations, citizens were educated informally, usually within the family
unit.
Education meant simply learning to live. As civilizations became more complex,
however,
education became more formal, structured, and comprehensive. Initial efforts of
the ancient
Chinese and Greek societies concentrated solely on the education of males. The
postBabylonian Jews and Plato were exceptions to this pattern. Plato was
apparently the first
significant advocate of the equality of the sexes. Women, in his ideal state, would
have the
same rights and duties and the same educational opportunities as men. This
aspect of Platonic
philosophy, however, had little or no effect on education for many centuries, and
the concept of
a liberal education for men only, which had been espoused by Aristotle,
prevailed.
In ancient Rome, the availability of an education was gradually extended to
women, but they
were taught separately from men. The early Christians and medieval Europeans
continued this
trend, and single-sex schools for the privileged classes prevailed through the
Reformation
period. Gradually, however, education for women on a separate but equal basis
to that provided
for men was becoming a clear responsibility of society. Martin Luther appealed for
civil support
of schools for all children. At the Council of Trent in the 16 th century, the Roman
Catholic Church
encouraged the establishment of free primary schools for children of all classes.
The concept of
universal primary education, regardless of sex, had been born, but it was still in
the realm of the
single-sex school.
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, co-education became a more widely
applied principle
of educational philosophy. In Britain, Germany, and the Soviet Union the
education of boys and
girls in the same classes became an accepted practice. Since World War II, Japan
and the
Scandinavian countries have also adopted relatively universal co-educational
systems. The
greatest negative reaction to co-education has been felt in the teaching systems
of the Latin
countries, where the sexes have usually been separated at both primary and
secondary levels,
according to local conditions.
A number of studies have indicated that girls seem to perform better overall and
in science in
particular in single-sex classes: during the adolescent years, pressure to conform
to
stereotypical female gender roles may disadvantage girls in traditionally male
subjects, making
them reluctant to volunteer for experimental work while taking part in lessons. In
Britain,
academic league tables point to high standards achieved in girls' schools. Some
educationalists therefore suggest segregation of the sexes as a good thing,
particularly in
certain areas, and a number of schools are experimenting with the idea.
28
Question 1: Ancient education generally focused its efforts on ____.
A. on male learners B. both sexes C. female learners D. young people only
Question 2: Education in early times was mostly aimed at ____.
A. teaching skills B. learning to live
C. learning new lifestyles D. imparting survival skills
Question 3: The first to support the equality of the sexes was ____.
A. the Chinese B. the Greek C. Plato D. the Jews
Question 4: The word "informally" in this context mostly refers to an education
occurring____.
A. in classrooms B. outside the school C. in a department D. ability
Question 5: When education first reached women, they were ____.
A. locked up in a place with men B. isolated from normal life

C. deprived of opportunities D. separated from men
Question 6: When the concept of universal primary education was introduced,
education____.
A. was given free to all B.was intended for all the sexes
C. focused on imparting skills D. was intended to leave out female learners
Question 7: The word "espouse" is contextually closest in meaning to "____".
A. to introduce B. to put off C. to give D. to induce
Question 8: Co-ed was negatively responded to in ____.
A. Japan B. the Scandinavian countries
C. South American countries D. conservative countries
Question 9: The word "tables" is closest in meaning to "____".
A. shapes B. meeting tables
C. personalities D. figures
Question 10: The word "segregation" may be understood as "____".
A. grouping B. mixture C. separation D. extraction
Commuting is the practice of travelling a long distance to a town or city to work
each day, and
then travelling home again in the evening. The word commuting comes from
commutation ticket,
a US rail ticket for repeated journeys, called a season ticket in Britain. Regular
travellers are
called commuters.
29
The US has many commuters. A few, mostly on the East Coast, commute by train
or subway,
but most depend on the car. Some leave home very early to avoid the traffic
jams, and sleep in
their cars until their office opens. Many people accept a long trip to work so that
they can live in
quiet bedroom communities away from the city, but another reason is white
flight. In the 1960s
most cities began to desegregate their schools, so that there were no longer
separate schools
for white and black children. Many white families did not want to send their
children to
desegregated schools, so they moved to the suburbs, which have their own
schools, and where,
for various reasons, few black people live.
Millions of people in Britain commute by car or train. Some spend two or three
hours a day
travelling, so that they and their families can live in suburbia or in the
countryside. Cities are
surrounded by commuter belts. Part of the commuter belt around London is
called the
stockbroker belt because it contains houses where rich business people live.
Some places are
becoming dormitory towns, because people sleep there but take little part in local
activities.
Most commuters travel to and from work at the same time, causing the morning
and evening
rush hours, when buses and trains are crowded and there are traffic jams on the
roads.
Commuters on trains rarely talk to each other and spend their journey reading,
sleeping or using
their mobile phones, though this is not popular with other passengers. Increasing
numbers of
people now work at home some days of the week, linked to their offices by
computer, a practice
called telecommuting.
Cities in both Britain and the US are trying to reduce the number of cars coming
into town
each day. Some companies encourage car pooling (called car sharing in Britain),
an
arrangement for people who live and work near each other to travel together.
Some US cities
have a public service that helps such people to contact each other, and traffic
lanes are
reserved for car-pool vehicles. But cars and petrol/gas are cheap in the US, and
many people
prefer to drive alone because it gives them more freedom. In Britain many cities
have park-andride schemes, car parks on the edge of the city from which buses
take drivers into the centre.
Question 1: Which of the following definitions of commuting would the author of
this passage
most probably agree with?
A. Travelling to work and then home again in a day within a rural district.
B. Travelling for hours from a town or city to work in the countryside every day.
C. Regularly travelling a long distance between ones place of work and
ones home.
30
D. Using a commutation ticket for special journeys in all seasons of the year.
Question 2: The word repeated in paragraph 1 most probably means______.
A. buying a season ticket again. B. happening again and again.
C. saying something again. D. doing something once again.
Question 3: The passage mentions that many Americans are willing to travel a
long distance to
work in order to be able to live in ______.
A. quiet neighbourhoods B. comfortable bedrooms
C. city centres D. noisy communities
Question 4: Which of the following is true according to the passage?
A. The US has considerably more commuters than Britain.
B. Commuting helps people in the US and Britain save a lot of time.
C. Britain has considerably more commuters than the US.
D. Both the US and Britain have a great number of commuters.
Question 5: Which of the following is NOT true about the London commuter
belt?
A. It surrounds London.
B. It is in central London.
C. It is home to some wealthy business people.
D. It is like bedroom communities in the US.
Question 6: It can be inferred from the passage that dormitory towns in Britain
are places where
people______.
A. stay for the night B. contribute to the local community
C. are employed locally D. take part in local activities
Question 7: As mentioned in the passage, commuters usually______.
A. talk to each other during train journeys
B. go to work at different hours
C. go home from work at different hours
D. cause traffic congestion on the roads
31
Question 8: The phrase linked to in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning
to______.
A. shared with B. satisfied with C. connected to D. related to
Question 9: All of the following are measures to reduce the number of cars
coming into town
each day in the US and/or Britain EXCEPT______.
A. traffic lanes for car pooling B. free car parks in the city centre
C. park-and-ride schemes D. car pooling/sharing
Question 10: The word it in the last paragraph refers to______.
A. travelling together B. car pool C. driving alone D. petrol/gas
Even before the turn of the century, movies began to develop in two major
directions: the
realistic and the formalistic. Realism and formalism are merely general, rather
than absolute,
terms. When used to suggest a tendency toward either polarity, such labels can
be helpful, but
in the end they are still just labels. Few films are exclusively formali
in style, and fewer yet are
completely realist. There is also an important difference between realism and
reality, although
this distinction is often forgotten. Realism is a particular style, whereas physical
reality is the
source of all the raw materials of film, both realistic and formalistic. Virtually all
movie directors
go to the photographable world for their subject matter, but what they do with
this material - how
they shape and manipulate it - determines their stylistic emphasis.
Generally speaking, realistic films attempt to reproduce the surface of concrete
reality with a
minimum of distortion. In photographing objects and events, the filmmaker tries
to suggest the
copiousness of life itself. Both realist and formalist film directors must select (and
hence
emphasize) certain details from the chaotic sprawl of reality. But the element of
selectivity in
realistic films is less obvious. Realists, in short, try to preserve the illusion that
their film world is
unmanipulated, an objective mirror of the actual world. Formalists, on the other
hand, make no
such pretense. They deliberately stylize and distort their raw materials so that
only the very
naive would mistake a manipulated image of an object or event for the real thing.
We rarely notice the style in a realistic movie; the artist tends to be self-effacing.
Some
filmmakers are more concerned with what is being shown than how it is
manipulated. The
camera is used conservatively. It is essentially a recording mechanism that
reproduces the
surface of tangible objects with as little commentary as possible. A high
premium is placed on
32
simplicity, spontaneity, and directness. This is not to suggest that these movies
lack artistry,
however, for at its best the realistic cinema specializes in art that conceals art.
Question 1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
A. Acting styles B. Film plots
C. Styles of filmmaking D. Filmmaking 100 years ago
Question 2. With which of the following statements would the author be most
likely to agree?
A. Realism and formalism are outdated terms.
B. Most films are neither exclusively realistic nor formalistic.
C. Realistic films are more popular than formalistic ones.
D. Formalistic films are less artistic than realistic ones.
Question 3. Whom does the author say is primarily responsible for the style of a
film?
A. The director B. The actors C. The producer D. The camera operator
Question 4. The word "shape" is closest in meaning to_____.
A. specify B. form C. understand D. achieve
Question 5. The word "preserve" is closest in meaning to
A. encourage B. maintain C. reflect D. attain
Question 6. The word "They" refers to_____.
A. films B. realists C. formalists D. raw materials
Question 7. How can one recognize the formalist style?
A. It uses familiar images. B. It is very impersonal.
C. It obviously manipulates images. D. It mirrors the actual world.
Question 8. The word "tangible" is closest in meaning to
A. concrete B. complex C. various D. comprehensible

Question 9. Which of the following terms is NOT used to describe realism in
filmmaking?
A. Simple B. Spontaneous C. Self-effacing D. Exaggerated
Question 10. Which of the following films would most likely use a realist style?
A. A travel documentary B. A science fiction film
C. A musical drama D. An animated cartoon
33
Esperanto is what is called a planned, or artificial, language. It was created more
than a
century ago by Polish eye doctor Ludwik Lazar Zamenhof. Zamenhof believed
that a common
language would help to alleviate some of the misunderstandings among cultures.
In Zamenhofs first attempt at a universal language, he tried to create a language
that was as
uncomplicated as possible. This first language included words such as ab, ac, ba,
eb, be, and
ce. This did not result in a workable language in that these monosyllabic words,
though short,
were not easy to understand or to retain.
Next, Zamenhof tried a different way of constructing a simplified language. He
made the
words in his language sound like words that people already knew, but he
simplified the grammar
tremendously. One example of how he simplified the language can be seen in the
suffixes: all
nouns in this language end in o, as in the noun amiko, which means friend, and
all adjectives
end in -a, as in the adjective bela, which means pretty. Another example of the
simplified
language can be seen in the prefix mal-, which makes a word opposite in
meaning; the word
malamiko therefore means enemy, and the word malbela therefore means
ugly in
Zamenhofs language.
In 1887, Zamenhof wrote a description of this language and published it. He used
a pen
name, Dr. Esperanto, when signing the book. He selected the name Esperanto
because this
word means a person who hopes in his language. Esperanto clubs began
popping up
throughout Europe, and by 1950, Esperanto had spread from Europe to America
and Asia.
In 1905, the First World Congress of Esperanto took place in France, with
approximately700
attendees from 20 different countries. Congresses were held annually for nine
years, and 4,000
attendees were registered for the Tenth World Esperanto Congress scheduled for
1914, when
World War I erupted and forced its cancellation.
Esperanto has had its ups and downs in the period since World War I. Today,
years after it
was introduced, it is estimated that perhaps a quarter of a million people are
fluent in it. This
may seem like a large number, but it is really quite small when compared with
the billion English
speakers and billion Mandarin Chinese speakers in todays world. Current
advocates would like
to see its use grow considerably and are taking steps to try to make this happen.
Question 1: The topic of this passage is
A. one mans efforts to create a universal language
B. how language can be improve
C. using language to communicate internationally
D. a language developed in the last few years
34
Question 2: According to the passage, Zamenhof wanted to create a universal
language
A. to build a name for himself B. to provide a more complex language
C. to resolve cultural differences D. to create one world culture
Question 3: It can be inferred from the passage that the Esperanto word
malespera means
A. hopeless B. hope C. hopelessness D. hopeful
Question 4: The expression popping up in line 17 could best be replaced by
A. shouting B. opening C. hiding D. leaping
Question 5: It can be inferred from the passage that the Third World Congress of
Esperanto
took place
A. in 1905 B. in 1909 C. in 1907 D. in 1913
Question 76: According to the passage, what happened to the Tenth World
Esperanto
Congress?
A. It had attendees from20 countries B. It never took place
C. It had 4,000 attendees D. It was scheduled for 1915
Question 7: The expression ups and downs is closest in meaning to
A. tops and bottoms B. floors and ceilings
C. takeoffs and landings D. highs and lows
Question 8: Which paragraph describes the predecessor to Esperanto?
A. The first paragraph B. The second paragraph
C. The third paragraph D. The fourth paragraph
Question 9: The passage would most likely be assigned reading in a course on
A. European history B. English grammar
C. world government D. applied linguistics
Question 10: The paragraph following the passage most likely discusses
A. how current supporters of Esperanto are encouraging its growth
B. another of Zamenhofs accomplishments
C. the disadvantages of using an artificial language

D. attempts to reconvene the World Congress of Esperanto in the 1920s
Ocean water plays an indispensable role in supporting life. The great ocean
basins hold
about 300 million cubic miles of water. From this vast amount, about 80,000
cubic miles of water
35
are sucked into the atmosphere each year by evaporation and returned by
precipitation and
drainage to the ocean. More than 24,000 cubic miles of rain descend annually
upon the
continents. This vast amount is required to replenish the lakes and streams,
springs and water
tables on which all flora and fauna are dependent. Thus, the hydrosphere permits
organic
existence.
The hydrosphere has strange characteristics because water has properties unlike
those of
any other liquid. One anomaly is that water upon freezing expands by about 9
percent, whereas
most liquids contract on cooling. For this reason, ice floats on water bodies
instead of sinking to
the bottom. If the ice sank, the hydrosphere would soon be frozen solidly, except
for a thin layer
of surface melt water during the summer season. Thus, all aquatic life would be
destroyed and
the interchange of warm and cold currents, which moderates climate, would be
notably absent.
Another outstanding characteristic of water is that water has a heat capacity
which is the
highest of all liquids and solids except ammonia. This characteristic enables the
oceans to
absorb and store vast quantities of heat, thereby often preventing climatic
extremes. In addition,
water dissolves more substances than any other liquid. It is this characteristic
which helps make
oceans a great storehouse for minerals which have been washed down from the
continents. In
several areas of the world these minerals are being commercially exploited. Solar
evaporation of
salt is widely practiced, potash is extracted from the Dead Sea, and magnesium
is produced
from seawater along the American Gulf Coast.
Question 1: The authors main purpose in this passage is to _.
A. explain how water is used in commerce and industry
B. compare water with other liquids
C. illustrate the importance of conserving water
D. describe the properties and uses of water

Question 2: According to the passage, fish can survive in the oceans because _.
A. they do not need oxygen
B. ice floats
C. evaporation and condensation create a water cycle
D. there are currents in the oceans
Question 3: The word outstanding in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to
_.
A. exceptionally good B. special C. important D. amusing
Question 4: According to the passage, the hydrosphere is NOT _.
A. a source of natural resources B. the part of the earth covered by water
36
C. responsible for all forms of life D. in danger of freezing over
Question 5: The word replenish in paragraph 1 can best be replaced by __ _.
A. replace B. evaporate C. fill again D. form
Question 6: The phrase This vast amount refers to _.
A. 80,000 million cubic miles of water B. 300 million cubic miles of water
C. 24,000 cubic miles of rain D. 80,000 cubic miles of water
Question 7: The authors tone in the passage can best be described as _ .
A. speculative B. dogmatic C. biased D. dispassionate
Question 8: Which of the following statements would be most likely to begin the
paragraph
immediately following the passage?
A. Another remarkably property of ice is its strength.
B. Water has the ability to erode land.
C. Droughts and flooding are two types of disasters associated with water.
D. Magnesium is widely used in metallurgical processes.
Question 9: The author organizes the passage by __ _.
A. juxtaposition of true and untrue ideas B. hypothesis and proof
C. general statements followed by examples D. comparison and contrast
Question 10: Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a characteristic of
water?
A. Water contracts on cooling. B. Water can absorb heat.
C. Water is a good solvent. D. Water expands when it is frozen.
Colors are one of the most exciting experiences in life. I love them, and they are
just as
important to me as emotions are. Have you ever wondered how the two are so
intimately
related?
Color directly affects your emotions. Color both reflects the current state of your
emotions,
and is something that you can use to improve or change your emotions. The color
that you
choose to wear either reflects your current state of being, or reflects the color or
emotion that
you need.
The colors that you wear affect you much more than they affect the people
around you. Of
course they also affect anyone who comes in contrast with you, but you are the
one saturated
with the color all day ! I even choose items around me based on their color. In
the morning, I
choose my clothes based on the color or emotion that I need for the day. So you
can
37
consciously use color to control the emotions that you are exposed to, which can
help you to
feel better.
Color, sound, and emotions are all vibrations. Emotions are literally energy in
motion; they
are meant to move and flow. This is the reason that real feelings are the fastest
way to get your
energy in motion. Also, flowing energy is exactly what creates healthy cells in
your body. So, the
fastest way to be healthy is to be open to your real feelings. Alternately, the
fastest way to
create disease is to inhibit your emotions.
Question 1: What is the main idea of the passage?
A. Colors can help you become healthy.
B. Colorful clothes can change your mood
C. Emotions and colors are closely related to each other
D. Colors are one of the most exciting.
Question 2: Which of the following can be affected by color?
A. Your need for thrills B. Your appetite
C. Your friend's feelings D. Your mood
Question 3: Who is more influenced by colors you wear?
A. Anyone B. Your family
C. The people around you are more influenced D. You are more influenced
Question 4: According to the passage, what do color, sound, and emotion all
have in common?
A. They are all forms of motion B. None is correct
C. They all affect the cells of the body D. They are all related to health
Question 5: According to this passage, what creates disease?
A. Wearing the color black B. Ignoring your emotions
C. Being open to your emotions D. Exposing yourself to bright colors
Question 6: The term "intimately" in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to
A. simply B. clearly C. closely D. obviously
Question 7: The term "they" in paragraph 3 refers to
A. none of these B. colors C. people D. emotions
Question 8: Why does the author mention that color and emotions are both
vibrations?
A. Because vibrations make you healthy
B. Because they both affect how we feel.
C. To prove the relationship between emotions and color.
D. To show how color can affect energy levels in the body.

38
Question 9: The phrase "saturated with" in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning
to
A. covered with B. lacking in C. bored with D. in need of
Question 10: What is the purpose of the passage?
A. to give an objective account of how colors affect emotions
B. to persuade the reader that colors can influence emotions and give a
person more
energy
C. to show that colors are important for a healthy life
D. to prove the relationship between color and emotion

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(answer keys are from page 19)

lawyers, and other black-owner black-operated businesses and services. Even in

affect the very

jams, and sleep in

A. in 1905 B. in 1909 C. in 1907 D. in 1913

Question 10: Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a characteristic of

Question 6. Which options for non-food GM is NOT mentioned in the passage?

D. M.Ls childhood was uneventful

A. social and economic deficiencies B. manipulation of genes

A. locked up in a place with men B. isolated from normal life

A. concrete B. complex C. various D. comprehensible

C. the disadvantages of using an artificial language

D. describe the properties and uses of water

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