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CTODandpipelinesthepast,presentandfuture
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CTODandpipelinesthepast,presentandfuture
DrPhilippaMooreandDrHenrykPisarski
TWILtd,Cambridge,UK
Paperpresentedatthe6thInternationalPipelineTechnologyConference(Rudi'sPipelineConference),69October
2013,Ostend,Belgium.

Abstract
CrackTipOpeningDisplacement(orCTOD)hasbeenthemostwidelyusedfracturetoughnessparameterwithinthe
oilandgasindustryfornearlyfiftyyears.OriginallydevelopedfromresearchatTWIintheUKduringthe1960s,
CTODwasanidealparameterforcharacterisingthefracturetoughnessofmediumstrengthcarbonmanganesesteels
usedinpressurevessels,offshoreplatformsandpipelineswheretheapplicationoflinearelasticfracturemechanics
wasinsufficienttoaccountfortheirductility.Oncefracturetoughnesstesting(CTODtesting)becamestandardised
withinBS7448,ASTME1290,ISO12135andISO15653,theCTODconceptenjoyedanestablishedinternational
reputation.Thedevelopmentofstandardisedfitnessforserviceassessmentprocedures,initiallythroughtheuseof
theCTODdesigncurve,andthentothefailureanalysisdiagramapproachdescribedinBS7910,alsoallowedCTODto
beuseddirectlytodeterminetolerableflawsizestoassessthestructuralintegrityofwelds.Inmorerecenttimes
singleedgenotchedtensionspecimen(SENT)testinghasbeenenthusiasticallyadoptedbythepipelineindustryin
placeofthetraditionalsingleedgenotchedbend(SENB)specimenusedforstandardCTODtests.However,currently
thereisnonationalstandarddescribingSENTtesting,althoughthisisbeingdeveloped.SENTtestingisparticularly
advantageouswhenpipelinegirthweldsaresubjectedtoplasticstraining,andanumberofassessmentprocedures
basedonCTODhavebeenandarebeingdevelopedtodefinestraincapacityandflawacceptancecriteria.

Introduction
CrackTipOpeningDisplacement(orCTOD)hasbeenthemostwidelyusedfracturetoughnessparameterwithinthe
oilandgasindustryfornearlyfiftyyears.OriginallydevelopedfromresearchatTWIintheUKduringthe1960s,
CTODwasanidealparameterforcharacterisingthefracturetoughnessofmediumstrengthcarbonmanganesesteels
usedinthemanufactureofpressurevesselswheretheapplicationoflinearelasticfracturemechanicswasinsufficient
toaccountfortheirductility.ThedevelopmentofNorthSeaoilandgasfromthe1970sonwardshastenedthe
applicationofCTODtestingandanalysisconceptsforapplicationtotheconstructionofsteeljacketproduction
platformsandpipelines.Thefracturetoughnesstestingofsingleedgenotchedbendspecimens(ortheCTODtestas
itissometimescalled)isthestandardmethodtomeasureit.However,asfurtherprogressismadeinthe
developmentoffracturemechanics,bothtestingandassessment,theCTODconceptmustchangeandadapttokeep
up.ToillustratethestoryofCTODovertheyearswehavehighlightedsomeofthekeypeopleatTWIwhohavebeen
involvedinthiswork,howeveritmustberecognisedthattheresearchanddevelopmentofthisfieldhasbeenthe
collaborationofamuchlargergroupofengineersfrommanyinstitutionsworldwide.

TheOriginsoftheCTODconcept
FracturemechanicsasanengineeringdisciplinewasconceivedjustaftertheSecondWorldWarasaresultofthe
LibertyShipsfractures.Of2700shipsfabricatedusingthenewweldingtechnologyduringthewararound400had
fractures,90wereconsideredseriousandabouttenshipsfracturedcompletelyinhalf[1].Thisfailureratehaddriven
theUSNavalResearchLabstoresearchtheeffectofcracksinsteels,andbythe1950stheyhaddevelopedthelinear
elasticfracturemechanics(LEFM)descriptionofcracksinbrittlematerialsworkledbyDrGeorgeLIrwin[2].
However,thestressbasedLEFMdidnotsufficientlydescribethebehaviourofmoreductilematerials,suchasmedium
strengthstructuralsteels.
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Figure1AlanWellsatTWI,UK
inthe1990s.

TheUKhadchosentobeginitsowninvestigationsintobrittlefractureissuesafterthewar,drivenbytheUKAdmiralty
AdvisoryCommitteeonStructuralSteels,whoheldconferencesattheUniversityofCambridgein1945and1959
attendedbymanyofthosewhowouldbecomeeminentinthefieldsofstructuralengineering,metallurgyandfracture
mechanics,includingGeorgeIrwinandDrAlanWellsfromtheBritishWeldingResearchAssociation[3].AlanWells
(Figure1)hadtakenasabbaticalattheUSNavalResearchLabin1954andworkedwithGeorgeIrwininthattime.
AfterhisreturntotheUKandtheBritishWeldingResearchAssociation(BWRA),whichlaterbecameTWI,AlanWells
proposedanalternativemodeloffracturetoLEFMin1961[4].WellsdevelopedtheCrackOpeningDisplacement
(COD),latertheCrackTipOpeningDisplacement(CTOD)modeloffracturemechanicsfromanobservationofthe
movementofthecrackfacesapartduringplasticdeformationofnotchedtestpieces.Heshowedthatfracturewould
takeplaceatacriticalvalueofCODandforcalculationsbelowgeneralyieldthiswasproportionaltothesquareofthe
criticalstressintensityfactordividedbytheyieldstrength.Furthermore,heshowedthatthecriticalvalueofCOD
determinedinbendspecimensandwideplatespecimens(representingstructuralcomponents)ofthesamethickness
wereequivalent.Thushewasabletodemonstratetransferabilityoffracturetoughnessdeterminedfromtest
specimenstootherstructuralgeometries.Thiswastohavefarreachingimplicationsonthedevelopmentoffitness
forserviceconceptsforweldedstructuresfortheavoidanceoffracture.AsaresultofthistheCTODparameterwas
usedextensivelyintheUKforelasticplasticfracturemechanics(EPFM)analysisofweldedstructuresfromthe1960s
especiallyoncethedevelopmentofNorthSeaoilreservesinthe1970swasdrivingmuchofthefractureresearchat
thattime[1].

StandardMethodsforCTODTesting
Inessence,thefracturetoughnesstestspecimencomprisesarectangularbarofmaterialthatisnotchedintothe
appropriateregion(withrespecttoaweldedjoint).InthecaseoftheCTODtest,thespecimensizeisusually
representativeofthefullmaterialthickness.TheCTODtestpieceoriginallyhadasawcutnotchbutlaterusedfatigue
precrackingtoproduceasharpnotch[5].Thecrackmouthisinstrumentedwithaclipgaugetomeasurethecrack
mouthopening,andthenloadedunderquasistaticthreepointbendingtoenablealoadversuscrackmouthopening
displacementtracetobeplotted(Figures2and3).
AsconfidencegrewintheabilityofthesmallscaleCTODtesttopredictthefractureconditionsofacrackinafull
scalestructure,thetestmethodbecamestandardised.BSIpublishedaDraftforDevelopment(DD19)onapplied
forceforCTODtestingin1972.Thisbecameastandardin1979asBS5762[6],whichdescribedMethodsforcrack
openingdisplacement(COD)testing.ThiswasthensupersededbyBS7448Part1in1991[7]asaMethodfor
determinationofKIC,criticalCTODandcriticalJvaluesofmetallicmaterials.Part2ofBS7448providedan
equivalentmethodforweldsinmetallicmaterialswhenitwaspublishedin1997andwaslargelybasedonTWIs
experienceintestingwelds.ThiswasdevelopedfurtherbyanISOcommittee,withTWIrepresentationbyHenryk
Pisarski(Figure4),andin2010BS7448Part2wassupersededbyBSENISO15653[8],althoughPart1stillremains
currentforCTODtestingofparentmetals.
OncefracturetoughnesstestingbecamestandardisedwithinBS7448[7],ASTME1290[9],E1820[10],ISO12135
[11]andISO15653[8],theCTODconceptenjoyedanestablishedinternationalreputation.CTODhadbeen
establishedasthefracturetoughnessparameterfortheoilandgasindustrysothoroughly,thatoftenthephrase
CTODtesthasbeenusedinterchangeablywiththemoreprecisefracturemechanicstestbythoseinthatindustry.
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Figure2Fracturemechanicstest
('CTODtest')ofasingleedge
notchedbendspecimen
instrumentedwithadoubleclip
gauge.

[Zoom]

Figure3Exampleofaloadversus
crackmouthopeningdisplacement
(CMOD)tracemeasuredduringa
fracturemechanicstest('CTODtest')
ofasingleedgenotchedbend
specimen.

[Zoom]

Figure4HenrykPisarskiat
TWIin2013.

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Figure5MikeDawesatTWI
inthe1980s.

DefinitionofCTOD
InthedaysofdevelopmentoftheCTODtestingstandardBS5762withinTWI,bothMikeDawes(Figure5)andAlan
WellsputforwardformulaetodetermineCTODfromthetestresult,basedrespectivelyoneithertheloadandcrack
mouthopening,orthecrackmouthopeningalone.TheDawesapproach[12]whichcombinedseparateelasticand
plasticcomponentsofthecracktipopeningdisplacementwasthatwhichwasultimatelyadoptedbytheBritish
Standard,andintheearlyeditionsofASTME1290.
TheequationtodetermineCTODfrombendspecimensinthecurrentfracturetoughnesstestingstandardsISO12135
andBS7448Part1comprisesanelasticcomponentandaplasticcomponentwhichareaddedtogether.Theelastic
partisbasedontheappliedforce(F)andafunctionofinitialcracklengthtospecimenwidthratio(a0/W),aswellas
thespecimendimensions,whiletheplasticcomponentisdeterminedusingtheplasticcomponentoftheclipgauge
displacement(Vp)andtheheightoftheclipgaugeabovethecrackmouth(z),inadditiontospecimendimensions.
ThecurrentCTODequationinISO12135andBS7448Part1forbendspecimensisgiveninthefollowingformula:

(1)

WhereSistheloadingspanofthespecimen,Wisthespecimenwidth,Bisthethickness,BNisthenetsection
thickness(accountingforsidegrooving),isPoissonsratio,andEisYoungsmodulus.
TheCTODcanalsoberelatedtothestressintensityfactor,KIusingthefollowingformula,giveninBS7910[13]:

(2)

WhereEistheYoungsmodulusunderplanestrainconditions,equaltoE/(12),andmisageometricandmaterial
factorwhichisusuallybetween1and2.IntheneweditionsofBS7910whichisduetobepublishedin2013,amore
precisevalueofmisgivenwhichisafunctionoftheratioofmaterialyieldtotensilestrengthfordeeplynotched
specimens.
[Zoom]

Figure6SomedefinitionsofCTOD
[14].Earlyidealisation(a),CTODat
originalcracktipposition(b),CTODat
positionssubtending90atcracktip
(c).

Thecracktipopeningdisplacementcanbeconceptuallyunderstoodastheamountthatacracktipneedstobe
openedup(orthedistancethecrackfacesneedtobemovedapart)beforeunstablepropagationofthecrackoccurs
(Figure6a).However,severalalternativeshavebeenputforwardastohowtoexactlydefineCTOD,illustratedin
Figure6.Formaterialswithlowerductilitytheoriginaldefinition(Figure6a)isfine,butformoreductilematerials,
unstablefracturemaynotoccurandtheCTODisdeterminedfromthepointofmaximumloadinthetest,andCTOD
canbeconsideredtheopeningdisplacementofthedeformedcrackatthetippositionoftheoriginalcrack(Figure6b).
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Athirddefinitionisthatmostoftenusedwhenperformingnumericalmodelsofcracks,whichdefinestheCTODasthe
displacementatthepointswherea90angleatthecracktipintersectswiththecracksides(Figure6c).

FitnessforServiceAssessment
OneoftheearliestcodifiedapplicationsoftheCTODconceptwastoprovidealternativeflawacceptancecriteriato
thoseinAppendixAofAPI1104[15]inthe1970s.TheWeldingInstitute'sCTODdesigncurvewasdevelopedbyMike
Dawes(Figure5)andcolleagues,atatimewhenverylittleguidancewasavailableontheapplicationofelasticplastic
fracturemechanics(EPFM)analysestocommonmaterials,particularlytoweldedstructureswithhighresidualstresses
andstressconcentrations.TheCTODdesigncurve[16]wasintendedtoprovidealogical,simple,andrapidmeansof
determiningtheallowablecracksizesinweldedstructuressubjectedtonormaldesignloads.TheimportanceofCTOD
wasthatitcouldbeuseddirectlytocalculatethemaximumtolerableflawsizeforagivenweld.
TheCTODdesigncurveapproachwasintendedtobeusedasafirst,coarse,filterinfitnessforpurposeassessments.
Thesubsequentdevelopmentofstandardisedfitnessforserviceassessmentprocedures,initiallythroughtheuseof
theCTODdesigncurveandthentofailureanalysisdiagramapproach,allowedCTODtobeusedtomoreaccurately
determinetolerableflawsizestoassessthestructuralintegrityofwelds.Publishedstandardfitnessforservice(FFS)
assessmentproceduresalsocementedthepoweroffracturemechanicstesting.SuccessfulexperienceusingtheCTOD
concepttodeterminetolerableflawsizesoveralmostadecadeledtothedevelopmentofaFFSPublishedDocument
(PD6493)oftheBritishStandardsInstitution.InitiallypublishedasPD6493:1980[17]Guidanceonmethodsfor
assessingtheacceptabilityofflawsinfusionweldedstructures,theprocedurewasrevisedin1991andsubsequently
becameastandard,BS7910[13],in1999.
FFSassessmentallowedlargerflawstobeshownastolerable,forexampleinoffshoreplatformsandpipelines,
comparedtothesmallflawsizespermittedbyapplyingworkmanshipflawlimitationsimposedbyweldingstandards.
AtTWI,JohnHarrison(Figure7)hadperformednumerousFFSassessmentsusingboththeCTODdesigncurveand
PD6493,anddemonstratedtheeffectivenessofthesemethodstoindustry,particularlyforoilandgas[18].He
becameheavilyinvolvedinthestandardisationofPD6493intoBS7910.TheseFFSmethodswereusedforanumber
ofoffshoreinstallationsinthe1970sand1980swhereithadbeennecessarytodemonstrateavoidanceofbrittle
fractureinasweldedjointsinthickersection(40120mm).Similartopressurevesselpractise,highlystressedwelds
foroperationatsubzerotemperatureswouldnormallybesubjectedtopostweldheattreatment(PWHT)when
sectionthicknessexceeds40mm,andavoidingPWHTneededthiskindofrigorousjustification.Theseissueswere
addressedingreaterdetailintheUKDepartmentofEnergyGuidanceNotesonthedesign,constructionand
certificationofoffshorestructures,whichwasfirstpublishedin1990[19].Thisdocumenthadalargeinfluenceonthe
designofsteeljacketsoperatingintheNorthSea.Thesectionsdealingwithtoughnessrequirementsforsteels,
avoidanceofbrittlefractureandpostweldheattreatmentwerelargelybasedonworkconductedbyJohnHarrison
andHenrykPisarski[20],andutilisedconceptsdescribedinPD6493.Whereproblemshadarisenwithflawshaving
beendetectedandrepairstrategiesneedingtobedecided,aFFSassessmentcouldjustifywhetherrepairwithout
subsequentPWHTwasacceptableornot.Withthestandardmethods,performingaFFSassessmentbecamearegular
partofthepreparationforanynewpipelineinstallationinordertosetthefabricationflawacceptancecriteria.
[Zoom]

Figure7JohnHarrisonatTWI
in2007

SENTTesting
Thedesiretoextendtheapplicationofpipelinestoevermorechallengingloadingconditionsduringbothduring
installationandoperationhasbeendrivingthedevelopmentoffitnessforservicemethodstoreducetheirover
conservatismwhileremainingconfidentthatthestructurewillbesafe.Pipelinesintendedfordeeperwater,higher
pressure,installationmethodsorupsetconditions(e.g.groundmovement)involvingstrainsbeyondyieldimpose
greaterchallengestointegrity.
Thedevelopmentoffracturetoughnesstestinghadtraditionallybeenthroughtheuseofthedeeplynotchedbend
(SENB)tests,whichareintendedtoimposeahighdegreeofcracktipconstraint,andhenceprovidealowerbound
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estimateoffracturetoughness.Recognitionthatflawsinpipelinegirthweldsaresubjectedtolowercracktip
constrainthasledtothedevelopmentofthesingleedgenotchtension(SENT)testwhichhaslowerconstraintthan
theSENBspecimen.CollaborationbetweenHenrykPisarski(Figure6)atTWIintheUK,andSINTEFandDNVin
Norwayalongwithagroupinindustrypartnersproducedguidanceforfracturecontrolforpipelineinstallation
methodsintroducingcyclicplasticstrain,whichbecameDNVsRecommendedPracticeDNVRPF108in2006[21].The
methodintendedforpipeinstallationbymethodssuchasreelingusedSENTspecimenstomeasurefracturetoughness
fromanotchedspecimenwhoseconstraintmorecloselymatchedthatofaflawinagirthweld.Themethodused
multiplespecimenstoproduceaJRcurvewhichwasthenusedinanassessmentprocedurebasedonBS7910,to
generateflawacceptancecriteria.
ThehighervalueoffracturetoughnessthatcanbeobtainedfromaSENTspecimencomparedtoaSENBspecimen
hasledtoarapidgrowthofinterestinusingthesespecimensforotherfracturemechanicsassessmentandtesting.
SENTtestinghasbeenenthusiasticallybeenadoptedbytheoffshorepipelineindustry(eginDNVOSF101)and
graduallybeenacceptedbythepipelineindustryingeneral.However,theinitialtestingproceduresforSENT
specimensgavethefracturetoughnessexclusivelyintermsofJRcurvesratherthanCTOD.
Althoughdevelopedforpipelineinstallation,thereisgrowingevidencethatthebiaxialloadingexperiencebypipelines
duringoperationmayalsoexhibitsimilarductiletearingresistanceastheRcurvemeasuredfromSENTtesting[22],
makingSENTspecimensappropriateforanalysisofpipelineoperationaswell.DNVOSF101standardforsubmarine
pipelinesystems[23]describesinitsAppendixAafracturemechanicsmethodtodeterminetheacceptabilityofflaws.
The2012versionrequiresthefracturetoughnesstestingtobeperformedonSENTspecimens,andexpressesthe
fracturetoughnessrequirementsintermsofJ.ItallowsthefracturetoughnesstobeexpressedasCTODonlyifthe
procedureforcalculatingCTODisdemonstratedtobeconservative.

CTODfromSENTtests
Despiteitsgrowingpopularity,thereiscurrentlynostandardisedprocedureforcarryingoutSENTtests,norfor
determiningCTODinaSENTspecimen.ThisgapinCTODknowledgeledtoastudybyTWItovalidatemethodsfor
determiningCTODintheSENTspecimen[24].TheworkcompareddirectmeasurementsofCTODmadebysilicone
crackinfiltrationtoafiniteelementmodeloftheSENTspecimentopredictCTOD,andthedoubleclipgaugemethod
todetermineCTODusingtheequivalenttrianglesrule.ThesemethodswerealsocomparedtoCTODfromJequations
inrecentliteraturetoimproveupontheoverconservativeequationgiveninthe2010versionofDNVOSF101[25].
UsingsiliconerubbercrackinfiltrationalloweddirectmeasurementofCTODtobemadefromreplicasoftheSENT
specimennotch,althoughthemethodisnotpracticalforroutinetesting.FEAmodelsalsogiveareliablewayto
determineCTOD,butrequiretoomuchanalyticalprocessingtobepracticalfordeterminingCTODforeveryfracture
mechanicstest.Thesemethodswereusedtocomparetheeffectivenessofothersimplermethodsforcalculating
CTOD.
DNVOSF101:2012[23]nowalsogivesarevisedmethodtocalculateCTODmatfromJmat(equation3),whichuses
thematerialyieldstrength(YS)andanestimateofCTODtobeiterativelyimprovedusingthefollowingclausesto
determinetheparameterX.
CTODmat0.1mmX=1.8
0.1mm<CTODmat<0.4mmX=1.9CTODmat
CTODmat0.4mmX=1.5

(3)

BoththeFEAmodelandthecrackinfiltrationmethodsagreedfairlywellwiththedoubleclipmethod,giving
confidencethatthedoubleclipmethodcangivereliablevaluesofCTODforSENTspecimenswitha/Wratiosof
between0.3and0.5.
WhentheequationsforcalculatingCTODfromJforSENTspecimenswerecomparedagainstthedoubleclip(Figure
8),theonegivenbyShen&Tyson[26]offersthebestalternativemethodtocalculateCTODfromJcomparedtothe
overconservativeapproachgiveninDNVOSF101from2010.TheMoreiraandDonatomethod[27]mayshowmore
benefitwhenappliedtoweldspecimens,notjustparentmetals.WhenthenewermethodfromDNVOSF101from
2012isalsoincluded,theimprovementinaccuracyofthenewformulacanbeseen,butseemstobestillconsistently
slightlyoverconservative.
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(8)

TheintentionofthiscomparisonwastoprovideconfidenceinthevalueofCTODthatisdeterminewhenusingSENT
testspecimens,sothatthevalidationoftheSENTspecimenapproachkeepspacewiththepipelineindustrysneedto
continuetodefinefracturetoughnessintermsofCTOD,whileusingthemostmoderntestmethods.

TheFuture
FurtherresearchintoSENTtestingwiththeintentionofdevelopingacompleteandthoroughtestingstandardisbeing
carriedoutatTWIaspartofaGroupSponsoredProject,whileresearchonSENTtestingisalsoactiveintheUS,Brazil
andCanada.TheauthorsofthispaperareinvolvedintheBritishStandardscommitteewhichwilleventuallypublish
theSENTtestingstandardasBS8571inthenearfuture.
Nevertheless,theCTODfracturetoughnessparameterisbeingwithdrawnfromthefitnessforserviceassessment
standardBS7910inthe2013version,whichwilldirectlyuseonlyKtodeterminethefractureratio.However,the
intuitiveunderstandingofCTODasfracturetoughnessbyawiderangeofindustrieswillmeanthatitwillcontinueto
beusedtodescribefracturetoughnessforsometimetocome.Indeed,thereiscurrentdiscussiononwhetherJor
CTODaretheappropriatefracturecharacterisingparameterswhenconsideringassessmentsintheplasticregime.For
example,thestrainbasedassessmentprocedureusedbyExxonMobilusesCTOD[26].Pipelineassessmentresearch
anddevelopmentcontinuestowardsstrainbasedmethodsandtheCTODparameteriswellsuitedforthisapplication.
TWIisproudofitshistoryandinvolvementinthestoryofCTOD,andofindividualcolleagueswhoseworkinthose
earlyyearsallowedCTODtobecomesuchaversatilefractureparameter,wellestablishedwithintheoilandgas
industryandbeyond.Thepresentisatimeoffurtherchangesinbothfracturemechanicstesting,assessmentand
standardisation,butoffersabrightfutureforfurtherresearchanddevelopmentinthisfield,notjustatTWI,but
worldwide.

Acknowledgements
TheauthorsaregratefultoDrMikeDawesforprovidingaphotographandsomebiographytextforthispaper,despite
hisretirement.

References
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AppendixBiographiesofTWIEngineersCited
DrAlanWellsdiedattheendof2005.BythetimeheformallyretiredfromTWIinthesummerof1988AlanWellshad
notchedup25yearsatTWIssiteinGreatAbington,thelast11asDirectorGeneral.HisrelationshipwithTWI,inthe
guiseoftheBritishWeldingResearchAssociation,datedbackto1950,afewmonthsaftercompletinghisPhDinSoil
Mechanics.AsafellowoftheRoyalSociety,DeanofFacultyforfourofhisyearsatQueen'sUniversityinBelfast,a
recipientoftheOrderoftheBritishEmpireandoneoftheveryfewnonAmericanstohavecontributedtotheUS
Navy'sbrittlefracturework,hebelievedhiscareerpeakedrelativelyearly.In1954hewasabletoacceptaninvitation
toworkwithDrGeorgeIrwinattheNavalResearchLaboratoryinWashingtonDC.Thatplacementwaskeyinhisrole
indevelopingtheCTODconcept,butinadditionAlanWellsalsoworkedtoestablishtheWellswideplatetest.Wells
laterspent13yearsastheHeadofCivilEngineeringatQueen'sUniversityBelfastbeforereturningtoTWIasDirector
General.Uponretirementhewasinvolvedinseveralmajorfailureinvestigationsincludingafractureunderhydrostatic
testofoneoftheSizewellpowerstationboilersandtheWestgatebridgecollapseinAustralia.
DrHenrykPisarskiisaTWITechnologyFellowandworksintheStructuralIntegrityTechnologyGroupofTWI.Hehas
beenwithTWIsince1973.Hisinterestsincludetheapplicationoffracturemechanicsbasedassessmentandtesting
methodstoassuretheintegrityofweldedstructures,withrespecttofractureavoidanceandtodemonstratefitness
forservice.Heisalsoinvolvedinthedevelopmentofstrainbasedproceduresfortheassessmentofpipelinegirth
welds.Hehasmanagedprojectsapplyingfracturemechanicstestingandassessmentmethodstoawiderangeof
engineeringstructuresincludingships,offshorestructures,subseacomponents,pipelinesandpressurevessels.In
addition,hehascontributedtostandardsbodiesonfracturetoughnesstestingandflawassessment(ISO15653,BS 8/9
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CTODandpipelinesthepast,presentandfuture

addition,hehascontributedtostandardsbodiesonfracturetoughnesstestingandflawassessment(ISO15653,BS
7448&BS7910).Hehaspublishedanumberofpapersonthesesubjectsandalsocarriedoutexpertwitnesswork.
Currently,heistheUKdelegatetoIIWCommissionX(Structuralperformanceofweldedjointsfractureavoidance)
andiscontributingtotherevisionofBS7910(flawassessment).
DrMikeGDaweswasinvolvedinthedevelopmentoftheCTODapproachtofractureavoidanceatTWIfrom1968until
heretiredin2000.BythattimehisCTODDesignCurveandfracturetoughnesstestmethodrelationshipswereused
inallthecorrespondingBSI,ASTMandISOstandards.Muchofhiswork,includinghisPhDthesis,wasconcernedwith
applicationstoweldedmetalstructures.Thisincludeddevelopmentofthelocalcompressiontreatment,whichforthe
firsttimeenabledacceptableshapesoffatigueprecrackstobeobtainedinfracturetoughnesstestspecimens
extractedfromasweldedjoints.In1993,inrecognitionofhisworkoninternationalstandards,hereceivedthe
ASTMshighestaward,theAwardofMerit,andthetitleofHonoraryFellow.
DrJohnHarrisonjoinedTWIin1962,whenheworkedonfatigueofweldedstructures,concentratinginparticularon
thesignificanceofwelddefects,thetopicuponwhichheobtainedhisPhDfromCambridgeUniversity.Hethen
becameresponsibleforTWI'sfractureresearch,eventuallybeingpromotedHeadofEngineeringResearch,covering
designengineering,fatigue,fractureandnondestructivetesting.In1985,theEngineeringandMaterialsGroupwas
formed,comprisingtheDesignEngineering,Fatigue,Fracture,NonDestructiveTestingandMaterialsDepartments,
andJohnwasappointedGroupManagerofatotalof90staff.JohnHarrisonhaspublishedover50papersonfatigue
andfractureandhasbeenextensivelyinvolvedinnationalandinternationalcommittees.In1988heresigned
ChairmanshipofCommissionXIIIoftheInternationalInstituteofWeldingwhichdealswiththefatiguebehaviourof
weldedstructuresandcomponents,apositionwhichheheldfor15years.HeretiredfromTWIin1998.
Anabstractforthepapercanbeseenbelowandthefullarticleisavailableatwww.jpipeeng.comtosubscribersof
theJournalofPipelineEngineering.

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