PHYSICS

CHAPTER 1

CHAPTER 1

PHYSICS
CHAPTER 1
Learning Outcome:

PHYSICAL
QUANTITIES
AND
CHAPTER 1:
Physical quantities and
MEASUREMENTS

1.1 Physical Quantities and Units (1 hours)

At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:
State basic quantities and their respective SI units: length
(m), time (s), mass (kg), electrical current (A), temperature
(K), amount of substance (mol) and luminosity (cd
(cd).
).
( Emphasis on units in calculation)

measurements
(3 Hours)

State derived quantities and their respective units and

symbols: velocity (m s-1), acceleration (m s-2), work (J),
force (N), pressure (Pa), energy (J), power (W) and
frequency (Hz).

UNIT FIZIK
KOLEJ MATRIKULASI MELAKA

Table 1.1

Symbol

SI Unit

Symbol

Length

metre

Mass

kilogram

kg

Time

second

T/

kelvin

Electric current

ampere

Amount of substance

mole

mol

Temperature

PHYSICS

Physical quantity is defined as a quantity which can be measured.

It can be categorized into 2 types
 Basic (base) quantity
 Derived quantity
Basic quantity is defined as a quantity which cannot be derived
from any physical quantities.
Table 1.1 shows all the basic (base) quantities.
Quantity

State and convert units with common SI prefixes.

PHYSICS
CHAPTER 1
1.1 Physical Quantities and Units

Table 1.2

CHAPTER 1
Derived quantity is defined as a quantity which can be expressed
in term of base quantity.
Table 1.2 shows some examples of derived quantity.
Derived quantity

Symbol

Formulae

Unit

Velocity

s/t

m s-1

Volume

lwt

m3

Acceleration

v/t

m s-2

Density

m/V

kg m-3

Momentum

mv

kg m s-1

Force

ma

kg m s-2 @ N

Work

Fs

kg m2 s-2 @ J

Pressure

F/A

N m-2 @ Pa

Frequency

1/T

s-1 @ Hz

Power

W/t

kg m2 s-3 @ Js-1 @W

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 1

PHYSICS

1.1.1 Unit Prefixes

Example 1.1 :

It is used for presenting larger and smaller values.

Table 1.3 shows all the unit prefixes.
Prefix

Table 1.3

Multiple

giga

109

mega

106

kilo

103

deci

101

centi

102

milli

103

micro

106

nano

109

pico

1012

Examples:
 5740000 m = 5740 km = 5.74 Mm
 0.00000233 s = 2.33 106 s = 2.33 s

PHYSICS

Solve the following problems of unit conversion.

a. 15 mm2 = ? m2
b. 65 km h1 = ? m s1
c. 450 g cm3 = ? kg m3
Solution :
a. 15 mm2 = ? m2

Symbol

1012

tera

(1 mm)2 = (103 m )2
1 mm 2 = 10 6 m 2
b. 65 km h-1 = ? m s-1
1st method :

65 103 m

65 km h 1 =

1h

3
65 10 m

65 km h 1 =

3600
s

65 km h 1 = 18 m s 1

CHAPTER 1

2nd method :

PHYSICS

65 km
65 km h 1 =

1h
65 km 1000 m 1 h
65 km h 1 =

1 h 1 km 3600 s

450 g cm

450 g cm

= 4.5 10 kg m

CHAPTER 1

1. A hall bulletin board has an area of 250 cm2. What is this area in
square meters ( m2 ) ?
2.

3
3

450 g 10 kg 1 cm

3
3

2
3

1
g
1
cm

m
10
5

Follow Up Exercise

65 km h 1 = 18 m s 1
c. 450 g cm-3 = ? kg m-3

CHAPTER 1

The density of metal mercury is 13.6 g/cm3. What is this density

as expressed in kg/m3

3.

A sheet of paper has length 27.95 cm, width 8.5 cm and

thickness of 0.10 mm. What is the volume of a sheet of paper in
m3 ?

4.

Convert the following into its SI unit:

(a) 80 km h1 = ? m s1
(b) 450 g cm3 = ? kg m3
(c) 15 dm3 = ? m3
(d) 450 K = ? C
8

PHYSICS
CHAPTER 1
Learning Outcome:

PHYSICS
CHAPTER 1
1.2 Scalars and Vectors

1.2 Scalars and Vectors (2 hours)

Scalar quantity is defined as a quantity with magnitude only.

 e.g. mass, time, temperature, pressure, electric current,
work, energy and etc.
 Mathematics operational : ordinary algebra

Vector quantity is defined as a quantity with both magnitude

& direction.
 e.g. displacement, velocity, acceleration, force, momentum,
electric field, magnetic field and etc.
 Mathematics operational : vector algebra

At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:

a) Define scalar and vector quantities,
b) Perform vector addition and subtraction operations
graphically.
(Emphasise the meaning of positive and negative vectors)

c)

Resolve vector into two perpendicular components (x and y

axes)
( Emphasise on resolving vector)

d)
e)

Illustrate unit vectors ( i , j , k) in cartesian coordinate.

State the physical meaning of dot (scalar) product

f)

State the
meaning of cross ( vector) product:

physical

A B = A (B cos ) = B ( A cos

Direction of cross product is determine by corkscrew

method or right hand rule.




A B

= A (B sin

)=

(A

sin

)
10

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 1

PHYSICS

1.2.1 Vectors

Vector A

CHAPTER 1
Two vectors equal if both magnitude and direction are the same.
(shown in figure 1.1)

Q

Length of an arrow magnitude of vector A

Direction of arrow direction of vector A

Table 1.4 shows written form (notation) of vectors.

velocity

acceleration

s

v
v

a
a

s
Table 1.4

Figure 1.1

displacement

v (bold)

s (bold)

P

P=Q

If vector A is multiplied

by a scalar quantity k


Then, vectorkAAis

kA

A

a (bold)

A

Notation of magnitude of vectors.

v =v


a =a
11

if k = +ve,
+ve the vector is in the same direction as vector A.

if k = -ve
ve, the vector is in the opposite direction of vector
12 A.

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 1

PHYSICS

1.2.2 Direction of Vectors

c) Cartesian coordinates

2-Dimension (2-D)

Can be represented by using:

compass i.e east, west, north, south, north-east,
a) Direction of compass,
north-west, south-east and south-west
b) Angle with a reference line
e.g. A boy throws a stone at a velocity of 20 m s-1, 50 above
horizontal.

CHAPTER 1

s = ( x, y ) = (1 m, 5 m)
y/m
5

v

s

50

x/m

13

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 1

14

PHYSICS

3-Dimension (3-D)

CHAPTER 1

Unit vectors

s = ( x , y , z ) = ( 4, 3, 2) m

A unit vector is a vector that has a magnitude of 1 with no units.

s = 4 i +3j + 2k
y/m

Are use to specify a given direction in space.

3
i , j & k is used to represent unit vectors
pointing in the positive x, y & z directions.

s
2

z/m

4
| i | = | j | = | k | = 1

x/m

15

16

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 1
d) Polar coordinates

F = 30 N,150

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 1

1.2.3 Addition of Vectors

F

150

There are two methods involved in addition of vectors graphically i.e.

 Parallelogram
 Triangle



For example : A + B

A
e) Denotes with + or signs.
signs

B

+
Parallelogram

O
17

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 1

B
O

A

PHYSICS

Triangle of vectors method:

a) Use a suitable scale to draw vector A.
b) From the head of vector A draw a line to represent the vector B.
c) Complete the triangle. Draw a line from the tail of vector A to the
head of vector B to represent the vector A + B.

A+ B = B + A

A

18

CHAPTER 1
If there are more than 2 vectors therefore



 Use vector polygon and associative rule.P
E.g.
+Q+

Q

P

R

R

Commutative Rule

A

B

A+ B

A+ B

B

Triangle

(P
+ Q
) + R

B+ A

(P
+ Q
)

P

Q







P+Q + R = P+ Q+ R

19

R

Associative Rule
20

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 1

PHYSICS

Distributive Rule :

(

)

A + B = A + B






b. ( + ) A = A + A
a.

CHAPTER 1

A + B = 2 A + 2 B

, are real number

2 A + 2B

For example :
Proof of case a: let

2B

=2

(

) (

)

A+ B = 2 A+ B

2A

A+ B


B
O

2 A+ B

A

2 A + B = 2 A + 2B

21

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 1

Proof of case b: let

22

PHYSICS

1.2.4 Subtraction

of

Vectors

= 2 and = 1

( + )A = (2 + 1)A = 3 A

For example :

CD


D

C

A

CHAPTER 1

CD=C+ D

( )

3
A

Parallelogram

A + A = 2 A + 1 A

2A

A

(2 + 1)A = 2 A + 1A

23

Triangle

C


D

3A

D

C



CD

CD

D

24

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 1

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 1

1.2.5 Resolving a Vector

Vectors subtraction can be used

 to determine the velocity of one object relative to another object
i.e. to determine the relative velocity.
 to determine the change in velocity of a moving object.

1st method :

2nd method :

Exercise 1 :

c) A + 2 B
(Hint : use 1 cm = 2.00 units)

d)

R

Ry

1. Vector A has a magnitude of 8.00 units and 45 above the positive x

axis. Vector B also has a magnitude of 8.00 units and is directed along
the negative x axis. Using graphical methods and suitable scale to
determine






a) A + B
b) A B

Ry

2A B

Rx

Rx
= cos Rx = R cos
R
Ry
= sin R y = R sin
R

R

Rx

Rx
= sin Rx = R sin
R
Ry
= cos R y = R cos
R

25

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 1

The magnitude of vector

Direction of vector

tan =

26

PHYSICS

(R x )

A car moves at a velocity of 50 m s-1 in a direction north 30 east.

Calculate the component of the velocity
a) due north.
b) due east.
Solution :


N
a) v N = v sin 60 or v N = v cos 30
v N = 50 sin 60  v N = 50 cos 30 
30

v N = 43.3 m s 1
N
v

( )

+ Ry

R:

Ry
Rx

CHAPTER 1

Example 1.2 :

R:

R or R =

or

Ry
= tan 1
Rx

v

60

vE

Vector R in terms of unit vectors written as

R = Rx i + R y j

S
27

= v cos 60  or v E = v sin 30 
v E = 50 cos 60  v E = 50 sin 30 

b) v E

vE = 25 m s 1
28

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 1

PHYSICS

Example 1.3 :

CHAPTER 1

Example 1.4 :

F

150

F1 (10 N)

S
A particle S experienced a force of 100 N as shown in figure above.
Determine the x-component and the y-component of the force.
Solution :
Vector
x-component
y-component
y

Fx = F cos 30 Fy = F sin 30




Fx = 100 cos 30 Fy = 100 sin 30

Fy

Fx

or

or

PHYSICS

Fy = 50 N

Solution :

F2
30o

F3 x

F2 x

= F1 + F 2 + F 3


Fy
x +




+ F2 x + F3 x




+ F 2 y + F3 y

CHAPTER 1

Solution :

F2 y


F1

Vector

x
O

F3 y

F3


Fr


Fr


Fx


Fy

30

PHYSICS

60o

30o

The figure above shows three forces F1, F2 and F3 acted on a particle
O. Calculate the magnitude and direction of the resultant force on
particle O.

29

CHAPTER 1
y

x-component

y-component

F1

F1x = 0 N

F1 y = F1
F1 y = 10 N

F2

F2 x = 30 cos 60
F2 x = 15 N

F2 y = 30 sin 60
F2 y = 26 N

F3

F3 x = 40 cos 30
F3 x = 34.6 N

F3 y = 40 sin 30
F3 y = 20 N

F

= F


=

= F1 x


= F1 y

F2 (30 N)

F3 (40 N)

Fx = F cos150 Fy = F sin 150

Fx = 100 cos150 Fy = 100 sin 150
Fx = 86.6 N

O
30o

Fy = 50 N

Fx = 86.6 N

F

150

30

30o

Vector
sum

31

= 0 + ( 15) + ( 34.6 )

= 49.6 N

F
F

= 10 + 26 + ( 20.0 )

= 16 N

32

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 1

PHYSICS

Exercise
2 :


1. Vector A has components Ax = 1.30 cm, Ay = 2.25 cm; vector B
has components Bx = 4.10 cm, By = -3.75

cm.
Determine
A
a) the components of the vector sum


+ B ,
A
b) the magnitude and direction of
+
B ,
c) the components of the vector B
A
,
d) the magnitude and direction of B A . (Young & freedman,pg.35,no.1.42)

Solution :
The magnitude of the resultant force is

Fr =

( F ) + ( F )

Fr =

( 49.6)2 + (16)2

Fr = 52.1 N
and

= tan

F
F

Fr

Fy

162 
18

16

= tan
= 18
49.6
1

CHAPTER 1

ANS. : 5.40 cm, -1.50 cm; 5.60 cm, 345

345; 2.80 cm, -6.00 cm;
6.62 cm, 295
295



2. For the vectors A and B in Figure 1.2, use the method of vector
resolution to determine

the
magnitude and directionyof
a) the vector sum A



+ B
,
b) the vector sum B + A
B 18.0 m s -1

,

c) the vector difference A

B
,
d) the vector difference B A.

A 12.0 m s -1

(Young & freedman,pg.35,no.1.39)

162 from positive xx-axis OR 18

18 above negative xx-axis.
Its direction is 162
33

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 1

s-1,

ANS. : 11.1 m
77.6; U think;
77.6
202; 28.5 m s-1, 22.2
22.2
28.5 m s-1, 202

PHYSICS

Exercise 2 :




3. Vector A points in the negative x direction. Vector

B points at an
angle of 30 above the positive x axis. Vector C has a magnitude of
15 m

and points




in a direction 40 below the positive
x axis. Given
that A + B + C = 0 , determine the magnitudes of A and B .

R 10 m s 2

P 35 m s 2

0
Figure 1.2

x
34

CHAPTER 1
a , b, c

notations

E.g. unit vector a a vector with a magnitude of 1 unit in the direction

of vector A.

A
a =
= 1
A

ANS. : 28 m; 19 m

Q 24 m s 2

37.0

1.2.6 Unit Vectors

(Walker,pg.78,no. 65)

4. Given three vectors P, Q and R as shown in Figure 1.3.

A

Unit vectors are dimensionless.

[a ] = 1
50

0
Figure 1.3
Calculate the resultant vector of P, Q and R.

Unit vector for 3 dimension axes :

x - axis i @ i (bold )
y - axis j @ j (bold )
z - axis k @ k (bold )

ANS. : 49.4 m s2; 70.1

70.1 above + xx-axis
35

i = j = k = 1
36

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 1

PHYSICS

y


CHAPTER 1

E.g. :

s = 4i + 3 j + 2k m

(4)2 + (3)2 + (2)2

s=

j
k

= 5.39 m

y/m

i
3 j

s

z

Vector can be written in term of unit vectors as :

r = rx i + ry j + rz k


2k

4i

x/m

Magnitude of vector,

r=

z/m

(rx )2 + (ry )2 + (rz )2

37

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 1

Example 1.5 :
Two vectors are given as:

(
(

PHYSICS
b)

a = i 2 j + 6k m


b = 4 i 3 j + k m

c)

(5)2 + ( 5)2 + (7 )2

(2a
+ b

)
(2a
+ b )

ba=

(3)2 + ( 1)2 + ( 5)2

= 5.92 m

= 2a x + bx = 2(1) + 4 = 6i

= 2a y + b y = 2( 2 ) + ( 3) = 7 j

(2a
+ b
)
= 2a

+ bz = 2(6) + 1 = 13k


2 a + b = 6i 7 j + 13k m
z

The magnitude,

z + bz = 6 + 1 = 7 k
z


a + b = 5i 5 j + 7 k m

The magnitude, a + b

)
)

= bz a z = 1 6 = 5k


b a = 3i j 5k m

+ b y = 2 3 = 5 j

(
(

(a
+ b
)
= a

CHAPTER 1



b a x = bx a x = 4 1 = 3i



b a y = b y a y = 3 ( 2 ) = j

(b

a
)

Calculate



a) the vector a

+ b
and its magnitude,
b) the vector b a
and its magnitude,


c) the vector 2a + b and its magnitude.
Solution :



a) a
+ b = a + b = 1 + 4 = 5i

(
)
(a
+ b ) = a

38

= 9.95 m

The magnitude, 2a + b
39

(6)2 + ( 7 )2 + (13)2

= 15.9 m
40

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 1

PHYSICS

1.2.7 Multiplication of Vectors

Scalar (dot) product

The physical meaning of
the scalar

product can be explained by
considering two vectors A and B as shown in Figure 1.4a.

meanwhile from the Figure 1.4c,

B A = B( A cos )

B

Figure 1.4b

shows


the projection of vector
vector A.
A B = A component of

A

B

of

onto the direction
B parallel
to A
A

B cos
Figure 1.4b

The angle ranges from 0 to 180 .



 When 0 < < 90
scalar product is positive

9 0  < < 180 

= 90 

PHYSICS

scalar product is negative

scalar product is zero

The scalar product obeys the commutative law of multiplication i.e.

A B = B A

CHAPTER 1

42

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 1

Example of scalar product is work done by a constant force where the

expression is
given by

Example 1.6

:

Calculate the A B and the angle

The scalar product of the unit vectors are shown below :

following

problems.
a) A = i j + k

W = F s = F (s cos ) = s(F cos )

where : angle between two vectors

The scalar product is a scalar quantity.
quantity

Acos B
Figure 1.4c
the projection of vector A onto the direction of


shows






vector B . A B = B component of A parallel to B 41

Figure 1.4c

B

From the Figure 1.4b, the scalar product can be defined as

A B = A(B cos )

A

Figure 1.4a

CHAPTER 1

j
k

B = 4i 2 j 3k

2
i i = i 2 cos 0 o = (1) (1) = 1
j j = j 2 cos 0 o = (1)2 (1) = 1
2
k k = k 2 cos 0 o = (1) (1) = 1

A

= 4i 3 j + k

B = 2 j + 3k

ANS.:
ANS.:
3; 99.
99.4

(1)(4)i i + ( 1)( 2) j j + (1)( 3)k k

A

B
= 4 + 2 3
A B = 3
2
2
2
The magnitude of the vectors: A = (1) + ( 1) + (1) = 3

i i = j j = k k = 1

The angle ,

i j = (1)(1)cos 90 o = 0

j k = (1)(1)cos 90 o = 0
i k = (1)(1)cos 90 o = 0

A and B for the

Solution


:
a) A B =

b)

between vectors

i j = j k = i k = 0
43

B=

(4)2 + ( 2)2 + ( 3)2

A B = AB cos


A B
3
= cos 1

= cos 1

AB
3 29

= 71.2

= 29

44

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 1

Example 1.7 :

C (1 m )

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 1

b) Vectors C and

D in unit vector are

C = C x i + C y j

25

D(2 m )

C = 0.91i + 0.42 j m

Figure 1.5
Referring to the vectors in Figure 1.5,
a) determine the scalar product between them.

and

Hence

) (

= 0.98i 0.23 j m

a) The angle between vectors C and D is

45

CHAPTER 1

Vector (cross) product

Consider two vectors :

D = 1.89i 0.65 j m



C + D = ( 0.91 + 1.89 )i + (0.42 0.65) j

Solution :

PHYSICS

D = 2 cos19 i + 2 sin 19 j

b) express the resultant vector of C and D in unit vector.

= (180 25) + 19 = 174

Therefore

C D = CD cos
= (1)(2 )cos174



C D = 1.99 m 2

) (

= 1cos 25 i + 1sin 25 j

19 x

46

PHYSICS

A = xi + yj + zk


B = pi + qj + rk

In general, the vector product

as


is defined

CHAPTER 1
For example:
 How to use right hand rule :

Point the 4 fingers to the direction of the 1st vector.

Swept the 4 fingers from the 1st vector towards the 2nd vector.

The thumb shows the direction of the vector product.

A B = C

C

and its magnitude is given by

A B = C

B

A B = C = A B sin = AB sin

B

: angle between two vectors

The angle ranges from 0 to 180 so the vector product always
where

A

positive value.
Vector product is a vector
quantity

quantity.
The direction of vector C is determined by


RIGHT--HAND RULE
RIGHT

A B B A

A

A B = B A


Direction of the vector product (C )
always perpendicular


but

to the plane containing the vectors

47

C



B A = C

and

B.
48

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 1

PHYSICS

The vector product of the unit vectors are shown below :

i j = j i = k
j k = k j = i

j
x

b)

k i = i k = j

B=

i i = j j = k k = 0

( 3)2 + ( 2)2 + ( 1)2 = 14

(1)2 + (0)2 + ( 5)2 = 26

Using the scalar (dot) product formula,

A B = AB cos


A B

2
= cos 1

= cos 1

14 26
AB
= 84

Example of vector product is a magnetic force on the straight

conductor carrying current places in magnetic field where the
expression is given by

F = I l B
F = IlB sin

PHYSICS

49

CHAPTER 1

Exercise 3 :


1. If vector
a = 3i + 5 j


a) a b ,
ANS. : 2k; 26; 46

)(

A=

j j = j 2 sin 0 o = 0
k k = k 2 sin 0 o = 0

c) The magnitude of vectors,

i i = i 2 sin 0 o = 0
z

CHAPTER 1



A B = 3i 2 j k i + 0 j 5k



A B = ( 3)(1)i i + ( 2)(0) j j + ( 1)( 5)k k



A B = 3 + 0 + 5



A B = 2

and vector



b) a b ,

PHYSICS

b = 2i + 4 j
, determine




c) a + b b .

50

CHAPTER 1

THE END

2. Three vectors are given as follow :

a = 3i + 3 j 2k ; b = i 4 j + 2k and c = 2i + 2 j + k

Calculate






a) a b c ,
b) a
ANS. : 21; 9; 5i 11 j 9k

3.

(b + c
)

, c)

a b +c

Next Chapter

CHAPTER 2 :
Kinematics of Linear Motion

If vector P = 3i + 2 j k and vector Q = 2i + 4 j + 3k,
determine



a) the direction of P Q




b) the angle between P and Q .

ANS. : U think, 92.8

92.8
51

52